View allAll Photos Tagged Melodic.
..............but not by the wind !! Back story to follow if you wish to read on ....
I went out last week to clean out bluebird boxes and set a few new ones along the fence row. As I was working, there were occasional flashes of blue along the hedge and sweet, serenading notes floated down, from the top of a stately red maple, at the lower end of the pasture. With the last box set and tools gathered, I headed for the garden shed, wondering how long it would be before a pair began investigating the new housing prospects. I decided to grab the camera and watch a while ......... my answer was shortly forthcoming. By the time I returned with the camera, there were already prospective occupants making the rounds.
Although I have observed dozens of bluebird pairs claim boxes and raise subsequent broods; this was the first time I had ever seen a mating ritual with this type of flamboyant behavior. (Humbling.....just about the time you think you might know a little something you realize just how little you actually know.)
There were, I think two females and three males in this particular group. The females were intent on checking out the boxes. Seemingly oblivious to the fact that they were shadowed by all three of the males, they moved from box to box, meticulously examining the interior and exterior as well as the availability of perching points. In the mean time, the males were putting on a performance that left me quite spellbound.
They dive bombed one another, they stood on branches and stomped their feet, they puffed out their chest and ruffled their feathers (literally) from head to tail. And they put on a wing wagging display that reminded me of a Bronx crossing guard in noonday traffic. And that would include his whistle. Because they kept up a constant vocalization that sounded nothing like the melodic concerts they flute from the canopy. I was rather astounded because I had never heard it before and if I had I certainly would not have attributed it to bluebirds.
The following is a set of images that I think captures the most prominent of their displays. (Click on any to enlarge.)
The Courageous Spirit of My Favorite Bird: The Robin (Erithacus rubecula)
Known as a "braveheart" for its fearless defense of its territory against rivals much larger than itself, the Robin has a special place in my heart. My admiration for this small bird stems from observing its tenacious spirit and joyful presence. Watching it flit about, singing its cheerful song, fills me with immense joy. It's no surprise that whenever I encounter a Robin during my photography walks, I instinctively press the shutter to capture its charm.
My passion for nature photography began on a snowy day in 2008, in the icy expanse of Peterborough's Nene Park. Bundled up in my goose-down jacket, I spotted a young Robin. With a bit of birdseed left in my pocket, I forged a bond of trust with this tiny creature—a connection that lasted two years. Every visit to the park, it would greet me, eventually growing comfortable enough to take dried mealworms directly from my fingers.
This experience taught me something extraordinary: each Robin's orange breast pattern is unique, much like a fingerprint. I had the privilege of witnessing my little companion grow and mature, an unforgettable chapter in my life. When it suddenly disappeared, I sought answers and learned how brief their lives can be due to various natural factors. That knowledge only deepened my fascination and appreciation for these remarkable birds.
Yesterday, as I entered Bradgate Park, a vibrant, young Robin greeted me from the fence. Its lively demeanor and melodic song seemed to beckon me to follow, so I did. Under the golden glow of the autumn midday sun, I captured five unique shots of this delightful bird. I am thrilled to share these moments with you today.
So, here is my star of the day—this spirited Robin. I hope you enjoy its beauty as much as I do. Wishing you a wonderful weekend ahead!
I've captured some unforgettable moments with my camera, and I hope you feel the same joy viewing these images as I did while shooting them.
Thank you so much for visiting my gallery, whether you leave a comment, add it to your favorites, or simply take a moment to look around. Your support means a lot to me, and I wish you good luck and beautiful light in all your endeavors.
© All rights belong to R.Ertuğ. Please refrain from using these images without my express written permission. If you are interested in purchasing or using them, feel free to contact me via Flickr mail.
Lens - With Nikon TC 14E II - hand held or Monopod and definitely SPORT VR on. Aperture is f8 and full length. All my images have been converted from RAW to JPEG.
I started using Nikon Cross-Body Strap or Monopod on long walks. Here is my Carbon Monopod details : Gitzo GM2542 Series 2 4S Carbon Monopod - Really Right Stuff MH-01 Monopod Head with Standard Lever - Really Right Stuff LCF-11 Replacement Foot for Nikon AF-S 500mm /5.6E PF Lense -
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The VIDEO: "The Capalna Girls' Walking Line Dance – a brand of Transylvania" has been selected as cover photo of the group SCHOOL OF VIDEOS.
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The Capalna Girls' Walking Line Dance, a unique and spectacular dance, in spirals, winding lines and circles, with a melody line and lyrics devoted to love, is a brand of Alba County,Transylvania, Romania - specifically of the Little Tarnava’s Valley, being a dance well known nationally and not only.
Some years ago, some melodic phrases from this Capalna Girls Dance were used even by an international star, the rapper Jay-Z for the song "Murder to Excellence". Jay-Z used a "sample" of this Romanian folk song (See: vimeo.com/65837430)
Each village from Little Tarnava has its specific Capalna like dance, and the most famous is that of the girls from Lower Capalna, Jidvei Parrish, village in which lives one of the most popular performers of folklore, Veta Biris, who also contributed to promoting this specific dance. nationally.
One can say without question that this dance, took out from the crowd the village of Lower Capalna, village documented since 1332, always inhabited only by Romanian families.
================================================
Please see my VIDEO: The Capalna Girls' Walking Line Dance – a brand of Transylvania, too:
www.flickr.com/photos/ioan_bacivarov/29161117555/in/photo...
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Many Thanks to the +4,250,000 visitors of my photographic stream
===============================================
© Ioan C. Bacivarov
All the photos on this gallery are protected by the international laws of copyright and they are not for being used on any site, blog or forum, transmitted or manipulated without the explicit written permission of the author. Thank you in advance
Please view my most interesting photos on flickriver stream: www.flickriver.com/photos/ioan_bacivarov/0
Join us for Fantasy Faire, a Relay For Life event, April 18 to May 5, 2024. 20 magical regions, 320 fantasy merchants, parties, performances, role-play, Literary & Film festivals, & the Fairelands Quest - inspired by the vision of a world without cancer..
Visit this location at Live at the Fairechylde ~ Sponsored by Melodic Effect Music in Second Life
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People came closer and closer to the stage screaming at every sight of Jonny as if he were a king of some sort. Soon after, all the lights in the venue went off except a set of strobe lights they had on stage. The drums played a beat you felt in your soul, the guitars were melodic, the synth ever so passionate but when Jonny Craig put the mic to his mouth and sang that first note, he delivered all of that and then some. His voice was that of an angel, something unimaginable.
Dj set recorded live @ Chaos
One hour and half of Melodic/Progressive House
Watch it on Youtube: youtu.be/dYqvyTXSbHw
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▼ Tracklist:
[0:00]Jager Feat. Josh Knowles - Into Your Eyes (Maxim Lany Remix)
[6:47]Dabeat, Zalvador - Istila
[11:59]Gabriel & Dresden, Sub Teal - No One's To Blame (Dylehn Extended Mix)
[16:28]Robine - Disa
[21:52]Boy North & Ariose - If Tomorrow Starts Without Me
[27:47]Gardenstate & Bien - The Best Part (Patrice Baumel Extended Mix)
[32:43]Coli, Fortuny - Illusion
[39:29]Stan Kolev - Satchitananda
[42:20]Gordo - Taraka
[47:26]Emiol - Do You Remember
[51:03]Golan Zocher, Velveta - Summer Sun (Emi Galvan Remix
[55:27]Sudhaus - Vapor
[59:50]Roger Shah & Sian Evans - Hide U (Avira Extended Remix)
[01:04:30]Henri Bergmann - Protection (Dodi Palese Remix)
[01:09:03]Anden - Rewind (Yotto Remix)
[01:10:17]Andrewboy - Let You Go
[01:17:45]Flemming Bassedow - The Stranger In You
[01:21:11]Esteban Ikasovic - Rock Rouse (Golan Zocher Remix)
[01:27:05]Chromatics - Shadow (Maced Plex Remix)
The Jazz Age of the roaring Twenties and Thirties brought together folk and fantasy memories of Africa (melodic themes, cycles, layered melodies) with living blues (vocal additions), ragtime (high cadence dynamic musical gymnastics), Caribbean pulse and work song drive, conventions from church, dancehall, bandstand and 'review'; improvisations (freedom from script), the blue note, an elasticity either side of the beat and a swing of dance flying out from inside the music. The innovations and detailing of the Jazz style and format came fast, with an impassioned folding growth of influence and heavy cross-pollination. Some bands became rich large 'orchestras' and left the pit and took to the stage. In the biggest clubs and halls, the ordered stalls were converted for dance and informal spectator, whilst balconies – where they existed - were for watching the combined spectacle of artist, elite dancers and participating dancing public. Club owners might flout the prohibition in the way that jazz flouted musical academy norms.
Ellington started in the 1920s in clubs such as the “Theatrical grill” (198 West 134th St), but is perhaps best known for his stint at the 'Cotton Club' (644 Lenox Avenue), an elite ticket in the heart of Harlem NYC offering a white audience a chance to see the sort of skills and dexterities available for mixed audiences in clubs such as 'Connie’s Inn' on 131st Street.
www.youtube.com/watch?v=hSIF0yBq5No%2C
'Small's Paradise' (2294+1/2 Seventh Avenue )
www.youtube.com/watch?v=nBJ8x15BcWQ, 'The Harlem Alhambra' (on 7th) and the great 'Savoy Ballroom' (140th – 141 street), which was home to another master of swing “Chick Webb and his orchestra” with his elite dancers and originators of the 'Lindy Hop'; a pre-jitterbug dance that was as physical as the turn of the century Parisian 'Apachi' but without the pimped violence, and with an energy that could out-match a 'Soul Train' that had stopped off for a 'Northern Soul'. Even if the Jazz Age was not always an invited guest, the whole Harlem scene was described within the term the 'Harlem Renaissance' which saw African American artistic-direction mature into new levels for all man. If the 'Cotton Club' had been devised as a patronising colonial voyeurism on race and "degeneracy / superiority narrative" then it clearly failed; the white audiences were inspired by the technicity and lifeforce, the radio stations played the shows, the 78rpm records sold the tunes, sheet music flew off the presses and the major and minor film studios made shorts for between-movie cinema entertainment.
White band leaders such as Benny Goodman converted to the Harlem swing of Ellington/Ivey and Webb (also remembering the influence of the 'Earl Hines Orchestra' in Chicago...), and an authentic black modern art-form took on the world with a musical melange of tones. Ellington arrived to tour London not long after the release of this track.
The 'swing' orchestrated into form and soon sat in with the big band, and some of the freedoms from score witnessed in this track and early 30s period would have to wait a few years for Bebop to turn up in another club around another corner or even the same block.
The track “It don't mean a thing (if you ain't got that swing)" was called a “Fox trot” on the original Brunswick record label, and although the lyrics talk of the need to 'swing', the term had yet to form and the largely 1920s Fox Trot dance style was still being called. Certainly at the time of release, it would have been difficult to imagine that the GI's would choose to 'swing' in and out of a future world war – so often to some of the 1000 compositions penned by the Duke Ellington.
Footage about elements outside of music from the 'Harlem Renaissance' can be seen here:
www.wikiwand.com/en/Harlem_Renaissance
It's from some years after, but here Ellington plays aside 'The Savoy's Lindy Hoppers' - featuring in the second half of this 1940 clip:
www.youtube.com/watch?v=IH1Fru-RttA&list=LL&index=5
The, at times, 'screwball' dancers from the 'Cotton Club' can be seen from around 7 minutes into this clip from 1933 titled 'Bundle of blues". The dancers are more 'free from convention' than 'racially diminutive', with Ellington's orchestra mixing chic with endless melodic cascades. The singer at 3 minutes in the clip is the same Ivie Anderson as for this post. Notice the desire to express differences of character as Anderson appears in character as both 'elite chic' and 'lonely poor': later, and in the same short film, contrasting with the sassy 'Cotton Club' dancing of the beguiling Florance Hill and Bessie Dudley. In total we see range within race, and travel way beyond racist ideas of basic stimulus/response cues from skin tones which feeds the bedrock of racism, stigma and predudice.
www.youtube.com/watch?v=s_GTfl8Hhc8
In an earlier film short from the 'Cotton Club' period (1929) we see the poorest and uneducated illiterate workers aside the skilled and erudite 'Black and tan'. As the simple plot unfolds, illness and death are met with pathos and music that clearly reaches beyond earlier issues of language. This 1929 film 'Black and tan fantasy' shows an outreach of black culture that challenged stereotype with demonstrations of pathos and humanity:
www.youtube.com/watch?v=uLJmgzMnOjQ
A last film short 'Symphony in black - a rhapsody of Negro life' from 1935 shows Ellington the artist, describing with music a dynamic African American humanity of hardship, emotion and entertainment. The films are not 'political' but do offer the detail and light that empathy needs - with empathy and respect here being the base to counter the acid of racism.
www.youtube.com/watch?v=LPD-8-l68L4
Unlike the post-war age of “serious” Modern Jazz, 'The Jazz Age' could be self mocking and indeed 'goofy' (the word from before the dog); both good taste and 'over-the-top', sassy sexy and swaggering, and confident high-chic without the camp of voguing.
From within the Ellington orchestra were true jazz greats, and Ellington conducted and wrote to let them show their individual character. Ben Webster became a legend and for this track, Johnny Hodges provides fine examples of lucidity - 'asking' for modern jazz several years before the 'Bird' would fly.
Ellington would sit or stand by his piano and conduct the evening's score with piano cues and arm and body movements. The liberty to cascade and fly out the notes being his desire to enable talent, coupled with the orchestra's desire to keep in touch with the liberated house dancers that often adorned their immediate vista. When dancers arrived on stage for a chorography, they arrived as individuals loose and vivid, tightening up into the choregraphed moves and releasing with more individuality. As they danced they expressed, and with their body movements they 'asked' for ever complex overlays of melody. The orchestras eyes flashing between Ellington and the dancers in a beautiful expression of total art - perhaps the bright side of the moon to today's moribund 'Whiplash'.
To keep up with the musical swing of jazz, new intelligent singers were required – singers with timing, slide, sly plosive and a narrative of pronunciation: the swing famously found Ella Fitzgerald. Billie Holiday and to a greater extent Ivie Anderson specifically helped Duke Ellington take his sounds to a waiting world. Ellington's Gershwin-esque ambition to climb to high art from the hubbub of the street, and perhaps, and in good humour, to show his 'swing' to contrast with Gershwin's 'rhythm'. At this stage in his career Ellington was an artist able to describe all elements of a subculture whilst adding himself and his own dynamic to art. Today Ivie Anderson is less known, but shares a vibrato, timing and stylistic colour so famous with the mythical Billie Holiday.
AJM 11.02.21
Press play and then 'L' and even f11. Escape and f11 a second time to return.
Swedish melodic death metal band performing in Maldives. This is Michael Amott - Arch Enemy
Nikon D700. Nikon Nikon 14-24mm f2.8 G Lens. ISO 3200.
Capture NX
South Florida Metal Feast, The Banyan Live, FL - 03-01-25
Frost Bitten Death Metal from the Sunshine State - mastering the blend of melodic Swedish Gothenburg-style metal with the brutal and often chaotic aggression of American death metal...
Check them out on YouTube:
Silenmara - Jekyll (Official Music Video)
Henry is the melodic one of the pair with a soft bass voice, while Zachary's rich baritone adding staccato accents.
