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My art is always about great Journeys. I invite you to come with me on todays. I have been working on changing my way of thinking of my self and who I Believe I am. I plan to be better then I was yesterday. This image is a Visual interpretation of my internal self. I always see my emotions as colors. To day Im busting out no walls can hold me back. Power strong will and driving without fear. Fear can just go take a hike. Every thing is going to be new. I start to open to the new truth in this life. I will shoot past the moon and stars in to the far off next galaxy. I become all my dreams and hold the keys to open every door I please. No more locks bricks or walls can ever hold me. Im the wave and I carve my path to day. I for give my mistakes of the past and will not look back. May I live each day as if it were my last day. For now I shall just engage. You better hold on this will be a fantastic new adventure.
Hay Im on Facebook now so look me up. I will be adding art for people to invest in. Any cool help to add value to my art is welcome.
www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100016188035375
Mike
Father and son collaboration
Our photographic art is a kinetic motion study, from the results of interacting with my son A.J and his toys.
He was born severely handicapped much like a quadriplegic. On December 17,1998. Our family’s goal has always been to help A.J. use his mind, even though he has minimal use of his body.
A.J. likes to watch lights and movement. One of the few things he can do for himself is to operate a switch that sets in motion lights and various shiny, colorful streamers and toys that swirl above his bed.
One day I took a picture of A.J. with his toys flying out from the big mobile near his bed like swings on a carnival ride. I liked the way the swirling objects and colors looked in the photo.
I wanted to study the motion more and photograph the whirling objects in an artful way, I wanted my son A.J. to be a part of it. After all, he’s the one who inspires me. When A.J. and I work together on our motion artwork, A.J. starts his streamers and objects twirling, I take the photographs.
Activating a tiny switch might not seem like much to some, but it’s all A.J. can do. He controls the direction the mobile will spin, as well as when it starts and stops. The shutter speeds are long, and sometimes, I move the camera and other times I hold it still.
I begin our creation with a Nikon digital camera. Then I use my computer with Photoshop to alter the images into what I feel might be an artistic way. Working with Photoshop, I find the best parts from several images and combine them into the final composite photograph. I consider the finished work to be fine art. The computer is just the vehicle that helps my expressions grow.
I take the photographs and A.J. adds the magic. It’s something this father and son do together. After I’ve taken a few shots, I show him the photos in the back of the camera. When the images are completed, I show him from a laptop. He just looks. He can’t tell me whether or not he likes the images, but he’s always ready to work with me again.
It offers me my only glance into A.J.’s secret world. We’ve built a large collection of images and I hope the motion and color move you as much as they do me.
A.J. inspires me to work harder to understand my life in the areas of art, photography, people, spirituality, and so much more. He truly sets my mind in motion and helps me find the beauty in everyday things.
Abstract Art set:
www.flickr.com/photos/patnode-rainbowman/sets/72157602269...
AJ Patnode - A Journey of Hope (documentary):
www.youtube.com/watch?v=OR7m8QFcmRM
This shows how we do the Camera work:
www.youtube.com/watch?v=fmjVVGraUVw
AJ'S blog:
Above is a low-light-level capture that was taken in almost complete darkness. It's absolutely amazing the low-light that your camera picks up...with almost nothing there! Just when you think it's over...wait another ten minutes, it might come back... It's never over until the Sandman says it's over ~ sunset afterglow ~ Florida Everglades U.S.A.
(five more photos of this night in the comments)
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everglades
Time to chill out to the 'Smooth Jazz' sounds
of guitarist George Benson: "On Broadway"
This is one of the views that you get to see on the trail to Ptarmigan Tunnel / Iceberg Lake in Glacier National Park
Picture above shows a Nikon D800E equipped with Phottix GPS and wireless RF trigger. The back of the camera is equipped with a Hoodman loupe to be able to critically focus using live view on LCD screen. The lens used is a Mamiya 645 Manual Focus A 150mm f/2.8. It is mounted on the camera via a PSA (Panorama Shift Adapter) from the company Zoerk (Zork) custom made to accommodate Mamiya 645 lenses on Nikon F body. The adapter has a tripod mount and can accommodate a L bracket shown here. The whole assembly is mounted via a Novoflex plate (QPL2 in blue color) on an Arca-Swiss compatible tripod head. I used here a clone of the Arca Swiss Cube for maximum flexibility and accuracy of positioning. In the picture above the lens is shifted horizontally to the left of the camera of approximately 10mm. This assembly is no longer a point & click camera but the digital equivalent of the old view camera, designed to meet or exceed the largest Digital medium format output.
The purpose of using a Mamiya lens on Nikon FF body is not just the latest fad to mount third party lenses on a Nikon body. Mamiya 645 lenses are excellent medium format lenses which have a diameter much superior to the 135 format lenses. It allows to take several photos shifted within the diameter of the lens optics. This is made possible because the 75mm diagonal of a 645 medium format lens gives 32mm of additional space (shift) compared to the 43mm diagonal of a 35mm format camera sensor. This is why we can take 3 photos shifted (one with no shit, one shifted left, and one shifted right) and still be within the diameter of the medium format lens. Using this technique the stitching is quasi perfect with no need to crop due to loss of coverage in the upper or lower section of the image, usually created by a a curvy horizon when panning/rotating with a non perfect leveling.
The resulting image that can be produced with this setup is the equivalent of a 80 Mpixel camera depending on the orientation of the D800E sensor vs the direction of shift! Superior resolution, higher ISO and less noise than all the current Digital medium format cameras sold $20000 and more! Yes, it is possible to do it with an investment inferior to $4000 if you count the purchase cost of the D800E. I will concede that the Mamiya 645 lenses, although excellent, will not quite match the performance of the Leica S lenses. Note however that a Leica S lens is usually > $6000 vs a used Mamiya 645 lens (55mm, 80mm) which can be found on ebay for $300 or less!
