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Mach 10 Hypersonic Plane - Turbine Based Combined Cycle - IO Aircraft
Drew Blair
www.linkedin.com/in/drew-b-25485312/
20 Passengers plus 3 crew
10,000 mile range
Mach 10 Cruise
io aircraft, phantom express, phantom works, boeing phantom works, lockheed skunk works, hypersonic weapon, hypersonic missile, scramjet missile, scramjet engineering, scramjet physics, boost glide, tactical glide vehicle, Boeing XS-1, htv, Air-Launched Rapid Response Weapon, (ARRW), hypersonic tactical vehicle, hypersonic plane, hypersonic aircraft, space plane, scramjet, turbine based combined cycle, ramjet, dual mode ramjet, darpa, onr, navair, afrl, air force research lab, defense science, missile defense agency, aerospike,
Advanced Additive Manufacturing for Hypersonic Aircraft
Utilizing new methods of fabrication and construction, make it possible to use additive manufacturing, dramatically reducing the time and costs of producing hypersonic platforms from missiles, aircraft, and space capable craft. Instead of aircraft being produced in piece, then bolted together; small platforms can be produced as a single unit and large platforms can be produces in large section and mated without bolting. These techniques include using exotic materials and advanced assembly processes, with an end result of streamlining the production costs and time for hypersonic aircraft; reducing months of assembly to weeks. Overall, this process greatly reduced the cost for producing hypersonic platforms. Even to such an extent that a Hellfire missile costs apx $100,000 but by utilizing our technologies, replacing it with a Mach 8-10 hypersonic missile of our physics/engineering and that missile would cost roughly $75,000 each delivered.
Materials used for these manufacturing processes are not disclosed, but overall, provides a foundation for extremely high stresses and thermodynamics, ideal for hypersonic platforms. This specific methodology and materials applications is many decades ahead of all known programs. Even to the extend of normalized space flight and re-entry, without concern of thermodynamic failure.
*Note, most entities that are experimenting with additive manufacturing for hypersonic aircraft, this makes it mainstream and standardized processes, which also applies for mass production.
What would normally be measured in years and perhaps a decade to go from drawing board to test flights, is reduced to singular months and ready for production within a year maximum.
Unified Turbine Based Combined Cycle (U-TBCC)
To date, the closest that NASA and industry have achieved for turbine based aircraft to fly at hypersonic velocities is by mounting a turbine into an aircraft and sharing the inlet with a scramjet or rocket based motor. Reaction Engines Sabre is not able to achieve hypersonic velocities and can only transition into a non air breathing rocket for beyond Mach 4.5
However, utilizing Unified Turbine Based Combine Cycle also known as U-TBCC, the two separate platforms are able to share a common inlet and the dual mode ramjet/scramjet is contained within the engine itself, which allows for a much smaller airframe footprint, thus engingeers are able to then design much higher performance aerial platforms for hypersonic flight, including the ability for constructing true single stage to orbit aircraft by utilizing a modification/version that allows for transition to outside atmosphere propulsion without any other propulsion platforms within the aircraft. By transitioning and developing aircraft to use Unified Turbine Based Combined Cycle, this propulsion system opens up new options to replace that airframe deficit for increased fuel capacity and/or payload.
Enhanced Dynamic Cavitation
Dramatically Increasing the efficiency of fuel air mixture for combustion processes at hypersonic velocities within scramjet propulsion platforms. The aspects of these processes are non disclosable.
Dynamic Scramjet Ignition Processes
For optimal scramjet ignition, a process known as Self Start is sought after, but in many cases if the platform becomes out of attitude, the scramjet will ignite. We have already solved this problem which as a result, a scramjet propulsion system can ignite at lower velocities, high velocities, at optimal attitude or not optimal attitude. It doesn't matter, it will ignite anyways at the proper point for maximum thrust capabilities at hypersonic velocities.
Hydrogen vs Kerosene Fuel Sources
Kerosene is an easy fuel to work with, and most western nations developing scramjet platforms use Kerosene for that fact. However, while kerosene has better thermal properties then Hydrogen, Hydrogen is a far superior fuel source in scramjet propulsion flight, do it having a much higher efficiency capability. Because of this aspect, in conjunction with our developments, it allows for a MUCH increased fuel to air mixture, combustion, thrust; and ability for higher speeds; instead of very low hypersonic velocities in the Mach 5-6 range. Instead, Mach 8-10 range, while we have begun developing hypersonic capabilities to exceed 15 in atmosphere within less then 5 years.
Conforming High Pressure Tank Technology for CNG and H2.
As most know in hypersonics, Hydrogen is a superior fuel source, but due to the storage abilities, can only be stored in cylinders thus much less fuel supply. Not anymore, we developed conforming high pressure storage technology for use in aerospace, automotive sectors, maritime, etc; which means any overall shape required for 8,000+ PSI CNG or Hydrogen. For hypersonic platforms, this means the ability to store a much larger volume of hydrogen vs cylinders.
As an example, X-43 flown by Nasa which flew at Mach 9.97. The fuel source was Hydrogen, which is extremely more volatile and combustible then kerosene (JP-7), via a cylinder in the main body. If it had used our technology, that entire section of the airframe would had been an 8,000 PSI H2 tank, which would had yielded 5-6 times the capacity. While the X-43 flew 11 seconds under power at Mach 9.97, at 6 times the fuel capacity would had yielded apx 66 seconds of fuel under power at Mach 9.97. If it had flew slower, around Mach 6, same principles applied would had yielded apx 500 seconds of fuel supply under power (slower speeds required less energy to maintain).
Enhanced Fuel Mixture During Shock Train Interaction
Normally, fuel injection is conducted at the correct insertion point within the shock train for maximum burn/combustion. Our methodologies differ, since almost half the fuel injection is conducted PRE shock train within the isolator, so at the point of isolator injection the fuel enhances the combustion process, which then requires less fuel injection to reach the same level of thrust capabilities.
Improved Bow Shock Interaction
Smoother interaction at hypersonic velocities and mitigating heat/stresses for beyond Mach 6 thermodynamics, which extraordinarily improves Type 3, 4, and 5 shock interaction.
6,000+ Fahrenheit Thermal Resistance
To date, the maximum thermal resistance was tested at AFRL in the spring of 2018, which resulted in a 3,200F thermal resistance for a short duration. This technology, allows for normalized hypersonic thermal resistance of 3,000-3,500F sustained, and up to 6,500F resistance for short endurance, ie 90 seconds or less. 10-20 minute resistance estimate approximately 4,500F +/- 200F.
*** This technology advancement also applies to Aerospike rocket engines, in which it is common for Aerospike's to exceed 4,500-5,000F temperatures, which results in the melting of the reversed bell housing. That melting no longer ocurrs, providing for stable combustion to ocurr for the entire flight envelope
Scramjet Propulsion Side Wall Cooling
With old technologies, side wall cooling is required for hypersonic flight and scramjet propulsion systems, otherwise the isolator and combustion regions of a scramjet would melt, even using advanced ablatives and ceramics, due to their inability to cope with very high temperatures. Using technology we have developed for very high thermodynamics and high stresses, side wall cooling is no longer required, thus removing that variable from the design process and focusing on improved ignition processes and increasing net thrust values.
Lower Threshold for Hypersonic Ignition
Active and adaptive flight dynamics, resulting in the ability for scramjet ignition at a much lower velocity, ie within ramjet envelope, between Mach 2-4, and seamless transition from supersonic to hypersonic flight, ie supersonic ramjet (scramjet). This active and dynamic aspect, has a wide variety of parameters for many flight dynamics, velocities, and altitudes; which means platforms no longer need to be engineered for specific altitude ranges or preset velocities, but those parameters can then be selected during launch configuration and are able to adapt actively in flight.
Dramatically Improved Maneuvering Capabilities at Hypersonic Velocities
Hypersonic vehicles, like their less technologically advanced brethren, use large actuator and the developers hope those controls surfaces do not disintegrate in flight. In reality, it is like rolling the dice, they may or may not survive, hence another reason why the attempt to keep velocities to Mach 6 or below. We have shrunken down control actuators while almost doubling torque and response capabilities specifically for hypersonic dynamics and extreme stresses involved, which makes it possible for maximum input authority for Mach 10 and beyond.
Paradigm Shift in Control Surface Methodologies, Increasing Control Authority (Internal Mechanical Applications)
To date, most control surfaces for hypersonic missile platforms still use fins, similar to lower speed conventional missiles, and some using ducted fins. This is mostly due to lack of comprehension of hypersonic velocities in their own favor. Instead, the body itself incorporates those control surfaces, greatly enhancing the airframe strength, opening up more space for hardware and fuel capacity; while simultaneously enhancing the platforms maneuvering capabilities.
A scramjet missile can then fly like conventional missile platforms, and not straight and level at high altitudes, losing velocity on it's decent trajectory to target. Another added benefit to this aspect, is the ability to extend range greatly, so if anyone elses hypersonic missile platform were developed for 400 mile range, falling out of the sky due to lack of glide capabilities; our platforms can easily reach 600+ miles, with minimal glide deceleration.
As part of the required course knowledge pupils need to be able to outline the process involved in taking a square wooden blank and preparing it for turning between centres. These pictures depict that process chronologically.
Stage 1 * Preparation of wooden blank. Cut to size. Sand square. Mark across diagonals. Centre punch the centre point. Use spring dividers to mark circumference. Repeat on other end.
Stage 2 * Plane off corners down to circumference line. This takes cross section from square to octagon. This reduces force on cutting toll in initial prep of blank. Mount between fork [driven] centre and dead [or live ] centre at tailstock end. Apply grease a dead centre end. apply force from tailstock end to force fork into material at driven end. Adjust toolstock height to suit. Check for clearance.
Stage 3 * Roughout using scraper to diameter. Use combination of gouges and skew chisels to add beads and other decorative detailing as required. Ensure spindle speed is appropriate for material and cross section under consideration. Obey all safety instructions.
Graham Harwood (UK), Matsuko Yokokoji (JP).
A coal-fired boiler powers a network of computers exploring the relationships between power and media. Coal Fired Computers explores the ecologies that have created and maintained power, and the subsequent health residues and crisis of fuelling that power. The work responds to the displacement of coal production to distant India, China or Vietnam and our industrial heritage, in particular the work of Charles Parsons whose steam turbine is used to produce 40% of today’s electricity. In many countries this rate is much higher (more than 70% in India and China).
According to the World Health Organization, 318.000 deaths occur annually from chronic bronchitis and emphysema caused by exposure to coal dust. The common perception is that wealthy countries have put this all behind them, displacing coal dust into the lungs of unrecorded, unknown miners in distant lands, coal returning in our lives in the form of cheap and apparently clean goods we consume.
Coal fired energy not only powers our computers here in Europe, but is integral to the production of the 300.000.000 computers made each year. 81% of the energy used in a computer’s life cycle is expended in the manufacturing process, now taking place in countries with high levels of coal consumption.
From Barfoot's series of coloured lithographs of 1840 depicting the cotton manufacturing process.
Original text written to accompany Lithograph No.5:
"When the COTTON has been carded, it is brought to the Drawing-Frame, which you see on the left of the picture. Here the long strips of Cotton are drawn from the Cans between sets of small iron or brass rollers; the motion of these rollers is slow. You see that four of these strips are then drawn together, through a small brass tube or funnel, by another pair of rollers at the front, and as these rollers are turning round four times as quick as the other, they reduce the four united strips to the same thickness that each one was before it left the Can. But it is made a great deal longer, and the fibres of the Cotton are more completely drawn into the right position. The Bobbin-Frame, which appears the third in the picture, receives the Cotton from the drawing; here it passes between rollers similar to the first set in the Drawing-Frame, but weighted so as to hold more firmly, whilst a set of Spindles, by means of Flyers on the tops of them, twists the Cotton a little, and thus turns it into a soft string, when it runs upon large Bobbins about nine inches long. The Jack-Frame, the second in the picture, then carries on the process by working the slightly twisted string finer and tighter, and running it on Bobbins of smaller size. When the Cotton is intended to be spun into a very fine thread, it has still to undergo a similar process, called stretching, and is made into rovings. I wonder what the Girl has done amiss who is being rebuked by the Overlooker!"
The sculptor Kai Nielsen visited Kähler for the first time in 1921. Only three years before his death.
During those three years, he was very productive, but many of his works were discarded due to his extreme self-criticism. His ambition was to achieve broad reach. He would rather sell his works and produce thousands of copies than have them on display in a museum.
He produced a number of small figures, which were copies of his larger sculptures in order to disseminate knowledge of his art. This was also a good idea in terms of his earnings.
Kai Nielsen teamed with Thirslund and organised a large production of figures in 1922. These figures were made in old bronze moulds, which had previously been used to cast bronze sculptures.
The names of these figures were just as creative as the manufacturing process: ”Dovendyret”, ”Susanne i badet”, ”Prinsessen på ærten”, ”Eva på æblet”, ”Nina på kuglen” and ”Globetrotteren”, ("Sloth", "Susanna in the bath", "Princess and the Pea", "Eve at the apple", "Nina on the ball" and "Globetrotting") just to mention a few.
The figures became very popular in Denmark and abroad. After a trip to Denmark, a dealer brought ”Prinsessen på ærten” (Princess and the Pea) back with him to San Francisco and put it on display at his shop. However, a US women’s organisation was strongly opposed to ”Princess and the Pea” as they believed that the figure thrust her abdomen forward.
Even though Kai Nielsen’s objective was to bring art to the people, the question is whether he was actually known for this work. Most people will probably remember him for his large sculptures such as ”Vandmoderen” (Water Mother), which is located in the winter garden at the Glyptothek in Copenhagen.
With thanks to:
As part of the required course knowledge pupils need to be able to outline the process involved in taking a square wooden blank and preparing it for turning between centres. These pictures depict that process chronologically.
Stage 1 * Preparation of wooden blank. Cut to size. Sand square. Mark across diagonals. Centre punch the centre point. Use spring dividers to mark circumference. Repeat on other end.
Stage 2 * Plane off corners down to circumference line. This takes cross section from square to octagon. This reduces force on cutting toll in initial prep of blank. Mount between fork [driven] centre and dead [or live ] centre at tailstock end. Apply grease a dead centre end. apply force from tailstock end to force fork into material at driven end. Adjust toolstock height to suit. Check for clearance.
Stage 3 * Roughout using scraper to diameter. Use combination of gouges and skew chisels to add beads and other decorative detailing as required. Ensure spindle speed is appropriate for material and cross section under consideration. Obey all safety instructions.
"Raw Material Strategy for Advanced Therapies"
Cells and tissue are composed of living, functional cells which were the critical raw material from which EV therapy products are manufactured. Given these biological realities, it is essential that the manufacturing process be rigorously controlled and consistent.
Graham Harwood (UK), Matsuko Yokokoji (JP).
A coal-fired boiler powers a network of computers exploring the relationships between power and media. Coal Fired Computers explores the ecologies that have created and maintained power, and the subsequent health residues and crisis of fuelling that power. The work responds to the displacement of coal production to distant India, China or Vietnam and our industrial heritage, in particular the work of Charles Parsons whose steam turbine is used to produce 40% of today’s electricity. In many countries this rate is much higher (more than 70% in India and China).
According to the World Health Organization, 318.000 deaths occur annually from chronic bronchitis and emphysema caused by exposure to coal dust. The common perception is that wealthy countries have put this all behind them, displacing coal dust into the lungs of unrecorded, unknown miners in distant lands, coal returning in our lives in the form of cheap and apparently clean goods we consume.
Coal fired energy not only powers our computers here in Europe, but is integral to the production of the 300.000.000 computers made each year. 81% of the energy used in a computer’s life cycle is expended in the manufacturing process, now taking place in countries with high levels of coal consumption.
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Round watch featuring mother-of-pearl dial with luminous hands and date window at 3 o'clock 26 mm stainless steel case with mineral dial window Japanese quartz movement with analog display Stainless steel bracelet with fold-over push-button clasp with safety closure Water resistant to 100 m (330 ft): In general, suitable for swimming and snorkeling, but not scuba diving Ladies Eco Drive sport watch with MOP dial and date Since its foundation in 1930, CITIZEN has promoted a multi-cultural mindset that fosters excellence and creativity. The very name of the brand conveys a deep respect toward craftsmanship and considered as familiar by citizens the world-over. So as a “citizen†of the world, we bear the responsibility to help cultivate a culture of positive change and on-going evolution through our craft. We take that mission seriously and steadfastly welcome what the future may bring.
As a true manufacture d’horlogerie, CITIZEN integrates a comprehensive manufacturing process from creating individual components to a watch’s final assembly. It’s an artisan’s approach to watch making based on pushing forward the boundaries of technology and leveraging our experience toward exploring new possibilities.
One pivotal technological breakthrough was the development of a light-driven watch. CITIZEN pioneered this engineering innovation well ahead of other watch manufacturers as early as 1976, which led to the launch of the highly acclaimed Eco-Drive in 1995. Utilizing electrical power converted from virtually any light source, this extraordinary innovation changed forever the way watches could be powered. Eco-Drive eliminated the need to ever replace batteries, which made it especially beneficial to areas where such specialist batteries were not obtainable. This leveled the field for citizens of virtually every country to be able to experience unrestricted joy of wearing and using a CITIZEN watch.
The product development policy, “The Fusion of Technology and Beauty,†remains a constant motivation for us to merge cutting-edge technology with perfection of design beauty, which as a consequence inspires people to strive to be their best at any time.
CITIZEN launches a new campaign in collaboration with Wieden+Kennedy, Better Starts Now. This is the simple belief that no matter who you are or what you do, it is always possible to make something better  and now is the time to start doing it. We believe that better and now are both infinite, and that there is always a next ‘better’ and a new ‘now’ in which you can start pursuing it. It was clear from the onset of this project that we are dedicated to this ideal…not to the past but to the present, and all the way we can improve it. To help communicate this belief to the world we have created a new global CITIZEN brand movie, brand identity and brand website that represents out Better Starts Now philosophy.
A change-making, industry-shaking fabric, Revolution is a breakthrough in textile circularity.