Daily Dog Challenge 2016. "Talent"
Our Daily Challenge - May 9, 2017 - "Music"
Stop on by Zachary and Henry's blog: bzdogs.com - The Secret Life of the Suburban Dog
The Capalna Girls' Walking Line Dance, a unique and spectacular dance, in spirals, winding lines and circles, with a melody line and lyrics devoted to love, is a brand of Alba County,Transylvania, Romania - specifically of the Little Tarnava’s Valley, being a dance well known nationally and not only.
Some years ago, some melodic phrases from this Capalna Girls Dance were used even by an international star, the rapper Jay-Z for the song "Murder to Excellence". Jay-Z used a "sample" of this Romanian folk song (See: vimeo.com/65837430)
Each village from Little Tarnava has its specific Capalna like dance, and the most famous is that of the girls from Lower Capalna, Jidvei Parrish, village in which lives one of the most popular performers of folklore, Veta Biris, who also contributed to promoting this specific dance. nationally.
One can say without question that this dance, took out from the crowd the village of Lower Capalna, village documented since 1332, always inhabited only by Romanian families.
================================================
Please see my VIDEO: The Capalna Girls' Walking Line Dance – a brand of Transylvania, too:
www.flickr.com/photos/ioan_bacivarov/29161117555/in/photo...
================================================
Many Thanks to the +4,250,000 visitors of my photographic stream
===============================================
© Ioan C. Bacivarov
All the photos on this gallery are protected by the international laws of copyright and they are not for being used on any site, blog or forum, transmitted or manipulated without the explicit written permission of the author. Thank you in advance
Please view my most interesting photos on flickriver stream: www.flickriver.com/photos/ioan_bacivarov/0
Filled with HD quality dark melodic songs. Discounted during imaginarium event!
maps.secondlife.com/secondlife/Gimme%20Gacha%20Production...
The Uilleann Pipes are to my ear more melodic and soulful than the more common bagpipes. The Uilleann Pipes are the soul of Irish traditional music. They are hypnotic and sound like our tragic history and our strength to survive it.
The bag of the uilleann pipes is inflated by means of a small set of bellows strapped around the waist and the right arm (in the case of a left-handed player the location and orientation of all components are reversed). The bellows not only relieve the player from the effort needed to blow into a bag to maintain pressure, they also allow relatively dry air to power the reeds, reducing the adverse effects of moisture on tuning and longevity. Some pipers can converse or sing while playing.
It's getting late at the pub we'll be heading to the Cliffs of Moher tomorrow. :-)
This is a small radio measuring 2.25 W x 3.5 H x 1 D. This radio was also sold as a Realistic Petite 6, the Candle PTR-60S, a Fujitone (no model number), a Knox SWR-61, a Topps International (no model number), and as a Diotron
An hour and a half of Melodic House / Techno recorded live @ Peak Lounge
Feel free to listening, feedbacks, share and SUBSCRIBE!
Watch it on Youtube: youtu.be/9pe5jKXli0U
▼ Follow DIRTYANGEL Iwish:
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[www.youtube.com/user/DIRTYANG... YOUTUBE]
[zeno.fm/dj-dirtiangel-radio/D... RADIO]
▼ Tracklist:
[0:00]Literatura, Stereo MC's, Junket - Downtown
[05:39]Made By Pete - En Route To Mars
[09:21]Augustione Wrong, Executive Producer - Trust x Love
[11:30]Tencion - Viscera
[15:30]Spalamp - Horizon
[19:20]Spalamp - Stay
[23:44]ADHM - Kessa
[27:42]Ucha - Syndrome
[29:48]Prove Them Wrong & Groovetique - Dystopian
[34:35]Max Freegrant & Kamilo Sanclemente - Reaching The Edge
[39:26]Bez - Solar (Who Else Remix)
[42:38]Cream - Takoma
[48:20]Peter Makto, Katya Ria - Everything (Club Mix)
[51:22]Apo Tulup - Memaid Chant
[54:34]Sorlong - A Whole Life
[59:09]Mad Gregor - Change (Nico P Remix)
[01:02:02]Losless - Isometric Past
[01:06:12]Lio - Rapture (Alfonso Muchacho Rework)
[01:12:22]Spalamp - Strada
[01:14:49]Thysma - Shapes
[01:19:10]David Di Sabato - Connect
[01:24:49]RUFUS DU SOL - Underwater (Adam Port Remix)
Nikolái Andréyevich Rimski-Kórsakov (Tijvin, 6 de marzo/ 18 de marzo de 1844greg. - finca Lubensk, 8 de juniojul./ 21 de junio de 1908greg.) fue un compositor, director de orquesta y pedagogo ruso miembro del grupo de compositores conocido como Los Cinco. Considerado un maestro de la orquestación, sus obras orquestales más conocidas —el Capricho español, la Obertura de la gran Pascua rusa y la suite sinfónica Scheherezade— son valoradas entre las principales del repertorio de música clásica, así como las suites y fragmentos de alguna de sus quince óperas. Scheherezade es un ejemplo de su empleo frecuente de los cuentos de hadas y temas populares.
Rimski-Kórsakov, al igual que su colega compositor Mili Balákirev o el crítico Vladímir Stásov, creía firmemente en el desarrollo de un estilo nacionalista de música clásica. Este estilo consistía en el empleo de canciones populares tradicionales rusas, así como de elementos armónicos, melódicos y rítmicos exóticos —práctica conocida como orientalismo musical—, evitando los métodos compositivos tradicionales occidentales. Sin embargo, Rimski Kórsakov llegaría a valorar también las técnicas occidentales al ocupar el puesto de profesor de composición, armonía e instrumentación (orquestación) musical en el Conservatorio de San Petersburgo a partir de 1871. Con objeto de perfeccionarse y de forma autodidacta estudió la armonía y el contrapunto occidentales, incorporando al mismo tiempo las influencias de Mijaíl Glinka y el resto de compañeros de Los Cinco. Posteriormente sus técnicas compositivas y de orquestación se vieron enriquecidas con el descubrimiento de las obras de Richard Wagner.
Rimski-Kórsakov combinó la composición y la enseñanza con la carrera militar, primero como oficial de la Armada Imperial Rusa, luego como inspector civil de bandas de música navales. Escribió en sus memorias que la pasión por el océano comenzó en su niñez, al leer libros y escuchar las hazañas de su hermano mayor en la marina. Su amor por el mar pudo haberle influido para escribir dos de sus obras orquestales más conocidas, el cuadro musical Sadkó (no confundir con su ópera posterior del mismo nombre) y Scheherezade. Su labor como inspector de bandas navales le sirvió para ampliar su conocimiento técnico de los instrumentos de viento-madera y metal, perfeccionando sus habilidades en el campo de la orquestación. Además de transmitir estos conocimientos a sus estudiantes, los pudo transmitir póstumamente a través de un manual sobre orquestación que fue finalizado por su yerno Maksimilián Steinberg.
Rimski-Kórsakov legó muchas composiciones nacionalistas rusas de gran creatividad y originalidad. Además, realizó arreglos de las obras de Los Cinco para que pudieran ser interpretadas en público, convirtiéndolas en parte del repertorio clásico (aunque existe controversia acerca de sus correcciones en las obras de Modest Músorgski). Formó una generación de jóvenes compositores y músicos durante las décadas que ejerció como pedagogo, por lo que se le ha llegado a calificar como el «principal arquitecto» de lo que el público aficionado a la música clásica considera el estilo ruso de composición.1 El estilo de Rimski Kórsakov se basaba en el de Glinka, Balákirev, Hector Berlioz y Franz Liszt, «transmitiendo este estilo directamente a dos generaciones de compositores rusos» e influyendo en compositores no rusos, tales como Maurice Ravel, Claude Debussy, Paul Dukas y Ottorino Respighi.
Rimski-Kórsakov nació en Tijvin, unos 140 km al este de San Petersburgo, en el seno de una familia aristocrática con antecedentes militares. Su hermano mayor, Voin, veintidós años mayor que él, fue un conocido navegante y explorador marino.
Rimski-Kórsakov hace referencia en sus memorias que su madre tocaba un poco el piano y su padre sabía tocar de oído algunas piezas en este instrumento. Según el musicólogo Abraham, Rimski Kórsakov heredó la tendencia de su madre de tocar demasiado despacio. A la edad de seis años empezó a tomar clases de piano con varios profesores locales y mostró talento en destrezas auditivas, pero manifestaba poco interés, tocando, como más tarde escribiría, «mal, de manera descuidada,[...] manteniendo un tempo correcto a duras penas».
En el periodo en que fue a la escuela, Rimski Kórsakov tomó lecciones de piano de un hombre llamado Ulij. Estas clases recibieron la aprobación de Voin, director de la escuela en aquel entonces, porque ayudarían al joven a desarrollar sus habilidades sociales y a superar su timidez. Rimski Kórsakov escribe que mientras se mostraba «indiferente» a las lecciones, creció dentro de él el amor por la música, fomentada por las asiduas visitas a la ópera y a conciertos orquestales. Ulij se dio cuenta de que tenía un importante talento musical y le recomendó un nuevo profesor, F. A. Canille (Théodore Canillé). Empezó las lecciones de piano y composición en otoño de 1859 con Canille, del que más tarde diría ser el motivo por el que dedicó su vida a la composición. Gracias a Canille accedió a gran cantidad de música nueva para él, incluyendo la de Mijaíl Glinka y Robert Schumann. A pesar de que al joven músico le gustaban las clases de música, Voin las canceló cuando Rimski Kórsakov contaba con diecisiete años, al no parecerle ya de utilidad práctica. Canille le pidió a Rimski Kórsakov que continuara yendo a su casa cada domingo, no para clases formales, sino para tocar duetos y hablar de música. En noviembre de 1861, Canille presentó al joven de dieciocho años a Mili Balákirev. Balákirev a su vez le presentó a César Cui y Modest Músorgski. Estos tres hombres eran ya conocidos compositores a pesar de estar en la veintena. Rimski Kórsakov posteriormente escribió: «¡Con qué deleite escuchaba discusiones de temas de verdad [cursiva enfática de Rimski Kórsakov] sobre instrumentación, escritura de partes, etc.! ¡Y además, la mayor parte de lo que se hablaba era sobre asuntos musicales de actualidad! De golpe me sumergí en un nuevo mundo, desconocido para mí, del cual sólo había oído hablar en la sociedad de mis amigos diletantes. Me causó una gran impresión».
Balákirev animó a Rimski Kórsakov a que compusiera y le enseñó lo básico para empezar, aprovechando el tiempo que no pasaba en alta mar Balákirev también le urgió a que se enriqueciera leyendo libros de historia, literatura y crítica literaria. Cuando le mostró a Balákirev los primeros compases de una primera sinfonía (en mi bemol mayor) que había compuesto, éste insistió en que debía seguir trabajando en ella a pesar de su desconocimiento de las formas musicales. Durante dos años y ocho meses Rimski Kórsakov navegó en el velero clíper Almaz. A finales de 1862, ya había completado y orquestado tres movimientos de la sinfonía. Compuso el movimiento lento durante una escala en Inglaterra y le envió por correo la partitura a Balákirev antes de volver a alta mar. Al principio, el trabajo en la sinfonía mantuvo al joven ruso ocupado durante su travesía. Compró partituras en cada puerto en el que hacían escala, así como un piano para interpretarlas y ocupaba sus horas de ocio estudiando el tratado de orquestación de Berlioz. Encontró tiempo para leer las obras de Homero, William Shakespeare, Friedrich Schiller y Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, visitando Londres, las Cataratas del Niágara y Río de Janeiro durante sus escalas en puertos. Finalmente, la falta de estímulo musical exterior apagó las ansias de aprender del joven marinero y le confesó a Balákirev que tras dos años en el mar había descuidado sus clases de música por meses. «La idea de ser un músico y compositor poco a poco fue perdiendo fuerza», recordaría posteriormente, «las tierras lejanas me empezaron a seducir, de alguna forma, aunque, siendo sincero, el servicio naval nunca me gustó mucho y a duras penas se adecuaba a mi forma de ser».
De vuelta en San Petersburgo en mayo de 1865, las obligaciones de Rimski Kórsakov consistían en un par de horas de tareas de oficina cada día, pero recordaba que su deseo de componer «había sido reprimido [...] ya no tengo ningún interés por la música». En sus memorias cuenta que el contacto con Balákirev en septiembre de 1865 lo alentó «a habituarse a la música para más adelante sumergirse de lleno en ella». Siguiendo una indicación de Balákirev, compuso el trío restante del scherzo de su Primera Sinfonía y revisó la orquestación por completo. En diciembre de ese mismo año, la obra se estrenó bajo la dirección de Balákirev en San Petersburgo. Hubo una segunda interpretación en marzo de 1866 bajo la batuta de Konstantín Liádov (padre del compositor Anatoli Liádov).
El intercambio epistolar entre Rimski Kórsakov y Balákirev claramente muestra que algunas de las ideas para la sinfonía surgieron gracias a Balákirev. Este siempre iba más allá y no se limitaba a corregir la pieza musical, recomponiéndola al piano en algunas ocasiones. Rimski Kórsakov recordaba lo siguiente:
Un alumno como yo tenía que presentar a Balákirev una propuesta de composición en forma embrionaria, esto es, aunque fueran tan sólo los primeros cuatro u ocho compases. Balákirev se dedicaba a hacer correcciones, indicando cómo rehacer dicho embrión: lo examinaba de arriba a abajo, alabando y ensalzando los primeros dos compases, pero censuraba los siguientes dos, los ridiculizaba y hacía todo lo posible para que el autor se sintiera a disgusto con ellos. Que la composición fuera viva y fértil no siempre era un factor a favor, se requerían frecuentes correcciones y la tarea de componer se alargaba durante un largo periodo de tiempo bajo el frío control de la autocrítica.
Rimski-Kórsakov recuerda que «Balákirev y yo nos llevábamos bastante bien y sin problemas. A instancias de él accedí de buena gana a reescribir los movimientos sinfónicos que compuse y logré acabarlos con la ayuda de sus consejos e improvisaciones». Aunque posteriormente la influencia de Balákirev le llegó a resultar agobiante a Rimski Kórsakov y se desligó de él, esto no impidió que en sus memorias reconociera y alabara el talento de su mentor como crítico e improvisador. Bajo la guía de Balákirev, Rimski Kórsakov cambió su enfoque hacia otro tipo de composiciones. Comenzó una sinfonía en si menor, pero resultó ser demasiado parecida a la Novena Sinfonía de Beethoven y la abandonó. Completó una Obertura sobre tres temas rusos basándose en las oberturas sobre temas populares de Balákirev, así como una Fantasía sobre temas serbios, obras que se estrenaron en un concierto en honor de los delegados del Congreso Eslavo de 1867. En su artículo sobre el concierto, el crítico nacionalista Vladímir Stásov acuñaría la frase Mogúchaya kuchka para el círculo de Balákirev (Mogúchaya kuchka se suele traducir como «El Gran Puñado» o «Los Cinco»). Rimski Kórsakov también compuso las versiones primigenias (serían posteriormente revisadas) de Sadkó y Antar, que cimentaron su reputación como compositor de obras orquestales.