The German made Zoerk (Zork) adapter is unique as the Mamiya lens is fixed during the shifting: it is the body which moves behind the lens! Unlike most Panorama adapters allowing the rotation through a difficult to find nodal point , the Zork adaper eliminates any parallax issue since the lens is fixed vs the subject. This is particularly useful when you have a near and remote subject aligned with the camera: any rotation outside the nodal point will ruin the alignment and makes the stitching impossible. Therefore the Zork design results in a superior accuracy of the stitching of the photos where technically 2-3 pixels overlap is enough for a perfect stitch. Rotation based Panorama requires usually min 20% overlap to account for distortion/parallax issues, and the final image needs cropping due to curvature movement of the rotation if tripod head is not perfectly leveled.
Another huge benefit of the Zork adapter: it shifts horizontally 20mm with camera sensor in landscape mode. One limitation in vertical shift: the prism/flash housing of the D800 or D800E limits the vertical shift with sensor in landscape position (approx 14mm). It is better than the max shift of a Nikkor PC-E lens (approx 11 mm). With the camera in landscape mode and a vertical shift (up and down) or with the camera in portrait mode and a horizontal shift (left/right) you achieve the biggest file enlargement. With a Nikon PC-E lens a maximum 11mm shift will give you a 92% increase of the photo. With the Zork adapter a full 20mm shift (possible on Canon DLSR and Nikon pro bodies without built-in flash) will provide a 167% enlargement (yes 2.7 the original pixel size!). It means that a 36Mpixel camera like the D800 will provide a 96Mpixel file with the Zork adapter fully shifted. On Nikon bodies with built in flash like the D700 or D800 however the full shift of 20mm is not possible as the flash housing in on the path of the shift. It seems that the shift is limited to 14mm which provides an enlargement of 117% (x2.2 Mpixel increase).
For Panorama shots where the camera orientation must be the same as the direction of the shift (landscape/Horizontal shift or portrait/Vertical shift) the aspect ratio is spectacular but the Mpixel increase is less:
- On a traditional Nikon PC-E lens with 11mm shift, the Mpixel increase is 61% with aspect ratio of 2.4:1
- with the zork adapter using full 20mm shift (possible on all Canon and Nikon DSLR even with the D700/D800), the Mpixel increase is 111% with aspect ratio of 3:1! more information is available at the following link:
www.cambridgeincolour.com/tutorials/tilt-shift-lenses1.htm
Tilt movement is not possible with this adapter and in general with Mamiya 645 lenses tilt can be achieved but you lose the ability to focus at infinity as the registration distance between the rear of the lens and the sensor would be too long with the additional tilt movement.
Although a sturdy design that reflects German engineering, the finish (look) of the adapter looks as a hand made prototype. The demand is not high enough in the market to mass produce this custom made adapter (the model I purchased use only Mamiya 645 MF lenses but the manufacturer can sell you one adapte for Pentax 6x7 or Hasselblad lenses to be mounted on Nikon or Canon bodies).
Cost $750 including the L bracket that allows the adapter to be mounted with flexibility in any position on a tripod head.
more information can be found on the manufacturer website:
I have put a lot of effort to research and understand the Tilt and Shift world which was new to me, and although there are a few books on view cameras, T&S lenses and the Scheimpflug principle, I could not find any practical information on using T&S adapters like Mirex and Zork on Digital cameras, using large diameter Medium Format lenses. Forums seem to provide some partial information with little experience with Nikon DSLR which are less friendly to shifting in the direction of the built-in flash. So I decided to gather all the information I have learned and summarize it in this single post, which you can bookmark or save as a favorite for future reference.
An example of a photo taken with this set-up with explanations how to use Photoshop for Panorama stitching and focus stacking is given in the comments area of this link:
www.flickr.com/photos/episa/8603934110/in/photostream
Final question you may ask and which I already asked myself since I own the Nikkor Micro PC-E 45/2.8: why not use a simple dedicated Tilt and shift lens from Nikon?
It turns out that using a dedicated Nikon PC-E lens is not any easier and still requires to manually focus and fix the exposure manually. A the same time it costs $2000 to get a single T&S lens. With the set-up described in this posting the investment is limited to the adapter ($750) and the Mamiya lens ($300 on ebay for each focal length like 55mm f/2.8N, 80mm f/2.8N, A 150mm f/2.8). Investing in a Nikon PC-E lens makes sense if you use the tilting function for creative effect or as a landscape photographer. But I would argue that using Focus stacking you can achieve an ever better effect than with a Tilt lens if your goal is to achieve maximum depth of field in a landscape or in a macro shot. The real advantage of the PC-E lens remains when you need to reduce the depth of field and create special effects (like miniature rendering, or tilted plane of focus). This becomes a very narrow application mostly for professional photographers who need to sell a unique look in their pictures.
I hope that you found this compilation of data instructive, even eye opening. Let me know if you appreciate the sharing.
This is a photo of one of the many toys that litter my daughter's house to entertain my grandson! It had some good colour contrasts, Those of us who still delight in taking transparencies have seen so many of our favourite materials disappear and those that remain rise in price. I was delighted when Kodak Alaris announced the re-introduction of Ektachrome. I got some from Analogue Wonderland and Silverpan developed it. I'm delighted with the film, the colours are good and it's sharp. They look great when projected.
This is a digital painting produced from a photo of the Nativity Set in the Hyde Park Chapel Visitors' Centre on Exhibition Road, London.
View the Entire - Christmas Set
View the Entire - Digital Painting Set
View the entire London Set
View my - Most Interesting according to Flickr
This is a picture I deliberately made gray. Taken on a not sunny day, post processing reduced the already dark green even more.
The picture was taken with the Nikkor AF-S 50 mm/1.4G, to get the unsharp plant double in the background.
#307 on Explore on 2009-03-27.
Scotswood Bridge is one of the main bridges crossing the River Tyne in North East England. It links the west end of Newcastle upon Tyne on the north bank of the river with the MetroCentre and Blaydon in Gateshead on the south bank. It is situated 5.2 km (3.2 mi) upstream of the better-known city centre bridges.
The Chain Bridge
Scotswood Bridge over River Tyne Act 1829
The first bridge across the river at this location was the Old Scotswood Bridge, or "The Chain Bridge" as it was known locally. It was a suspension bridge with two stone towers, from which the road deck was suspended by chains. An act to authorise the building of the bridge was passed by Parliament in 1829 (10 Geo. 4. c. x) and designed by John Green, with construction beginning that year. It was opened on 16 April 1831.