The first fabric to be produced using Camira’s advanced textile recycling capability, iinouiio, Revolution uses waste wool yarn from our own manufacturing processes to create a fabric that is truly closing the loop, and opening the door to a new, exciting era of sustainability.
NOTE -- HUGE (4.5 MB) image also available. This image could be nicely cropped.
Tarco Formulates a New Self-adhering Underlayment for Metal and Tile Roofing: PS200MU
PS200MU is a premium, high temperature, self-adhering, modified bituminous underlayment with non-abrasive polyolefinic upper surface with good walkability
LITTLE ROCK, ARKANSAS – Tarco today announced LeakBarrier PS200MU Ice and Water Armor, a self-adhesive, glass fiber reinforced, modified bituminous underlayment especially for metal roofing. It helps protect a building’s deck or internal structure against leaks caused by ice and water damming and wind-driven rain.
PS200MU is specially formulated for use in high temperature environments. The upper side is made of a nonabrasive polyolefinic film that has anti-skid properties for good walkability. Two key attributes of a metal roofing underlayment are that it slides under the metal roof without scratching it; and that it is tolerant of high temperatures often reached beneath a metal roof. PS200MU offers both of these features.
PS200MU is highly effective in critical roofing areas such as valleys, ridges, coping joints, chimneys, vents, dormers, skylights, and low-slope sections. While ideally suited for use under metal roofing, it is also an excellent choice as an underlayment for shingles, slate, and mechanically attached tiles.
The polymer-modified asphalt gives excellent pliability and the film surface is UV resistant. An anti-skid treatment allows for good walkability. This underlayment is exceptionally durable with high tensile and tear strengths. Glass fiber reinforcement imparts high dimensional stability.
It is a cost-effective sheet for clean, easy-to-handle, self-adhering applications. The split-back release film peels off for easy installation and handling and PS200MU adheres to a variety of substrates. The membrane lays flat and resists wrinkling for ease of application and a 60-day exposure allows for long term dry in. It provides instant watertight laps and self-seals around nails.
The SBS-based membrane is specially formulated to provide high-temperature stability to 250 degrees Fahrenheit, making it ideal for use as an underlayment in metal roofing applications. The high temperature stability of the PS200MU membrane makes it especially attractive for residential and commercial metal roofing applications, although it is also suitable for shingle, slate and tile.
Tarco’s family of LeakBarrier Ice and Water Armor membranes now includes three metal roofing underlayment products, including PS200MU, PS200HT and NR500HT.
All three products withstand high temperatures and they are nonabrasive and provide good walkability. The main difference is upper surface: PS200MU uses polyolefin and PS200HT uses polyester, while NR500HT is a premium 40 mil (1 mm) thick, non-reinforced roofing underlayment with an upper surface of cross-laminated polyethylene-based Valeron film.
PS200MU Meets ASTM D1970. It has Miami-Dade County Approval NOA No. 08-0804.10 and meets ICC-ES ESR-2116 as well as Florida Building Code FL 10450-R1.
It is listed under the UL Prepared Roofing File No. 16744. It is not for use in adhesive (foam) set tile applications and it is not recommended for extreme high temperature environments such as under copper or zinc metal roofing.
Each of the metal underlayment products is covered by a “Thirty Year Self Adhesive Metal and Tile Underlayment Material Warranty.” Coverage and conditions pertaining to coverage are detailed in the warranty, which is available on the Tarco Website.
“Tarco now manufactures three distinct underlayment products suitable for metal roofing and other high temperature environments,” says Steve Ratcliff, President of Tarco. “That means more choices for roofing contractors. Metal roofing projects are not all the same and contractors have different preferences. Between PS200MU and PS200HT and NR500HT roofing contractors can find exactly the right features in a peel-and-stick underlayment for metal roofing applications. Tarco is pleased to be in a position to provide these premium SBS-based underlayments to this fast-growing segment of the roofing industry.”
For more details, contact Tarco, One Information Way, Suite 225, Little Rock, AR 72202. Phone 501-945-4506, Toll Free 800-365-4506, Fax 501-945-7718. Visit Tarco on the Internet at www.tarcoroofing.com.
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Tarco Offers 30-year Material Warranty on Three Self-adhering Metal and Tile Underlayments
LITTLE ROCK, ARKANSAS – Tarco today announced coverage of three products in its LeakBarrier family of premium underlayment products. The warranty is titled the “Thirty Year Self-Adhesive Metal and Tile Underlayment Material Warranty.”
Coverage and conditions pertaining to warranty coverage are detailed in the warranty, which is available on the Tarco Website. The warranty applies to any of Tarco’s three self-adhering, metal and tile roofing underlayment products, including PS200MU, PS200HT and NR500HT Ice and Water Armor.
Each of these underlayment products is specially formulated for use in high temperature environments. Their differences are as follows:
· PS200MU Ice and Water Armor is a self-adhesive, glass-fiber reinforced, modified bituminous underlayment with a nonabrasive polyolefinic film that has anti-skid properties for good walkability.
· PS200HT Ice and Water Armor is a self-adhesive, glass-fiber reinforced, modified bituminous underlayment with a polyester upper-side that provides good walkability and excellent tile foam attachment properties.
· NR500HT Ice and Water Armor is a premium 40 mil (1 mm) thick, non-reinforced, self-adhering roofing underlayment with an upper surface of cross-laminated polyethylene-based Valeron film, which also provides good walkability.
All three products withstand high temperatures and provide good walkability. Two key attributes of a metal roofing underlayment are that it slides under the metal roof without scratching it; and that it is tolerant of high temperatures often reached beneath a metal roof. All three of these products have these features, and so all three are suitable for use under metal as well as tile.
“The Thirty Year Material Warranty for these metal and tile roofing underlayment products reflects the application,” says Steve Ratcliff, President of Tarco. “Tarco has perfected its membrane formulations, product designs and manufacturing processes sufficiently so that it can offer these 30-year warranties with complete confidence.”
According to Ratcliff, metal or tile roofs typically have long service lives so there is an expectation that the underlayment also will last for decades. In these applications, the metal or tile serves as a primary roof, protecting the underlayment from physical damage, but metal and tile are not completely watertight. Hence, a watertight underlayment is necessary to protect the interior of the building from moisture penetration. “The two system components – primary roof and secondary water barrier -- complement each other perfectly,” concludes Ratcliff.
For more details, contact Tarco, One Information Way, Suite 225, Little Rock, AR 72202. Phone 501-945-4506, Toll Free 800-365-4506, Fax 501-945-7718. Visit Tarco on the Internet at www.tarcoroofing.com.
Io Aircraft - www.ioaircraft.com
Drew Blair
www.linkedin.com/in/drew-b-25485312/
io aircraft, phantom express, phantom works, boeing phantom works, lockheed skunk works, hypersonic weapon, hypersonic missile, scramjet missile, scramjet engineering, scramjet physics, boost glide, tactical glide vehicle, Boeing XS-1, htv, Air-Launched Rapid Response Weapon, (ARRW), hypersonic tactical vehicle, hypersonic plane, hypersonic aircraft, space plane, scramjet, turbine based combined cycle, ramjet, dual mode ramjet, darpa, onr, navair, afrl, air force research lab, defense science, missile defense agency, aerospike,
Advanced Additive Manufacturing for Hypersonic Aircraft
Utilizing new methods of fabrication and construction, make it possible to use additive manufacturing, dramatically reducing the time and costs of producing hypersonic platforms from missiles, aircraft, and space capable craft. Instead of aircraft being produced in piece, then bolted together; small platforms can be produced as a single unit and large platforms can be produces in large section and mated without bolting. These techniques include using exotic materials and advanced assembly processes, with an end result of streamlining the production costs and time for hypersonic aircraft; reducing months of assembly to weeks. Overall, this process greatly reduced the cost for producing hypersonic platforms. Even to such an extent that a Hellfire missile costs apx $100,000 but by utilizing our technologies, replacing it with a Mach 8-10 hypersonic missile of our physics/engineering and that missile would cost roughly $75,000 each delivered.
Materials used for these manufacturing processes are not disclosed, but overall, provides a foundation for extremely high stresses and thermodynamics, ideal for hypersonic platforms. This specific methodology and materials applications is many decades ahead of all known programs. Even to the extend of normalized space flight and re-entry, without concern of thermodynamic failure.
*Note, most entities that are experimenting with additive manufacturing for hypersonic aircraft, this makes it mainstream and standardized processes, which also applies for mass production.
What would normally be measured in years and perhaps a decade to go from drawing board to test flights, is reduced to singular months and ready for production within a year maximum.
Unified Turbine Based Combined Cycle (U-TBCC)
To date, the closest that NASA and industry have achieved for turbine based aircraft to fly at hypersonic velocities is by mounting a turbine into an aircraft and sharing the inlet with a scramjet or rocket based motor. Reaction Engines Sabre is not able to achieve hypersonic velocities and can only transition into a non air breathing rocket for beyond Mach 4.5
However, utilizing Unified Turbine Based Combine Cycle also known as U-TBCC, the two separate platforms are able to share a common inlet and the dual mode ramjet/scramjet is contained within the engine itself, which allows for a much smaller airframe footprint, thus engingeers are able to then design much higher performance aerial platforms for hypersonic flight, including the ability for constructing true single stage to orbit aircraft by utilizing a modification/version that allows for transition to outside atmosphere propulsion without any other propulsion platforms within the aircraft. By transitioning and developing aircraft to use Unified Turbine Based Combined Cycle, this propulsion system opens up new options to replace that airframe deficit for increased fuel capacity and/or payload.
Enhanced Dynamic Cavitation
Dramatically Increasing the efficiency of fuel air mixture for combustion processes at hypersonic velocities within scramjet propulsion platforms. The aspects of these processes are non disclosable.
Dynamic Scramjet Ignition Processes
For optimal scramjet ignition, a process known as Self Start is sought after, but in many cases if the platform becomes out of attitude, the scramjet will ignite. We have already solved this problem which as a result, a scramjet propulsion system can ignite at lower velocities, high velocities, at optimal attitude or not optimal attitude. It doesn't matter, it will ignite anyways at the proper point for maximum thrust capabilities at hypersonic velocities.
Hydrogen vs Kerosene Fuel Sources
Kerosene is an easy fuel to work with, and most western nations developing scramjet platforms use Kerosene for that fact. However, while kerosene has better thermal properties then Hydrogen, Hydrogen is a far superior fuel source in scramjet propulsion flight, do it having a much higher efficiency capability. Because of this aspect, in conjunction with our developments, it allows for a MUCH increased fuel to air mixture, combustion, thrust; and ability for higher speeds; instead of very low hypersonic velocities in the Mach 5-6 range. Instead, Mach 8-10 range, while we have begun developing hypersonic capabilities to exceed 15 in atmosphere within less then 5 years.
Conforming High Pressure Tank Technology for CNG and H2.
As most know in hypersonics, Hydrogen is a superior fuel source, but due to the storage abilities, can only be stored in cylinders thus much less fuel supply. Not anymore, we developed conforming high pressure storage technology for use in aerospace, automotive sectors, maritime, etc; which means any overall shape required for 8,000+ PSI CNG or Hydrogen. For hypersonic platforms, this means the ability to store a much larger volume of hydrogen vs cylinders.
As an example, X-43 flown by Nasa which flew at Mach 9.97. The fuel source was Hydrogen, which is extremely more volatile and combustible then kerosene (JP-7), via a cylinder in the main body. If it had used our technology, that entire section of the airframe would had been an 8,000 PSI H2 tank, which would had yielded 5-6 times the capacity. While the X-43 flew 11 seconds under power at Mach 9.97, at 6 times the fuel capacity would had yielded apx 66 seconds of fuel under power at Mach 9.97. If it had flew slower, around Mach 6, same principles applied would had yielded apx 500 seconds of fuel supply under power (slower speeds required less energy to maintain).
Enhanced Fuel Mixture During Shock Train Interaction
Normally, fuel injection is conducted at the correct insertion point within the shock train for maximum burn/combustion. Our methodologies differ, since almost half the fuel injection is conducted PRE shock train within the isolator, so at the point of isolator injection the fuel enhances the combustion process, which then requires less fuel injection to reach the same level of thrust capabilities.
Improved Bow Shock Interaction
Smoother interaction at hypersonic velocities and mitigating heat/stresses for beyond Mach 6 thermodynamics, which extraordinarily improves Type 3, 4, and 5 shock interaction.
6,000+ Fahrenheit Thermal Resistance
To date, the maximum thermal resistance was tested at AFRL in the spring of 2018, which resulted in a 3,200F thermal resistance for a short duration. This technology, allows for normalized hypersonic thermal resistance of 3,000-3,500F sustained, and up to 6,500F resistance for short endurance, ie 90 seconds or less. 10-20 minute resistance estimate approximately 4,500F +/- 200F.
*** This technology advancement also applies to Aerospike rocket engines, in which it is common for Aerospike's to exceed 4,500-5,000F temperatures, which results in the melting of the reversed bell housing. That melting no longer ocurrs, providing for stable combustion to ocurr for the entire flight envelope
Scramjet Propulsion Side Wall Cooling
With old technologies, side wall cooling is required for hypersonic flight and scramjet propulsion systems, otherwise the isolator and combustion regions of a scramjet would melt, even using advanced ablatives and ceramics, due to their inability to cope with very high temperatures. Using technology we have developed for very high thermodynamics and high stresses, side wall cooling is no longer required, thus removing that variable from the design process and focusing on improved ignition processes and increasing net thrust values.
Lower Threshold for Hypersonic Ignition
Active and adaptive flight dynamics, resulting in the ability for scramjet ignition at a much lower velocity, ie within ramjet envelope, between Mach 2-4, and seamless transition from supersonic to hypersonic flight, ie supersonic ramjet (scramjet). This active and dynamic aspect, has a wide variety of parameters for many flight dynamics, velocities, and altitudes; which means platforms no longer need to be engineered for specific altitude ranges or preset velocities, but those parameters can then be selected during launch configuration and are able to adapt actively in flight.
Dramatically Improved Maneuvering Capabilities at Hypersonic Velocities
Hypersonic vehicles, like their less technologically advanced brethren, use large actuator and the developers hope those controls surfaces do not disintegrate in flight. In reality, it is like rolling the dice, they may or may not survive, hence another reason why the attempt to keep velocities to Mach 6 or below. We have shrunken down control actuators while almost doubling torque and response capabilities specifically for hypersonic dynamics and extreme stresses involved, which makes it possible for maximum input authority for Mach 10 and beyond.
Paradigm Shift in Control Surface Methodologies, Increasing Control Authority (Internal Mechanical Applications)
To date, most control surfaces for hypersonic missile platforms still use fins, similar to lower speed conventional missiles, and some using ducted fins. This is mostly due to lack of comprehension of hypersonic velocities in their own favor. Instead, the body itself incorporates those control surfaces, greatly enhancing the airframe strength, opening up more space for hardware and fuel capacity; while simultaneously enhancing the platforms maneuvering capabilities.
A scramjet missile can then fly like conventional missile platforms, and not straight and level at high altitudes, losing velocity on it's decent trajectory to target. Another added benefit to this aspect, is the ability to extend range greatly, so if anyone elses hypersonic missile platform were developed for 400 mile range, falling out of the sky due to lack of glide capabilities; our platforms can easily reach 600+ miles, with minimal glide deceleration.
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You’ve likely heard that rawhide chews are particularly bad for dogs, filled with awful chemicals and waiting to be lodged into your pup’s intestine. But is this really the case? Are rawhide chews safe for dogs, or are they delicious death traps? Well, what does it depend on? It turns out the safety of any rawhide depends on several factors, and we’ll go over these below.
Your Dog's Chewing Style.
For example, a Chihuahua is likely to be a much softer chewer than a Rottweiler. The age of the dog plays a role, as well, because most young puppies and senior dogs have softer mouths than their adult counterparts.
Rawhides are meant to be long-lasting chews that break down into tiny, soft pieces over time. However, strong chewers are typically able to break off large chunks that can pose a major choking hazard or cause an intestinal blockage—both are life-threatening events.
Ingredients.
Rawhide chews are made from dried animal skins, which seems natural enough. What’s important to consider, however, is where these rawhide chews are made. Rawhides made in the United States are few and far between, and much pricier than your average chew—but the benefits are well worth the cost.
Rawhide chews are made from the leather industry’s leftovers. Most hides are taken directly from the kill floors at slaughterhouses and placed into high-salt brines, which helps slow their decay.
Once the hide arrives at a tannery, it is soaked and treated with lime to help separate the fat from the skin, the hair is removed by chemical and physical efforts, and the hide is rinsed again. Unfortunately, the salt brines cannot prevent decay, no matter how long they delay it. It is best to fully rinse a rawhide in water prior to giving it to your dog.
Digestibility
Rawhide digestibility can vary from dog to dog and from chew to chew. Generally speaking, rawhides are not easily digested, which is why large chunks broken off and swallowed pose such high obstruction risks. Any pieces your pup breaks off will have to pass through his digestive system in chunks, since they will not be broken down as well as the rest of his food.
It is best to manually remove the chewed up rawhide before the dog ingests it, as it can not only potentially cause an esophageal or intestinal obstruction, but it can last for months in his stomach, causing very gastrointestinal issues.
The decision about whether to offer rawhide chews is going to be yours and yours alone. Consider your dog’s individual chewing habits and health, decide if you’re willing to accept the extra expense of high-quality, American-made chews (since it's less likely that illegal or toxic chemicals were used in the manufacturing process)
There are many great alternatives to rawhide chews, but for the right dog, these treats can be a perfectly safe option. It all comes down to your comfort level and ability to recognize the risks involved in providing them to your dog.
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www.factcheck.org/2022/09/scicheck-qa-on-omicron-updated-...
Q&A on Omicron-Updated COVID-19 Boosters
Earlier this month, the U.S. began administering the first COVID-19 booster vaccines that have been updated to better match the latest circulating coronavirus strains.
Many scientists expect the revised boosters will be more effective than their predecessors, but whether that’s the case and to what degree remains unknown.
The new vaccines, from mRNA vaccine makers Pfizer/BioNTech and Moderna, are bivalent, meaning that along with the original version of the coronavirus, or SARS-CoV-2, they also specifically target the BA.4 and BA.5 omicron subvariants. At the end of August, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimated that together the two subvariants accounted for more than 90% of new COVID-19 cases in the U.S.