Rimski-Kórsakov se relacionaba y discutía sobre música con otros miembros de Los Cinco; criticaban las piezas de cada uno de ellos y colaboraban en la creación de nuevas obras. Se hizo amigo de Aleksandr Borodín —cuya música le «fascinaba»—, y cada vez pasaba más tiempo con Músorgski. Balákirev y este último tocaban música para piano a cuatro manos, Músorgski a veces cantaba y continuamente opinaban sobre la música de otros compositores, siendo sus gustos favoritos «cercanos a Glinka, Schumann y los últimos cuartetos de cuerda de Beethoven». Felix Mendelssohn no era considerado de categoría elevada, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart y Joseph Haydn «estaban pasados de moda y componían una música ingenua» y Johann Sebastian Bach era pura matemática carente de sentimientos. Berlioz «era muy apreciado», Liszt era «un minusválido pervertido desde un punto de vista musical [...] una burda caricatura» y apenas se hablaba de Wagner. Rimski Kórsakov «escuchaba estas opiniones con avidez y absorbía los gustos de Balákirev, Cui y Músorgski sin cuestionarlos ni ponerlos en duda». A menudo, las obras musicales discutidas «eran tocadas ante mí, pero sólo algunos fragmentos y no podía formarme una opinión en profundidad». Esto, escribe, no le impidió aceptar estos juicios al pie de la letra y repetirlos «como si estuviera profundamente convencido de su verdad».
Rimski-Kórsakov fue especialmente apreciado dentro de Los Cinco y por todos aquellos que visitaban el círculo, debido a su talento como orquestador. Balákirev le pidió que orquestara una marcha de Franz Schubert para un concierto en mayo de 1868; de Cui, su ópera William Ratcliff y de Aleksandr Dargomyzhski, cuyas obras eran muy apreciadas por Los Cinco y estaba a punto de fallecer, su ópera El convidado de piedra.
En el otoño de 1871, Rimski Kórsakov se trasladó al anterior apartamento de su hermano Voin e invitó a Músorgski a que fuera su compañero de habitación. Llegaron a un acuerdo de trabajo que consistía en que Músorgski usaba el piano por las mañanas mientras Rimski Kórsakov trabajaba copiando u orquestando. Cuando su compañero de habitación se iba para realizar su trabajo de funcionario civil al mediodía, el piano quedaba entonces a disposición de Rimski Kórsakov. El tiempo por las tardes se distribuyó de mutuo acuerdo. «Ese otoño e invierno los dos llegamos a un buen acuerdo», escribe Rimski Kórsakov, «con un intercambio constante de ideas y proyectos. Músorgski compuso y orquestó el acto polaco de Borís Godunov y la escena popular "Cerca de Kromy". Yo orquesté y acabé mi Dama de Pskov».
En 1871, el compositor, que contaba con 27 años, fue nombrado Catedrático de composición e instrumentación (orquestación) en el Conservatorio de San Petersburgo, así como director de la clase de orquesta. Mantuvo su puesto en el servicio naval activo e impartía sus clases en uniforme (los oficiales militares estaban obligados a llevar su uniforme durante todo el día, dado que se consideraba que siempre estaban en servicio).
Rimski Kórsakov explica en sus memorias que Mijaíl Azanchevski, al tomar el puesto de director del Conservatorio ese año, quería sangre nueva para refrescar la enseñanza de esas asignaturas, y le había hecho una generosa oferta por sus servicios. El biógrafo Mijaíl Zetlin sugiere que Azanchevski había tenido un doble motivo. En primer lugar, Rimski Kórsakov fue el miembro de Los Cinco menos criticado por sus oponentes e invitarlo a dar clases en el Conservatorio habría sido una manera segura de decir a todos los músicos serios que eran bienvenidos allí. En segundo lugar, la oferta pudo haber sido deliberada para exponerlo a un clima académico en el cual él compondría en un estilo occidental más conservador. Balákirev se oponía a la enseñanza académica de la música con tremendo vigor, pero lo animó a que aceptara el puesto para convencer a otros a que se unieran a la causa nacionalista musical.
La reputación de Rimski Kórsakov en ese momento era la de un maestro de la orquestación, sobre la base de sus obras Sadkó y Antar. Sin embargo, había compuesto esas obras en su mayor parte de manera intuitiva. Sus conocimientos de teoría musical eran elementales; nunca había escrito ningún contrapunto, no podía armonizar una simple coral ni siquiera sabía los nombres o intervalos de los acordes musicales. Nunca había dirigido una orquesta y la marina le había disuadido de que lo hiciera, porque no aprobaban que saliera al podio en uniforme. Consciente de sus limitaciones técnicas, Rimski Kórsakov pidió consejo a Piotr Ilich Chaikovski, con el que había mantenido algún contacto ocasional. Chaikovski, a diferencia de Los Cinco, había recibido enseñanzas académicas de composición en el Conservatorio de San Petersburgo, y ejercía de catedrático de Teoría Musical en el Conservatorio de Moscú. Chaikovski le aconsejó que estudiara.
Rimski-Kórsakov escribe que mientras daba clases en el Conservatorio pronto «¡me convertí posiblemente en su mejor pupilo [cursiva enfática de Rimski Kórsakov], a juzgar por la cantidad y calidad de la información que me suministró!». Para prepararse a sí mismo, y para mantenerse al menos un paso por delante de sus estudiantes, se tomó tres años sabáticos en los que no compuso nada propio, y estudió con asiduidad en casa mientras seguía impartiendo lecciones en el Conservatorio. De manera autodidacta aprendió de manuales de texto, y siguió una estricta rutina de componer ejercicios de contrapunto, fugas, corales y coros a capela.
Rimski-Kórsakov finalmente llegó a ser un maestro excelente y un ferviente defensor de las enseñanzas académicas. Revisó todo lo que había compuesto anterior a 1874, incluso obras aclamadas por el público como Sadkó y Antar, en una búsqueda de la perfección que perseguiría hasta el final de su vida. Al haber sido asignado para dirigir los ensayos de la clase de orquesta, perfeccionó el arte de la dirección orquestal. Enfrentarse a las texturas orquestales como director y el hecho de tener que hacer arreglos adecuados de obras musicales para dicha clase, lo llevó a interesarse cada vez más en el arte de la orquestación, un área que le haría descuidar sus estudios como inspector de orquestas navales. La partitura de su Tercera Sinfonía, escrita justo después de haber completado su programa de tres años de superación personal, refleja la experiencia de sus prácticas con la orquesta.
La cátedra en el Conservatorio conllevó seguridad económica para Rimski Kórsakov, lo cual le indujo a asentarse y formar una familia. En diciembre de 1871 le pidió matrimonio a Nadezhda Purgold, con quien había mantenido una estrecha relación a través de las reuniones semanales de Los Cinco en la residencia de la familia Purgold. Contrajeron matrimonio en julio de 1872, siendo Músorgski el padrino. La familia Rimski Kórsakov tuvo seis hijos; uno de los cuales, Andréi, se hizo musicólogo, se casó con la compositora Yulia Veisberg y escribió un estudio en varios volúmenes de la vida y obra de su padre.
En la primavera de 1873, la marina creó el puesto de inspector naval de bandas y designó a Rimski Kórsakov para el cargo. A pesar de que se mantuvo en la nómina de la marina y en las listas del Ministerio de la Marina, le dieron permiso para que dejara de prestar sus servicios militares. Como inspector, hacía visitas periódicas a las bandas navales de toda Rusia, supervisaba a los directores de las bandas y sus compromisos, revisaba su repertorio e inspeccionaba la calidad de sus instrumentos. Redactó un programa de estudios como complemento a los estudiantes de música que tenían una beca de la marina en el Conservatorio e hizo de intermediario entre el Conservatorio y la marina. El puesto de inspector de bandas vino con una promoción a asesor colegiado, un rango de funcionario. «Me desprendí con alegría tanto de mi estatus militar como de mi uniforme de oficial», escribió posteriormente. «Desde ese momento en adelante fui músico oficialmente y de manera indiscutible».
Rimski-Kórsakov se dedicó con celo a sus deberes y satisfizo el antiguo deseo de familiarizarse con la construcción y la técnica interpretativa de los instrumentos musicales. Estos estudios lo llevaron a escribir un libro de texto sobre orquestación. Usó los privilegios del rango para ejercitar y extender su conocimiento. Debatía sobre arreglos musicales para banda militar con los directores, animó y revisó sus esfuerzos, celebró conciertos para oír estas piezas y orquestó obras originales y de otros compositores para bandas militares.
En marzo de 1884, una orden imperial abolió el cargo de Inspector de bandas navales, y Rimski Kórsakov quedó relevado de sus funciones. Trabajó a las órdenes de Balákirev en la Capilla de la Corte como director adjunto hasta 1894, lo que le permitió estudiar la música ortodoxa rusa. También impartió clases en la Capilla y escribió un manual sobre armonía para su empleo allí y en el Conservatorio.
os estudios de Rimski Kórsakov y su cambio de actitud hacia la educación musical provocaron el desdén de sus colegas nacionalistas, que opinaban que estaba abandonando su herencia rusa para componer fugas y sonatas. Tras esforzarse «por meter el máximo contrapunto posible» en su Tercera Sinfonía, compuso obras de música de cámara adheridas estrictamente a modelos clásicos, incluyendo un sexteto de cuerdas, un cuartero de cuerdas en fa menor y un quinteto para flauta, clarinete, trompa, fagot y piano. Sobre el cuarteto y la sinfonía Chaikovski escribió a su mecenas Nadezhda von Meck que «estaban llenas de cosas inteligentes pero [...] [estaban] imbuidas de un carácter seco y pedante». Tras escuchar la sinfonía, Borodín comentó que mantuvo «la sensación de que se trata de la obra de un tipo alemán Herr Professor que se ha puesto sus gafas y está a punto de escribir Eine grosse Symphonie in C».
Según Rimski-Kórsakov, los otros miembros de Los Cinco mostraron escaso entusiasmo por la sinfonía, y menos aún por el cuarteto. Tampoco lo fue su debut en público como director en un concierto benéfico en 1874 en el cual dirigió a la orquesta con la nueva sinfonía, considerado positivamente por sus compatriotas rusos. Posteriormente escribiría que «comenzaron, de hecho, a mirarme por encima del hombro como si fuera un fracasado». Peor aún para el ruso fueron los débiles elogios dados por Antón Rubinstein, un compositor opuesto a la música y filosofía de los nacionalistas. Rimski Kórsakov escribió que después de que Rubinstein escuchara el cuarteto, este comentó que ya «podría llegar a algo» como compositor. Escribió también que Chaikovski continuó dándole apoyo moral, diciéndole que aplaudía sin reparos todo lo que hacía y admiraba tanto su modestia artística como su fuerte personalidad. De manera privada, Chaikovski le confió a Nadezhda von Meck lo siguiente: «aparentemente ahora [Rimski Kórsakov] está pasando por una crisis y cómo acabará será difícil de predecir. O bien surge de él un gran maestro o quedará atrapado al final en sus trucos contrapuntísticos».
Dos proyectos hicieron que Rimski Kórsakov se centrara menos en hacer música de estilo académico. El primero de ellos fueron dos colecciones de canciones populares en 1874. Transcribió cuarenta canciones rusas para voz y piano a partir de las interpretaciones del cantante folclórico Tvorti Filípov, a sugerencia de Balákirev. Tras esta recopilación realizó una segunda más ambiciosa de cien canciones que le proporcionaron amigos y sirvientes, o que extrajo de colecciones raras o descatalogadas. Posteriormente, Rimski Kórsakov escribiría que haber realizado este trabajo tuvo una gran influencia en él como compositor; además le proporcionó una ingente cantidad de material al cual podría recurrir en futuros proyectos, bien para citarlos directamente o como modelos para componer pasajes «fakelóricos» (del inglés fake, falso, traducido como «pseudo-folclore» o «folclore de pega»). El segundo proyecto consistió en la edición de partituras del pionero compositor ruso Mijaíl Glinka (1804–1857) con la colaboración y ayuda de Balákirev y Anatoli Liádov. La hermana de Glinka, Liudmila Ivánovna Shestakova, quería preservar el legado musical de su hermano mediante su publicación e impresión y pagó de su propio bolsillo todos los gastos del proyecto. No se había realizado ningún proyecto similar en la historia de la música rusa, y tuvieron que establecerse y ponerse de acuerdo en pautas y directrices para la edición escolástica de las obras. Balákirev era partidario de realizar cambios en la música de Glinka con el fin de «corregir» lo que él veía como defectos de composición, mientras que Rimski Kórsakov defendía un punto de vista menos intrusivo, que, finalmente, acabaría prevaleciendo. Como posteriormente escribiría: «la oportunidad de trabajar sobre las partituras de Glinka fue una inesperada fuente de aprendizaje para mí. Incluso antes de esto ya conocía y adoraba sus óperas; pero, como editor de las partituras que iban a publicarse, tuve que analizar hasta la última nota, con lo que pude apreciar el estilo e instrumentación de Glinka. Y esto fue un trabajo beneficioso para mí, conduciéndome al camino de la música moderna, tras mis vicisitudes con el contrapunto y un estilo más estricto».
Durante el verano de 1877, Rimski Kórsakov reflexionaba sobre la historia corta titulada La noche de mayo de Nikolái Gógol. Era uno de sus cuentos favoritos desde hacía mucho tiempo y su mujer Nadezhda le había estado insistiendo en que escribiera una ópera basada en dicha historia desde el día en que se comprometieron, cuando la leyeron juntos. Las ideas musicales para tal obra databan de antes de 1877, pero ahora surgían con mayor persistencia. En invierno, La noche de mayo obtuvo cada vez más su atención; en febrero de 1878 empezó a componer en serio y acabó la ópera a principios de noviembre de ese año. Rimski Kórsakov dijo de La noche de mayo que fue de gran importancia porque, a pesar de que la obra contenía bastante música contrapuntísitca, logró «liberarse de los grilletes del contrapunto [cursivas enfáticas de Rimski Kórsakov]». Ideó la ópera en un idioma que imitaba las melodías populares y la orquestó de una manera transparente, más del estilo de Glinka. Sin embargo, pese a la facilidad con la que escribió esta ópera y la siguiente, La doncella de nieve, de vez en cuando sufrió parálisis creativas en el periodo desde 1881 a 1888. Se mantuvo ocupado durante este tiempo editando las obras de Músorgski y completando la ópera de Borodín titulada El príncipe Ígor (Músorgski falleció en 1881 y Borodín en 1887).
Rimski Kórsakov escribe que entabló relaciones con el mecenas musical en ciernes Mitrofán Beliáyev en Moscú en 1882. Beliáyev pertenecía a un creciente círculo de empresarios nuevos ricos rusos que llegaron a ser mecenas de las artes a mediados y finales del siglo XIX en Rusia, entre los que se cuentan el magnate de los ferrocarriles Sava Mámontov y el fabricante textil Pável Tretiakov. Beliáyev, Mámontov y Tretiakov «querían contribuir notablemente en la vida pública». Los tres habían labrado su camino hasta lograr la fortuna y al ser «eslavófilos» en su perfil cultural creían en la gran gloria de Rusia. Debido a esta creencia, estaban más predispuestos que la aristocracia a apoyar al talento autóctono y más inclinados a ayudar económicamente a artistas nacionalistas por encima de los más cosmopolitas. Esta preferencia era paralela al resurgimiento general del nacionalismo y la «rusofilia» que era la corriente más extendida en el arte y la sociedad rusas.