The toll to cross the bridge was abolished on 18 March 1907. In 1931 the bridge needed to be strengthened and widened. The width was increased from 17 ft (5.2 m) to 19.5 ft (5.9 m) with two 6 ft (1.8 m) footpaths. The suspension cables and decking were also strengthened, allowing the weight limit to be raised to 10 tonnes (9.842 long tons; 11.02 short tons). The bridge eventually proved too narrow for the traffic it needed to carry and its increasing repair costs proved too much. After standing for 136 years, it was closed and demolished in 1967 after its replacement had been completed.
Current bridge
Scotswood Bridge Act 1962
A replacement for the Chain Bridge had been proposed as early as 1941. Permission was finally granted in 1960, and authorised by an act of Parliament, the Scotswood Bridge Act 1962. A new bridge was designed by Mott, Hay and Anderson and built by Mitchell Construction and Dorman Long. Construction commenced on 18 September 1964. It was built 43 m upstream of the Chain Bridge, which continued operating during the new bridge's construction. The bridge was opened on 20 March 1967. It is a box girder bridge, supported by two piers in the river and carries a dual carriageway road. Combined costs for demolition of the old bridge and construction of the new one were £2.5 million.
Scotswood Bridge carried the traffic of the Gateshead A69 western by-pass from 1970 up until the construction of Blaydon Bridge and the new A1 in 1990. Between June 1971 and January 1974 traffic on the bridge was limited to single file to enable strengthening work to take place, which was needed to address design concerns. It has required further strengthening and repairs a number of times since; between 1979 and 1980, in 1983 and in 1990.
Newcastle upon Tyne, or simply Newcastle is a cathedral city and metropolitan borough in Tyne and Wear, England. It is located on the River Tyne's northern bank, opposite Gateshead to the south. It is the most populous settlement in the Tyneside conurbation and North East England.
Newcastle developed around a Roman settlement called Pons Aelius, the settlement became known as Monkchester before taking on the name of a castle built in 1080 by William the Conqueror's eldest son, Robert Curthose. It was one of the world's largest ship building and repair centres during the industrial revolution. Newcastle was part of the county of Northumberland until 1400, when it separated and formed a county of itself. In 1974, Newcastle became part of Tyne and Wear. Since 2018, the city council has been part of the North of Tyne Combined Authority.
The history of Newcastle upon Tyne dates back almost 2,000 years, during which it has been controlled by the Romans, the Angles and the Norsemen amongst others. Newcastle upon Tyne was originally known by its Roman name Pons Aelius. The name "Newcastle" has been used since the Norman conquest of England. Due to its prime location on the River Tyne, the town developed greatly during the Middle Ages and it was to play a major role in the Industrial Revolution, being granted city status in 1882. Today, the city is a major retail, commercial and cultural centre.
Roman settlement
The history of Newcastle dates from AD 122, when the Romans built the first bridge to cross the River Tyne at that point. The bridge was called Pons Aelius or 'Bridge of Aelius', Aelius being the family name of Roman Emperor Hadrian, who was responsible for the Roman wall built across northern England along the Tyne–Solway gap. Hadrian's Wall ran through present-day Newcastle, with stretches of wall and turrets visible along the West Road, and at a temple in Benwell. Traces of a milecastle were found on Westgate Road, midway between Clayton Street and Grainger Street, and it is likely that the course of the wall corresponded to present-day Westgate Road. The course of the wall can be traced eastwards to the Segedunum Roman fort at Wallsend, with the fort of Arbeia down-river at the mouth of the Tyne, on the south bank in what is now South Shields. The Tyne was then a wider, shallower river at this point and it is thought that the bridge was probably about 700 feet (210 m) long, made of wood and supported on stone piers. It is probable that it was sited near the current Swing Bridge, due to the fact that Roman artefacts were found there during the building of the latter bridge. Hadrian himself probably visited the site in 122. A shrine was set up on the completed bridge in 123 by the 6th Legion, with two altars to Neptune and Oceanus respectively. The two altars were subsequently found in the river and are on display in the Great North Museum in Newcastle.
The Romans built a stone-walled fort in 150 to protect the river crossing which was at the foot of the Tyne Gorge, and this took the name of the bridge so that the whole settlement was known as Pons Aelius. The fort was situated on a rocky outcrop overlooking the new bridge, on the site of the present Castle Keep. Pons Aelius is last mentioned in 400, in a Roman document listing all of the Roman military outposts. It is likely that nestling in the shadow of the fort would have been a small vicus, or village. Unfortunately, no buildings have been detected; only a few pieces of flagging. It is clear that there was a Roman cemetery near Clavering Place, behind the Central station, as a number of Roman coffins and sarcophagi have been unearthed there.
Despite the presence of the bridge, the settlement of Pons Aelius was not particularly important among the northern Roman settlements. The most important stations were those on the highway of Dere Street running from Eboracum (York) through Corstopitum (Corbridge) and to the lands north of the Wall. Corstopitum, being a major arsenal and supply centre, was much larger and more populous than Pons Aelius.
Anglo-Saxon development
The Angles arrived in the North-East of England in about 500 and may have landed on the Tyne. There is no evidence of an Anglo-Saxon settlement on or near the site of Pons Aelius during the Anglo-Saxon age. The bridge probably survived and there may well have been a small village at the northern end, but no evidence survives. At that time the region was dominated by two kingdoms, Bernicia, north of the Tees and ruled from Bamburgh, and Deira, south of the Tees and ruled from York. Bernicia and Deira combined to form the kingdom of Northanhymbra (Northumbria) early in the 7th century. There were three local kings who held the title of Bretwalda – 'Lord of Britain', Edwin of Deira (627–632), Oswald of Bernicia (633–641) and Oswy of Northumbria (641–658). The 7th century became known as the 'Golden Age of Northumbria', when the area was a beacon of culture and learning in Europe. The greatness of this period was based on its generally Christian culture and resulted in the Lindisfarne Gospels amongst other treasures. The Tyne valley was dotted with monasteries, with those at Monkwearmouth, Hexham and Jarrow being the most famous. Bede, who was based at Jarrow, wrote of a royal estate, known as Ad Murum, 'at the Wall', 12 miles (19 km) from the sea. It is thought that this estate may have been in what is now Newcastle. At some unknown time, the site of Newcastle came to be known as Monkchester. The reason for this title is unknown, as we are unaware of any specific monasteries at the site, and Bede made no reference to it. In 875 Halfdan Ragnarsson, the Danish Viking conqueror of York, led an army that attacked and pillaged various monasteries in the area, and it is thought that Monkchester was also pillaged at this time. Little more was heard of it until the coming of the Normans.