The Food and Drug Administration authorized the retooled boosters on Aug. 31, and the CDC signed off on the shots the following day, after the agency’s vaccine advisory committee voted 13 to 1 to recommend both boosters.
The authorizations mark a shift in American COVID-19 vaccination policy. In what’s being called a “fall booster ‘reset,’” people will no longer count the number of vaccine doses they’ve received. Instead, the guidelines are simple: If you’ve had your primary series (one dose of J&J or two doses Pfizer/BioNTech, Moderna or Novavax) and it’s been at least two months since your last dose, then you’re eligible for one omicron-updated booster.
We’ll explain how the new vaccines are different and what experts are saying about them.
How are the updated shots different from the original ones?
The revised boosters are essentially identical to the original ones, except for a tweak to some of the mRNA included in the shots.
For both Pfizer/BioNTech and Moderna, half of the mRNA in the vaccine includes the instructions used in the earlier vaccines for cells to make the spike protein of the original coronavirus strain. The other half includes the instructions for making the spike protein of the BA.4 and BA.5 strains, which is the same in the two subvariants. The spike proteins trigger a protective immune response in the body.
The dual components are why the boosters are referred to as “bivalent.” For the same reason, you may hear the original vaccines being called “monovalent.”
As before, the new Pfizer/BioNTech booster contains a total of 30 micrograms of mRNA, matching the dosage of the primary series shots, while the revamped Moderna booster contains a total of 50 micrograms, or half of the dosage of the primary series.
Who is eligible to get an updated booster?
People 12 years of age and older are eligible to receive Pfizer/BioNTech’s updated booster and adults 18 years or older are eligible to receive Moderna’s updated booster, two or more months after a previous COVID-19 vaccination.
It doesn’t matter if you’ve never been boosted or if you’ve received multiple boosters already — everyone who meets the age requirements and has had their primary vaccinations can get the updated booster as long as they are two months or more out from their last COVID-19 dose. (If you’re still not sure if you’re eligible, you can take an online quiz from the CDC to find out.)
The updated boosters are only authorized as booster shots, so they can’t be given to people as primary vaccinations. For the specified populations, the updated boosters are also replacing the earlier versions of the boosters, which are no longer authorized. As a result, all booster doses will be the bivalent ones — except for kids 5 to 11 years old, who are currently only eligible to receive Pfizer/BioNTech’s original booster dose for their age group.
What evidence supports the use of these omicron-updated boosters?
To authorize the updated boosters, the FDA borrowed its approach for influenza vaccines, which each year are modified to match the flu strains that are expected to circulate that season. Because the changes are only tweaks — and because it would be impractical if not impossible to test the vaccines in people prior to the flu season — flu vaccines are approved without doing clinical studies each year.
The omicron-updated boosters are similar in that they have not yet been evaluated in people, although there is other supporting evidence to suggest that they will work. For one, there is clinical data on a slightly different omicron-specific bivalent booster that targets the BA.1 subvariant that was dominant earlier this year.
Moderna tested this booster in about 600 adults who had received two primary doses and one original booster, and at least three months later were given a second original booster or a BA.1 bivalent booster. In blood tests, there was a stronger antibody response a month out in those who had received the BA.1 booster against both BA.1, BA.4/5 and the original virus, as well as against a variety of other variants.
The Pfizer/BioNTech BA.1 bivalent booster was tested in a similar way, in about 600 people over the age of 55, with a median of about six months in between the booster doses. At one month, the antibody responses to BA.1 were better in those who had received the BA.1 booster than the original, and the antibody responses to the original virus were similar in the two groups.
Although similar studies are being done in people for the BA.4/5 bivalent booster now, those results aren’t in yet. However, experiments from both companies show that mice previously vaccinated and then boosted with the bivalent BA.4/5 vaccines have higher BA.5 neutralizing antibody responses than those boosted with the original vaccine.
immune responses.
Still, some experts have been wary of moving forward with a new COVID-19 booster without human data on these specific vaccines. Dr. Pablo Sanchez, a professor of pediatrics at the Ohio State University and a member of the CDC’s vaccine advisory committee, ultimately voted against recommending the new boosters because of that concern.
“I voted no because I really feel that we need the human data,” he said during the meeting. “There’s a lot of vaccine hesitancy already. We need the human data.” Nonetheless, Sanchez said that, given his age, he was “almost sure” that he would take it.
The rest of the committee, though, felt comfortable enough, given the precedent with flu, to recommend the boosters.
Numerous other countries have opted to go with updated BA.1 bivalent vaccines, which do have clinical data (although the European Medicines Agency, which recommended BA.1-adapted boosters in early September, also recommended the BA.4/5 boosters on Sept. 12). The FDA, however, decided that the best strategy would be to target BA.4/5, since BA.1 is already no longer circulating.
The agency could have waited for the clinical data on BA.4/5, but thought that doing so would sacrifice too many lives. Estimates from the COVID-19 Scenario Modeling Hub suggest that delaying the booster campaign by a month would result in 137,000 more hospitalizations and 9,700 more deaths.
“We have to be a step ahead, or at least we have to try,” FDA chief Dr. Robert Califf explained in a press conference following the authorization of the new boosters. “Because if we waited for all the proof to come in, the wave will have already passed us by and the damage will have been done.”
E. John Wherry, an immunologist at the University of Pennsylvania, said the difference between BA.1- versus BA.4/5-targeted boosters was likely to be small, but given the choice, he would also opt for BA.5.
“This will not be the last version of the vaccine that we see,” he said. “Going with what’s here currently makes a lot of sense to me.”
As for when the human data on the bivalent BA.4/5 booster will be available, Dr. Peter Marks, the head of vaccines at the FDA, said on Aug. 31 that it would probably be at least until the end of September or October, “because of the time it takes to actually dose and then do the assays.”
How effective are the new boosters?
Scientists don’t know how well the redesigned shots will work. In theory, the omicron-updated boosters should be better than the original boosters in protecting against disease because they will more specifically target the coronavirus strains currently circulating — and some data suggest that will be the case.
It’s also possible the updated boosters will prevent more infections, although that protection will be short-lived.
But as the World Health Organization has said, “The full public health benefit of variant-updated vaccines and their value proposition over current vaccines can only be quantified once vaccine effectiveness data have been obtained.”
The real question is not whether the booster will increase protection — they will, scientists told us — but whether and to what degree the updated booster will be better than the original boosters.
Wherry said he thought the new boosters would be better, but the difference would likely be modest.
“I think it’s important to not give the false sense of hope that this new bivalent vaccine is going to be a magic bullet that stops all omicron viruses,” he said. “We should be expecting that they keep the most vulnerable people out of the hospital, but we should not be expecting them to completely protect from, say, mild disease.”
Dr. Paul A. Offit, a vaccine expert and pediatrician at the Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, is not convinced that the updated boosters will be an improvement.
“I think they’re all going to be of value, I don’t think they’re necessarily going to be of any greater value than just boosting with the ancestral strain,” he said. “What worries me in all this is … that it’s sort of being oversold, being overpromised,” Offit added. “I just fear that people might be disappointed.”
How safe are the new boosters?
The exact formulation found in the new boosters has not yet been tested in people, but the revised vaccines are very similar to the original vaccines that have now been given hundreds of millions of times in the U.S. alone and have been shown to only very rarely result in serious side effects.
In addition, both companies tested the slightly different BA.1 omicron-specific bivalent booster in people, and found no new safety concerns. Vaccine recipients reported experiencing the same expected and temporary side effects as the original shots, including pain, redness and swelling at the injection site; fatigue; headache; muscle pain; and fever.
Given the similarity in design and manufacturing process as the original vaccines, the FDA felt very confident authorizing the boosters. Other experts also told us there is no reason to think that the revamped boosters will pose any new safety hazards. Offit, for example, said it was “extremely unlikely” that the new boosters would be any different in terms of safety.
Notably, Sanchez, the sole dissenter on the CDC’s advisory committee, explained after his “no” vote that while he felt there needed to be clinical data to be able to recommend the boosters, he was not that worried about safety.
“I am comfortable that the vaccine will likely be safe like the others,” he said, adding that he would almost certainly get the new booster himself.
Like the original vaccines, scientists do expect the updated shots will carry a small increased risk of myocarditis and pericarditis, or inflammation of the heart muscle and its surrounding tissue, particularly in young males. Most people who are affected by the rare side effect and are treated, the CDC says, feel better quickly.
Another issue being monitored by scientists is whether boosting could hurt a person’s ability to respond to a future variant, as we have written. But Wherry, who has been following this topic, said there is no indication that is a current risk. “From the data that exists, I see no concern about that whatsoever,” he said. Some animal studies suggest that giving an omicron-only vaccine as a first vaccine dose in animals could be detrimental, he added, but that’s not what is being given to people.
What do experts say about who should get the updated shots, and when?
There is broad agreement that older people and those at higher risk of developing severe COVID-19 should get the new boosters. But experts differ on whether young, healthy people should get another dose.
“I don’t think that a healthy young person who has already received three doses frankly needs another dose, because I think they are protected against serious illness,” Offit said. “After about six months after their last dose, they’re not going to be as protected against mild illness, but that’s true of all infections like this one, meaning short incubation period, mucosal infections.”
Offit still recommends that people over 75 years old, those with significant underlying health problems and those who are immunocompromised seek out the shots. Those are the groups, he said, that have benefited from the previous boosters.
But others think it’s reasonable to give the shots more widely, and that younger people should at least consider them.
“Most young, healthy people are protected from severe disease even after three doses and that protection is pretty durable,” Wherry said. The updated booster, he said, is primarily meant to protect the most vulnerable and to perhaps offer a little bit better protection from mild or moderate disease.
“If you’re over 65, everyone should get boosted,” he said. “If you have comorbidities or are immunosuppressed, absolutely get boosted.”
For younger people, Wherry said boosters are still a good idea, but there can be more individual choice — and that people shouldn’t think that the booster will make them impervious to infection.
“I would encourage people to think about their own behavior and when the right timing for the boost would be,” he said. “If you last got a dose of vaccine or were last infected three months ago and you’re a middle-aged, otherwise healthy individual, you may consider waiting a month or two and time your next dose closer to the holidays or closer to when there’s going to be more indoor activities so that peak level of antibodies coincides with when you’re going to be attending family gatherings or be inside more.”
Although two months is the minimum amount of time to wait since the last COVID-19 dose before getting the updated booster, many experts, including Offit and Wherry, suggest that people wait longer than that since last being vaccinated or being infected with SARS-CoV-2.
“The science really says for a young, healthy individual, you’re going to get the best boosting if you wait four to six months,” Wherry explained. “That allows for your memory B cells and memory T cells to mature a little bit, antibody levels to come down from their sort of max peak level after infection or vaccination.”
But for people who are older or have health problems, Wherry suggested consulting a doctor, because those individuals might need to get their doses sooner.
Is this the start of a shift to an annual COVID-19 vaccine?
Maybe. The Biden administration has presented this fall’s booster as the first of a once-a-year shot for COVID-19, similar to an annual seasonal flu vaccine. But while that could be a reasonable approach, it’s too early to truly know.
Some federal health officials have said as much, noting that new variants might disrupt those plans and that older or high-risk people might need more than one vaccine a year. Some experts, including Offit, are critical of the administration for getting ahead of itself on this question. Offit told us it was reasonable to target high-risk groups, but that young, healthy people may not need an annual boost.
Others are more comfortable with the concept. Wherry, for instance, said that given data that protection against severe disease begins to wane a little around nine months, the one-year time frame makes sense as “a benchmark for the average person” — and also is practical.
“A bit of aligning to traditional health care is an important part of this because it’s actually going to help with vaccine compliance, keeping up with what’s new,” he said, adding that there would remain flexibility for higher-risk people, who likely already interact more with the health care system, to get additional doses if needed.
Where can I get an updated booster?
You can find where the new boosters are available in your area by visiting Vaccines.gov. As with other COVID-19 vaccines, the reformulated boosters will be available at pharmacies, community health centers, and some clinics and doctor’s offices. But a lack of funding means they are less likely than the earlier shots to be available in various public health outreach efforts.
In some places, the boosters may be difficult to find at first. Certain locales have reported shortages of the Moderna vaccine in particular in the first weeks of the rollout, in part due to the delayed release of 10 million doses from a packaging plant in Indiana.
Again, the only booster available to people 12 years and older will be the updated one, so even if it’s not advertised as being new or bivalent, that’s what you will receive.
Are the shots still free?
Yes. The U.S. government has purchased more than 170 million doses of the updated boosters, and at this time, all COVID-19 vaccinations remain available to the public free of charge, regardless of immigration or insurance status.
The administration, however, has warned that without additional funding, it expects it will need to transition COVID-19 vaccine costs “to the commercial market” as early as January. When that occurs, the vaccines will likely be covered for most people with health insurance, similar to flu and other vaccines. People without insurance, however, would need to pay out of pocket.
Can I get my updated booster along with my flu shot?
Yes. Health officials are suggesting this pairing be offered to you this fall, since they know that getting both in one go is more convenient and increases the likelihood that you’ll get both vaccinations.
After one nearly nonexistent and one mild flu season — likely thanks to COVID-19 mitigation measures — some experts are concerned this flu season might be worse than normal. The relative lack of flu for two years running likely means there is less immunity in the population and more people will be susceptible. Clues from the Southern Hemisphere, which often presage flu severity in the North, have been mixed. Australia has had a bad flu season in terms of the number of cases, raising concerns — but other countries have not had particularly active seasons.
Regardless of how severe the flu season turns out to be, vaccination is still recommended. Several studies, along with surveillance data, indicate that getting a COVID-19 shot at the same time as a flu shot is safe and doesn’t reduce your immune response to either virus. The temporary, expected side effects of vaccination are usually on par with or only slightly worse in people getting both shots compared with those just getting a COVID-19 dose.
For some individuals, getting the shots together may make sense, but for others, the timing might not be ideal. The CDC recommends getting the flu shot in September or October, but many experts recommend October or later because vaccine protection against flu wanes and may not last the entire season if given too early. Still, getting the flu vaccine a bit early is better than not getting it at all.
If you opt for dual vaccination, you should get the two shots in different arms or in the same arm with the injections at least an inch apart.
This year, for the first time, the CDC is preferentially recommending that people over 65 years of age get a high dose or adjuvanted flu vaccine instead of a standard flu vaccine, given evidence that those shots may work better for this group.
When will kids be able to get updated shots?
Teens 12 and older are eligible for Pfizer/BioNTech’s omicron-updated booster, but the wait is likely to be at least a few more weeks for younger kids.
On Sept. 21, the head of vaccines at the FDA said that the agency was “only a matter of weeks away” from authorizing updated boosters for kids 5 to 11 years old and “a few months away” for children under 5. The day before, the CDC released a planning document saying it expected Pfizer/BioNTech’s booster for 5- through 11-year-olds and Moderna’s booster for 6- to 17-year-olds in “early to mid-October.”
Pfizer and BioNTech had previously said that they expect to submit their EUA application for updated boosters for children 5 through 11 years of age in early October and that they were pursuing an application for the youngest children down to 6 months.
As with the new boosters for those 12 and up, there may not be clinical data in children for the specific vaccine prior to authorization.
At the CDC’s advisory committee meeting, a Moderna representative said that the company would be completing its EUA submission for its original booster vaccine in kids 6 through 17 by mid-September. The company, she said, is currently conducting a study of primary series BA.1 bivalent vaccines and original and BA.1 bivalent boosters in children 6 months to 5 years old, which is expected to be finished by the end of 2022. She added that Moderna was “exploring” ways of testing BA.4/5 bivalent vaccines in children for use as primary vaccinations and boosters.
Io Aircraft - www.ioaircraft.com
Drew Blair
www.linkedin.com/in/drew-b-25485312/
io aircraft, phantom express, phantom works, boeing phantom works, lockheed skunk works, hypersonic weapon, hypersonic missile, scramjet missile, scramjet engineering, scramjet physics, boost glide, tactical glide vehicle, Boeing XS-1, htv, Air-Launched Rapid Response Weapon, (ARRW), hypersonic tactical vehicle, hypersonic plane, hypersonic aircraft, space plane, scramjet, turbine based combined cycle, ramjet, dual mode ramjet, darpa, onr, navair, afrl, air force research lab, defense science, missile defense agency, aerospike,
Advanced Additive Manufacturing for Hypersonic Aircraft
Utilizing new methods of fabrication and construction, make it possible to use additive manufacturing, dramatically reducing the time and costs of producing hypersonic platforms from missiles, aircraft, and space capable craft. Instead of aircraft being produced in piece, then bolted together; small platforms can be produced as a single unit and large platforms can be produces in large section and mated without bolting. These techniques include using exotic materials and advanced assembly processes, with an end result of streamlining the production costs and time for hypersonic aircraft; reducing months of assembly to weeks. Overall, this process greatly reduced the cost for producing hypersonic platforms. Even to such an extent that a Hellfire missile costs apx $100,000 but by utilizing our technologies, replacing it with a Mach 8-10 hypersonic missile of our physics/engineering and that missile would cost roughly $75,000 each delivered.
Materials used for these manufacturing processes are not disclosed, but overall, provides a foundation for extremely high stresses and thermodynamics, ideal for hypersonic platforms. This specific methodology and materials applications is many decades ahead of all known programs. Even to the extend of normalized space flight and re-entry, without concern of thermodynamic failure.
*Note, most entities that are experimenting with additive manufacturing for hypersonic aircraft, this makes it mainstream and standardized processes, which also applies for mass production.
What would normally be measured in years and perhaps a decade to go from drawing board to test flights, is reduced to singular months and ready for production within a year maximum.