Hacia el invierno de 1883, Rimski Kórsakov era asiduo a «los cuartetos de los viernes» (Les Vendredis) que tenían lugar en la casa de Beliáyev en San Petersburgo cada semana. Beliáyev, quién había mostrado un gran interés en el futuro musical del joven Aleksandr Glazunov, alquiló una sala y una orquesta en 1884 para estrenar la Primera Sinfonía (1881) de Glazunov así como una suite orquestal que dicho compositor acababa de componer. Este concierto y los ensayos del año anterior hicieron que Rimski Kórsakov tuviera la idea de ofrecer conciertos en los que las composiciones rusas fueran las protagonistas, perspectiva que a Beliáyev le parecía excelente. Los Conciertos Sinfónicos Rusos se inauguraron durante la temporada 1886–87, siendo Rimski Kórsakov codirector junto con Anatoli Liádov. Logró dar por concluida la revisión de la Una noche en el Monte Pelado de Músorgski y la dirigió en el concierto inaugural. Estos conciertos lo sacaron de su sequía creativa, para ellos compuso ex profeso sus obras más notables: Scheherezade, el Capricho español y la Obertura de la gran Pascua rusa. Hace referencia en sus memorias que estas obras «muestran un considerable desuso de recursos contrapuntísticos [...] [reemplazados] por un desarrollo poderoso y virtuosístico de cualquier tipo de figuración, sosteniendo el interés técnico de mis composiciones».
Rimski-Kórsakov recibió una petición de consejo y asesoramiento, no sólo sobre los Conciertos Sinfónicos, sino en otros proyectos en los que Beliáyev ayudaba a compositores rusos. «Dentro de las cuestiones puramente musicales resultó que yo era la cabeza del círculo Beliáyev», escribe el compositor. «También Baliáyev me consideraba así, consultándome sobre cualquier cosa y todo el mundo se refería a mí según a ese puesto». En 1884, Beliáyev creó con carácter anual el Premio Glinka y en 1885 fundó su propia editorial de partituras de música, en la cual publicó obras de Borodín, Glazunov, Liádov y Rimski Kórsakov corriendo con todos los gastos. Para elegir a qué compositores había que ayudar económicamente, publicar o interpretar sus obras de los muchos que solicitaban su asistencia, Beliáyev estableció un consejo formado por Glazunov, Liádov y Rimski Kórsakov. Su función era la de revisar todas las composiciones y solicitudes presentadas y sugerir qué compositores eran merecedores del patrocinio y la atención pública.
El grupo de compositores que aglutinaba a Glazunov, Liádov y Rimski Kórsakov era conocido con el nombre de Círculo Beliáyev, en honor a su benefactor. Dichos compositores eran nacionalistas desde el punto de vista musical como Los Cinco. Como ellos, creían en un estilo ruso singular de música clásica que empleara temas populares y elementos melódicos, armónicos y rítmicos exóticos, cuyo paradigma es la música de Balákirev, Borodín y Rimski Kórsakov. Pero, a diferencia de Los Cinco, estos compositores creían en la necesidad de una base académica influida por la música occidental a la hora de componer, la cual Rimski Kórsakov había inculcado durante los años que ejerció en el Conservatorio de San Petersburgo. En comparación con los compositores revolucionarios del Círculo Balákirev, a Rimski Kórsakov le pareció que los del Círculo Beliáyev eran «progresivos [...] eso, unido a una gran consideración a la perfección técnica, pero [..] al mismo tiempo abriendo nuevos caminos, de manera más segura, aunque no tan rápidamente [...]».
En noviembre de 1887, Chaikovski llegó al Conservatorio de San Petersburgo, y pudo asistir a varios de los Conciertos Sinfónicos Rusos. Uno de ellos incluía una interpretación completa de su Primera Sinfonía, subtitulada Sueños de invierno, en su última versión. Otro concierto estuvo protagonizado por el estreno de la Tercera Sinfonía de Rimski Kórsakov en una versión revisada. Rimski Kórsakov y Chaikovski intercambiaron correspondencia antes de la visita y pasaron mucho tiempo juntos, también en compañía de Glazunov y Liádov. Aunque Chaikovski ya había sido un huésped habitual en casa de Rimski Kórsakov desde 1876, y que se ofreció a organizar el nombramiento de Rimski Kórsakov como director del Conservatorio de Moscú, esto supuso el comienzo de una relación más cercana entre ambos. «En cuestión de dos años», escribe Rimski Kórsakov, «las visitas de Chaikovski se volvieron mucho más frecuentes».
Durante esas visitas y sobre todo en público, Rimski Kórsakov se ocultaba tras una máscara de simpatía. En privado, la situación se le antojaba complicada emocionalmente y le confesó sus miedos y temores a su amigo, el crítico musical moscovita Semión Krúglikov. Estaba fresco en el recuerdo la tensión entre Chaikovski y Los Cinco sobre las diferencias en sus filosofías musicales; tensión tan aguda que Modest, el hermano de Chaikovski, comparó su relación en esa época como «la de dos Estados vecinos y amigos [...] preparados cuidadosamente para encontrarse en terreno neutral, pero guardando celosamente sus intereses particulares». Rimski Kórsakov observaba, no sin evitar sentirse irritado, cómo Chaikovski cada vez era más y más popular entre sus propios seguidores. Esta envidia personal se tornó también en profesional, dado que la música de Chaikovski ganaba popularidad entre los compositores del Círculo Beliáyev y permaneció en conjunto más exitosa que la de él. A pesar de todo, cuando Chaikovski asistió a la fiesta del santo de Rimski Kórsakov en mayo de 1893, este le preguntó a Chaikovski personalmente si querría dirigir cuatro conciertos de la Sociedad Musical Rusa en San Petersburgo durante la siguiente temporada. Tras pensárselo detenidamente, aceptó. Su muerte repentina a finales de 1893 evitó que cumpliera con su compromiso en su totalidad, no obstante, en la lista de obras que había pensado dirigir se contaba la Tercera Sinfonía de Rimski Kórsakov.
En marzo de 1889, el «teatro ambulante Richard Wagner» de Angelo Neumann llegó a San Petersburgo, ofreciendo cuatro ciclos de El anillo del nibelungo bajo la dirección de Karl Muck. Los Cinco habían ignorado la música de Wagner, pero dicha obra impresionó a Rimski Kórsakov, que quedó asombrado con su dominio de la orquestación. Asistió a los ensayos con Glazunov e iba siguiendo la partitura. Tras escuchar estas interpretaciones, Rimski Kórsakov se dedicó prácticamente sólo a componer óperas por el resto de su vida creativa. El uso de la plantilla instrumental por parte de Wagner influyó en su orquestación, comenzando con el arreglo que Rimski Kórsakov hizo de la polonesa de la ópera Borís Godunov de Músorgski con el fin de emplearla en conciertos en 1889.
Rimsky-Korsakov mantenía su mente cerrada en lo referente a música más aventurada que la de Wagner, especialmente la de Richard Strauss y más tarde Claude Debussy. Llegó a mostrarse enojado durante días cuando escuchó al pianista Félix Blumenfeld tocar Estampes, de Debussy, tras lo cual escribió en su diario: «pobre y mezquino hasta más no poder; no hay técnica, y mucho menos imaginación.» Esto se debía a un creciente conservadurismo por su parte (su «conciencia musical», tal y cómo él mismo lo describió), bajo el cual ahora escrutaba su música, así como la de otros. Las composiciones de sus antiguos compatriotas en Los Cinco no eran inmunes a esto; en 1895, mientras se encontraba trabajando en su primera revisión de Borís Godunov, de Músorgski, le dijo a su amanuense Vasily Yastrebtsev: «Es increíble que alguna vez me hubiera podido gustar esta música y aun así parece que hubo un tiempo en que lo hizo.» En 1901 escribiría acerca de estar crecientemente «indignado con todos los desatinos [de Wagner] para el oído», sobre la misma música que había acaparado su atención en 1889.
En 1892 Rimski Kórsakov padeció una segunda sequía creativa, debido a una enfermedad psicosomática. Se le subía la sangre a la cabeza, tenía pérdidas de memoria, confusiones y desagradables obsesiones, que lo llevaron al diagnóstico médico de neurastenia. Las crisis dentro del círculo familiar de Rimski Kórsakov podrían haber sido el factor desencadenante: las graves enfermedades de su mujer y uno de sus hijos debido a la difteria en 1890, las muertes de su madre e hijo de menor edad, así como el comienzo de una prolongada y finalmente fatal enfermedad de su segundo hijo más joven. Dejó sus puestos tanto en los Conciertos Sinfónicos Rusos como en la Capilla de la Corte de San Petersburgo y se planteó dejar de componer para siempre. Tras realizar la tercera versión del cuadro musical Sadkó y la ópera La doncella de Pskov, dio por cerrada su cuenta musical con el pasado, ninguna de sus obras previas a La noche de mayo conservaba su edición original.
Otro fallecimiento, el de Chaikovski, fue sin embargo la causa que lo llevó de nuevo a componer, puesto que esta defunción se presentó como una doble oportunidad: por un lado compondría para los Teatros Imperiales y además una ópera basada en la historia corta de Nikolái Gógol titulada La noche de Navidad (Nochebuena), una obra en la que Chaikovski también se había inspirado para componer su ópera Vakula el herrero. El éxito de la ópera La noche de Navidad lo animó a completar una ópera cada 18 meses de media entre 1893 y 1908, con un total de once a lo largo de este periodo. También comenzó otro borrador sobre su tratado de orquestación que finalmente abandonó, pero hizo un tercer intento y lo dejó casi acabado en sus últimos cuatro años de vida (lo completaría su yerno Maksimilián Steinberg en 1912). El tratamiento científico y académico de la orquestación que hace Rimski Kórsakov, ilustrado con más de 300 ejemplos de su propia obra, se convirtió en referencia para los textos de su categoría.
En 1905, hubo manifestaciones en el Conservatorio de San Petersburgo como parte de la Revolución de 1905; éstas, escribe Rimski Kórsakov, fueron desencadenadas por disturbios de la misma índole en la Universidad Estatal de San Petersburgo, en la que los estudiantes solicitaban reformas políticas y el establecimiento de una monarquía constitucional en Rusia. «Fui elegido como miembro del comité que debía solventar las diferencias con los agitados pupilos», recuerda; sin embargo, tan pronto como el comité se hubo formado, «se recomendaron todo tipo de medidas para que los cabecillas fueran expulsados, alojar a la policía en el conservatorio o cerrar el conservatorio entero». Considerado a sí mismo de siempre un liberal en lo político, escribió que sentía que alguien debía proteger el derecho de los estudiantes a manifestarse, especialmente cuando las disputas y riñas con las autoridades cada vez eran más violentas. En una misiva abierta, se puso de lado de los estudiantes en contra de lo que él veía como una interferencia sin justificación alguna en la dirección del conservatorio y la Sociedad Musical Rusa. En una segunda carta, esta vez firmada por todo el cuerpo docente Rimski Kórsakov inclusive, exigía la dimisión del director del conservatorio. En parte debido a las consecuencias de ambas cartas, escribe, aproximadamente 100 alumnos fueron expulsados y él fue destituido de su cátedra. Justo antes de que la dimisión fuera efectiva, Rimski Kórsakov recibió una carta de uno de los miembros de la directiva del centro, sugiriéndole que tomara la dirección con fines de calmar el descontento estudiantil. «Probablemente el miembro de la directiva que envió la carta representaría una opinión minoritaria, pero la firmó de todas formas» escribe. «Respondí con una negativa».
No mucho después de la destitución de Rimski Kórsakov, una producción estudiantil de su ópera Kaschéi, el inmortal provocó, en lugar del concierto que estaba programado, una manifestación política, lo que causó que la policía prohibiera la obra de Rimski Kórsakov. A consecuencia, gracias en parte a la cobertura que hizo la prensa de estos eventos, inmediatamente surgió por toda Rusia y el extranjero una ola de indignación frente a la prohibición; liberales e intelectuales inundaban la residencia del compositor con cartas de apoyo y simpatía, e incluso campesinos que nunca habían oído una sola nota de la música de Rimski Kórsakov enviaron pequeñas donaciones monetarias. Varios miembros del profesorado del Conservatorio de San Petersburgo renunciaron a su empleo en señal de protesta, incluyendo Glazunov y Liádov. Al final, unos 300 estudiantes abandonaron el conservatorio en señal de solidaridad con Rimski Kórsakov Hacia diciembre había sido rehabilitado en su cargo bajo un nuevo director, Glazunov; pero se retiró en 1906. La controversia política continuó con su ópera El gallo de oro, cuya crítica implícita a la monarquía, al imperialismo ruso y a la Guerra Ruso-Japonesa daban escasas posibilidades a pasar la censura. El estreno se retrasó hasta 1909, después del fallecimiento del compositor, e incluso entonces se interpretó en una versión adaptada.
En abril de 1907, Rimski Kórsakov dirigió un par de conciertos en París, organizados por el empresario Serguéi Diáguilev, en donde se ponía de relieve la música de la escuela nacionalista rusa. Dichos conciertos tuvieron un gran éxito a la hora de popularizar la música clásica rusa de este género en Europa, particularmente la de Rimski Kórsakov. Al año siguiente, su ópera Sadkó fue puesta en escena en la Ópera de París y La doncella de nieve en la Opéra-Comique. También tuvo la oportunidad de escuchar los últimos estrenos de compositores europeos; silbó sin tapujos al escuchar la ópera de Richard Strauss Salomé y le dijo a Diáguilev tras escuchar la ópera Pelléas et Mélisande de Claude Debussy: «¡no me hagas escuchar todos estos horrores o acabarán gustándome!» El hecho de escuchar dichas obras le permitió comprender su lugar dentro de la música clásica. Admitió ser «un kuchkista convencido» —en alusión al término kuchka (puñado), una manera en ruso de referirse a Los Cinco— y que sus obras pertenecían a una era cuyas tendencias musicales ya habían quedado atrás.
Desde principios de 1890, Rimski Kórsakov venía padeciendo angina de pecho. Este mal al principio lo iba desgastando lentamente, pero el estrés que le ocasionaron los sucesos que tuvieron lugar en la Revolución de 1905 y sus secuelas aceleraron el proceso, llegando en diciembre de 1907 a ser la enfermedad de tal gravedad que ya no podía trabajar. Falleció en 1908 en su finca de Liúbensk, cerca de Luga (hoy en día Pliúski, distrito de la Óblast de Pskov), unos 200 km al sur de San Petersburgo, y fue enterrado en el Cementerio Tijvin en el Monasterio de Alejandro Nevski de San Petersburgo, cerca de las tumbas de Borodín, Glinka, Músorgski y Stásov.
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Nikolai Andreyevich Rimsky-Korsakov (Russian: Николай Андреевич Римский-Корсаков; 18 March [O.S. 6 March] 1844 – 21 June [O.S. 8 June] 1908) was a Russian composer, and a member of the group of composers known as The Five. He was a master of orchestration. His best-known orchestral compositions—Capriccio Espagnol, the Russian Easter Festival Overture, and the symphonic suite Scheherazade—are staples of the classical music repertoire, along with suites and excerpts from some of his 15 operas. Scheherazade is an example of his frequent use of fairy-tale and folk subjects.