Norman period
After the arrival of William the Conqueror in England in 1066, the whole of England was quickly subjected to Norman rule. However, in Northumbria there was great resistance to the Normans, and in 1069 the newly appointed Norman Earl of Northumbria, Robert de Comines and 700 of his men were killed by the local population at Durham. The Northumbrians then marched on York, but William was able to suppress the uprising. That same year, a second uprising occurred when a Danish fleet landed in the Humber. The Northumbrians again attacked York and destroyed the garrison there. William was again able to suppress the uprising, but this time he took revenge. He laid waste to the whole of the Midlands and the land from York to the Tees. In 1080, William Walcher, the Norman bishop of Durham and his followers were brutally murdered at Gateshead. This time Odo, bishop of Bayeux, William's half brother, devastated the land between the Tees and the Tweed. This was known as the 'Harrying of the North'. This devastation is reflected in the Domesday Book. The destruction had such an effect that the North remained poor and backward at least until Tudor times and perhaps until the Industrial Revolution. Newcastle suffered in this respect with the rest of the North.
In 1080 William sent his eldest son, Robert Curthose, north to defend the kingdom against the Scots. After his campaign, he moved to Monkchester and began the building of a 'New Castle'. This was of the "motte-and-bailey" type of construction, a wooden tower on top of an earthen mound (motte), surrounded by a moat and wooden stockade (bailey). It was this castle that gave Newcastle its name. In 1095 the Earl of Northumbria, Robert de Mowbray, rose up against the king, William Rufus, and Rufus sent an army north to recapture the castle. From then on the castle became crown property and was an important base from which the king could control the northern barons. The Northumbrian earldom was abolished and a Sheriff of Northumberland was appointed to administer the region. In 1091 the parish church of St Nicholas was consecrated on the site of the present Anglican cathedral, close by the bailey of the new castle. The church is believed to have been a wooden building on stone footings.
Not a trace of the tower or mound of the motte and bailey castle remains now. Henry II replaced it with a rectangular stone keep, which was built between 1172 and 1177 at a cost of £1,444. A stone bailey, in the form of a triangle, replaced the previous wooden one. The great outer gateway to the castle, called 'the Black Gate', was built later, between 1247 and 1250, in the reign of Henry III. There were at that time no town walls and when attacked by the Scots, the townspeople had to crowd into the bailey for safety. It is probable that the new castle acted as a magnet for local merchants because of the safety it provided. This in turn would help to expand trade in the town. At this time wool, skins and lead were being exported, whilst alum, pepper and ginger were being imported from France and Flanders.
Middle Ages
Throughout the Middle Ages, Newcastle was England's northern fortress, the centre for assembled armies. The Border war against Scotland lasted intermittently for several centuries – possibly the longest border war ever waged. During the civil war between Stephen and Matilda, David 1st of Scotland and his son were granted Cumbria and Northumberland respectively, so that for a period from 1139 to 1157, Newcastle was effectively in Scottish hands. It is believed that during this period, King David may have built the church of St Andrew and the Benedictine nunnery in Newcastle. However, King Stephen's successor, Henry II was strong enough to take back the Earldom of Northumbria from Malcolm IV.
The Scots king William the Lion was imprisoned in Newcastle, in 1174, after being captured at the Battle of Alnwick. Edward I brought the Stone of Scone and William Wallace south through the town and Newcastle was successfully defended against the Scots three times during the 14th century.
Around 1200, stone-faced, clay-filled jetties were starting to project into the river, an indication that trade was increasing in Newcastle. As the Roman roads continued to deteriorate, sea travel was gaining in importance. By 1275 Newcastle was the sixth largest wool exporting port in England. The principal exports at this time were wool, timber, coal, millstones, dairy produce, fish, salt and hides. Much of the developing trade was with the Baltic countries and Germany. Most of the Newcastle merchants were situated near the river, below the Castle. The earliest known charter was dated 1175 in the reign of Henry II, giving the townspeople some control over their town. In 1216 King John granted Newcastle a mayor[8] and also allowed the formation of guilds (known as Mysteries). These were cartels formed within different trades, which restricted trade to guild members. There were initially twelve guilds. Coal was being exported from Newcastle by 1250, and by 1350 the burgesses received a royal licence to export coal. This licence to export coal was jealously guarded by the Newcastle burgesses, and they tried to prevent any one else on the Tyne from exporting coal except through Newcastle. The burgesses similarly tried to prevent fish from being sold anywhere else on the Tyne except Newcastle. This led to conflicts with Gateshead and South Shields.
In 1265, the town was granted permission to impose a 'Wall Tax' or Murage, to pay for the construction of a fortified wall to enclose the town and protect it from Scottish invaders. The town walls were not completed until early in the 14th century. They were two miles (3 km) long, 9 feet (2.7 m) thick and 25 feet (7.6 m) high. They had six main gates, as well as some smaller gates, and had 17 towers. The land within the walls was divided almost equally by the Lort Burn, which flowed southwards and joined the Tyne to the east of the Castle. The town began to expand north of the Castle and west of the Lort Burn with various markets being set up within the walls.
In 1400 Henry IV granted a new charter, creating a County corporate which separated the town, but not the Castle, from the county of Northumberland and recognised it as a "county of itself" with a right to have a sheriff of its own. The burgesses were now allowed to choose six aldermen who, with the mayor would be justices of the peace. The mayor and sheriff were allowed to hold borough courts in the Guildhall.