Unified Turbine Based Combined Cycle (U-TBCC)
To date, the closest that NASA and industry have achieved for turbine based aircraft to fly at hypersonic velocities is by mounting a turbine into an aircraft and sharing the inlet with a scramjet or rocket based motor. Reaction Engines Sabre is not able to achieve hypersonic velocities and can only transition into a non air breathing rocket for beyond Mach 4.5
However, utilizing Unified Turbine Based Combine Cycle also known as U-TBCC, the two separate platforms are able to share a common inlet and the dual mode ramjet/scramjet is contained within the engine itself, which allows for a much smaller airframe footprint, thus engingeers are able to then design much higher performance aerial platforms for hypersonic flight, including the ability for constructing true single stage to orbit aircraft by utilizing a modification/version that allows for transition to outside atmosphere propulsion without any other propulsion platforms within the aircraft. By transitioning and developing aircraft to use Unified Turbine Based Combined Cycle, this propulsion system opens up new options to replace that airframe deficit for increased fuel capacity and/or payload.
Enhanced Dynamic Cavitation
Dramatically Increasing the efficiency of fuel air mixture for combustion processes at hypersonic velocities within scramjet propulsion platforms. The aspects of these processes are non disclosable.
Dynamic Scramjet Ignition Processes
For optimal scramjet ignition, a process known as Self Start is sought after, but in many cases if the platform becomes out of attitude, the scramjet will ignite. We have already solved this problem which as a result, a scramjet propulsion system can ignite at lower velocities, high velocities, at optimal attitude or not optimal attitude. It doesn't matter, it will ignite anyways at the proper point for maximum thrust capabilities at hypersonic velocities.
Hydrogen vs Kerosene Fuel Sources
Kerosene is an easy fuel to work with, and most western nations developing scramjet platforms use Kerosene for that fact. However, while kerosene has better thermal properties then Hydrogen, Hydrogen is a far superior fuel source in scramjet propulsion flight, do it having a much higher efficiency capability. Because of this aspect, in conjunction with our developments, it allows for a MUCH increased fuel to air mixture, combustion, thrust; and ability for higher speeds; instead of very low hypersonic velocities in the Mach 5-6 range. Instead, Mach 8-10 range, while we have begun developing hypersonic capabilities to exceed 15 in atmosphere within less then 5 years.
Conforming High Pressure Tank Technology for CNG and H2.
As most know in hypersonics, Hydrogen is a superior fuel source, but due to the storage abilities, can only be stored in cylinders thus much less fuel supply. Not anymore, we developed conforming high pressure storage technology for use in aerospace, automotive sectors, maritime, etc; which means any overall shape required for 8,000+ PSI CNG or Hydrogen. For hypersonic platforms, this means the ability to store a much larger volume of hydrogen vs cylinders.
As an example, X-43 flown by Nasa which flew at Mach 9.97. The fuel source was Hydrogen, which is extremely more volatile and combustible then kerosene (JP-7), via a cylinder in the main body. If it had used our technology, that entire section of the airframe would had been an 8,000 PSI H2 tank, which would had yielded 5-6 times the capacity. While the X-43 flew 11 seconds under power at Mach 9.97, at 6 times the fuel capacity would had yielded apx 66 seconds of fuel under power at Mach 9.97. If it had flew slower, around Mach 6, same principles applied would had yielded apx 500 seconds of fuel supply under power (slower speeds required less energy to maintain).
Enhanced Fuel Mixture During Shock Train Interaction
Normally, fuel injection is conducted at the correct insertion point within the shock train for maximum burn/combustion. Our methodologies differ, since almost half the fuel injection is conducted PRE shock train within the isolator, so at the point of isolator injection the fuel enhances the combustion process, which then requires less fuel injection to reach the same level of thrust capabilities.
Improved Bow Shock Interaction
Smoother interaction at hypersonic velocities and mitigating heat/stresses for beyond Mach 6 thermodynamics, which extraordinarily improves Type 3, 4, and 5 shock interaction.
6,000+ Fahrenheit Thermal Resistance
To date, the maximum thermal resistance was tested at AFRL in the spring of 2018, which resulted in a 3,200F thermal resistance for a short duration. This technology, allows for normalized hypersonic thermal resistance of 3,000-3,500F sustained, and up to 6,500F resistance for short endurance, ie 90 seconds or less. 10-20 minute resistance estimate approximately 4,500F +/- 200F.
*** This technology advancement also applies to Aerospike rocket engines, in which it is common for Aerospike's to exceed 4,500-5,000F temperatures, which results in the melting of the reversed bell housing. That melting no longer ocurrs, providing for stable combustion to ocurr for the entire flight envelope
Scramjet Propulsion Side Wall Cooling
With old technologies, side wall cooling is required for hypersonic flight and scramjet propulsion systems, otherwise the isolator and combustion regions of a scramjet would melt, even using advanced ablatives and ceramics, due to their inability to cope with very high temperatures. Using technology we have developed for very high thermodynamics and high stresses, side wall cooling is no longer required, thus removing that variable from the design process and focusing on improved ignition processes and increasing net thrust values.
Lower Threshold for Hypersonic Ignition
Active and adaptive flight dynamics, resulting in the ability for scramjet ignition at a much lower velocity, ie within ramjet envelope, between Mach 2-4, and seamless transition from supersonic to hypersonic flight, ie supersonic ramjet (scramjet). This active and dynamic aspect, has a wide variety of parameters for many flight dynamics, velocities, and altitudes; which means platforms no longer need to be engineered for specific altitude ranges or preset velocities, but those parameters can then be selected during launch configuration and are able to adapt actively in flight.
Dramatically Improved Maneuvering Capabilities at Hypersonic Velocities
Hypersonic vehicles, like their less technologically advanced brethren, use large actuator and the developers hope those controls surfaces do not disintegrate in flight. In reality, it is like rolling the dice, they may or may not survive, hence another reason why the attempt to keep velocities to Mach 6 or below. We have shrunken down control actuators while almost doubling torque and response capabilities specifically for hypersonic dynamics and extreme stresses involved, which makes it possible for maximum input authority for Mach 10 and beyond.
Paradigm Shift in Control Surface Methodologies, Increasing Control Authority (Internal Mechanical Applications)
To date, most control surfaces for hypersonic missile platforms still use fins, similar to lower speed conventional missiles, and some using ducted fins. This is mostly due to lack of comprehension of hypersonic velocities in their own favor. Instead, the body itself incorporates those control surfaces, greatly enhancing the airframe strength, opening up more space for hardware and fuel capacity; while simultaneously enhancing the platforms maneuvering capabilities.
A scramjet missile can then fly like conventional missile platforms, and not straight and level at high altitudes, losing velocity on it's decent trajectory to target. Another added benefit to this aspect, is the ability to extend range greatly, so if anyone elses hypersonic missile platform were developed for 400 mile range, falling out of the sky due to lack of glide capabilities; our platforms can easily reach 600+ miles, with minimal glide deceleration.
Here are images from my recent visit to the Cambo (www.cambo.com) factory in the Netherlands while I was visiting Amsterdam. Rene Rook of Cambo was nice enough to guide me through the entire production process as well as show me some vintage cameras from the companies history and show me their current product line (which was just recently updated at Photokina 2012)
for a full review of the products and a discussion of the images you see here (especially the vintage products) you can read the full article on my website www.brianhirschfeldphotography.com
Here are images from my recent visit to the Cambo (www.cambo.com) factory in the Netherlands while I was visiting Amsterdam. Rene Rook of Cambo was nice enough to guide me through the entire production process as well as show me some vintage cameras from the companies history and show me their current product line (which was just recently updated at Photokina 2012)
for a full review of the products and a discussion of the images you see here (especially the vintage products) you can read the full article on my website www.brianhirschfeldphotography.com
Glen Davis in Nsw is the home of these truely amazing mining ruins. The oil shale Works closed in 1952 and are a real haven for photographers.The location was used in the film The Chain Reaction in the 1980’s. This shot is of the retort that was part of the manufacturing process obtaining oil from the shale rock mined in the hills above the Shale Works.
As part of the required course knowledge pupils need to be able to outline the process involved in taking a square wooden blank and preparing it for turning between centres. These pictures depict that process chronologically.
Stage 1 * Preparation of wooden blank. Cut to size. Sand square. Mark across diagonals. Centre punch the centre point. Use spring dividers to mark circumference. Repeat on other end.
Stage 2 * Plane off corners down to circumference line. This takes cross section from square to octagon. This reduces force on cutting toll in initial prep of blank. Mount between fork [driven] centre and dead [or live ] centre at tailstock end. Apply grease a dead centre end. apply force from tailstock end to force fork into material at driven end. Adjust toolstock height to suit. Check for clearance.
Stage 3 * Roughout using scraper to diameter. Use combination of gouges and skew chisels to add beads and other decorative detailing as required. Ensure spindle speed is appropriate for material and cross section under consideration. Obey all safety instructions.
During the de-manufacturing process, glass, metal, plastic, foam insulation, oil and refrigerant are removed from the units. Glass, metal, plastic and oil are recycled.
austin, texas
1977
motorola semiconductor plant
part of an archival project, featuring the photographs of nick dewolf
© the Nick DeWolf Foundation
Image-use requests are welcome via flickrmail or nickdewolfphotoarchive [at] gmail [dot] com
The Lion Chambers is a building in the city centre of Glasgow, Scotland which began construction in 1904 and was completed in 1907. It was designated as a Category A listed building in 1966. It still stands today despite it recently being abandoned due to structural weakness. The building features stonework on the exterior showing a lion's head referencing the name, as well as the upper bodies of some Judges of the court, since the building was intended to comprise mainly lawyers' offices. It was made using a somewhat experimental method of construction called the Hennebique System which involves a reinforced concrete as its main material; the technique has fallen out of favour in modern times. Whether or not the building will be demolished or receive funding to be refurbished remains to be seen.
History
The Lion Chambers was originally designed by James Salmon and John Gaff Gillespie, who together formed the partnership known as Salmon, Son & Gillespie. The two were commissioned by William George Black, a lawyer and writer based in Glasgow who was well-established within the Glasgow Art Club, which included some well-known artists such as James Abbott McNeill Whistler. Because of this he integrated into his plans artists' studios that would be located in the top floors. The Glasgow Corporation was known to have somewhat of a soft spot for the innovative club of which Black was a member, and it is thought this may have helped to get the Lion Chambers approved for construction.
The building was home to many lawyers and artists for most of the 20th century, until the majority had to be evacuated in 1995 due to the decision that it was too dangerous to regularly use. The ground floor and basement were still used up until 2009 when it was decided that they too should be evacuated. The building remains there to this day with no clear indication of its future – the sum needed to restore it back to safe condition is far too great for the multiple co-owners to afford, and no one else has showed enough interest to invest in it. The building has been threatened for demolition since 1991 when the co-owners were served with a "Dangerous Building Notice", but the threats fell through because the building is Category A listed. In April 1991, water-pooling, cracking and spalling affected the building due to its structural decay. The co-owners decide to pursue demolition, since the repairs were estimated at £1–1.5 million. Four years later, The Scotsman reported that due to the danger of collapsing, all the occupants had been evacuated. Building Control assessed the building. On 12 April 1995, The Independent reported that the owners of Lion Chambers has been served with a Dangerous Building Notice, after which they submitted a demolition application. A month later, The Herald reported that for only 20 more years life of the building, the repairs would cost around £1.5 million. A report by the Glasgow Building Preservation Trust was submitted to Glasgow City Council, proposing a longer-term but more expensive approach to repairs. On 29 August 1995 the permission to demolish was refused, giving the owners six more months to deal with the Dangerous Building Notice. Glasgow Building Preservation Trust entered discussions about undertaking repairs, and also requested for notice of other parties wishing to take on the building. In October 1997, Glasgow Building Preservation Trust reported that they wanted to develop a centre for young designers, including workshop and training spaces, called the Centre for Product Resource Innovation and Design Enterprise (PRIDE). In 1999, £5,000 was granted for a feasibility study, as reported by The Annual Report of the Architectural Heritage Fund, stating that re-using as dwellings and workshop space would be viable. Historic Scotland and Glasgow City Council agreed that more research would be required into the building's mode of construction.
Architecture
Despite many common Glaswegian features such as typical corner turrets, careful modelling of the external walls and a pair of steep gables on the roof, the building was built using the Hennebique system by French Engineer, François Hennebique. This system involves mainly reinforced concrete offering an alternative to steel frames, making the building fireproof. The Hennebique system was designed to strengthen concrete to make it withstand forces which damage concrete the most and consists of using situ concrete (situ meaning 'cast in its place'). This allows the walls to be extremely thin – with a thickness of 100 millimetres (4 inches) – to maximise the amount of space within the rooms and avoid the need to have exterior scaffolding. The Hennebique system was first used in 1894 in Wiggen, Switzerland[8] and the Lion Chambers was the second building in Scotland to adopt this system and one of the first buildings in the UK.
However, the Hennebique system is not as popular in the UK as in the 1900s because of its many negative attributes, including the complexity of the framework and moulding in the manufacturing process. The architecture of the building allows the concrete to weather away easily, considerably in weather in the United Kingdom, which was one of the main reasons the Lion Chambers had to be abandoned. Additionally, the building doesn't provide the heat qualities required to meet today's standards.
Damages
Original design presented to the William George Black showed many weak points, including the lack of Thermal Insulation of the external walls and roof surfaces, causing condensation on the internal surfaces. Additionally, there was no external insulation against water penetration on the basement walls. This caused water to be able to penetrate the basement walls, which eventually led to the evacuation of the basement in 2009. In 2009, a feasibility study for the reparation of the Lion Chambers was instructed by Historic Scotland. The study advised there to be additional reparations to the building as further corrosion occurred due to the lack of activity in the building and the Glasgow City Council provided £156,000 to replace materials used in the building with wire mesh due to concerns over debris falling from the building.[4] Furthermore, around 25% of the windows have been boarded over due to safety reasons and the northern and eastern walls have been vandalised at ground level.
Future of the Lion Chambers
After the departure of the last tenant, Douglas, the owner of a supplies shop that occupied the ground floor, the 12,628-square-foot (1,173.2-square-metre) building now lies vacant. It is currently valued and being sold at £113,000. Although the building has a relatively low value, the restoration of the building would cost more than £1.3m, which has led the owners of the building struggling to find a bidder. There have been other attempts by agencies to restore the Lion Chamber, such as Four Acres Charitable Trust and the Glasgow City Council, however, all attempts are yet to be successful. Despite the pursuit of finding a solution to Lion Chambers, Historic Scotland and Glasgow City Council are committed to finding a solution to save the building. However, in 2000 on 26 October the Scotsman reported that Glasgow City Council had approved funding of £156,000 to be used to replace current scaffolding with a wire mesh, allowing for a further two years in which for them to create a funding package. Also in 2001 the Annual Report of the Historic Buildings Council for Scotland reported that £22,958 had been awarded to aid costs with scaffolding. In 2002 the Annual Report of GBPT reported that the idea to raise wire mesh was still in talks and that if completed would mean that the Dangerous Buildings notice would be removed from the site. Due to two buses colliding with the scaffolding, the scaffolding had to be rebuilt around the site. In 2004 the scaffolding began to be taken down, leaving the wire mesh still up. It was also reported by local planners that the building was available but not for leasing. In 2006 the GBPT back out of any arrangements with the building. By 2007 the lower floor of the building was only being used as an office supplies shop. Despite that windows were still boarded over and many of the walls had been vandalised with graffiti. In 2010 the last business unit located within the building moves out, leaving the building empty, this is supposedly because of the poor condition of the building. It is reported that Glasgow City Council offered the building to multiple owners for restoration at the price of only £1, however no successful deal were made. Glasgow City Council and Historic Scotland are still strongly committed to finding a solution to save the building.
[Information: Wikipedia]t
Early preview (Iteration 3) of an entirely new type of aircraft, no info is on the net yet and won't be for a while. RANGER - 2 Passenger VTOL Hypersonic Plane
Drew Blair
www.linkedin.com/in/drew-b-25485312/
Vertical take off and landing - High Supersonic into Hypersonic Realm. Economy cruise above Mach 4, and can accelerate to beyond Mach 8. Non VTOL, could reach LEO. With a range of 5,000+ nm (8,000-10,000nm non vtol). Fuel H2, reducing fuel weight 95%.
Length, 35ft (10.67m), span 18ft (6m).
Propulsion, 2 Unified Turbine Based Combined Cycle. 2 Unified thrust producing gas turbine generators that provide the power for the central lifting fan (electric, not shaft driven) and the rear VTOL.
Estimated market price, $25-$30 million in production. New York to Dubai in an hour.
All based on my own technology advances in Hypersonics which make Lockheed and Boeing look ancient.
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boeing phantom express, phantom works, boeing phantom works, lockheed skunk works, hypersonic weapon, hypersonic missile, scramjet missile, scramjet engineering, scramjet physics, boost glide, tactical glide vehicle, Boeing XS-1, htv, Air Launched Rapid Response Weapon, (ARRW), hypersonic tactical vehicle, hypersonic plane, hypersonic aircraft, space plane, scramjet, turbine based combined cycle, ramjet, dual mode ramjet, darpa, onr, navair, afrl, air force research lab, office of naval research, defense advanced research project agency, defense science, missile defense agency, aerospike, vtol, vertical take off, air taxi, personal air vehicle, boeing go fly prize, go fly prize,
Advanced Additive Manufacturing for Hypersonic Aircraft
Utilizing new methods of fabrication and construction, make it possible to use additive manufacturing, dramatically reducing the time and costs of producing hypersonic platforms from missiles, aircraft, and space capable craft. Instead of aircraft being produced in piece, then bolted together; small platforms can be produced as a single unit and large platforms can be produces in large section and mated without bolting. These techniques include using exotic materials and advanced assembly processes, with an end result of streamlining the production costs and time for hypersonic aircraft; reducing months of assembly to weeks. Overall, this process greatly reduced the cost for producing hypersonic platforms. Even to such an extent that a Hellfire missile costs apx $100,000 but by utilizing our technologies, replacing it with a Mach 8-10 hypersonic missile of our physics/engineering and that missile would cost roughly $75,000 each delivered.
Materials used for these manufacturing processes are not disclosed, but overall, provides a foundation for extremely high stresses and thermodynamics, ideal for hypersonic platforms. This specific methodology and materials applications is many decades ahead of all known programs. Even to the extend of normalized space flight and re-entry, without concern of thermodynamic failure.
*Note, most entities that are experimenting with additive manufacturing for hypersonic aircraft, this makes it mainstream and standardized processes, which also applies for mass production.