Rimsky-Korsakov believed in developing a nationalistic style of classical music, as did his fellow-composer Mily Balakirev and the critic Vladimir Stasov. This style employed Russian folk song and lore along with exotic harmonic, melodic and rhythmic elements in a practice known as musical orientalism, and eschewed traditional Western compositional methods. Rimsky-Korsakov appreciated Western musical techniques after he became a professor of musical composition, harmony, and orchestration at the Saint Petersburg Conservatory in 1871. He undertook a rigorous three-year program of self-education and became a master of Western methods, incorporating them alongside the influences of Mikhail Glinka and fellow members of The Five. Rimsky-Korsakov's techniques of composition and orchestration were further enriched by his exposure to the works of Richard Wagner.
For much of his life, Rimsky-Korsakov combined his composition and teaching with a career in the Russian military—at first as an officer in the Imperial Russian Navy, then as the civilian Inspector of Naval Bands. He wrote that he developed a passion for the ocean in childhood from reading books and hearing of his older brother's exploits in the navy. This love of the sea may have influenced him to write two of his best-known orchestral works, the musical tableau Sadko (not to be confused with his later opera of the same name) and Scheherazade. As Inspector of Naval Bands, Rimsky-Korsakov expanded his knowledge of woodwind and brass playing, which enhanced his abilities in orchestration. He passed this knowledge to his students, and also posthumously through a textbook on orchestration that was completed by his son-in-law, Maximilian Steinberg.
Rimsky-Korsakov left a considerable body of original Russian nationalist compositions. He prepared works by The Five for performance, which brought them into the active classical repertoire (although there is controversy over his editing of the works of Modest Mussorgsky), and shaped a generation of younger composers and musicians during his decades as an educator. Rimsky-Korsakov is therefore considered "the main architect" of what the classical-music public considers the "Russian style" of composition. His influence on younger composers was especially important, as he served as a transitional figure between the autodidactism exemplified by Glinka and The Five, and professionally trained composers which would become the norm in Russia by the closing years of the 19th century. While Rimsky-Korsakov's style was based on those of Glinka, Balakirev, Hector Berlioz, Franz Liszt and, for a brief period, Wagner, he "transmitted this style directly to two generations of Russian composers" and influenced non-Russian composers including Maurice Ravel, Claude Debussy, Paul Dukas, and Ottorino Respighi.
Rimsky-Korsakov was born in Tikhvin, 200 kilometers (120 miles) east of Saint Petersburg, into a Russian noble family. The Rimsky-Korsakov dynasty traced their roots to Zhigimunt Korsak, a Czech who arrived in Lithuania from the Holy Roman Empire and founded the Polish-Lithuanian Korsak coat of arms. In 1390, his sons Vyacheslav (originally Vaclav) and Miloslav escorted Sophia of Lithuania, then a wife of Vasily I Dmitriyevich, to Moscow and took Russian citizenship under the Korsakov and Miloslavsky surnames, respectively. Some of Vyacheslav's descendants were granted permission to add "Rimsky" to their surnames in 1677 to celebrate their so-called Roman roots.
Throughout history, members of the family served in Russian government and took various positions as governors and war generals. Ivan Rimsky-Korsakov was famously a lover of Catherine the Great.
The father of the composer, Andrei Petrovich Rimsky-Korsakov (1784–1862), was one of the six illegitimate sons of Avdotya Yakovlevna, daughter of a simple Orthodox priest from Pskov, and lieutenant general Peter Voinovich Rimsky-Korsakov who had to officially adopt his own children as he couldn't marry their mother because of her lower social status. Using his friendship with Aleksey Arakcheyev, he managed to grant them all the privileges of the noble family. Andrei went on to serve in the Interior Ministry of the Russian Empire, then as the vice-governor of Novgorod, and then in the Volhynian Governorate. The composer's mother, Sofya Vasilievna Rimskaya-Korsakova (1802–1890), was also born as an illegitimate daughter of a peasant serf and Vasily Fedorovich Skaryatin, a wealthy landlord who belonged to the noble Russian family that originated during the 16th century.
She was raised by her father in full comfort, yet under an improvised surname Vasilieva and with no legal status. By the time Andrei Petrovich met her, he was already a widower: his first wife, knyazna Ekaterina Meshcherskaya, died just nine months after their marriage. Nevertheless, they fell in love with each other at first sight. Since Skaryatin found him unsuitable for his daughter, Andrei secretly "stole" his bride from the father's house and brought her to Saint Petersburg where they got married.
The Rimsky-Korsakov family had a long line of military and naval service. Nikolai's older brother Voin, 22 years his senior, became a well-known navigator and explorer and had a powerful influence on Nikolai's life. He later recalled that his mother played the piano a little, and his father could play a few songs on the piano by ear. Beginning at six, he took piano lessons from local teachers and showed a talent for aural skills, but he showed a lack of interest, playing, as he later wrote, "badly, carelessly, ... poor at keeping time".
Although he started composing by age 10, Rimsky-Korsakov preferred literature over music. He later wrote that from his reading, and tales of his brother's exploits, he developed a poetic love for the sea "without ever having seen it". This love, and prompting from Voin, encouraged the 12-year-old to join the Imperial Russian Navy. He studied at the School for Mathematical and Navigational Sciences in Saint Petersburg and, at 18, took his final examination in April 1862.
While at school, Rimsky-Korsakov took piano lessons from a man named Ulikh. These lessons were sanctioned by Voin, who now served as director of the school, because he hoped they would help the youth to develop social skills and overcome his shyness. Rimsky-Korsakov wrote that, while "indifferent" to lessons, he developed a love for music, fostered by visits to the opera and, later, orchestral concerts.
Ulikh perceived Rimsky-Korsakov's musical talent and recommended another teacher, Feodor A. Kanille (Théodore Canillé). Beginning in late 1859, Rimsky-Korsakov took lessons in piano and composition from Kanille, whom he later credited as the inspiration for devoting his life to musical composition. Through Kanille, he was exposed to a great deal of new music, including Mikhail Glinka and Robert Schumann. Voin cancelled his younger brother's musical lessons when the latter reached the age of 17, feeling they no longer served a practical purpose.
Kanille told Rimsky-Korsakov to continue coming to him every Sunday, not for formal lessons but to play duets and discuss music. In November 1861, Kanille introduced the 18-year-old Nikolai to Mily Balakirev. Balakirev in turn introduced him to César Cui and Modest Mussorgsky; all three were known as composers, despite only being in their 20s. Rimsky-Korsakov later wrote, "With what delight I listened to real business discussions [Rimsky-Korsakov's emphasis] of instrumentation, part writing, etc! And besides, how much talking there was about current musical matters! All at once I had been plunged into a new world, unknown to me, formerly only heard of in the society of my dilettante friends. That was truly a strong impression."
Balakirev encouraged Rimsky-Korsakov to compose and taught him the rudiments when he was not at sea. Balakirev prompted him to enrich himself in history, literature and criticism. When he showed Balakirev the beginning of a symphony in E-flat minor that he had written, Balakirev insisted he continue working on it despite his lack of formal musical training.
By the time Rimsky-Korsakov sailed on a two-year-and-eight-month cruise aboard the clipper Almaz in late 1862, he had completed and orchestrated three movements of the symphony. He composed the slow movement during a stop in England and mailed the score to Balakirev before going back to sea.
At first, his work on the symphony kept Rimsky-Korsakov occupied during his cruise. He purchased scores at every port of call, along with a piano on which to play them, and filled his idle hours studying Berlioz's Treatise on Instrumentation. He found time to read the works of Homer, William Shakespeare, Friedrich Schiller and Johann Wolfgang von Goethe; he saw London, Niagara Falls, and Rio de Janeiro during his stops in port. Eventually, the lack of outside musical stimuli dulled the young midshipman's hunger to learn.
Once back in Saint Petersburg in May 1865, Rimsky-Korsakov's onshore duties consisted of a couple of hours of clerical duty each day, but he recalled that his desire to compose "had been stifled ... I did not concern myself with music at all." He wrote that contact with Balakirev in September 1865 encouraged him "to get accustomed to music and later to plunge into it". At Balakirev's suggestion, he wrote a trio to the scherzo of the E-flat minor symphony, which it had lacked up to that point, and reorchestrated the entire symphony. Its first performance came in December of that year under Balakirev's direction in Saint Petersburg. A second performance followed in March 1866 under the direction of Konstantin Lyadov (father of composer Anatoly Lyadov).
Correspondence between Rimsky-Korsakov and Balakirev clearly shows that some ideas for the symphony originated with Balakirev. Balakirev seldom stopped at merely correcting a piece of music, and would often recompose it at the piano. Rimsky-Korsakov recalled,
Rimsky-Korsakov recalled that "Balakirev had no difficulty in getting along with me. At his suggestion I most readily rewrote the symphonic movements composed by me and brought them to completion with the help of his advice and improvisations". Though Rimsky-Korsakov later found Balakirev's influence stifling, and broke free from it, this did not stop him in his memoirs from extolling the older composer's talents as a critic and improviser. Under Balakirev's mentoring, Rimsky-Korsakov turned to other compositions. He began a symphony in B minor, but felt it too closely followed Beethoven's Ninth Symphony and abandoned it. He completed an Overture on Three Russian Themes, based on Balakirev's folksong overtures, as well as a Fantasia on Serbian Themes that was performed at a concert given for the delegates of the Slavonic Congress in 1867. In his review of this concert, nationalist critic Vladimir Stasov coined the phrase Moguchaya kuchka for the Balakirev circle (Moguchaya kuchka is usually translated as "The Mighty Handful" or "The Five"). Rimsky-Korsakov also composed the initial versions of Sadko and Antar, which cemented his reputation as a writer of orchestral works.
Rimsky-Korsakov socialized and discussed music with the other members of The Five; they critiqued one another's works in progress and collaborated on new pieces. He became friends with Alexander Borodin, whose music "astonished" him. He spent an increasing amount of time with Mussorgsky. Balakirev and Mussorgsky played piano four-hand music, Mussorgsky would sing, and they frequently discussed other composers' works, with preferred tastes running "toward Glinka, Schumann and Beethoven's late quartets". Mendelssohn was not thought of highly, Mozart and Haydn "were considered out of date and naïve", and J.S. Bach merely mathematical and unfeeling. Berlioz "was highly esteemed", Liszt "crippled and perverted from a musical point of view ... even a caricature", and Wagner discussed little. Rimsky-Korsakov "listened to these opinions with avidity and absorbed the tastes of Balakirev, Cui and Mussorgsky without reasoning or examination". Often, the musical works in question "were played before me only in fragments, and I had no idea of the whole work". This, he wrote, did not stop him from accepting these judgments at face value and repeating them "as if I were thoroughly convinced of their truth".
Rimsky-Korsakov became especially appreciated within The Five, and among those who visited the circle, for his talents as an orchestrator. He was asked by Balakirev to orchestrate a Schubert march for a concert in May 1868, by Cui to orchestrate the opening chorus of his opera William Ratcliff and by Alexander Dargomyzhsky, whose works were greatly appreciated by The Five and who was close to death, to orchestrate his opera The Stone Guest.
In late 1871, Rimsky-Korsakov moved into Voin's former apartment, and invited Mussorgsky to be his roommate. The working arrangement they agreed upon was that Mussorgsky used the piano in the mornings while Rimsky-Korsakov worked on copying or orchestration. When Mussorgsky left for his civil service job at noon, Rimsky-Korsakov then used the piano. Time in the evenings was allotted by mutual agreement. "That autumn and winter the two of us accomplished a good deal", Rimsky-Korsakov wrote, "with constant exchange of ideas and plans. Mussorgsky composed and orchestrated the Polish act of Boris Godunov and the folk scene 'Near Kromy.' I orchestrated and finished my Maid of Pskov."
In 1871, the 27-year-old Rimsky-Korsakov became Professor of Practical Composition and Instrumentation (orchestration) at the Saint Petersburg Conservatory, as well as leader of the Orchestra Class. He retained his position in active naval service, and taught his classes in uniform (military officers in Russia were required to wear their uniforms every day, as they were considered to be always on duty).
Rimsky-Korsakov explained in his memoirs that Mikhaíl Azanchevsky had taken over that year as director of the Conservatory, and wanting new blood to freshen up teaching in those subjects, had offered to pay generously for Rimsky-Korsakov's services. Biographer Mikhail Zetlin suggests that Azanchevsky's motives might have been twofold. First, Rimsky-Korsakov was the member of the Five least criticized by its opponents, and inviting him to teach at the Conservatory may have been considered a safe way to show that all serious musicians were welcome there. Second, the offer may have been calculated to expose him to an academic climate in which he would write in a more conservative, Western-based style. Balakirev had opposed academic training in music with tremendous vigor, but encouraged him to accept the post to convince others to join the nationalist musical cause.
Rimsky-Korsakov's reputation at this time was as a master of orchestration, based on Sadko and Antar. He had written these works mainly by intuition. His knowledge of musical theory was elemental; he had never written any counterpoint, could not harmonize a simple chorale, nor knew the names or intervals of musical chords. He had never conducted an orchestra, and had been discouraged from doing so by the navy, which did not approve of his appearing on the podium in uniform. Aware of his technical shortcomings, Rimsky-Korsakov consulted Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky, with whom he and the others in The Five had been in occasional contact. Tchaikovsky, unlike The Five, had received academic training in composition at the Saint Petersburg Conservatory, and was serving as Professor of Music Theory at the Moscow Conservatory. Tchaikovsky advised him to study.
Rimsky-Korsakov wrote that while teaching at the Conservatory he soon became "possibly its very best pupil [Rimsky-Korsakov's emphasis], judging by the quantity and value of the information it gave me!" To prepare himself, and to stay at least one step ahead of his students, he took a three-year sabbatical from composing original works, and assiduously studied at home while he lectured at the Conservatory. He taught himself from textbooks, and followed a strict regimen of composing contrapuntal exercises, fugues, chorales and a cappella choruses.
Rimsky-Korsakov eventually became an excellent teacher and a fervent believer in academic training. He revised everything he had composed prior to 1874, even acclaimed works such as Sadko and Antar, in a search for perfection that would remain with him throughout the rest of his life. Assigned to rehearse the Orchestra Class, he mastered the art of conducting. Dealing with orchestral textures as a conductor, and making suitable arrangements of musical works for the Orchestra Class, led to an increased interest in the art of orchestration, an area into which he would further indulge his studies as Inspector of Navy Bands. The score of his Third Symphony, written just after he had completed his three-year program of self-improvement, reflects his hands-on experience with the orchestra.
Professorship brought Rimsky-Korsakov financial security, which encouraged him to settle down and to start a family. In December 1871 he proposed to Nadezhda Purgold, with whom he had developed a close relationship over weekly gatherings of The Five at the Purgold household. They married in July 1872, with Mussorgsky serving as best man. The Rimsky-Korsakovs had seven children. One of their sons, Andrei, became a musicologist, married the composer Yuliya Veysberg and wrote a multi-volume study of his father's life and work.
Nadezhda became a musical as well as domestic partner with her husband, much as Clara Schumann had been with her own husband Robert. She was beautiful, capable, strong-willed, and far better trained musically than her husband at the time they married—she had attended the Saint Petersburg Conservatory in the mid-1860s, studying piano with Anton Gerke (one of whose private students was Mussorgsky) and music theory with Nikolai Zaremba, who also taught Tchaikovsky. Nadezhda proved a fine and most demanding critic of her husband's work; her influence over him in musical matters was strong enough for Balakirev and Stasov to wonder whether she was leading him astray from their musical preferences. Musicologist Lyle Neff wrote that while Nadezhda gave up her own compositional career when she married Rimsky-Korsakov, she "had a considerable influence on the creation of [Rimsky-Korsakov's] first three operas. She travelled with her husband, attended rehearsals and arranged compositions by him and others" for piano four hands, which she played with her husband. "Her last years were dedicated to issuing her husband's posthumous literary and musical legacy, maintaining standards for performance of his works ... and preparing material for a museum in his name."