Religious houses
During the Middle Ages a number of religious houses were established within the walls: the first of these was the Benedictine nunnery of St Bartholomew founded in 1086 near the present-day Nun Street. Both David I of Scotland and Henry I of England were benefactors of the religious house. Nothing of the nunnery remains now.
The friary of Blackfriars, Newcastle (Dominican) was established in 1239. These were also known as the Preaching Friars or Shod Friars, because they wore sandals, as opposed to other orders. The friary was situated in the present-day Friars Street. In 1280 the order was granted royal permission to make a postern in the town walls to communicate with their gardens outside the walls. On 19 June 1334, Edward Balliol, claimant to be King of Scotland, did homage to King Edward III, on behalf of the kingdom of Scotland, in the church of the friary. Much of the original buildings of the friary still exist, mainly because, after the Dissolution of the Monasteries the friary of Blackfriars was rented out by the corporation to nine of the local trade guilds.
The friary of Whitefriars (Carmelite) was established in 1262. The order was originally housed on the Wall Knoll in Pandon, but in 1307 it took over the buildings of another order, which went out of existence, the Friars of the Sac. The land, which had originally been given by Robert the Bruce, was situated in the present-day Hanover Square, behind the Central station. Nothing of the friary remains now.
The friary of Austinfriars (Augustinian) was established in 1290. The friary was on the site where the Holy Jesus Hospital was built in 1682. The friary was traditionally the lodging place of English kings whenever they visited or passed through Newcastle. In 1503 Princess Margaret, eldest daughter of Henry VII of England, stayed two days at the friary on her way to join her new husband James IV of Scotland.
The friary of Greyfriars (Franciscans) was established in 1274. The friary was in the present-day area between Pilgrim Street, Grey Street, Market Street and High Chare. Nothing of the original buildings remains.
The friary of the Order of the Holy Trinity, also known as the Trinitarians, was established in 1360. The order devoted a third of its income to buying back captives of the Saracens, during the Crusades. Their house was on the Wall Knoll, in Pandon, to the east of the city, but within the walls. Wall Knoll had previously been occupied by the White Friars until they moved to new premises in 1307.
All of the above religious houses were closed in about 1540, when Henry VIII dissolved the monasteries.
An important street running through Newcastle at the time was Pilgrim Street, running northwards inside the walls and leading to the Pilgrim Gate on the north wall. The street still exists today as arguably Newcastle's main shopping street.
Tudor period
The Scottish border wars continued for much of the 16th century, so that during that time, Newcastle was often threatened with invasion by the Scots, but also remained important as a border stronghold against them.
During the Reformation begun by Henry VIII in 1536, the five Newcastle friaries and the single nunnery were dissolved and the land was sold to the Corporation and to rich merchants. At this time there were fewer than 60 inmates of the religious houses in Newcastle. The convent of Blackfriars was leased to nine craft guilds to be used as their headquarters. This probably explains why it is the only one of the religious houses whose building survives to the present day. The priories at Tynemouth and Durham were also dissolved, thus ending the long-running rivalry between Newcastle and the church for control of trade on the Tyne. A little later, the property of the nunnery of St Bartholomew and of Grey Friars were bought by Robert Anderson, who had the buildings demolished to build his grand Newe House (also known as Anderson Place).
With the gradual decline of the Scottish border wars the town walls were allowed to decline as well as the castle. By 1547, about 10,000 people were living in Newcastle. At the beginning of the 16th century exports of wool from Newcastle were more than twice the value of exports of coal, but during the century coal exports continued to increase.
Under Edward VI, John Dudley, Duke of Northumberland, sponsored an act allowing Newcastle to annexe Gateshead as its suburb. The main reason for this was to allow the Newcastle Hostmen, who controlled the export of Tyne coal, to get their hands on the Gateshead coal mines, previously controlled by the Bishop of Durham. However, when Mary I came to power, Dudley met his downfall and the decision was reversed. The Reformation allowed private access to coal mines previously owned by Tynemouth and Durham priories and as a result coal exports increase dramatically, from 15,000 tons in 1500 to 35,000 tons in 1565, and to 400,000 tons in 1625.
The plague visited Newcastle four times during the 16th century, in 1579 when 2,000 people died, in 1589 when 1700 died, in 1595 and finally in 1597.
In 1600 Elizabeth I granted Newcastle a charter for an exclusive body of electors, the right to elect the mayor and burgesses. The charter also gave the Hostmen exclusive rights to load coal at any point on the Tyne. The Hostmen developed as an exclusive group within the Merchant Adventurers who had been incorporated by a charter in 1547.
Stuart period
In 1636 there was a serious outbreak of bubonic plague in Newcastle. There had been several previous outbreaks of the disease over the years, but this was the most serious. It is thought to have arrived from the Netherlands via ships that were trading between the Tyne and that country. It first appeared in the lower part of the town near the docks but gradually spread to all parts of the town. As the disease gained hold the authorities took measures to control it by boarding up any properties that contained infected persons, meaning that whole families were locked up together with the infected family members. Other infected persons were put in huts outside the town walls and left to die. Plague pits were dug next to the town's four churches and outside the town walls to receive the bodies in mass burials. Over the course of the outbreak 5,631 deaths were recorded out of an estimated population of 12,000, a death rate of 47%.
In 1637 Charles I tried to raise money by doubling the 'voluntary' tax on coal in return for allowing the Newcastle Hostmen to regulate production and fix prices. This caused outrage amongst the London importers and the East Anglian shippers. Both groups decided to boycott Tyne coal and as a result forced Charles to reverse his decision in 1638.
In 1640 during the Second Bishops' War, the Scots successfully invaded Newcastle. The occupying army demanded £850 per day from the Corporation to billet the Scottish troops. Trade from the Tyne ground to a halt during the occupation. The Scots left in 1641 after receiving a Parliamentary pardon and a £4,000,000 loan from the town.
In 1642 the English Civil War began. King Charles realised the value of the Tyne coal trade and therefore garrisoned Newcastle. A Royalist was appointed as governor. At that time, Newcastle and King's Lynn were the only important seaports to support the crown. In 1644 Parliament blockaded the Tyne to prevent the king from receiving revenue from the Tyne coal trade. Coal exports fell from 450,000 to 3,000 tons and London suffered a hard winter without fuel. Parliament encouraged the coal trade from the Wear to try to replace that lost from Newcastle but that was not enough to make up for the lost Tyneside tonnage.