What would normally be measured in years and perhaps a decade to go from drawing board to test flights, is reduced to singular months and ready for production within a year maximum.
Unified Turbine Based Combined Cycle (U-TBCC)
To date, the closest that NASA and industry have achieved for turbine based aircraft to fly at hypersonic velocities is by mounting a turbine into an aircraft and sharing the inlet with a scramjet or rocket based motor. Reaction Engines Sabre is not able to achieve hypersonic velocities and can only transition into a non air breathing rocket for beyond Mach 4.5
However, utilizing Unified Turbine Based Combine Cycle also known as U-TBCC, the two separate platforms are able to share a common inlet and the dual mode ramjet/scramjet is contained within the engine itself, which allows for a much smaller airframe footprint, thus engingeers are able to then design much higher performance aerial platforms for hypersonic flight, including the ability for constructing true single stage to orbit aircraft by utilizing a modification/version that allows for transition to outside atmosphere propulsion without any other propulsion platforms within the aircraft. By transitioning and developing aircraft to use Unified Turbine Based Combined Cycle, this propulsion system opens up new options to replace that airframe deficit for increased fuel capacity and/or payload.
Enhanced Dynamic Cavitation
Dramatically Increasing the efficiency of fuel air mixture for combustion processes at hypersonic velocities within scramjet propulsion platforms. The aspects of these processes are non disclosable.
Dynamic Scramjet Ignition Processes
For optimal scramjet ignition, a process known as Self Start is sought after, but in many cases if the platform becomes out of attitude, the scramjet will ignite. We have already solved this problem which as a result, a scramjet propulsion system can ignite at lower velocities, high velocities, at optimal attitude or not optimal attitude. It doesn't matter, it will ignite anyways at the proper point for maximum thrust capabilities at hypersonic velocities.
Hydrogen vs Kerosene Fuel Sources
Kerosene is an easy fuel to work with, and most western nations developing scramjet platforms use Kerosene for that fact. However, while kerosene has better thermal properties then Hydrogen, Hydrogen is a far superior fuel source in scramjet propulsion flight, do it having a much higher efficiency capability. Because of this aspect, in conjunction with our developments, it allows for a MUCH increased fuel to air mixture, combustion, thrust; and ability for higher speeds; instead of very low hypersonic velocities in the Mach 5-6 range. Instead, Mach 8-10 range, while we have begun developing hypersonic capabilities to exceed 15 in atmosphere within less then 5 years.
Conforming High Pressure Tank Technology for CNG and H2.
As most know in hypersonics, Hydrogen is a superior fuel source, but due to the storage abilities, can only be stored in cylinders thus much less fuel supply. Not anymore, we developed conforming high pressure storage technology for use in aerospace, automotive sectors, maritime, etc; which means any overall shape required for 8,000+ PSI CNG or Hydrogen. For hypersonic platforms, this means the ability to store a much larger volume of hydrogen vs cylinders.
As an example, X-43 flown by Nasa which flew at Mach 9.97. The fuel source was Hydrogen, which is extremely more volatile and combustible then kerosene (JP-7), via a cylinder in the main body. If it had used our technology, that entire section of the airframe would had been an 8,000 PSI H2 tank, which would had yielded 5-6 times the capacity. While the X-43 flew 11 seconds under power at Mach 9.97, at 6 times the fuel capacity would had yielded apx 66 seconds of fuel under power at Mach 9.97. If it had flew slower, around Mach 6, same principles applied would had yielded apx 500 seconds of fuel supply under power (slower speeds required less energy to maintain).
Enhanced Fuel Mixture During Shock Train Interaction
Normally, fuel injection is conducted at the correct insertion point within the shock train for maximum burn/combustion. Our methodologies differ, since almost half the fuel injection is conducted PRE shock train within the isolator, so at the point of isolator injection the fuel enhances the combustion process, which then requires less fuel injection to reach the same level of thrust capabilities.
Improved Bow Shock Interaction
Smoother interaction at hypersonic velocities and mitigating heat/stresses for beyond Mach 6 thermodynamics, which extraordinarily improves Type 3, 4, and 5 shock interaction.
6,000+ Fahrenheit Thermal Resistance
To date, the maximum thermal resistance was tested at AFRL in the spring of 2018, which resulted in a 3,200F thermal resistance for a short duration. This technology, allows for normalized hypersonic thermal resistance of 3,000-3,500F sustained, and up to 6,500F resistance for short endurance, ie 90 seconds or less. 10-20 minute resistance estimate approximately 4,500F +/- 200F.
*** This technology advancement also applies to Aerospike rocket engines, in which it is common for Aerospike's to exceed 4,500-5,000F temperatures, which results in the melting of the reversed bell housing. That melting no longer ocurrs, providing for stable combustion to ocurr for the entire flight envelope
Scramjet Propulsion Side Wall Cooling
With old technologies, side wall cooling is required for hypersonic flight and scramjet propulsion systems, otherwise the isolator and combustion regions of a scramjet would melt, even using advanced ablatives and ceramics, due to their inability to cope with very high temperatures. Using technology we have developed for very high thermodynamics and high stresses, side wall cooling is no longer required, thus removing that variable from the design process and focusing on improved ignition processes and increasing net thrust values.
Lower Threshold for Hypersonic Ignition
Active and adaptive flight dynamics, resulting in the ability for scramjet ignition at a much lower velocity, ie within ramjet envelope, between Mach 2-4, and seamless transition from supersonic to hypersonic flight, ie supersonic ramjet (scramjet). This active and dynamic aspect, has a wide variety of parameters for many flight dynamics, velocities, and altitudes; which means platforms no longer need to be engineered for specific altitude ranges or preset velocities, but those parameters can then be selected during launch configuration and are able to adapt actively in flight.
Dramatically Improved Maneuvering Capabilities at Hypersonic Velocities
Hypersonic vehicles, like their less technologically advanced brethren, use large actuator and the developers hope those controls surfaces do not disintegrate in flight. In reality, it is like rolling the dice, they may or may not survive, hence another reason why the attempt to keep velocities to Mach 6 or below. We have shrunken down control actuators while almost doubling torque and response capabilities specifically for hypersonic dynamics and extreme stresses involved, which makes it possible for maximum input authority for Mach 10 and beyond.
Paradigm Shift in Control Surface Methodologies, Increasing Control Authority (Internal Mechanical Applications)
To date, most control surfaces for hypersonic missile platforms still use fins, similar to lower speed conventional missiles, and some using ducted fins. This is mostly due to lack of comprehension of hypersonic velocities in their own favor. Instead, the body itself incorporates those control surfaces, greatly enhancing the airframe strength, opening up more space for hardware and fuel capacity; while simultaneously enhancing the platforms maneuvering capabilities.
A scramjet missile can then fly like conventional missile platforms, and not straight and level at high altitudes, losing velocity on it's decent trajectory to target. Another added benefit to this aspect, is the ability to extend range greatly, so if anyone elses hypersonic missile platform were developed for 400 mile range, falling out of the sky due to lack of glide capabilities; our platforms can easily reach 600+ miles, with minimal glide deceleration.
NEWER STORAGE BINS AND ELEVATOR FOR THE SAWDUST AND WOOD CHIPS (R) AT THE A&P PALLET MFG. PLANT.
LOCALLY AVAILABLE BIOMASS, IN THIS CASE SAWDUST AND WOOD CHIPS FROM A PALLET MANUFACTURING PROCESS, IS PROCESSED TO PRODUCE MORE USABLE FORMS OF BIOMASS. THE PROCESS AT THIS PLANT PRODUCES CHARCOAL FOR MARKETING AND STEAM FOR A NEIGHBORING RICE PROCESSING PLANT. TO THE LEFT IS THE TEEPEE BURNER AND OTHER CHIP AND SAWDUST HANDLING EQUIPMENT THAT IS NO LONGER BEING USED.
For more information or additional images, please contact 202-586-5251.
As part of the required course knowledge pupils need to be able to outline the process involved in taking a square wooden blank and preparing it for turning between centres. These pictures depict that process chronologically.
Stage 1 * Preparation of wooden blank. Cut to size. Sand square. Mark across diagonals. Centre punch the centre point. Use spring dividers to mark circumference. Repeat on other end.
Stage 2 * Plane off corners down to circumference line. This takes cross section from square to octagon. This reduces force on cutting toll in initial prep of blank. Mount between fork [driven] centre and dead [or live ] centre at tailstock end. Apply grease a dead centre end. apply force from tailstock end to force fork into material at driven end. Adjust toolstock height to suit. Check for clearance.
Stage 3 * Roughout using scraper to diameter. Use combination of gouges and skew chisels to add beads and other decorative detailing as required. Ensure spindle speed is appropriate for material and cross section under consideration. Obey all safety instructions.
Graham Harwood (UK), Matsuko Yokokoji (JP).
A coal-fired boiler powers a network of computers exploring the relationships between power and media. Coal Fired Computers explores the ecologies that have created and maintained power, and the subsequent health residues and crisis of fuelling that power. The work responds to the displacement of coal production to distant India, China or Vietnam and our industrial heritage, in particular the work of Charles Parsons whose steam turbine is used to produce 40% of today’s electricity. In many countries this rate is much higher (more than 70% in India and China).
According to the World Health Organization, 318.000 deaths occur annually from chronic bronchitis and emphysema caused by exposure to coal dust. The common perception is that wealthy countries have put this all behind them, displacing coal dust into the lungs of unrecorded, unknown miners in distant lands, coal returning in our lives in the form of cheap and apparently clean goods we consume.
Coal fired energy not only powers our computers here in Europe, but is integral to the production of the 300.000.000 computers made each year. 81% of the energy used in a computer’s life cycle is expended in the manufacturing process, now taking place in countries with high levels of coal consumption.
In the heart of Old Town, historic factory is among the oldest in Grasse ... Indeed the current premises sheltered from their beginning in 1782, a perfume factory. In 1926, after the famous painter Jean Honoré Fragonard, it takes the name of Parfumerie Fragonard. Since then, every day, we produce are our perfumes, cosmetics and soaps in a respectful environment of tradition. We would be happy to welcome you and offer you a guided tour during which you will discover the different manufacturing processes and packaging our products. At the end of your visit, you can admire 3000 years of history of perfume through our private museum.
Dedicated to the perfume and aromatic plants, Flower Factory is surrounded by a beautiful garden scented plants ... the gates of Grasse, this contemporary factory opened in 1986 is equipped with very modern machinery for the manufacture and packaging of our products.
WORKSHOP ODOR "Perfumer's Apprentice"
Available on the French Riviera and Paris, in factories, workshops Perfumers Apprentice can discover the expertise of Perfumer: the history of perfume, raw materials and different extraction methods.
Experience unforgettable sense centered on the composition of a toilet water (100 ml) in aromatic notes of citrus and orange blossom, by assembling the different species made available. A fun and exciting experience in the world of perfumery, which proposes the course led by the teacher, the bottle and its bag, apron "apprentice" printed Fragonard, the diploma signed by the teacher and the summary of the composition .
One of our guides will accompany you as a result of the workshop for a visit "Prestige" from our factory.
Located in one of the oldest houses in the historic center of the city, this perfume offers original creations of Didier Gaglewski.
Didier Gaglewski, "nose" in Grasse, began offering its achievements in the framework Living in Provence and in Paris, Germany and Switzerland. Both "artisan", "artist", he decided to offer his achievements directly driven by the idea that the quality, originality and respect perfume composition will dress with fun, humor and quality its customers.
Requiring each of its perfumes, made in the privacy of his laboratory, took several months of research. In partnership with Michelle Cavalier and the "garden of La Bastide," Didier Gaglewski also remains closer to the flowers and working the land. Try to trace extraction techniques inherited from the past and plants specific to the region perfumes seduce and make a very personal and authentic. This atypical creator is distinguished by its compositions made in Grasse basin, its choice to favor natural raw materials and the search for sobriety.
Front satisfaction and customer demands wishing to regain the proposed perfumes, shop in Grasse, 12 rue of the Oratory, just steps from the International Perfume Museum to discover the scents and recent creations.
The country house of Aromas
Based in Saint Cézaire on Siagne in the Pays de Grasse, the Bastide aromas manufactures and packages fragrances since 1995.
Saint Cézaire on Siagne is a typical Provencal village a few kilometers from Grasse, the world capital of perfumery.
The homemade studio human scale can meet all your demands. The 100% handmade is carried out in the workshop without intermediary, under the control of a chemist.
La Bastide des Aromas, respects the traditions of the Grasse region and offers the exclusive fragrances custom made in the workshop on-site, high quality, with particular stress on the fragrance concentration, her outfit and originality.
Mach 8-10 Hypersonic Commercial Aircraft, It-1, 202 Passenger
Seating: 202 | Crew 2+4 (250 if denser seating)
Length: 195ft | Span: 93ft
Engines: 4 U-TBCC (Unified Turbine Based Combined Cycle)
+1 Aerospike for sustained 2G acceleration to Mach 10.
Fuel: H2 (Compressed Hydrogen)
Cruising Altitude: 100,000-125,000ft
Airframe: 75% Proprietary Composites
Operating Costs, Similar to a 737. $7,000-$15,000hr, including averaged maintenance costs
Iteration 1
IO Aircraft www.ioaircraft.com
Drew Blair www.linkedin.com/in/drew-b-25485312/
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hypersonic plane, hypersonic aircraft, hypersonic commercial plane, hypersonic commercial aircraft, hypersonic airline, tbcc, glide breaker, fighter plane, hyperonic fighter, boeing phantom express, phantom works, boeing phantom works, lockheed skunk works, hypersonic weapon, hypersonic missile, scramjet missile, scramjet engineering, scramjet physics, boost glide, tactical glide vehicle, Boeing XS-1, htv, Air Launched Rapid Response Weapon, (ARRW), hypersonic tactical vehicle, space plane, scramjet, turbine based combined cycle, ramjet, dual mode ramjet, darpa, onr, navair, afrl, air force research lab, office of naval research, defense advanced research project agency, defense science, missile defense agency, aerospike, hydrogen, hydrogen storage, hydrogen fueled, hydrogen aircraft
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Unified Turbine Based Combined Cycle. Current technologies and what Lockheed is trying to force on the Dept of Defense, for that low speed Mach 5 plane DOD gave them $1 billion to build and would disintegrate above Mach 5, is TBCC. 2 separate propulsion systems in the same airframe, which requires TWICE the airframe space to use.
Unified Turbine Based Combined Cycle is 1 propulsion system cutting that airframe deficit in half, and also able to operate above Mach 10 up to Mach 15 in atmosphere, and a simple nozzle modification allows for outside atmosphere rocket mode, ie orbital capable.
Additionally, Reaction Engines maximum air breather mode is Mach 4.5, above that it will explode in flight from internal pressures are too high to operate. Thus, must switch to non air breather rocket mode to operate in atmosphere in hypersonic velocities. Which as a result, makes it not feasible for anything practical. It also takes an immense amount of fuel to function.
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Advanced Additive Manufacturing for Hypersonic Aircraft
Utilizing new methods of fabrication and construction, make it possible to use additive manufacturing, dramatically reducing the time and costs of producing hypersonic platforms from missiles, aircraft, and space capable craft. Instead of aircraft being produced in piece, then bolted together; small platforms can be produced as a single unit and large platforms can be produces in large section and mated without bolting. These techniques include using exotic materials and advanced assembly processes, with an end result of streamlining the production costs and time for hypersonic aircraft; reducing months of assembly to weeks. Overall, this process greatly reduced the cost for producing hypersonic platforms. Even to such an extent that a Hellfire missile costs apx $100,000 but by utilizing our technologies, replacing it with a Mach 8-10 hypersonic missile of our physics/engineering and that missile would cost roughly $75,000 each delivered.
Materials used for these manufacturing processes are not disclosed, but overall, provides a foundation for extremely high stresses and thermodynamics, ideal for hypersonic platforms. This specific methodology and materials applications is many decades ahead of all known programs. Even to the extend of normalized space flight and re-entry, without concern of thermodynamic failure.
*Note, most entities that are experimenting with additive manufacturing for hypersonic aircraft, this makes it mainstream and standardized processes, which also applies for mass production.
What would normally be measured in years and perhaps a decade to go from drawing board to test flights, is reduced to singular months and ready for production within a year maximum.
Unified Turbine Based Combined Cycle (U-TBCC)
To date, the closest that NASA and industry have achieved for turbine based aircraft to fly at hypersonic velocities is by mounting a turbine into an aircraft and sharing the inlet with a scramjet or rocket based motor. Reaction Engines Sabre is not able to achieve hypersonic velocities and can only transition into a non air breathing rocket for beyond Mach 4.5
However, utilizing Unified Turbine Based Combine Cycle also known as U-TBCC, the two separate platforms are able to share a common inlet and the dual mode ramjet/scramjet is contained within the engine itself, which allows for a much smaller airframe footprint, thus engingeers are able to then design much higher performance aerial platforms for hypersonic flight, including the ability for constructing true single stage to orbit aircraft by utilizing a modification/version that allows for transition to outside atmosphere propulsion without any other propulsion platforms within the aircraft. By transitioning and developing aircraft to use Unified Turbine Based Combined Cycle, this propulsion system opens up new options to replace that airframe deficit for increased fuel capacity and/or payload.
Enhanced Dynamic Cavitation
Dramatically Increasing the efficiency of fuel air mixture for combustion processes at hypersonic velocities within scramjet propulsion platforms. The aspects of these processes are non disclosable.
Dynamic Scramjet Ignition Processes
For optimal scramjet ignition, a process known as Self Start is sought after, but in many cases if the platform becomes out of attitude, the scramjet will ignite. We have already solved this problem which as a result, a scramjet propulsion system can ignite at lower velocities, high velocities, at optimal attitude or not optimal attitude. It doesn't matter, it will ignite anyways at the proper point for maximum thrust capabilities at hypersonic velocities.
Hydrogen vs Kerosene Fuel Sources
Kerosene is an easy fuel to work with, and most western nations developing scramjet platforms use Kerosene for that fact. However, while kerosene has better thermal properties then Hydrogen, Hydrogen is a far superior fuel source in scramjet propulsion flight, do it having a much higher efficiency capability. Because of this aspect, in conjunction with our developments, it allows for a MUCH increased fuel to air mixture, combustion, thrust; and ability for higher speeds; instead of very low hypersonic velocities in the Mach 5-6 range. Instead, Mach 8-10 range, while we have begun developing hypersonic capabilities to exceed 15 in atmosphere within less then 5 years.