In early 1873, the navy created the civilian post of Inspector of Naval Bands, with a rank of Collegiate Assessor, and appointed Rimsky-Korsakov. This kept him on the navy payroll and listed on the roster of the Chancellery of the Navy Department but allowed him to resign his commission. The composer commented, "I parted with delight with both my military status and my officer's uniform", he later wrote. "Henceforth I was a musician officially and incontestably." As Inspector, Rimsky-Korsakov applied himself with zeal to his duties. He visited naval bands throughout Russia, supervised the bandmasters and their appointments, reviewed the bands' repertoire, and inspected the quality of their instruments. He wrote a study program for a complement of music students who held navy fellowships at the Conservatory, and acted as an intermediary between the Conservatory and the navy. He also indulged in a long-standing desire to familiarize himself with the construction and playing technique of orchestral instruments. These studies prompted him to write a textbook on orchestration. He used the privileges of rank to exercise and expand upon his knowledge. He discussed arrangements of musical works for military band with bandmasters, encouraged and reviewed their efforts, held concerts at which he could hear these pieces, and orchestrated original works, and works by other composers, for military bands.
In March 1884, an Imperial Order abolished the navy office of Inspector of Bands, and Rimsky-Korsakov was relieved of his duties. He worked under Balakirev in the Court Chapel as a deputy until 1894, which allowed him to study Russian Orthodox church music. He also taught classes at the Chapel, and wrote his textbook on harmony for use there and at the Conservatory.
Rimsky-Korsakov's studies and his change in attitude regarding music education brought him the scorn of his fellow nationalists, who thought he was throwing away his Russian heritage to compose fugues and sonatas. After he strove "to crowd in as much counterpoint as possible" into his Third Symphony,[70] he wrote chamber works adhering strictly to classical models, including a string sextet, a string quartet in F minor and a quintet for flute, clarinet, horn, bassoon and piano. About the quartet and the symphony, Tchaikovsky wrote to his patroness, Nadezhda von Meck, that they "were filled with a host of clever thi
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Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (27 January 1756 – 5 December 1791) was a prolific and influential composer of the Classical period. Despite his short life, his rapid pace of composition resulted in more than 800 works of virtually every Western classical genre of his time. Many of these compositions are acknowledged as pinnacles of the symphonic, concertante, chamber, operatic, and choral repertoire. Mozart is widely regarded as among the greatest composers in the history of Western music, with his music admired for its "melodic beauty, its formal elegance and its richness of harmony and texture".
Born in Salzburg, then in the Holy Roman Empire and currently in Austria, Mozart showed prodigious ability from his earliest childhood. Already competent on keyboard and violin, he composed from the age of five and performed before European royalty. His father took him on a grand tour of Europe and then three trips to Italy. At 17, he was a musician at the Salzburg court but grew restless and travelled in search of a better position.
While visiting Vienna in 1781, Mozart was dismissed from his Salzburg position. He stayed in Vienna, where he achieved fame but little financial security. During his final years there, he composed many of his best-known symphonies, concertos, and operas. His Requiem was largely unfinished by the time of his death at the age of 35, the circumstances of which are uncertain and much mythologised.
Graffiti (plural; singular graffiti or graffito, the latter rarely used except in archeology) is art that is written, painted or drawn on a wall or other surface, usually without permission and within public view. Graffiti ranges from simple written words to elaborate wall paintings, and has existed since ancient times, with examples dating back to ancient Egypt, ancient Greece, and the Roman Empire (see also mural).
Graffiti is a controversial subject. In most countries, marking or painting property without permission is considered by property owners and civic authorities as defacement and vandalism, which is a punishable crime, citing the use of graffiti by street gangs to mark territory or to serve as an indicator of gang-related activities. Graffiti has become visualized as a growing urban "problem" for many cities in industrialized nations, spreading from the New York City subway system and Philadelphia in the early 1970s to the rest of the United States and Europe and other world regions
"Graffiti" (usually both singular and plural) and the rare singular form "graffito" are from the Italian word graffiato ("scratched"). The term "graffiti" is used in art history for works of art produced by scratching a design into a surface. A related term is "sgraffito", which involves scratching through one layer of pigment to reveal another beneath it. This technique was primarily used by potters who would glaze their wares and then scratch a design into them. In ancient times graffiti were carved on walls with a sharp object, although sometimes chalk or coal were used. The word originates from Greek γράφειν—graphein—meaning "to write".
The term graffiti originally referred to the inscriptions, figure drawings, and such, found on the walls of ancient sepulchres or ruins, as in the Catacombs of Rome or at Pompeii. Historically, these writings were not considered vanadlism, which today is considered part of the definition of graffiti.
The only known source of the Safaitic language, an ancient form of Arabic, is from graffiti: inscriptions scratched on to the surface of rocks and boulders in the predominantly basalt desert of southern Syria, eastern Jordan and northern Saudi Arabia. Safaitic dates from the first century BC to the fourth century AD.
Some of the oldest cave paintings in the world are 40,000 year old ones found in Australia. The oldest written graffiti was found in ancient Rome around 2500 years ago. Most graffiti from the time was boasts about sexual experiences Graffiti in Ancient Rome was a form of communication, and was not considered vandalism.
Ancient tourists visiting the 5th-century citadel at Sigiriya in Sri Lanka write their names and commentary over the "mirror wall", adding up to over 1800 individual graffiti produced there between the 6th and 18th centuries. Most of the graffiti refer to the frescoes of semi-nude females found there. One reads:
Wet with cool dew drops
fragrant with perfume from the flowers
came the gentle breeze
jasmine and water lily
dance in the spring sunshine
side-long glances
of the golden-hued ladies
stab into my thoughts
heaven itself cannot take my mind
as it has been captivated by one lass
among the five hundred I have seen here.
Among the ancient political graffiti examples were Arab satirist poems. Yazid al-Himyari, an Umayyad Arab and Persian poet, was most known for writing his political poetry on the walls between Sajistan and Basra, manifesting a strong hatred towards the Umayyad regime and its walis, and people used to read and circulate them very widely.
Graffiti, known as Tacherons, were frequently scratched on Romanesque Scandinavian church walls. When Renaissance artists such as Pinturicchio, Raphael, Michelangelo, Ghirlandaio, or Filippino Lippi descended into the ruins of Nero's Domus Aurea, they carved or painted their names and returned to initiate the grottesche style of decoration.
There are also examples of graffiti occurring in American history, such as Independence Rock, a national landmark along the Oregon Trail.
Later, French soldiers carved their names on monuments during the Napoleonic campaign of Egypt in the 1790s. Lord Byron's survives on one of the columns of the Temple of Poseidon at Cape Sounion in Attica, Greece.
The oldest known example of graffiti "monikers" found on traincars created by hobos and railworkers since the late 1800s. The Bozo Texino monikers were documented by filmmaker Bill Daniel in his 2005 film, Who is Bozo Texino?.
In World War II, an inscription on a wall at the fortress of Verdun was seen as an illustration of the US response twice in a generation to the wrongs of the Old World:
During World War II and for decades after, the phrase "Kilroy was here" with an accompanying illustration was widespread throughout the world, due to its use by American troops and ultimately filtering into American popular culture. Shortly after the death of Charlie Parker (nicknamed "Yardbird" or "Bird"), graffiti began appearing around New York with the words "Bird Lives".
Modern graffiti art has its origins with young people in 1960s and 70s in New York City and Philadelphia. Tags were the first form of stylised contemporary graffiti. Eventually, throw-ups and pieces evolved with the desire to create larger art. Writers used spray paint and other kind of materials to leave tags or to create images on the sides subway trains. and eventually moved into the city after the NYC metro began to buy new trains and paint over graffiti.
While the art had many advocates and appreciators—including the cultural critic Norman Mailer—others, including New York City mayor Ed Koch, considered it to be defacement of public property, and saw it as a form of public blight. The ‘taggers’ called what they did ‘writing’—though an important 1974 essay by Mailer referred to it using the term ‘graffiti.’
Contemporary graffiti style has been heavily influenced by hip hop culture and the myriad international styles derived from Philadelphia and New York City Subway graffiti; however, there are many other traditions of notable graffiti in the twentieth century. Graffiti have long appeared on building walls, in latrines, railroad boxcars, subways, and bridges.
An early graffito outside of New York or Philadelphia was the inscription in London reading "Clapton is God" in reference to the guitarist Eric Clapton. Creating the cult of the guitar hero, the phrase was spray-painted by an admirer on a wall in an Islington, north London in the autumn of 1967. The graffito was captured in a photograph, in which a dog is urinating on the wall.
Films like Style Wars in the 80s depicting famous writers such as Skeme, Dondi, MinOne, and ZEPHYR reinforced graffiti's role within New York's emerging hip-hop culture. Although many officers of the New York City Police Department found this film to be controversial, Style Wars is still recognized as the most prolific film representation of what was going on within the young hip hop culture of the early 1980s. Fab 5 Freddy and Futura 2000 took hip hop graffiti to Paris and London as part of the New York City Rap Tour in 1983
Commercialization and entrance into mainstream pop culture
Main article: Commercial graffiti
With the popularity and legitimization of graffiti has come a level of commercialization. In 2001, computer giant IBM launched an advertising campaign in Chicago and San Francisco which involved people spray painting on sidewalks a peace symbol, a heart, and a penguin (Linux mascot), to represent "Peace, Love, and Linux." IBM paid Chicago and San Francisco collectively US$120,000 for punitive damages and clean-up costs.
In 2005, a similar ad campaign was launched by Sony and executed by its advertising agency in New York, Chicago, Atlanta, Philadelphia, Los Angeles, and Miami, to market its handheld PSP gaming system. In this campaign, taking notice of the legal problems of the IBM campaign, Sony paid building owners for the rights to paint on their buildings "a collection of dizzy-eyed urban kids playing with the PSP as if it were a skateboard, a paddle, or a rocking horse".
Tristan Manco wrote that Brazil "boasts a unique and particularly rich, graffiti scene ... [earning] it an international reputation as the place to go for artistic inspiration". Graffiti "flourishes in every conceivable space in Brazil's cities". Artistic parallels "are often drawn between the energy of São Paulo today and 1970s New York". The "sprawling metropolis", of São Paulo has "become the new shrine to graffiti"; Manco alludes to "poverty and unemployment ... [and] the epic struggles and conditions of the country's marginalised peoples", and to "Brazil's chronic poverty", as the main engines that "have fuelled a vibrant graffiti culture". In world terms, Brazil has "one of the most uneven distributions of income. Laws and taxes change frequently". Such factors, Manco argues, contribute to a very fluid society, riven with those economic divisions and social tensions that underpin and feed the "folkloric vandalism and an urban sport for the disenfranchised", that is South American graffiti art.
Prominent Brazilian writers include Os Gêmeos, Boleta, Nunca, Nina, Speto, Tikka, and T.Freak. Their artistic success and involvement in commercial design ventures has highlighted divisions within the Brazilian graffiti community between adherents of the cruder transgressive form of pichação and the more conventionally artistic values of the practitioners of grafite.
Graffiti in the Middle East has emerged slowly, with taggers operating in Egypt, Lebanon, the Gulf countries like Bahrain or the United Arab Emirates, Israel, and in Iran. The major Iranian newspaper Hamshahri has published two articles on illegal writers in the city with photographic coverage of Iranian artist A1one's works on Tehran walls. Tokyo-based design magazine, PingMag, has interviewed A1one and featured photographs of his work. The Israeli West Bank barrier has become a site for graffiti, reminiscent in this sense of the Berlin Wall. Many writers in Israel come from other places around the globe, such as JUIF from Los Angeles and DEVIONE from London. The religious reference "נ נח נחמ נחמן מאומן" ("Na Nach Nachma Nachman Meuman") is commonly seen in graffiti around Israel.
Graffiti has played an important role within the street art scene in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA), especially following the events of the Arab Spring of 2011 or the Sudanese Revolution of 2018/19. Graffiti is a tool of expression in the context of conflict in the region, allowing people to raise their voices politically and socially. Famous street artist Banksy has had an important effect in the street art scene in the MENA area, especially in Palestine where some of his works are located in the West Bank barrier and Bethlehem.
There are also a large number of graffiti influences in Southeast Asian countries that mostly come from modern Western culture, such as Malaysia, where graffiti have long been a common sight in Malaysia's capital city, Kuala Lumpur. Since 2010, the country has begun hosting a street festival to encourage all generations and people from all walks of life to enjoy and encourage Malaysian street culture.
The modern-day graffitists can be found with an arsenal of various materials that allow for a successful production of a piece. This includes such techniques as scribing. However, spray paint in aerosol cans is the number one medium for graffiti. From this commodity comes different styles, technique, and abilities to form master works of graffiti. Spray paint can be found at hardware and art stores and comes in virtually every color.
Stencil graffiti is created by cutting out shapes and designs in a stiff material (such as cardboard or subject folders) to form an overall design or image. The stencil is then placed on the "canvas" gently and with quick, easy strokes of the aerosol can, the image begins to appear on the intended surface.
Some of the first examples were created in 1981 by artists Blek le Rat in Paris, in 1982 by Jef Aerosol in Tours (France); by 1985 stencils had appeared in other cities including New York City, Sydney, and Melbourne, where they were documented by American photographer Charles Gatewood and Australian photographer Rennie Ellis
Tagging is the practice of someone spray-painting "their name, initial or logo onto a public surface" in a handstyle unique to the writer. Tags were the first form of modern graffiti.
Modern graffiti art often incorporates additional arts and technologies. For example, Graffiti Research Lab has encouraged the use of projected images and magnetic light-emitting diodes (throwies) as new media for graffitists. yarnbombing is another recent form of graffiti. Yarnbombers occasionally target previous graffiti for modification, which had been avoided among the majority of graffitists.
Theories on the use of graffiti by avant-garde artists have a history dating back at least to the Asger Jorn, who in 1962 painting declared in a graffiti-like gesture "the avant-garde won't give up"
Many contemporary analysts and even art critics have begun to see artistic value in some graffiti and to recognize it as a form of public art. According to many art researchers, particularly in the Netherlands and in Los Angeles, that type of public art is, in fact an effective tool of social emancipation or, in the achievement of a political goal
In times of conflict, such murals have offered a means of communication and self-expression for members of these socially, ethnically, or racially divided communities, and have proven themselves as effective tools in establishing dialog and thus, of addressing cleavages in the long run. The Berlin Wall was also extensively covered by graffiti reflecting social pressures relating to the oppressive Soviet rule over the GDR.
Many artists involved with graffiti are also concerned with the similar activity of stenciling. Essentially, this entails stenciling a print of one or more colors using spray-paint. Recognized while exhibiting and publishing several of her coloured stencils and paintings portraying the Sri Lankan Civil War and urban Britain in the early 2000s, graffitists Mathangi Arulpragasam, aka M.I.A., has also become known for integrating her imagery of political violence into her music videos for singles "Galang" and "Bucky Done Gun", and her cover art. Stickers of her artwork also often appear around places such as London in Brick Lane, stuck to lamp posts and street signs, she having become a muse for other graffitists and painters worldwide in cities including Seville.