In 1644 the Scots crossed the border. Newcastle strengthened its defences in preparation. The Scottish army, with 40,000 troops, besieged Newcastle for three months until the garrison of 1,500 surrendered. During the siege, the Scots bombarded the walls with their artillery, situated in Gateshead and Castle Leazes. The Scottish commander threatened to destroy the steeple of St Nicholas's Church by gunfire if the mayor, Sir John Marley, did not surrender the town. The mayor responded by placing Scottish prisoners that they had captured in the steeple, so saving it from destruction. The town walls were finally breached by a combination of artillery and sapping. In gratitude for this defence, Charles gave Newcastle the motto 'Fortiter Defendit Triumphans' to be added to its coat of arms. The Scottish army occupied Northumberland and Durham for two years. The coal taxes had to pay for the Scottish occupation. In 1645 Charles surrendered to the Scots and was imprisoned in Newcastle for nine months. After the Civil War the coal trade on the Tyne soon picked up and exceeded its pre-war levels.
A new Guildhall was completed on the Sandhill next to the river in 1655, replacing an earlier facility damaged by fire in 1639, and became the meeting place of Newcastle Town Council. In 1681 the Hospital of the Holy Jesus was built partly on the site of the Austin Friars. The Guildhall and Holy Jesus Hospital still exist.
Charles II tried to impose a charter on Newcastle to give the king the right to appoint the mayor, sheriff, recorder and town clerk. Charles died before the charter came into effect. In 1685, James II tried to replace Corporation members with named Catholics. However, James' mandate was suspended in 1689 after the Glorious Revolution welcoming William of Orange. In 1689, after the fall of James II, the people of Newcastle tore down his bronze equestrian statue in Sandhill and tossed it into the Tyne. The bronze was later used to make bells for All Saints Church.
In 1689 the Lort Burn was covered over. At this time it was an open sewer. The channel followed by the Lort Burn became the present day Dean Street. At that time, the centre of Newcastle was still the Sandhill area, with many merchants living along the Close or on the Side. The path of the main road through Newcastle ran from the single Tyne bridge, through Sandhill to the Side, a narrow street which climbed steeply on the north-east side of the castle hill until it reached the higher ground alongside St Nicholas' Church. As Newcastle developed, the Side became lined with buildings with projecting upper stories, so that the main street through Newcastle was a narrow, congested, steep thoroughfare.
In 1701 the Keelmen's Hospital was built in the Sandgate area of the city, using funds provided by the keelmen. The building still stands today.
Eighteenth century
In the 18th century, Newcastle was the country's largest print centre after London, Oxford and Cambridge, and the Literary and Philosophical Society of 1793, with its erudite debates and large stock of books in several languages predated the London Library by half a century.
In 1715, during the Jacobite rising in favour of the Old Pretender, an army of Jacobite supporters marched on Newcastle. Many of the Northumbrian gentry joined the rebels. The citizens prepared for its arrival by arresting Jacobite supporters and accepting 700 extra recruits into the local militia. The gates of the city were closed against the rebels. This proved enough to delay an attack until reinforcements arrived forcing the rebel army to move across to the west coast. The rebels finally surrendered at Preston.
In 1745, during a second Jacobite rising in favour of the Young Pretender, a Scottish army crossed the border led by Bonnie Prince Charlie. Once again Newcastle prepared by arresting Jacobite supporters and inducting 800 volunteers into the local militia. The town walls were strengthened, most of the gates were blocked up and some 200 cannon were deployed. 20,000 regulars were billeted on the Town Moor. These preparations were enough to force the rebel army to travel south via the west coast. They were eventually defeated at Culloden in 1746.
Newcastle's actions during the 1715 rising in resisting the rebels and declaring for George I, in contrast to the rest of the region, is the most likely source of the nickname 'Geordie', applied to people from Tyneside, or more accurately Newcastle. Another theory, however, is that the name 'Geordie' came from the inventor of the Geordie lamp, George Stephenson. It was a type of safety lamp used in mining, but was not invented until 1815. Apparently the term 'German Geordie' was in common use during the 18th century.
The city's first hospital, Newcastle Infirmary opened in 1753; it was funded by public subscription. A lying-in hospital was established in Newcastle in 1760. The city's first public hospital for mentally ill patients, Wardens Close Lunatic Hospital was opened in October 1767.
In 1771 a flood swept away much of the bridge at Newcastle. The bridge had been built in 1250 and repaired after a flood in 1339. The bridge supported various houses and three towers and an old chapel. A blue stone was placed in the middle of the bridge to mark the boundary between Newcastle and the Palatinate of Durham. A temporary wooden bridge had to be built, and this remained in use until 1781, when a new stone bridge was completed. The new bridge consisted of nine arches. In 1801, because of the pressure of traffic, the bridge had to be widened.
A permanent military presence was established in the city with the completion of Fenham Barracks in 1806. The facilities at the Castle for holding assizes, which had been condemned for their inconvenience and unhealthiness, were replaced when the Moot Hall opened in August 1812.
Victorian period
Present-day Newcastle owes much of its architecture to the work of the builder Richard Grainger, aided by architects John Dobson, Thomas Oliver, John and Benjamin Green and others. In 1834 Grainger won a competition to produce a new plan for central Newcastle. He put this plan into effect using the above architects as well as architects employed in his own office. Grainger and Oliver had already built Leazes Terrace, Leazes Crescent and Leazes Place between 1829 and 1834. Grainger and Dobson had also built the Royal Arcade at the foot of Pilgrim Street between 1830 and 1832. The most ambitious project covered 12 acres 12 acres (49,000 m2) in central Newcastle, on the site of Newe House (also called Anderson Place). Grainger built three new thoroughfares, Grey Street, Grainger Street and Clayton Street with many connecting streets, as well as the Central Exchange and the Grainger Market. John Wardle and George Walker, working in Grainger's office, designed Clayton Street, Grainger Street and most of Grey Street. Dobson designed the Grainger Market and much of the east side of Grey Street. John and Benjamin Green designed the Theatre Royal at the top of Grey Street, where Grainger placed the column of Grey's Monument as a focus for the whole scheme. Grey Street is considered to be one of the finest streets in the country, with its elegant curve. Unfortunately most of old Eldon Square was demolished in the 1960s in the name of progress. The Royal Arcade met a similar fate.