Conforming High Pressure Tank Technology for CNG and H2.
As most know in hypersonics, Hydrogen is a superior fuel source, but due to the storage abilities, can only be stored in cylinders thus much less fuel supply. Not anymore, we developed conforming high pressure storage technology for use in aerospace, automotive sectors, maritime, etc; which means any overall shape required for 8,000+ PSI CNG or Hydrogen. For hypersonic platforms, this means the ability to store a much larger volume of hydrogen vs cylinders.
As an example, X-43 flown by Nasa which flew at Mach 9.97. The fuel source was Hydrogen, which is extremely more volatile and combustible then kerosene (JP-7), via a cylinder in the main body. If it had used our technology, that entire section of the airframe would had been an 8,000 PSI H2 tank, which would had yielded 5-6 times the capacity. While the X-43 flew 11 seconds under power at Mach 9.97, at 6 times the fuel capacity would had yielded apx 66 seconds of fuel under power at Mach 9.97. If it had flew slower, around Mach 6, same principles applied would had yielded apx 500 seconds of fuel supply under power (slower speeds required less energy to maintain).
Enhanced Fuel Mixture During Shock Train Interaction
Normally, fuel injection is conducted at the correct insertion point within the shock train for maximum burn/combustion. Our methodologies differ, since almost half the fuel injection is conducted PRE shock train within the isolator, so at the point of isolator injection the fuel enhances the combustion process, which then requires less fuel injection to reach the same level of thrust capabilities.
Improved Bow Shock Interaction
Smoother interaction at hypersonic velocities and mitigating heat/stresses for beyond Mach 6 thermodynamics, which extraordinarily improves Type 3, 4, and 5 shock interaction.
6,000+ Fahrenheit Thermal Resistance
To date, the maximum thermal resistance was tested at AFRL in the spring of 2018, which resulted in a 3,200F thermal resistance for a short duration. This technology, allows for normalized hypersonic thermal resistance of 3,000-3,500F sustained, and up to 6,500F resistance for short endurance, ie 90 seconds or less. 10-20 minute resistance estimate approximately 4,500F +/- 200F.
*** This technology advancement also applies to Aerospike rocket engines, in which it is common for Aerospike's to exceed 4,500-5,000F temperatures, which results in the melting of the reversed bell housing. That melting no longer ocurrs, providing for stable combustion to ocurr for the entire flight envelope
Scramjet Propulsion Side Wall Cooling
With old technologies, side wall cooling is required for hypersonic flight and scramjet propulsion systems, otherwise the isolator and combustion regions of a scramjet would melt, even using advanced ablatives and ceramics, due to their inability to cope with very high temperatures. Using technology we have developed for very high thermodynamics and high stresses, side wall cooling is no longer required, thus removing that variable from the design process and focusing on improved ignition processes and increasing net thrust values.
Lower Threshold for Hypersonic Ignition
Active and adaptive flight dynamics, resulting in the ability for scramjet ignition at a much lower velocity, ie within ramjet envelope, between Mach 2-4, and seamless transition from supersonic to hypersonic flight, ie supersonic ramjet (scramjet). This active and dynamic aspect, has a wide variety of parameters for many flight dynamics, velocities, and altitudes; which means platforms no longer need to be engineered for specific altitude ranges or preset velocities, but those parameters can then be selected during launch configuration and are able to adapt actively in flight.
Dramatically Improved Maneuvering Capabilities at Hypersonic Velocities
Hypersonic vehicles, like their less technologically advanced brethren, use large actuator and the developers hope those controls surfaces do not disintegrate in flight. In reality, it is like rolling the dice, they may or may not survive, hence another reason why the attempt to keep velocities to Mach 6 or below. We have shrunken down control actuators while almost doubling torque and response capabilities specifically for hypersonic dynamics and extreme stresses involved, which makes it possible for maximum input authority for Mach 10 and beyond.
Paradigm Shift in Control Surface Methodologies, Increasing Control Authority (Internal Mechanical Applications)
To date, most control surfaces for hypersonic missile platforms still use fins, similar to lower speed conventional missiles, and some using ducted fins. This is mostly due to lack of comprehension of hypersonic velocities in their own favor. Instead, the body itself incorporates those control surfaces, greatly enhancing the airframe strength, opening up more space for hardware and fuel capacity; while simultaneously enhancing the platforms maneuvering capabilities.
A scramjet missile can then fly like conventional missile platforms, and not straight and level at high altitudes, losing velocity on it's decent trajectory to target. Another added benefit to this aspect, is the ability to extend range greatly, so if anyone elses hypersonic missile platform were developed for 400 mile range, falling out of the sky due to lack of glide capabilities; our platforms can easily reach 600+ miles, with minimal glide deceleration.
After 3 months of travel, which included approximately 7 weeks of sitting at Osaka International Airport, my Mandarake purchase in April 2020 finally arrived.
Here she is in all her glory, Sailor Pluto, the last of the Sailor Senshi on my "to get list".
BFF to Chibi-Usa, Sailor Pluto, or "Pu" is the Guardian of Time and leader of the Outer Senshi, soldiers gifted with stronger power than their Inner Senshi cohorts. She is generally stationed at that one spot preventing trespassers from entering the future. Well, things got screwy and required Pluto to not only abandon her post, but eventually abandon her timeline completely and return to the present under the civilian guise of Setsuna Meioh.
In addition to being a very competent soldier, Sailor Pluto also bears one of the three Sacred Talisman, along with Sailor Uranus and Pluto, that are needed to find the Holy Grail, the only thing that can stop "The Silence", the big baddie in Season 3 of the original run.
Plus she's the only one with no sleeves on her tunic, so you KNOW she's badass.
Based on what I was reading, Pluto was a bit annoying to get due to her Exclusive release nature, something that I've run into with several of the Endgame releases.. hence my resorting to Mandarake.
Contents of the box are what you'd expect it to be - the figure, four total face plates (neutral, smiling, shouting, eyes closed), her weapon (Garnet Rod), various hands, and the standard base. The head of the staff comes off just like in the show so you can display Pluto holding her talisman.
While I wish I could say that this was just a copy and paste overview from the other Senshi, there are a few critical items worth noting.
First off, on the positive side of things, to my eyes Sailor Pluto is one of a handful of Sailor Moon Figuarts that got the proportions right, with the other two being Super Sailor Moon and Sailor Saturn. I'm not perfectly confident about her scaling, but that's another story.
Much like the other two, Sailor Pluto's faceplates seem to be the right shape, and actually wrap around her to her neck without any unsightly gaps around the ears.
Now that we got that out of the way, lets talk about the greatest barrier to enjoying this figure - her hair. Sailor Pluto has lovely knee length Olive green hair. Good news, Tamashii Nations replicated this. Bad news, it's one solid piece of hard plastic with one point of articulation on the top of her head which is much more annoying to position than you'd think. The same stiff plastic makes up the front of her hair as well, so overall Pluto has a slightly different sheen to her hair as compared to the other Senshi. Detailing on the hair is average - it won't impress, but it won't make you question the manufacturing process either.
There are a few more exciting poses you can get her into, but in general Pluto is going to be one of those figures that does a lot of epic standing, and even then you might want to consider using the stand full time.
Articulation wise, she's got what the ladies do (ankles, knees, hips with pull down, mid torso, shoulders with some collapse and bicep swivel, elbows, wrists, and head), but as stated above your limiting factor is going to be the hair. I guess if it is any consolation, I don't remember Pluto doing much other than her projectile attacks so no crazy gymnastics come to mind.
Paint work is the usual mix of good and meh when it comes to this line, with the messiest spots around her waist where the white paint meets the skirt - interesting thing to note is that the skirt is a separate piece, so basically this is not a masking issue.. they just really sucked at applying the paint. That's kind of the story overall - it's pretty good, then you hit a spot where you go "OOF". Decals on the face are pretty solid.
Finally there's build quality and yeah, good all around. If you've handled one Senshi you've generally handled them all. In the event you haven't, expect limbs to the right size, joints to be tight, and finishes on the various parts to range from "great" to "you really didn't try that hard did you", a common problem with earlier Figuarts. Overall, most handling will be find though as always extra caution when changing hands or doing any sudden movements is recommended.
That, friends, was the last Sailor Senshi. Pluto looks great as far as aesthetics go, but from an articulation perspective sadly the hair is quite limiting. Still, there's no doubt that Pluto will look great standing in with the rest of the crew, which is probably the only reason you'd be getting one of these to begin with.
Io Aircraft - www.ioaircraft.com
Drew Blair
www.linkedin.com/in/drew-b-25485312/
io aircraft, phantom express, phantom works, boeing phantom works, lockheed skunk works, hypersonic weapon, hypersonic missile, scramjet missile, scramjet engineering, scramjet physics, boost glide, tactical glide vehicle, Boeing XS-1, htv, Air-Launched Rapid Response Weapon, (ARRW), hypersonic tactical vehicle, hypersonic plane, hypersonic aircraft, space plane, scramjet, turbine based combined cycle, ramjet, dual mode ramjet, darpa, onr, navair, afrl, air force research lab, defense science, missile defense agency, aerospike,
Advanced Additive Manufacturing for Hypersonic Aircraft
Utilizing new methods of fabrication and construction, make it possible to use additive manufacturing, dramatically reducing the time and costs of producing hypersonic platforms from missiles, aircraft, and space capable craft. Instead of aircraft being produced in piece, then bolted together; small platforms can be produced as a single unit and large platforms can be produces in large section and mated without bolting. These techniques include using exotic materials and advanced assembly processes, with an end result of streamlining the production costs and time for hypersonic aircraft; reducing months of assembly to weeks. Overall, this process greatly reduced the cost for producing hypersonic platforms. Even to such an extent that a Hellfire missile costs apx $100,000 but by utilizing our technologies, replacing it with a Mach 8-10 hypersonic missile of our physics/engineering and that missile would cost roughly $75,000 each delivered.
Materials used for these manufacturing processes are not disclosed, but overall, provides a foundation for extremely high stresses and thermodynamics, ideal for hypersonic platforms. This specific methodology and materials applications is many decades ahead of all known programs. Even to the extend of normalized space flight and re-entry, without concern of thermodynamic failure.
*Note, most entities that are experimenting with additive manufacturing for hypersonic aircraft, this makes it mainstream and standardized processes, which also applies for mass production.
What would normally be measured in years and perhaps a decade to go from drawing board to test flights, is reduced to singular months and ready for production within a year maximum.
Unified Turbine Based Combined Cycle (U-TBCC)
To date, the closest that NASA and industry have achieved for turbine based aircraft to fly at hypersonic velocities is by mounting a turbine into an aircraft and sharing the inlet with a scramjet or rocket based motor. Reaction Engines Sabre is not able to achieve hypersonic velocities and can only transition into a non air breathing rocket for beyond Mach 4.5
However, utilizing Unified Turbine Based Combine Cycle also known as U-TBCC, the two separate platforms are able to share a common inlet and the dual mode ramjet/scramjet is contained within the engine itself, which allows for a much smaller airframe footprint, thus engingeers are able to then design much higher performance aerial platforms for hypersonic flight, including the ability for constructing true single stage to orbit aircraft by utilizing a modification/version that allows for transition to outside atmosphere propulsion without any other propulsion platforms within the aircraft. By transitioning and developing aircraft to use Unified Turbine Based Combined Cycle, this propulsion system opens up new options to replace that airframe deficit for increased fuel capacity and/or payload.
Enhanced Dynamic Cavitation
Dramatically Increasing the efficiency of fuel air mixture for combustion processes at hypersonic velocities within scramjet propulsion platforms. The aspects of these processes are non disclosable.
Dynamic Scramjet Ignition Processes
For optimal scramjet ignition, a process known as Self Start is sought after, but in many cases if the platform becomes out of attitude, the scramjet will ignite. We have already solved this problem which as a result, a scramjet propulsion system can ignite at lower velocities, high velocities, at optimal attitude or not optimal attitude. It doesn't matter, it will ignite anyways at the proper point for maximum thrust capabilities at hypersonic velocities.
Hydrogen vs Kerosene Fuel Sources
Kerosene is an easy fuel to work with, and most western nations developing scramjet platforms use Kerosene for that fact. However, while kerosene has better thermal properties then Hydrogen, Hydrogen is a far superior fuel source in scramjet propulsion flight, do it having a much higher efficiency capability. Because of this aspect, in conjunction with our developments, it allows for a MUCH increased fuel to air mixture, combustion, thrust; and ability for higher speeds; instead of very low hypersonic velocities in the Mach 5-6 range. Instead, Mach 8-10 range, while we have begun developing hypersonic capabilities to exceed 15 in atmosphere within less then 5 years.
Conforming High Pressure Tank Technology for CNG and H2.
As most know in hypersonics, Hydrogen is a superior fuel source, but due to the storage abilities, can only be stored in cylinders thus much less fuel supply. Not anymore, we developed conforming high pressure storage technology for use in aerospace, automotive sectors, maritime, etc; which means any overall shape required for 8,000+ PSI CNG or Hydrogen. For hypersonic platforms, this means the ability to store a much larger volume of hydrogen vs cylinders.
As an example, X-43 flown by Nasa which flew at Mach 9.97. The fuel source was Hydrogen, which is extremely more volatile and combustible then kerosene (JP-7), via a cylinder in the main body. If it had used our technology, that entire section of the airframe would had been an 8,000 PSI H2 tank, which would had yielded 5-6 times the capacity. While the X-43 flew 11 seconds under power at Mach 9.97, at 6 times the fuel capacity would had yielded apx 66 seconds of fuel under power at Mach 9.97. If it had flew slower, around Mach 6, same principles applied would had yielded apx 500 seconds of fuel supply under power (slower speeds required less energy to maintain).
Enhanced Fuel Mixture During Shock Train Interaction
Normally, fuel injection is conducted at the correct insertion point within the shock train for maximum burn/combustion. Our methodologies differ, since almost half the fuel injection is conducted PRE shock train within the isolator, so at the point of isolator injection the fuel enhances the combustion process, which then requires less fuel injection to reach the same level of thrust capabilities.
Improved Bow Shock Interaction
Smoother interaction at hypersonic velocities and mitigating heat/stresses for beyond Mach 6 thermodynamics, which extraordinarily improves Type 3, 4, and 5 shock interaction.
6,000+ Fahrenheit Thermal Resistance
To date, the maximum thermal resistance was tested at AFRL in the spring of 2018, which resulted in a 3,200F thermal resistance for a short duration. This technology, allows for normalized hypersonic thermal resistance of 3,000-3,500F sustained, and up to 6,500F resistance for short endurance, ie 90 seconds or less. 10-20 minute resistance estimate approximately 4,500F +/- 200F.
*** This technology advancement also applies to Aerospike rocket engines, in which it is common for Aerospike's to exceed 4,500-5,000F temperatures, which results in the melting of the reversed bell housing. That melting no longer ocurrs, providing for stable combustion to ocurr for the entire flight envelope
Scramjet Propulsion Side Wall Cooling
With old technologies, side wall cooling is required for hypersonic flight and scramjet propulsion systems, otherwise the isolator and combustion regions of a scramjet would melt, even using advanced ablatives and ceramics, due to their inability to cope with very high temperatures. Using technology we have developed for very high thermodynamics and high stresses, side wall cooling is no longer required, thus removing that variable from the design process and focusing on improved ignition processes and increasing net thrust values.
Lower Threshold for Hypersonic Ignition
Active and adaptive flight dynamics, resulting in the ability for scramjet ignition at a much lower velocity, ie within ramjet envelope, between Mach 2-4, and seamless transition from supersonic to hypersonic flight, ie supersonic ramjet (scramjet). This active and dynamic aspect, has a wide variety of parameters for many flight dynamics, velocities, and altitudes; which means platforms no longer need to be engineered for specific altitude ranges or preset velocities, but those parameters can then be selected during launch configuration and are able to adapt actively in flight.
Dramatically Improved Maneuvering Capabilities at Hypersonic Velocities
Hypersonic vehicles, like their less technologically advanced brethren, use large actuator and the developers hope those controls surfaces do not disintegrate in flight. In reality, it is like rolling the dice, they may or may not survive, hence another reason why the attempt to keep velocities to Mach 6 or below. We have shrunken down control actuators while almost doubling torque and response capabilities specifically for hypersonic dynamics and extreme stresses involved, which makes it possible for maximum input authority for Mach 10 and beyond.
Paradigm Shift in Control Surface Methodologies, Increasing Control Authority (Internal Mechanical Applications)
To date, most control surfaces for hypersonic missile platforms still use fins, similar to lower speed conventional missiles, and some using ducted fins. This is mostly due to lack of comprehension of hypersonic velocities in their own favor. Instead, the body itself incorporates those control surfaces, greatly enhancing the airframe strength, opening up more space for hardware and fuel capacity; while simultaneously enhancing the platforms maneuvering capabilities.
A scramjet missile can then fly like conventional missile platforms, and not straight and level at high altitudes, losing velocity on it's decent trajectory to target. Another added benefit to this aspect, is the ability to extend range greatly, so if anyone elses hypersonic missile platform were developed for 400 mile range, falling out of the sky due to lack of glide capabilities; our platforms can easily reach 600+ miles, with minimal glide deceleration.
Custom made pedestrian Gates with hand forged grillwork on top. This is the manufacturing process before gates will be sent for powder coating painting. Visit us at Deco Design Center www.decodesigncenter.com
Graham Harwood (UK), Matsuko Yokokoji (JP).
A coal-fired boiler powers a network of computers exploring the relationships between power and media. Coal Fired Computers explores the ecologies that have created and maintained power, and the subsequent health residues and crisis of fuelling that power. The work responds to the displacement of coal production to distant India, China or Vietnam and our industrial heritage, in particular the work of Charles Parsons whose steam turbine is used to produce 40% of today’s electricity. In many countries this rate is much higher (more than 70% in India and China).