Graffitist believes that art should be on display for everyone in the public eye or in plain sight, not hidden away in a museum or a gallery. Art should color the streets, not the inside of some building. Graffiti is a form of art that cannot be owned or bought. It does not last forever, it is temporary, yet one of a kind. It is a form of self promotion for the artist that can be displayed anywhere form sidewalks, roofs, subways, building wall, etc. Art to them is for everyone and should be showed to everyone for free.
Graffiti is a way of communicating and a way of expressing what one feels in the moment. It is both art and a functional thing that can warn people of something or inform people of something. However, graffiti is to some people a form of art, but to some a form of vandalism. And many graffitists choose to protect their identities and remain anonymous or to hinder prosecution.
With the commercialization of graffiti (and hip hop in general), in most cases, even with legally painted "graffiti" art, graffitists tend to choose anonymity. This may be attributed to various reasons or a combination of reasons. Graffiti still remains the one of four hip hop elements that is not considered "performance art" despite the image of the "singing and dancing star" that sells hip hop culture to the mainstream. Being a graphic form of art, it might also be said that many graffitists still fall in the category of the introverted archetypal artist.
Banksy is one of the world's most notorious and popular street artists who continues to remain faceless in today's society. He is known for his political, anti-war stencil art mainly in Bristol, England, but his work may be seen anywhere from Los Angeles to Palestine. In the UK, Banksy is the most recognizable icon for this cultural artistic movement and keeps his identity a secret to avoid arrest. Much of Banksy's artwork may be seen around the streets of London and surrounding suburbs, although he has painted pictures throughout the world, including the Middle East, where he has painted on Israel's controversial West Bank barrier with satirical images of life on the other side. One depicted a hole in the wall with an idyllic beach, while another shows a mountain landscape on the other side. A number of exhibitions also have taken place since 2000, and recent works of art have fetched vast sums of money. Banksy's art is a prime example of the classic controversy: vandalism vs. art. Art supporters endorse his work distributed in urban areas as pieces of art and some councils, such as Bristol and Islington, have officially protected them, while officials of other areas have deemed his work to be vandalism and have removed it.
Pixnit is another artist who chooses to keep her identity from the general public. Her work focuses on beauty and design aspects of graffiti as opposed to Banksy's anti-government shock value. Her paintings are often of flower designs above shops and stores in her local urban area of Cambridge, Massachusetts. Some store owners endorse her work and encourage others to do similar work as well. "One of the pieces was left up above Steve's Kitchen, because it looks pretty awesome"- Erin Scott, the manager of New England Comics in Allston, Massachusetts.
Graffiti artists may become offended if photographs of their art are published in a commercial context without their permission. In March 2020, the Finnish graffiti artist Psyke expressed his displeasure at the newspaper Ilta-Sanomat publishing a photograph of a Peugeot 208 in an article about new cars, with his graffiti prominently shown on the background. The artist claims he does not want his art being used in commercial context, not even if he were to receive compensation.
Territorial graffiti marks urban neighborhoods with tags and logos to differentiate certain groups from others. These images are meant to show outsiders a stern look at whose turf is whose. The subject matter of gang-related graffiti consists of cryptic symbols and initials strictly fashioned with unique calligraphies. Gang members use graffiti to designate membership throughout the gang, to differentiate rivals and associates and, most commonly, to mark borders which are both territorial and ideological.
Graffiti has been used as a means of advertising both legally and illegally. Bronx-based TATS CRU has made a name for themselves doing legal advertising campaigns for companies such as Coca-Cola, McDonald's, Toyota, and MTV. In the UK, Covent Garden's Boxfresh used stencil images of a Zapatista revolutionary in the hopes that cross referencing would promote their store.
Smirnoff hired artists to use reverse graffiti (the use of high pressure hoses to clean dirty surfaces to leave a clean image in the surrounding dirt) to increase awareness of their product.
Graffiti often has a reputation as part of a subculture that rebels against authority, although the considerations of the practitioners often diverge and can relate to a wide range of attitudes. It can express a political practice and can form just one tool in an array of resistance techniques. One early example includes the anarcho-punk band Crass, who conducted a campaign of stenciling anti-war, anarchist, feminist, and anti-consumerist messages throughout the London Underground system during the late 1970s and early 1980s. In Amsterdam graffiti was a major part of the punk scene. The city was covered with names such as "De Zoot", "Vendex", and "Dr Rat". To document the graffiti a punk magazine was started that was called Gallery Anus. So when hip hop came to Europe in the early 1980s there was already a vibrant graffiti culture.
The student protests and general strike of May 1968 saw Paris bedecked in revolutionary, anarchistic, and situationist slogans such as L'ennui est contre-révolutionnaire ("Boredom is counterrevolutionary") and Lisez moins, vivez plus ("Read less, live more"). While not exhaustive, the graffiti gave a sense of the 'millenarian' and rebellious spirit, tempered with a good deal of verbal wit, of the strikers.
I think graffiti writing is a way of defining what our generation is like. Excuse the French, we're not a bunch of p---- artists. Traditionally artists have been considered soft and mellow people, a little bit kooky. Maybe we're a little bit more like pirates that way. We defend our territory, whatever space we steal to paint on, we defend it fiercely.
The developments of graffiti art which took place in art galleries and colleges as well as "on the street" or "underground", contributed to the resurfacing in the 1990s of a far more overtly politicized art form in the subvertising, culture jamming, or tactical media movements. These movements or styles tend to classify the artists by their relationship to their social and economic contexts, since, in most countries, graffiti art remains illegal in many forms except when using non-permanent paint. Since the 1990s with the rise of Street Art, a growing number of artists are switching to non-permanent paints and non-traditional forms of painting.
Contemporary practitioners, accordingly, have varied and often conflicting practices. Some individuals, such as Alexander Brener, have used the medium to politicize other art forms, and have used the prison sentences enforced on them as a means of further protest. The practices of anonymous groups and individuals also vary widely, and practitioners by no means always agree with each other's practices. For example, the anti-capitalist art group the Space Hijackers did a piece in 2004 about the contradiction between the capitalistic elements of Banksy and his use of political imagery.
Berlin human rights activist Irmela Mensah-Schramm has received global media attention and numerous awards for her 35-year campaign of effacing neo-Nazi and other right-wing extremist graffiti throughout Germany, often by altering hate speech in humorous ways.
In Serbian capital, Belgrade, the graffiti depicting a uniformed former general of Serb army and war criminal, convicted at ICTY for war crimes and crimes against humanity, including genocide and ethnic cleansing in Bosnian War, Ratko Mladić, appeared in a military salute alongside the words "General, thank to your mother". Aleks Eror, Berlin-based journalist, explains how "veneration of historical and wartime figures" through street art is not a new phenomenon in the region of former Yugoslavia, and that "in most cases is firmly focused on the future, rather than retelling the past". Eror is not only analyst pointing to danger of such an expressions for the region's future. In a long expose on the subject of Bosnian genocide denial, at Balkan Diskurs magazine and multimedia platform website, Kristina Gadže and Taylor Whitsell referred to these experiences as a young generations' "cultural heritage", in which young are being exposed to celebration and affirmation of war-criminals as part of their "formal education" and "inheritance".
There are numerous examples of genocide denial through celebration and affirmation of war criminals throughout the region of Western Balkans inhabited by Serbs using this form of artistic expression. Several more of these graffiti are found in Serbian capital, and many more across Serbia and Bosnian and Herzegovinian administrative entity, Republika Srpska, which is the ethnic Serbian majority enclave. Critics point that Serbia as a state, is willing to defend the mural of convicted war criminal, and have no intention to react on cases of genocide denial, noting that Interior Minister of Serbia, Aleksandar Vulin decision to ban any gathering with an intent to remove the mural, with the deployment of riot police, sends the message of "tacit endorsement". Consequently, on 9 November 2021, Serbian heavy police in riot gear, with graffiti creators and their supporters, blocked the access to the mural to prevent human rights groups and other activists to paint over it and mark the International Day Against Fascism and Antisemitism in that way, and even arrested two civic activist for throwing eggs at the graffiti.
Graffiti may also be used as an offensive expression. This form of graffiti may be difficult to identify, as it is mostly removed by the local authority (as councils which have adopted strategies of criminalization also strive to remove graffiti quickly). Therefore, existing racist graffiti is mostly more subtle and at first sight, not easily recognized as "racist". It can then be understood only if one knows the relevant "local code" (social, historical, political, temporal, and spatial), which is seen as heteroglot and thus a 'unique set of conditions' in a cultural context.
A spatial code for example, could be that there is a certain youth group in an area that is engaging heavily in racist activities. So, for residents (knowing the local code), a graffiti containing only the name or abbreviation of this gang already is a racist expression, reminding the offended people of their gang activities. Also a graffiti is in most cases, the herald of more serious criminal activity to come. A person who does not know these gang activities would not be able to recognize the meaning of this graffiti. Also if a tag of this youth group or gang is placed on a building occupied by asylum seekers, for example, its racist character is even stronger.
By making the graffiti less explicit (as adapted to social and legal constraints), these drawings are less likely to be removed, but do not lose their threatening and offensive character.
Elsewhere, activists in Russia have used painted caricatures of local officials with their mouths as potholes, to show their anger about the poor state of the roads. In Manchester, England, a graffitists painted obscene images around potholes, which often resulted in them being repaired within 48 hours.
In the early 1980s, the first art galleries to show graffitists to the public were Fashion Moda in the Bronx, Now Gallery and Fun Gallery, both in the East Village, Manhattan.
A 2006 exhibition at the Brooklyn Museum displayed graffiti as an art form that began in New York's outer boroughs and reached great heights in the early 1980s with the work of Crash, Lee, Daze, Keith Haring, and Jean-Michel Basquiat. It displayed 22 works by New York graffitists, including Crash, Daze, and Lady Pink. In an article about the exhibition in the magazine Time Out, curator Charlotta Kotik said that she hoped the exhibition would cause viewers to rethink their assumptions about graffiti.
From the 1970s onwards, Burhan Doğançay photographed urban walls all over the world; these he then archived for use as sources of inspiration for his painterly works. The project today known as "Walls of the World" grew beyond even his own expectations and comprises about 30,000 individual images. It spans a period of 40 years across five continents and 114 countries. In 1982, photographs from this project comprised a one-man exhibition titled "Les murs murmurent, ils crient, ils chantent ..." (The walls whisper, shout and sing ...) at the Centre Georges Pompidou in Paris.
In Australia, art historians have judged some local graffiti of sufficient creative merit to rank them firmly within the arts. Oxford University Press's art history text Australian Painting 1788–2000 concludes with a long discussion of graffiti's key place within contemporary visual culture, including the work of several Australian practitioners.
Between March and April 2009, 150 artists exhibited 300 pieces of graffiti at the Grand Palais in Paris.
Spray paint has many negative environmental effects. The paint contains toxic chemicals, and the can uses volatile hydrocarbon gases to spray the paint onto a surface.
Volatile organic compound (VOC) leads to ground level ozone formation and most of graffiti related emissions are VOCs. A 2010 paper estimates 4,862 tons of VOCs were released in the United States in activities related to graffiti.
In China, Mao Zedong in the 1920s used revolutionary slogans and paintings in public places to galvanize the country's communist movement.
Based on different national conditions, many people believe that China's attitude towards Graffiti is fierce, but in fact, according to Lance Crayon in his film Spray Paint Beijing: Graffiti in the Capital of China, Graffiti is generally accepted in Beijing, with artists not seeing much police interference. Political and religiously sensitive graffiti, however, is not allowed.
In Hong Kong, Tsang Tsou Choi was known as the King of Kowloon for his calligraphy graffiti over many years, in which he claimed ownership of the area. Now some of his work is preserved officially.
In Taiwan, the government has made some concessions to graffitists. Since 2005 they have been allowed to freely display their work along some sections of riverside retaining walls in designated "Graffiti Zones". From 2007, Taipei's department of cultural affairs also began permitting graffiti on fences around major public construction sites. Department head Yong-ping Lee (李永萍) stated, "We will promote graffiti starting with the public sector, and then later in the private sector too. It's our goal to beautify the city with graffiti". The government later helped organize a graffiti contest in Ximending, a popular shopping district. graffitists caught working outside of these designated areas still face fines up to NT$6,000 under a department of environmental protection regulation. However, Taiwanese authorities can be relatively lenient, one veteran police officer stating anonymously, "Unless someone complains about vandalism, we won't get involved. We don't go after it proactively."
In 1993, after several expensive cars in Singapore were spray-painted, the police arrested a student from the Singapore American School, Michael P. Fay, questioned him, and subsequently charged him with vandalism. Fay pleaded guilty to vandalizing a car in addition to stealing road signs. Under the 1966 Vandalism Act of Singapore, originally passed to curb the spread of communist graffiti in Singapore, the court sentenced him to four months in jail, a fine of S$3,500 (US$2,233), and a caning. The New York Times ran several editorials and op-eds that condemned the punishment and called on the American public to flood the Singaporean embassy with protests. Although the Singapore government received many calls for clemency, Fay's caning took place in Singapore on 5 May 1994. Fay had originally received a sentence of six strokes of the cane, but the presiding president of Singapore, Ong Teng Cheong, agreed to reduce his caning sentence to four lashes.
In South Korea, Park Jung-soo was fined two million South Korean won by the Seoul Central District Court for spray-painting a rat on posters of the G-20 Summit a few days before the event in November 2011. Park alleged that the initial in "G-20" sounds like the Korean word for "rat", but Korean government prosecutors alleged that Park was making a derogatory statement about the president of South Korea, Lee Myung-bak, the host of the summit. This case led to public outcry and debate on the lack of government tolerance and in support of freedom of expression. The court ruled that the painting, "an ominous creature like a rat" amounts to "an organized criminal activity" and upheld the fine while denying the prosecution's request for imprisonment for Park.
In Europe, community cleaning squads have responded to graffiti, in some cases with reckless abandon, as when in 1992 in France a local Scout group, attempting to remove modern graffiti, damaged two prehistoric paintings of bison in the Cave of Mayrière supérieure near the French village of Bruniquel in Tarn-et-Garonne, earning them the 1992 Ig Nobel Prize in archeology.
In September 2006, the European Parliament directed the European Commission to create urban environment policies to prevent and eliminate dirt, litter, graffiti, animal excrement, and excessive noise from domestic and vehicular music systems in European cities, along with other concerns over urban life.
In Budapest, Hungary, both a city-backed movement called I Love Budapest and a special police division tackle the problem, including the provision of approved areas.
The Anti-social Behaviour Act 2003 became Britain's latest anti-graffiti legislation. In August 2004, the Keep Britain Tidy campaign issued a press release calling for zero tolerance of graffiti and supporting proposals such as issuing "on the spot" fines to graffiti offenders and banning the sale of aerosol paint to anyone under the age of 16. The press release also condemned the use of graffiti images in advertising and in music videos, arguing that real-world experience of graffiti stood far removed from its often-portrayed "cool" or "edgy'" image.
To back the campaign, 123 Members of Parliament (MPs) (including then Prime Minister Tony Blair), signed a charter which stated: "Graffiti is not art, it's crime. On behalf of my constituents, I will do all I can to rid our community of this problem."