In 1849 a new bridge was built across the river at Newcastle. This was the High Level Bridge, designed by Robert Stephenson, and slightly up river from the existing bridge. The bridge was designed to carry road and rail traffic across the Tyne Gorge on two decks with rail traffic on the upper deck and road traffic on the lower. The new bridge meant that traffic could pass through Newcastle without having to negotiate the steep, narrow Side, as had been necessary for centuries. The bridge was opened by Queen Victoria, who one year later opened the new Central Station, designed by John Dobson. Trains were now able to cross the river, directly into the centre of Newcastle and carry on up to Scotland. The Army Riding School was also completed in 1849.
In 1854 a large fire started on the Gateshead quayside and an explosion caused it to spread across the river to the Newcastle quayside. A huge conflagration amongst the narrow alleys, or 'chares', destroyed the homes of 800 families as well as many business premises. The narrow alleys that had been destroyed were replaced by streets containing blocks of modern offices.
In 1863 the Town Hall in St Nicholas Square replaced the Guildhall as the meeting place of Newcastle Town Council.
In 1876 the low level bridge was replaced by a new bridge known as the Swing Bridge, so called because the bridge was able to swing horizontally on a central axis and allow ships to pass on either side. This meant that for the first time sizeable ships could pass up-river beyond Newcastle. The bridge was built and paid for by William Armstrong, a local arms manufacturer, who needed to have warships access his Elswick arms factory to fit armaments to them. The Swing Bridge's rotating mechanism is adapted from the cannon mounts developed in Armstrong's arms works. In 1882 the Elswick works began to build ships as well as to arm them. The Barrack Road drill hall was completed in 1890.
Industrialisation
In the 19th century, shipbuilding and heavy engineering were central to the city's prosperity; and the city was a powerhouse of the Industrial Revolution. Newcastle's development as a major city owed most to its central role in the production and export of coal. The phrase "taking coals to Newcastle" was first recorded in 1538; it proverbially denotes bringing a particular commodity to a place that has more than enough of it already.
Innovation in Newcastle and surrounding areas included the following:
George Stephenson developed a miner's safety lamp at the same time that Humphry Davy developed a rival design. The lamp made possible the opening up of ever deeper mines to provide the coal that powered the industrial revolution.
George and his son Robert Stephenson were hugely influential figures in the development of the early railways. George developed Blücher, a locomotive working at Killingworth colliery in 1814, whilst Robert was instrumental in the design of Rocket, a revolutionary design that was the forerunner of modern locomotives. Both men were involved in planning and building railway lines, all over this country and abroad.
Joseph Swan demonstrated a working electric light bulb about a year before Thomas Edison did the same in the USA. This led to a dispute as to who had actually invented the light bulb. Eventually the two rivals agreed to form a mutual company between them, the Edison and Swan Electric Light Company, known as Ediswan.
Charles Algernon Parsons invented the steam turbine, for marine use and for power generation. He used Turbinia, a small, turbine-powered ship, to demonstrate the speed that a steam turbine could generate. Turbinia literally ran rings around the British Fleet at a review at Spithead in 1897.
William Armstrong invented a hydraulic crane that was installed in dockyards up and down the country. He then began to design light, accurate field guns for the British army. These were a vast improvement on the existing guns that were then in use.
The following major industries developed in Newcastle or its surrounding area:
Glassmaking
A small glass industry existed in Newcastle from the mid-15th century. In 1615 restrictions were put on the use of wood for manufacturing glass. It was found that glass could be manufactured using the local coal, and so a glassmaking industry grew up on Tyneside. Huguenot glassmakers came over from France as refugees from persecution and set up glasshouses in the Skinnerburn area of Newcastle. Eventually, glass production moved to the Ouseburn area of Newcastle. In 1684 the Dagnia family, Sephardic Jewish emigrants from Altare, arrived in Newcastle from Stourbridge and established glasshouses along the Close, to manufacture high quality flint glass. The glass manufacturers used sand ballast from the boats arriving in the river as the main raw material. The glassware was then exported in collier brigs. The period from 1730 to 1785 was the highpoint of Newcastle glass manufacture, when the local glassmakers produced the 'Newcastle Light Baluster'. The glassmaking industry still exists in the west end of the city with local Artist and Glassmaker Jane Charles carrying on over four hundred years of hot glass blowing in Newcastle upon Tyne.
Locomotive manufacture
In 1823 George Stephenson and his son Robert established the world's first locomotive factory near Forth Street in Newcastle. Here they built locomotives for the Stockton and Darlington Railway and the Liverpool and Manchester Railway, as well as many others. It was here that the famous locomotive Rocket was designed and manufactured in preparation for the Rainhill Trials. Apart from building locomotives for the British market, the Newcastle works also produced locomotives for Europe and America. The Forth Street works continued to build locomotives until 1960.
Shipbuilding
In 1296 a wooden, 135 ft (41 m) long galley was constructed at the mouth of the Lort Burn in Newcastle, as part of a twenty-ship order from the king. The ship cost £205, and is the earliest record of shipbuilding in Newcastle. However the rise of the Tyne as a shipbuilding area was due to the need for collier brigs for the coal export trade. These wooden sailing ships were usually built locally, establishing local expertise in building ships. As ships changed from wood to steel, and from sail to steam, the local shipbuilding industry changed to build the new ships. Although shipbuilding was carried out up and down both sides of the river, the two main areas for building ships in Newcastle were Elswick, to the west, and Walker, to the east. By 1800 Tyneside was the third largest producer of ships in Britain. Unfortunately, after the Second World War, lack of modernisation and competition from abroad gradually caused the local industry to decline and die.