According to the World Health Organization, 318.000 deaths occur annually from chronic bronchitis and emphysema caused by exposure to coal dust. The common perception is that wealthy countries have put this all behind them, displacing coal dust into the lungs of unrecorded, unknown miners in distant lands, coal returning in our lives in the form of cheap and apparently clean goods we consume.
Coal fired energy not only powers our computers here in Europe, but is integral to the production of the 300.000.000 computers made each year. 81% of the energy used in a computer’s life cycle is expended in the manufacturing process, now taking place in countries with high levels of coal consumption.
Graham Harwood (UK), Matsuko Yokokoji (JP).
A coal-fired boiler powers a network of computers exploring the relationships between power and media. Coal Fired Computers explores the ecologies that have created and maintained power, and the subsequent health residues and crisis of fuelling that power. The work responds to the displacement of coal production to distant India, China or Vietnam and our industrial heritage, in particular the work of Charles Parsons whose steam turbine is used to produce 40% of today’s electricity. In many countries this rate is much higher (more than 70% in India and China).
According to the World Health Organization, 318.000 deaths occur annually from chronic bronchitis and emphysema caused by exposure to coal dust. The common perception is that wealthy countries have put this all behind them, displacing coal dust into the lungs of unrecorded, unknown miners in distant lands, coal returning in our lives in the form of cheap and apparently clean goods we consume.
Coal fired energy not only powers our computers here in Europe, but is integral to the production of the 300.000.000 computers made each year. 81% of the energy used in a computer’s life cycle is expended in the manufacturing process, now taking place in countries with high levels of coal consumption.
By renowned architect James Salmon Jr. (Salmon, Son and Gillespie), 1904-7. Glasgow Style Art Nouveau. Tall, 8-storey commercial building with shop at ground floor. Reinforced concrete construction. Casement windows with small-pane glazing. 1st floor cill band. Sculpted panel between 1st and 2nd floors: THE LION CHAMBERS. Square canted section in southmost bay rising from 1st to 4th floor corbelled out on sculpted judges heads at 4th floor; wide semi-circular keyblocked window at 6th floor surmounted by pedimented gable. Canted corner bay slightly advanced over 4th floor and surmounted by octagonal cupola. Southern return: simple fenestration and pedimented gable. Return to Bath Lane: canted return bays with metal casements.
Built for lawyer/writer William George Black. This explains the sculpted judges heads. Black was well-established within the Glasgow Art Club and provided artists studios into his plans for the upper floors of the building. The building is the second reinforced concrete structure in Glasgow and amongst the first few in Britain.
The building was built using the Hennebique system by French Engineer, François Hennebique. This system involves reinforced concrete instead of steel frames, making the building fireproof. The Hennebique system was designed to strengthen concrete to make it withstand forces which damage concrete the most. This allows the walls to be extremely thin with a thickness of only 100mm. However, the Hennebique system does have negative attributes, including the complexity of the framework and moulding in the manufacturing process. The concrete can weather away easily, considerably in weather in the United Kingdom, which was one of the main reasons the Lion Chambers has had to be abandoned.
Sadly this important building is on the Buildings at Risk register listed “critical” with the owners, having been served with a Dangerous Building Notice, wanting to demolish it. Only it’s A-listed status saving it. Remedial repairs were estimated at £1-1.5 million back in 1991 when occupants of the building were evacuated following fears of collapse. Money has been raised to cover parts of the building with mesh after lumps were spotted falling off it.
One type of #growing medium that cannabis plants use is expanded clay pebbles and is a big part of hydroponic gardening. It’s spherical, light, and it also has a ceramic feeling to this and also has a lot of iron in this.
It does need to go through different manufacturing processes, where they get heated to higher temperature levels, expanding the #clay, trapping the air within little clay balls. The pebbles are great for hydroponic gardening, but it also is good for insulation and also other applications too.
This can be up to 15 mm for the large pebbles, and the bigger ones will hold onto moisture a whole lot more, and for a much longer period of time than those which are smaller.
Can you use clay pebbles to grow cannabis.
You can, and it’s something that lets you use the ebb and flow, or the drip feeding system into a tray or pot to grow this.
How do you use this then? We’ll go over that now.
The steps
If you’re going to grow something in expanded clay pebbles, you need to first make sure that the impurities and other residues are cleaned up and are sterilized.
You want to make sure that this happens so it doesn’t ruin the PH or the EC levels , and you want to make sure it’s all stabilized correctly too.
You want to clean this and make sure that they’re in a 5.5 ph. solution for up to 48 hours, and make sure that they’re cleaned every single day. This does play a major role in the development of a plant, and it’s health.
You then want to use either ra floor and drain or a #drip system, we’ll go over each of these next.
Flood and Drain
Flood and drain systems are made up of a tray that has about 10 cm of depth to it, and ten, it’s filled up with the pebbles. Then, there is a #drainage area that’s connected to a tube that works to create a control system for the #flooding, getting rid of the water. If that doesn’t stop it the way it should, it can help to prevent the damages, or also the flooding of the water irrigation within the space to grow.
This is something that lets you evacuate each of the nutrients, which helps with the substrate, and lets you control the humidity levels along with the #irrigation as needed too.
Drip irrigation
This is something that works well too for clay pebbles, where you put the drippers in the correct location to make sure that the water distributes evenly, and that all parts of the substrate have the same, or something similar in moisture levels, so that you don’t have to worry about the pockets drying, and the roots are only developing in the presence of #moisture.
When you grow these, you need to factor in the humidity, ventilation and whatnot, so that you don’t have it stay too wet for too long.
#Fertilizing this
You will notice with this that the roots get attached to the clay and then grow this, and it grows directly with the solution of nutrients.
The EC in this needs to be lower than those that are typically used in the growing of #coco-coir, and that’s because this is something that you don’t want to hit past .6 points since this can cause the #plants to struggle with growth.
You don’t want to let the #EC get too high right away, so that it grows well, and lets the plants properly grow without deficiencies.
After 3 months of travel, which included approximately 7 weeks of sitting at Osaka International Airport, my Mandarake purchase in April 2020 finally arrived.
Here she is in all her glory, Sailor Pluto, the last of the Sailor Senshi on my "to get list".
BFF to Chibi-Usa, Sailor Pluto, or "Pu" is the Guardian of Time and leader of the Outer Senshi, soldiers gifted with stronger power than their Inner Senshi cohorts. She is generally stationed at that one spot preventing trespassers from entering the future. Well, things got screwy and required Pluto to not only abandon her post, but eventually abandon her timeline completely and return to the present under the civilian guise of Setsuna Meioh.
In addition to being a very competent soldier, Sailor Pluto also bears one of the three Sacred Talisman, along with Sailor Uranus and Pluto, that are needed to find the Holy Grail, the only thing that can stop "The Silence", the big baddie in Season 3 of the original run.
Plus she's the only one with no sleeves on her tunic, so you KNOW she's badass.
Based on what I was reading, Pluto was a bit annoying to get due to her Exclusive release nature, something that I've run into with several of the Endgame releases.. hence my resorting to Mandarake.
Contents of the box are what you'd expect it to be - the figure, four total face plates (neutral, smiling, shouting, eyes closed), her weapon (Garnet Rod), various hands, and the standard base. The head of the staff comes off just like in the show so you can display Pluto holding her talisman.
While I wish I could say that this was just a copy and paste overview from the other Senshi, there are a few critical items worth noting.
First off, on the positive side of things, to my eyes Sailor Pluto is one of a handful of Sailor Moon Figuarts that got the proportions right, with the other two being Super Sailor Moon and Sailor Saturn. I'm not perfectly confident about her scaling, but that's another story.
Much like the other two, Sailor Pluto's faceplates seem to be the right shape, and actually wrap around her to her neck without any unsightly gaps around the ears.
Now that we got that out of the way, lets talk about the greatest barrier to enjoying this figure - her hair. Sailor Pluto has lovely knee length Olive green hair. Good news, Tamashii Nations replicated this. Bad news, it's one solid piece of hard plastic with one point of articulation on the top of her head which is much more annoying to position than you'd think. The same stiff plastic makes up the front of her hair as well, so overall Pluto has a slightly different sheen to her hair as compared to the other Senshi. Detailing on the hair is average - it won't impress, but it won't make you question the manufacturing process either.
There are a few more exciting poses you can get her into, but in general Pluto is going to be one of those figures that does a lot of epic standing, and even then you might want to consider using the stand full time.
Articulation wise, she's got what the ladies do (ankles, knees, hips with pull down, mid torso, shoulders with some collapse and bicep swivel, elbows, wrists, and head), but as stated above your limiting factor is going to be the hair. I guess if it is any consolation, I don't remember Pluto doing much other than her projectile attacks so no crazy gymnastics come to mind.
Paint work is the usual mix of good and meh when it comes to this line, with the messiest spots around her waist where the white paint meets the skirt - interesting thing to note is that the skirt is a separate piece, so basically this is not a masking issue.. they just really sucked at applying the paint. That's kind of the story overall - it's pretty good, then you hit a spot where you go "OOF". Decals on the face are pretty solid.
Finally there's build quality and yeah, good all around. If you've handled one Senshi you've generally handled them all. In the event you haven't, expect limbs to the right size, joints to be tight, and finishes on the various parts to range from "great" to "you really didn't try that hard did you", a common problem with earlier Figuarts. Overall, most handling will be find though as always extra caution when changing hands or doing any sudden movements is recommended.
That, friends, was the last Sailor Senshi. Pluto looks great as far as aesthetics go, but from an articulation perspective sadly the hair is quite limiting. Still, there's no doubt that Pluto will look great standing in with the rest of the crew, which is probably the only reason you'd be getting one of these to begin with.
نوع المحل مقهى، القيمة الإيجارية 34 جنيها و80 قرشا، تحريرا فى15/ 3 /1958، اسم ولقب المرخص إليه ماريا خريستو بانيس بمنطقة المنشية، هذا ما حواه عقد ترخيص المقهى الأشهر بالإسكندرية المعروف بمقهى الهندى.
عند دخولك للمقهى ستتذكر ذلك المشهد الشهير لأحمد عز بفيلم ملاكى إسكندرية وهو يقوم بتعزية صديقه منتصر داخل منزله بالإسكندرية والذى يظهر فيه مقهى الهندى واضحا بالبهو العملاق والأسقف الإيطالية ذات الطراز المعمارى المتميز.
«الشروق» تحدثت مع طارق على الهندى مالك المقهى الآن ونجل صاحبها الذى اشتهر بسماعه لأغنيات عبدالحليم حافظ خصوصا أغانيه الحماسية من تسجيلات وحفلات.
يقول طارق الهندى: «المقهى كانت تملكه اليونانية ماريا خريستو بانيس بالمشاركة مع والدى على الهندى رحمه الله، إلى أن انتقلت الملكية لوالدى كما تشير الرخصة، لكنها اشتهرت منذ تاريخ إنشائها باسم قهوة على الهندى، وهذا اللقب لوالدى يعود لجدى الذى كان هندى الجنسية».
يضيف طارق إن المقهى يعتبر تجمعا لمشاهير إسكندرية منذ إنشائها مثل: «على فيدو» أشهر تاجر طيور سمان فى إسكندرية، والفنان السيد زيان، ومظهر أبوالنجا، ورجل الأعمال عرفة وهبة، والمطرب على الحجار، ومحمد نجم، وعبدالباسط حمودة، وريكو والكابتن محمود بكر، وأحمد الكاس، ومحمد عفيفى، وحسن مصطفى.
ويكمل طارق قائلا إن «المقهى يعتبر رافدا من روافد الحركة السياحية بالإسكندرية حيث يقبل عليه السياح من روسيا وألمانيا، إضافة إلى السياح العرب خصوصا من سوريا.
ويقول سعيد الملقب «بسلكه» العامل بالمقهى: مقهى الهندى هو أول من اخترع عملية تصنيع المعسل تفاحة، وكان تجار المعسل فى القاهرة يأتون خصيصا للمقهى لشراء المعسل.
ويضيف إن المقهى كان الوحيد الذى لم يُغلق حين حدث حظر تجول عام 1977 نتيجة لمظاهرات 18 و19 يناير، حيث كنا نقدم الطلبات على هذا السلم الشهير بسلم الخندق مؤكدا فى الوقت ذاته أن المقهى يعتبر ملاذا ومأوى للمتظاهرين على سلالم محكمة الحقانية.
كما يشتهر المقهى بأنه يحمل ملامح طراز أثرى تجذب طلب الفنون الجميلة على تحويله إلى مرسم كبير، إضافة إلى اهتمام طلبة معاهد التمثيل بتصوير أفلامهم ومشاريع تخرجهم بالمقهى.
والتقت «الشروق» مع أشهر رواد المقهى الكاتب الساخر إبراهيم السايح والذى قال «المقهى كان قبلة المثقفين اليساريين حيث كان يحتوى حوالى 700 يسارى حين كان اليسار فى مصر يسارا».
ويضيف السايح إن أول حزب يسارى تأسس فى مصر عام 1976 شهد اكبر عدد من استمارات العضوية من دائرة المنشية كان أغلبهم من رواد المقهى، كما إن قرب المقهى من محكمة الحقانية التى تشهد يوميا مظاهرات ووقفات احتجاجية جعله استراحة للمشاركين فى هذه الوقفات.
ويضيف إن المقهى اشتهر بوجود ركن للمثقفين به وركن التجار وركن الفنانين وركن الحرفيين، وركن السياسيين وركن المحامين.
Coffee shop type, the rental value of 34 pounds and 80 pounds, a liberation in 15.03.1958, licensed by the name Maria Hristo Panis area Manshiya and the title, this is what Hawwah cafe months license Alexandria cafe known Indian contract.
When you enter the cafe will remember that famous scene of Ahmed Ezz film is based angel Alexandria comfort of his friend Victor inside his home in Alexandria, in which the Indian cafe shows a clear Italian giant lobby and ceilings with a distinctive architectural style.
«Sunrise» I spoke with Tariq on Indian cafe owner and now owner's son, who became famous for songs Speaker Abdel Halim Hafez especially spirited songs of recordings and concerts.
Tariq Indian says: «The cafe was owned by Greek Maria Hristo Panis in partnership with my father on the Indian God's mercy, to be transferred ownership to the parents also indicate the license, but they are known for since its inception as the coffee on the Indian, and this title is for my parents back to my grandfather, who was an Indian national».
Tariq The cafe adds is a gathering of celebrities Alexandria since its inception such as: «Fido» months dealer birds Samman in Alexandria, and the artist Mr. Xian, and the appearance of Naga, and businessman Arafa and gift, and singer Ali El Haggar, and Muhammad Najm, and Abdul Baset Hammouda, and Rico and Captain Mahmoud Bakr, Ahmed and the cup, and Mohammed Afifi, and Hassan Mustafa.
It complements Tariq saying that «the cafe is a tributary of tourist traffic in Alexandria where it accept tourists from Russia and Germany, in addition to Arab tourists, especially from Syria.
He says Saeed, alias «Bslleke» cafe worker: Indian cafe is the first of Molasses Apple invented manufacturing process, and the traders Molasses in Cairo come specifically for the cafe to buy Molasses.
He adds that the cafe was the only one who did not close the event while a curfew in 1977 as a result of demonstrations 18 and January 19, where we offer applications on this famous staircase ditch peace stressing at the same time that the cafe is a haven and shelter to the protesters on the steps of glenoid Court.
As famous for its cafe that carries the features of the model enriched attract request of Fine Arts to turn it into a big ceremony, in addition to interest representation institutes students filmed their movies and their graduation projects cafe.
She met «sunrise» with the most famous cafe satirical writer Ibrahim Al-Sayeh, who said «the cafe was a kiss leftist intellectuals, where it only has about 700 leftist when he was left in Egypt left.»
Sayeh adds that the first left-wing party founded in Egypt in 1976 saw the largest number of organic forms of Manshiya circle was mostly of the pioneers of the cafe, and the cafe near the glenoid Court, which sees daily protest demonstrations and to stop making it a break for the participants in these stances.
He adds that the cafe is known for the presence of the corner of its intellectuals and merchants corner and cranny and corner craftsmen artists, politicians and corner and cranny of lawyers.
Bursera graveolens, known in Spanish as palo santo ("holy wood") is a tree that inhabits the coast of Ecuador. The tree belongs to the same family (Burseraceae) as frankincense and myrrh. It is widely used in folk medicine. Aged heartwood is rich in terpenes such as limonene and α-terpineol.
The use of Palo santo (or Palo Santo) from Bursera Graveolens is reported to be traditional in South America, especially in Ecuador. According to the local customs, it is used against the "mala energia" (bad energy) ("Palo Santo para limpiar tu casa de la mala energia, Palo Santo para la buena suerte" or "Palo Santo to clean your house of bad energy, Palo Santo for good luck").
This DBS pairing of Bombardier TRAXX 185 095 & 098 was recorded heading south at Wassen with bogie box wagons loaded with a trainload consignment of what looked like finished steel off-cuts from manufacturing processes that was being taken to Italy as scrap for re-cycling. The train could well have been 47025 an as required DBS working of scrap in Eaos-x wagons from Zwickau, Germany via Basel and then Chiasso to Terni in Italy.
All images on this site are exclusive property and may not be copied, downloaded, reproduced, transmitted, manipulated or used in any way without expressed written permission of the photographer. All rights reserved – Copyright Don Gatehouse
040
Friday, December 8th, 2017
Fortune Global Forum 2017
Guangzhou, China
8:00 AM–9:20 AM
SMART MANUFACTURING AND THE INTERNET OF THINGS
Around the world, factory floors and assembly lines are becoming highly automated, combining human ingenuity with data and technology to revolutionize product and productivity outcomes. As the notion of a “factory of the future” continues to evolve, how are companies incorporating “smart” and connected products into their manufacturing process? From sensors and robots to 3D printing and green technology, global companies are experimenting with a variety of methods to streamline, scale, and sustain their business. Here in China, manufacturers have been asked to deliver on the nation’s “Made in China 2025” strategy and are aggressively pursuing their own strategies to become smarter, greener, and more efficient. As these changes take hold, what are the implications for those doing business in China and for supply chains worldwide? And how are companies redeploying and reeducating their workforces as traditional factory jobs become automated and the need for technically proficient talent increases?