In the UK, city councils have the power to take action against the owner of any property that has been defaced under the Anti-social Behaviour Act 2003 (as amended by the Clean Neighbourhoods and Environment Act 2005) or, in certain cases, the Highways Act. This is often used against owners of property that are complacent in allowing protective boards to be defaced so long as the property is not damaged.
In July 2008, a conspiracy charge was used to convict graffitists for the first time. After a three-month police surveillance operation, nine members of the DPM crew were convicted of conspiracy to commit criminal damage costing at least £1 million. Five of them received prison sentences, ranging from eighteen months to two years. The unprecedented scale of the investigation and the severity of the sentences rekindled public debate over whether graffiti should be considered art or crime.
Some councils, like those of Stroud and Loerrach, provide approved areas in the town where graffitists can showcase their talents, including underpasses, car parks, and walls that might otherwise prove a target for the "spray and run".
Graffiti Tunnel, University of Sydney at Camperdown (2009)
In an effort to reduce vandalism, many cities in Australia have designated walls or areas exclusively for use by graffitists. One early example is the "Graffiti Tunnel" located at the Camperdown Campus of the University of Sydney, which is available for use by any student at the university to tag, advertise, poster, and paint. Advocates of this idea suggest that this discourages petty vandalism yet encourages artists to take their time and produce great art, without worry of being caught or arrested for vandalism or trespassing.[108][109] Others disagree with this approach, arguing that the presence of legal graffiti walls does not demonstrably reduce illegal graffiti elsewhere. Some local government areas throughout Australia have introduced "anti-graffiti squads", who clean graffiti in the area, and such crews as BCW (Buffers Can't Win) have taken steps to keep one step ahead of local graffiti cleaners.
Many state governments have banned the sale or possession of spray paint to those under the age of 18 (age of majority). However, a number of local governments in Victoria have taken steps to recognize the cultural heritage value of some examples of graffiti, such as prominent political graffiti. Tough new graffiti laws have been introduced in Australia with fines of up to A$26,000 and two years in prison.
Melbourne is a prominent graffiti city of Australia with many of its lanes being tourist attractions, such as Hosier Lane in particular, a popular destination for photographers, wedding photography, and backdrops for corporate print advertising. The Lonely Planet travel guide cites Melbourne's street as a major attraction. All forms of graffiti, including sticker art, poster, stencil art, and wheatpasting, can be found in many places throughout the city. Prominent street art precincts include; Fitzroy, Collingwood, Northcote, Brunswick, St. Kilda, and the CBD, where stencil and sticker art is prominent. As one moves farther away from the city, mostly along suburban train lines, graffiti tags become more prominent. Many international artists such as Banksy have left their work in Melbourne and in early 2008 a perspex screen was installed to prevent a Banksy stencil art piece from being destroyed, it has survived since 2003 through the respect of local street artists avoiding posting over it, although it has recently had paint tipped over it.
In February 2008 Helen Clark, the New Zealand prime minister at that time, announced a government crackdown on tagging and other forms of graffiti vandalism, describing it as a destructive crime representing an invasion of public and private property. New legislation subsequently adopted included a ban on the sale of paint spray cans to persons under 18 and increases in maximum fines for the offence from NZ$200 to NZ$2,000 or extended community service. The issue of tagging become a widely debated one following an incident in Auckland during January 2008 in which a middle-aged property owner stabbed one of two teenage taggers to death and was subsequently convicted of manslaughter.
Graffiti databases have increased in the past decade because they allow vandalism incidents to be fully documented against an offender and help the police and prosecution charge and prosecute offenders for multiple counts of vandalism. They also provide law enforcement the ability to rapidly search for an offender's moniker or tag in a simple, effective, and comprehensive way. These systems can also help track costs of damage to a city to help allocate an anti-graffiti budget. The theory is that when an offender is caught putting up graffiti, they are not just charged with one count of vandalism; they can be held accountable for all the other damage for which they are responsible. This has two main benefits for law enforcement. One, it sends a signal to the offenders that their vandalism is being tracked. Two, a city can seek restitution from offenders for all the damage that they have committed, not merely a single incident. These systems give law enforcement personnel real-time, street-level intelligence that allows them not only to focus on the worst graffiti offenders and their damage, but also to monitor potential gang violence that is associated with the graffiti.
Many restrictions of civil gang injunctions are designed to help address and protect the physical environment and limit graffiti. Provisions of gang injunctions include things such as restricting the possession of marker pens, spray paint cans, or other sharp objects capable of defacing private or public property; spray painting, or marking with marker pens, scratching, applying stickers, or otherwise applying graffiti on any public or private property, including, but not limited to the street, alley, residences, block walls, and fences, vehicles or any other real or personal property. Some injunctions contain wording that restricts damaging or vandalizing both public and private property, including but not limited to any vehicle, light fixture, door, fence, wall, gate, window, building, street sign, utility box, telephone box, tree, or power pole.
To help address many of these issues, many local jurisdictions have set up graffiti abatement hotlines, where citizens can call in and report vandalism and have it removed. San Diego's hotline receives more than 5,000 calls per year, in addition to reporting the graffiti, callers can learn more about prevention. One of the complaints about these hotlines is the response time; there is often a lag time between a property owner calling about the graffiti and its removal. The length of delay should be a consideration for any jurisdiction planning on operating a hotline. Local jurisdictions must convince the callers that their complaint of vandalism will be a priority and cleaned off right away. If the jurisdiction does not have the resources to respond to complaints in a timely manner, the value of the hotline diminishes. Crews must be able to respond to individual service calls made to the graffiti hotline as well as focus on cleanup near schools, parks, and major intersections and transit routes to have the biggest impact. Some cities offer a reward for information leading to the arrest and prosecution of suspects for tagging or graffiti related vandalism. The amount of the reward is based on the information provided, and the action taken.
When police obtain search warrants in connection with a vandalism investigation, they are often seeking judicial approval to look for items such as cans of spray paint and nozzles from other kinds of aerosol sprays; etching tools, or other sharp or pointed objects, which could be used to etch or scratch glass and other hard surfaces; permanent marking pens, markers, or paint sticks; evidence of membership or affiliation with any gang or tagging crew; paraphernalia including any reference to "(tagger's name)"; any drawings, writing, objects, or graffiti depicting taggers' names, initials, logos, monikers, slogans, or any mention of tagging crew membership; and any newspaper clippings relating to graffiti crime.
Montezuma oropendolas are one of Costa Rica's most iconic bird species because of their unique call. A melodic warble, this birdsong contains conversational gurgles and bubbles, and is a key element to the species' mating ritual.
~~
les Oropendolas Montezuma sont l'une des espèces d'oiseaux les plus emblématiques du Costa Rica en raison de leur appel unique. Un gazouillis mélodique, ce chant et est un élément clé pour le rituel de l'accouplement de l'espèce.
Go listen to my latest Progressive & Melodic Vibing DJ-Set
Do it now!
www.mixcloud.com/DIRTYANGEL/dirtyangel-elle-club-progress...
Italian postcard. Photo by Vettori, Bologna, No. 319.
Rina Franchetti, pseudonym of Ester Girgenti (Naples, 23 December 1907 - Formello, 18 August 2010), was an Italian actress. She was the mother of actress Sara Franchetti.
Rina Franchetti was one of the most representative figures of twentieth-century Italian theatre. She made her stage debut in Luigi Pirandello's company, later working alongside Lamberto Picasso. Franchetti made her cinema debut in 1932 with the musical comedy film Due cuori felici (Two Happy Hearts, 1932), by Baldassarre Negroni in the co-starring role opposite Vittorio De Sica. In Due cuore felici, an American car company president sends his son (De Sica) on an inspection to Italy. In Rome, due to a misunderstanding, the young man mistakes the branch manager's secretary (Franchetti) for his wife and falls in love with her. In the end, everything is cleared up. Umberto Melnati and Mimí Aylmer played the local manager and his wife. The film was the Italian version of Max Neufeld's German film Ein bißchen Liebe für Dich (1932).
Due cuore felici didn't mean a breakthrough for Franchetti. She continued acting but in supporting parts and also fragmentary, e.g. as a housemaid in Campo de' fiori (Mario Bonnard, 1943) starring Aldo Fabrizi. She only returned more assiduously in the post-war years, appearing in minor parts in famous 'auteur' films, such as Mario Soldati's La provinciale (1953), Nanni Loy's Un giorno da leoni (1961), and Federico Fellini's La dolce vita (1960), in the latter in a minor but significant role as the mother of the two children who have visions of the Madonna. Yet, Franchetti also acted in several genre films in the sixties and seventies. Franchetti was also a prose actress under contract to the RAI: she appeared in numerous teleplays (e.g. based on Goldoni, Daudet and Lorca) and television series, including Piccole donne (1955), directed by Anton Giulio Majano and starring Lea Padovani, Il caso Maurizius (1962), again with Majano and starring Corrado Pani, Resurrezione (1965), directed by Franco Enriquez, David Copperfield (1965-1966) with Giancarlo Giannini in the title role and Wanda Capodaglio as Betsy Trotwood, and La fiera della vanità (1967), again directed by Majano. From the second half of the 1970s her film career rapidly declined, but in the 1980s she still acted in several TV series.
With her melodic and well-proportioned voice (she also worked as a voice-over artist, but mainly for character actresses), Rina Franchetti was frequently involved in radio drama for EIAR and RAI from the early 1930s onwards. In 1985 she took part in the radio variety show Lagrime, broadcast on Radio 1, in the part of Diego Cugia's grandmother, author and presenter of the programme together with Massimo Catalano. In 1988 she took part in the show Donna Pirandello, directed by Aldo Sarullo. Rina Franchetti remained active until her death at the age of one hundred and two.
Sources: IMDb, Italian Wikipedia.
The Fall
Book :
Raphaël
Grâce Et Beauté
Skira
2001
CD :
L. Pierre
Touchpool
Melodic
MELO27
Written by Aidan John Moffat
Photography by Nadia Bradley
iTunes :
Stereolab
Lo Boob Oscillator
Duophonic
DUHF09
GMA For Pleasure ...
View from the roof terrace
In the 1970s and 80s, Gatwick had a dedicated viewing terrace on the roof of the only terminal building. It was used by flyers, relatives and plane spotters alike, and it even had a café and fountains! It enabled quite a panoramic view of the airport.
This shot is taken as the sun was setting, and shows Vickers Viscount 806 G-BNAA getting airborne from runway 08 at London Gatwick. Viscounts were the last regular British propliners to be seen at both Heathrow and Gatwick in the 1980s, after the demise of the Handley Page Heralds.
The Vickers Viscount was a British medium-range turboprop airliner first flown in 1948 by Vickers-Armstrongs. A design requirement from the Brabazon Committee, it entered service in 1953 and was the first turboprop-powered airliner.
The Viscount was well received by the public for its cabin conditions, which included pressurisation, reductions in vibration and noise, and panoramic windows. It became one of the most successful and profitable of the first postwar transport aircraft; 445 Viscounts were built for a range of international customers, including in North America.
Type 806 Production variant for British European Airways with Dart 520 engines and 58 seats, 19 built, first delivered in March 1958. Nine aircraft were later converted to Type 802 when the Dart 520s were changed for Dart 510s so the 520s could be used in the airline's Argosy freighters. More info on the Viscount here: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vickers_Viscount#Specifications_(Type_810)
G-BNAA c/n 311 - Vickers 806 Viscount - delivered new to BEA as G-AOYH in October 1957 named 'William Harvey', flying with them until 1968, when the aircraft went to subsidiaries BKS and then Northeast. Became 'Jeremy' in April 1974 when BEA merged with BOAC to form British airways. Continued to fly with them until 1982, when the aircraft was sold to BAF. Leased out to North Cariboo Flying Service as C-GWPY in July 1983, then became G-BNAA with Euroair in 1985, returning to BAF and and retaining this identity until withdrawal in May 1987. Broken up around March 1991.
And now, you can listen to the melodic sound of the Rolls Royce Dart in my SoundCloud recording, which includes two Viscounts passing over my house on runway 23 approach to London Heathrow back in 1979. Link here: soundcloud.com/sound-vision-10193594/aviation-archive-1?s...
31m 45s - 43m 23s - Heathrow 23 approach *** live ATC & aircraft recordings with next door’s dog & local birds :) ***
‘IA237’ - Iraqi Airways B707 YI-AG?
‘Oman 2’ - Sultan of Oman VC-10 A40-AB
‘AI193’ - Loftleidir DC-8-63CF TF-FLC (Leased to Air India)
‘AT916’ - Royal Air Maroc B707 CN-RMC
‘?’ - unknown B707
‘BA192’ - BA Concorde G-BOA?
‘Manx307’ - Manx Airlines Viscount G- ?
‘RJ051’ - Alia Royal Jordanian B707 JY-?
‘BD423’ - BMA Viscount G- ?
Taken with a Soviet made Zenith TTL camera and 300mm lens, using Kodacolor GA100 print film. Scanned from the original negative without restoration.
You can see a random selection of my aviation memories here: www.flickriver.com/photos/heathrowjunkie/random/
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Mentre i Lamb Of God annullano il tour europeo, per gli attentati a Parigi, i Children Of Bodom invece vanno avanti.
L’appuntamento è all’Alcatraz di Milano il 24 novembre 2015.
I Children of Bodom sono un gruppo musicale melodic death metal finlandese formatosi nel 1993 a Espoo.
Il gruppo prende il nome dal lago Bodom, situato nei pressi della loro città d'origine, e conosciuto per il massacro omonimo.
Il simbolo dei Children of Bodom è la morte, resa dalla rappresentazione di una figura scheletrica vestita con una tunica nera con cappuccio e con in mano una lunga falce, soprannominata Roy e presente sulle copertine di tutti i loro album.
Alexi "Wildchild" Laiho – voce, chitarra
Jaska W. Raatikainen – batteria
Henkka "Blacksmith" Seppala – basso
Janne Wirman – tastiere
Black Flamingo Brewing Co, Pompano Beach, FL - 12-01-2023
American melodic death metal at it's best
Silenmara is: Marcus Noga - guitar
Jason Gato - guitar
Reggie Miller - vocals
Adrian Perez - drums
Boris Gomez - bass
I, The Specimen on Youtube:
90 mins. Melodic House & Progressive House selectet and mixed live @Cube24
You can watch it on Youtube: youtu.be/mlbFjnyPnlg
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▼ Tracklist:
[0:00]Radiohead - Creep (Jonnas B Remix)
[6:36]Whomadewho - Abu Simbel
[9:35]Christian Löffler - All Comes feat. Gry (Mind Against Remix)
[15:30]Sultan + Shepard - Assassin
[20:40]Mirror Machines - Pray For Rain
[26:12]Solanca - Flor Roja
[31:05]Sultan + Shepard - Indigo
[36:26]Sultan + Shepard Feat. Angela McCluskey - More Than You Ever Know
[41:14]Mirror Machines - Atlantis
[46:05]Jaden Raxel - Mystical
[48:56]Sultan + Shepard - Avalanche
[54:15]Rinzen Feat. Anaphase - Some Good Here
[58:57]Sultan + Shepard - September Everywhere
[01:03:22]Aly & Fila, Plumb - Somebody Loves You
[01:07:59]Ben Bohmer & Malou - Lost In Mind
[01:12:25]The Journey & Rachel May Feat. Alverie - Hollow (Tristan Case Remix)
[01:17:18]Jerro - Mouie
[01:20:25]Lane 8 - Fingerprint
[01:24:54]Chromatics - Shadow (Maceo Plex Remix)