Hosted by The City of Guangzhou
Börje Ekholm, President and CEO, Ericsson Group
Till Reuter, Chief Executive Officer, KUKA
Tony Tan, Partner, Shanghai Office, McKinsey & Company
Wang Wenyin, Chairman, Amer International Group
Shoei Yamana, President and CEO, Konica Minolta
Zhang Jing, Founder and Chairman, Cedar Holdings Group
Moderator: Adam Lashinsky, Fortune
Photograph by Vivek Prakash/Fortune
Graham Harwood (UK), Matsuko Yokokoji (JP).
A coal-fired boiler powers a network of computers exploring the relationships between power and media. Coal Fired Computers explores the ecologies that have created and maintained power, and the subsequent health residues and crisis of fuelling that power. The work responds to the displacement of coal production to distant India, China or Vietnam and our industrial heritage, in particular the work of Charles Parsons whose steam turbine is used to produce 40% of today’s electricity. In many countries this rate is much higher (more than 70% in India and China).
According to the World Health Organization, 318.000 deaths occur annually from chronic bronchitis and emphysema caused by exposure to coal dust. The common perception is that wealthy countries have put this all behind them, displacing coal dust into the lungs of unrecorded, unknown miners in distant lands, coal returning in our lives in the form of cheap and apparently clean goods we consume.
Coal fired energy not only powers our computers here in Europe, but is integral to the production of the 300.000.000 computers made each year. 81% of the energy used in a computer’s life cycle is expended in the manufacturing process, now taking place in countries with high levels of coal consumption.
From Barfoot's series of coloured lithographs of 1840 depicting the cotton manufacturing process.
Original text written to accompany Lithograph No.4:
"In this Picture, we have a view of the outside of a set of double Carding-Engines. A Roller, covered with the matted Cotton by the Lap-Frame, is placed at the back, on the left, and the end of the sheet of cotton is taken by the Feeding-Rollers to the inside of the Machine. The Cotton then runs through Rollers and Clearers to the cylinders, which are in the form of large Drums, covered with leather Cards, thickly studded with fine pointed wires. On the outside are several small Wheels, surrounded with Teeth, which fit into each other, and thus the whole are set in motion together. The small Pulleys at the top are to lift up the covers of the cards that the inside of the Machine may be cleaned and oiled. After the Cotton has gone through the Cards, it is stripped off at the other end by a Crank, working up and down, with a brass, iron, or steel plate, which is called the Doffer, because it scrapes the Cotton from the front Cylinder. The Cotton is then drawn together by a Brass Funnel, which guides it between Iron or Brass Rollers; it is then formed into a soft rope or strip, and falls into a Can set to receive it. The firls you see in the picture are called Can-Tenders; their business is to press the Cotton slightly into the Can until it contains enough; and then, breaking the strip, to remove the full Can, and put an empty one in its place. But why should they be so careless as to let their Cans roll about the card-room floor!"
After 3 months of travel, which included approximately 7 weeks of sitting at Osaka International Airport, my Mandarake purchase in April 2020 finally arrived.
Here she is in all her glory, Sailor Pluto, the last of the Sailor Senshi on my "to get list".
BFF to Chibi-Usa, Sailor Pluto, or "Pu" is the Guardian of Time and leader of the Outer Senshi, soldiers gifted with stronger power than their Inner Senshi cohorts. She is generally stationed at that one spot preventing trespassers from entering the future. Well, things got screwy and required Pluto to not only abandon her post, but eventually abandon her timeline completely and return to the present under the civilian guise of Setsuna Meioh.
In addition to being a very competent soldier, Sailor Pluto also bears one of the three Sacred Talisman, along with Sailor Uranus and Pluto, that are needed to find the Holy Grail, the only thing that can stop "The Silence", the big baddie in Season 3 of the original run.
Plus she's the only one with no sleeves on her tunic, so you KNOW she's badass.
Based on what I was reading, Pluto was a bit annoying to get due to her Exclusive release nature, something that I've run into with several of the Endgame releases.. hence my resorting to Mandarake.
Contents of the box are what you'd expect it to be - the figure, four total face plates (neutral, smiling, shouting, eyes closed), her weapon (Garnet Rod), various hands, and the standard base. The head of the staff comes off just like in the show so you can display Pluto holding her talisman.
While I wish I could say that this was just a copy and paste overview from the other Senshi, there are a few critical items worth noting.
First off, on the positive side of things, to my eyes Sailor Pluto is one of a handful of Sailor Moon Figuarts that got the proportions right, with the other two being Super Sailor Moon and Sailor Saturn. I'm not perfectly confident about her scaling, but that's another story.
Much like the other two, Sailor Pluto's faceplates seem to be the right shape, and actually wrap around her to her neck without any unsightly gaps around the ears.
Now that we got that out of the way, lets talk about the greatest barrier to enjoying this figure - her hair. Sailor Pluto has lovely knee length Olive green hair. Good news, Tamashii Nations replicated this. Bad news, it's one solid piece of hard plastic with one point of articulation on the top of her head which is much more annoying to position than you'd think. The same stiff plastic makes up the front of her hair as well, so overall Pluto has a slightly different sheen to her hair as compared to the other Senshi. Detailing on the hair is average - it won't impress, but it won't make you question the manufacturing process either.
There are a few more exciting poses you can get her into, but in general Pluto is going to be one of those figures that does a lot of epic standing, and even then you might want to consider using the stand full time.
Articulation wise, she's got what the ladies do (ankles, knees, hips with pull down, mid torso, shoulders with some collapse and bicep swivel, elbows, wrists, and head), but as stated above your limiting factor is going to be the hair. I guess if it is any consolation, I don't remember Pluto doing much other than her projectile attacks so no crazy gymnastics come to mind.
Paint work is the usual mix of good and meh when it comes to this line, with the messiest spots around her waist where the white paint meets the skirt - interesting thing to note is that the skirt is a separate piece, so basically this is not a masking issue.. they just really sucked at applying the paint. That's kind of the story overall - it's pretty good, then you hit a spot where you go "OOF". Decals on the face are pretty solid.
Finally there's build quality and yeah, good all around. If you've handled one Senshi you've generally handled them all. In the event you haven't, expect limbs to the right size, joints to be tight, and finishes on the various parts to range from "great" to "you really didn't try that hard did you", a common problem with earlier Figuarts. Overall, most handling will be find though as always extra caution when changing hands or doing any sudden movements is recommended.
That, friends, was the last Sailor Senshi. Pluto looks great as far as aesthetics go, but from an articulation perspective sadly the hair is quite limiting. Still, there's no doubt that Pluto will look great standing in with the rest of the crew, which is probably the only reason you'd be getting one of these to begin with.
Here are images from my recent visit to the Cambo (www.cambo.com) factory in the Netherlands while I was visiting Amsterdam. Rene Rook of Cambo was nice enough to guide me through the entire production process as well as show me some vintage cameras from the companies history and show me their current product line (which was just recently updated at Photokina 2012)
for a full review of the products and a discussion of the images you see here (especially the vintage products) you can read the full article on my website www.brianhirschfeldphotography.com
As part of the required course knowledge pupils need to be able to outline the process involved in taking a square wooden blank and preparing it for turning between centres. These pictures depict that process chronologically.
Stage 1 * Preparation of wooden blank. Cut to size. Sand square. Mark across diagonals. Centre punch the centre point. Use spring dividers to mark circumference. Repeat on other end.
Stage 2 * Plane off corners down to circumference line. This takes cross section from square to octagon. This reduces force on cutting toll in initial prep of blank. Mount between fork [driven] centre and dead [or live ] centre at tailstock end. Apply grease a dead centre end. apply force from tailstock end to force fork into material at driven end. Adjust toolstock height to suit. Check for clearance.
Stage 3 * Roughout using scraper to diameter. Use combination of gouges and skew chisels to add beads and other decorative detailing as required. Ensure spindle speed is appropriate for material and cross section under consideration. Obey all safety instructions.
SEARCHLIGHT, Nev (May 25, 2011) - Forever Resorts Project Manager Rod Taylor holds an example of the material used for exterior decking. The decking system, manufactured by Best Deck is 100% green and 100% recyclable. It's composed of 55% rice hulls (renewable resource) and 45% recycled plastic. The factory manufacturing process reduces its carbon footprint by using less electricity and recirculating water. Heat generated from the production equipment is captured and used in the factory. (NPS Photo / Andrew S. Muñoz)
Shimano has released only 1000 of these sets to North America. If you are a collector or someone that just likes the best, than this is for you. This group is almost too beautiful to put on your bike.
The Dura-Ace name speaks for itself. You can feel the quality and see the attention to detail when you hold the parts. It is quality that has made Dura-Ace successful for 25 years.
The shifts are very fast and accurate with a smooth action. The refined dual pivot brakes stop on a dime even in wet conditions. The bearings of the bottom bracket and hubs are smooth. The new SPDR pedal locks your foot to the pedal better than anything we have tried.
The components are based on the 1999 Dura-Ace 7700 series components, but there are significant differences. Component surfaces have been hand polished to a mirror like finish and more titanium hardware is used throughout the group. Each components is also identified with a special 25th Anniversary emblem. Detailed specifications are provided with the group.
The components are packaged in ready-to-display condition in a handsome aluminum presentation case which also provides ample protection for long term storage. The package also includes a book which details the history of the group, briefly explains the manufacturing process, and provides comments from the people who have been closely involved with Dura-Ace over the years.
When Dura-Ace first appeared in Europe, cycling enthusiasts thought there was little chance a Japanese component maker could make inroads into the conservative and tradition-bound sport of professional bicycle racing. Much to everyone’s surprise, Shimano’s commitment to quality, innovative engineering, and attention to the needs of racing cyclists resulted in Dura-Ace becoming a very popular and well respected component group. It is estimated that more than 60 percent of high-end road racers are now riding Dura-Ace.
The dependability and functionality of the components are integral to the performance of the racing bicycle and the athlete riding it. Dura-Ace is designed to create a highly efficient link between the racer and the bicycle. It’s an interface that allows racing cyclists to concentrate more on the race, and less on controlling the bicycle. As a result, Dura-Ace is now recognized by road racers and cycling enthusiasts around the world as the performance standard for racing components.
After 3 months of travel, which included approximately 7 weeks of sitting at Osaka International Airport, my Mandarake purchase in April 2020 finally arrived.
Here she is in all her glory, Sailor Pluto, the last of the Sailor Senshi on my "to get list".
BFF to Chibi-Usa, Sailor Pluto, or "Pu" is the Guardian of Time and leader of the Outer Senshi, soldiers gifted with stronger power than their Inner Senshi cohorts. She is generally stationed at that one spot preventing trespassers from entering the future. Well, things got screwy and required Pluto to not only abandon her post, but eventually abandon her timeline completely and return to the present under the civilian guise of Setsuna Meioh.
In addition to being a very competent soldier, Sailor Pluto also bears one of the three Sacred Talisman, along with Sailor Uranus and Pluto, that are needed to find the Holy Grail, the only thing that can stop "The Silence", the big baddie in Season 3 of the original run.
Plus she's the only one with no sleeves on her tunic, so you KNOW she's badass.
Based on what I was reading, Pluto was a bit annoying to get due to her Exclusive release nature, something that I've run into with several of the Endgame releases.. hence my resorting to Mandarake.
Contents of the box are what you'd expect it to be - the figure, four total face plates (neutral, smiling, shouting, eyes closed), her weapon (Garnet Rod), various hands, and the standard base. The head of the staff comes off just like in the show so you can display Pluto holding her talisman.
While I wish I could say that this was just a copy and paste overview from the other Senshi, there are a few critical items worth noting.
First off, on the positive side of things, to my eyes Sailor Pluto is one of a handful of Sailor Moon Figuarts that got the proportions right, with the other two being Super Sailor Moon and Sailor Saturn. I'm not perfectly confident about her scaling, but that's another story.
Much like the other two, Sailor Pluto's faceplates seem to be the right shape, and actually wrap around her to her neck without any unsightly gaps around the ears.
Now that we got that out of the way, lets talk about the greatest barrier to enjoying this figure - her hair. Sailor Pluto has lovely knee length Olive green hair. Good news, Tamashii Nations replicated this. Bad news, it's one solid piece of hard plastic with one point of articulation on the top of her head which is much more annoying to position than you'd think. The same stiff plastic makes up the front of her hair as well, so overall Pluto has a slightly different sheen to her hair as compared to the other Senshi. Detailing on the hair is average - it won't impress, but it won't make you question the manufacturing process either.
There are a few more exciting poses you can get her into, but in general Pluto is going to be one of those figures that does a lot of epic standing, and even then you might want to consider using the stand full time.
Articulation wise, she's got what the ladies do (ankles, knees, hips with pull down, mid torso, shoulders with some collapse and bicep swivel, elbows, wrists, and head), but as stated above your limiting factor is going to be the hair. I guess if it is any consolation, I don't remember Pluto doing much other than her projectile attacks so no crazy gymnastics come to mind.
Paint work is the usual mix of good and meh when it comes to this line, with the messiest spots around her waist where the white paint meets the skirt - interesting thing to note is that the skirt is a separate piece, so basically this is not a masking issue.. they just really sucked at applying the paint. That's kind of the story overall - it's pretty good, then you hit a spot where you go "OOF". Decals on the face are pretty solid.
Finally there's build quality and yeah, good all around. If you've handled one Senshi you've generally handled them all. In the event you haven't, expect limbs to the right size, joints to be tight, and finishes on the various parts to range from "great" to "you really didn't try that hard did you", a common problem with earlier Figuarts. Overall, most handling will be find though as always extra caution when changing hands or doing any sudden movements is recommended.
That, friends, was the last Sailor Senshi. Pluto looks great as far as aesthetics go, but from an articulation perspective sadly the hair is quite limiting. Still, there's no doubt that Pluto will look great standing in with the rest of the crew, which is probably the only reason you'd be getting one of these to begin with.
As I long ago stopped updating my blog, I'll use this space to chime in on the recent Canon and Nikon DSLR announcements. If the DSLR wars interest you, read on.
If you haven't heard, both Canon and Nikon have just announced their next generation pro and prosumer DSLRs. Only a few months after the introduction of the Canon 1D MkIII, they've followed with the predictably-equivalent updates for the 1Ds and 30D (the 1Ds MkIII and 40D respectively). Hot on their heels, Nikon announced yesterday the D3 and D300, major improvements on the D2X and D200, respectively.
Without going into detail, I'll just sum up that, on paper, the new Nikon bodies are clearly superior to their nearest Canon equivalents, but with prices to match. Like the previous generation, the two companies are alternating on price points, with the popular models ranking: D40x/400D ($650) < D80 ($900) < 40D ($1300) < D300 ($1800) < 5D ($2500) < D3 ($5000) < 1Ds MkIII ($8000). To use camera terminology: Canon's prices are spaced at full-stop intervals (they double with each step up), while the Nikons are either the same price points or at the half stops in between.
What's missing from this picture is Canon's 1D MkIII. The 1D MkIII just got owned by Nikon's D3, which has a full-frame sensor for only $500 more. My guess is Canon will soon lower the 1D MkIII's price to $4000, but I think it will still be a hard sell, especially with the 40D absorbing essentially all of the non-pro 1D MkIII potential customers.
Personally, I'm considering none of these new models - I want a Canon 5D. Even if Nikon has a leg up in other areas, it still has no affordable full-frame camera. I don't care how nice a D300 (or even a 40D) may be - I'm not spending $1300-1800 on mere added convenience. Because, for everything but sports photography, that's basically all you're getting over the entry-level models for 2-3x the price.
By contrast, a full-frame camera gets you a larger viewfinder (possibly enabling manual focus), significantly more dynamic range, and significantly lower noise for a given number of pixels. No amount of fancy software, hi-def LCDs, or ultrasonic vibration is going to make an APS-C equivalent to full-frame in those areas.
The problem is, of course, price. The bulk of the extra cost of a full-frame camera is the sensor. Over short spans of time like DSLR generations, in order to make a CMOS chip cheaper you have to make it smaller. This is what Intel is doing this Fall when it introduces the next-gen Penryn processors. Current-gen Conroe chips (the CPU inside most Windows and Mac desktops and laptops sold today) are 143 sq. mm. Penryn chips will be 107 sq. mm. By comparison, a full-frame sensor is 36mm x 24mm = 864 sq. mm. That's eight times the size of a top-of-the-line dual-core processor come December. Intel's cheapest dual-core Conroe chip retails around $130 - imagine what a 16-core processor would cost, and then factor in that Intel has the most efficient CMOS manufacturing process in the world and is engaged in a vicious price war, and you begin to see just how expensive a non-Intel full-frame sensor must be. (My guess is just shy of $1000.)
Also, Nikonians are about to discover the quandary that Canonites have been dealing with for years. It's not just that full-frame bodies are 2-3x more expensive; they also require a comprehensive upgrade of most lens kits that can cost more than the body upgrade itself.
That's why the current $2500 street price of the 5D is not truly affordable for the vast majority of amateurs (Bay Area techies notwithstanding). If I were to upgrade to that camera, I'd have to give up my EF-S 17-55mm f/2.8 IS, and even if I were to pony up $1000, the closest equivalent in full-frame land is the EF 24-105mm f/4L IS, which is a full stop slower. Meanwhile, I would doubtless finally be fed up with my EF 70-300mm f/4-5.6 IS, which, while technically full-frame, is a marginal performer even on APS-C. The closest equivalent would again be $1000, and it would have much less reach, be bigger and heavier, and require new filters.
So I'm hoping Canon responds to Nikon by dropping the price of the still-unrivaled 5D to something close to break even. A 5D MkII (or 4D, or 3D, or whatever you want to call it for now) at $2000-2200 would give pause to many who are about to plop down $1800 for a D300. Personally, since I am keenly aware of the additional lens cost, I'll need either a 5D at $1600, or a 5D MkII at $2000 to make me seriously consider upgrading.
And it just doesn't make sense for me to switch to Nikon. The 17-55 IS is what I want now, and an affordable full-frame is what I want in the near future. Kudos to Nikon for delivering a mouth-watering cornucopia of new features, but for me it's all just icing without the cake.