Armaments
In 1847 William Armstrong established a huge factory in Elswick, west of Newcastle. This was initially used to produce hydraulic cranes but subsequently began also to produce guns for both the army and the navy. After the Swing Bridge was built in 1876 allowing ships to pass up river, warships could have their armaments fitted alongside the Elswick works. Armstrong's company took over its industrial rival, Joseph Whitworth of Manchester in 1897.
Steam turbines
Charles Algernon Parsons invented the steam turbine and, in 1889, founded his own company C. A. Parsons and Company in Heaton, Newcastle to make steam turbines. Shortly after this, he realised that steam turbines could be used to propel ships and, in 1897, he founded a second company, Parsons Marine Steam Turbine Company in Wallsend. It is there that he designed and manufactured Turbinia. Parsons turbines were initially used in warships but soon came to be used in merchant and passenger vessels, including the liner Mauretania which held the blue riband for the Atlantic crossing until 1929. Parsons' company in Heaton began to make turbo-generators for power stations and supplied power stations all over the world. The Heaton works, reduced in size, remains as part of the Siemens AG industrial giant.
Pottery
In 1762 the Maling pottery was founded in Sunderland by French Huguenots, but transferred to Newcastle in 1817. A factory was built in the Ouseburn area of the city. The factory was rebuilt twice, finally occupying a 14-acre (57,000 m2) site that was claimed to be the biggest pottery in the world and which had its own railway station. The pottery pioneered use of machines in making potteries as opposed to hand production. In the 1890s the company went up-market and employed in-house designers. The period up to the Second World War was the most profitable with a constant stream of new designs being introduced. However, after the war, production gradually declined and the company closed in 1963.
Expansion of the city
Newcastle was one of the boroughs reformed by the Municipal Corporations Act 1835: the reformed municipal borough included the parishes of Byker, Elswick, Heaton, Jesmond, Newcastle All Saints, Newcastle St Andrew, Newcastle St John, Newcastle St Nicholas, and Westgate. The urban districts of Benwell and Fenham and Walker were added in 1904. In 1935, Newcastle gained Kenton and parts of the parishes of West Brunton, East Denton, Fawdon, Longbenton. The most recent expansion in Newcastle's boundaries took place under the Local Government Act 1972 on 1 April 1974, when Newcastle became a metropolitan borough, also including the urban districts of Gosforth and Newburn, and the parishes of Brunswick, Dinnington, Hazlerigg, North Gosforth and Woolsington from the Castle Ward Rural District, and the village of Westerhope.
Meanwhile Northumberland County Council was formed under the Local Government Act 1888 and benefited from a dedicated meeting place when County Hall was completed in the Castle Garth area of Newcastle in 1910. Following the Local Government Act 1972 County Hall relocated to Morpeth in April 1981.
Twentieth century
In 1925 work began on a new high-level road bridge to span the Tyne Gorge between Newcastle and Gateshead. The capacity of the existing High-Level Bridge and Swing Bridge were being strained to the limit, and an additional bridge had been discussed for a long time. The contract was awarded to the Dorman Long Company and the bridge was finally opened by King George V in 1928. The road deck was 84 feet (26 m) above the river and was supported by a 531 feet (162 m) steel arch. The new Tyne Bridge quickly became a symbol for Newcastle and Tyneside, and remains so today.
During the Second World War, Newcastle was largely spared the horrors inflicted upon other British cities bombed during the Blitz. Although the armaments factories and shipyards along the River Tyne were targeted by the Luftwaffe, they largely escaped unscathed. Manors goods yard and railway terminal, to the east of the city centre, and the suburbs of Jesmond and Heaton suffered bombing during 1941. There were 141 deaths and 587 injuries, a relatively small figure compared to the casualties in other industrial centres of Britain.
In 1963 the city gained its own university, the University of Newcastle upon Tyne, by act of parliament. A School of Medicine and Surgery had been established in Newcastle in 1834. This eventually developed into a college of medicine attached to Durham University. A college of physical science was also founded and became Armstrong College in 1904. In 1934 the two colleges merged to become King's College, Durham. This remained as part of Durham University until the new university was created in 1963. In 1992 the city gained its second university when Newcastle Polytechnic was granted university status as Northumbria University.
Newcastle City Council moved to the new Newcastle Civic Centre in 1968.
As heavy industries declined in the second half of the 20th century, large sections of the city centre were demolished along with many areas of slum housing. The leading political figure in the city during the 1960s was T. Dan Smith who oversaw a massive building programme of highrise housing estates and authorised the demolition of a quarter of the Georgian Grainger Town to make way for Eldon Square Shopping Centre. Smith's control in Newcastle collapsed when it was exposed that he had used public contracts to advantage himself and his business associates and for a time Newcastle became a byword for civic corruption as depicted in the films Get Carter and Stormy Monday and in the television series Our Friends in the North. However, much of the historic Grainger Town area survived and was, for the most part, fully restored in the late 1990s. Northumberland Street, initially the A1, was gradually closed to traffic from the 1970s and completely pedestrianised by 1998.
In 1978 a new rapid transport system, the Metro, was built, linking the Tyneside area. The system opened in August 1980. A new bridge was built to carry the Metro across the river between Gateshead and Newcastle. This was the Queen Elizabeth II Bridge, commonly known as the Metro Bridge. Eventually the Metro system was extended to reach Newcastle Airport in 1991, and in 2002 the Metro system was extended to the nearby city of Sunderland.
As the 20th century progressed, trade on the Newcastle and Gateshead quaysides gradually declined, until by the 1980s both sides of the river were looking rather derelict. Shipping company offices had closed along with offices of firms related to shipping. There were also derelict warehouses lining the riverbank. Local government produced a master plan to re-develop the Newcastle quayside and this was begun in the 1990s. New offices, restaurants, bars and residential accommodation were built and the area has changed in the space of a few years into a vibrant area, partially returning the focus of Newcastle to the riverside, where it was in medieval times.
The Gateshead Millennium Bridge, a foot and cycle bridge, 26 feet (7.9 m) wide and 413 feet (126 m) long, was completed in 2001. The road deck is in the form of a curve and is supported by a steel arch. To allow ships to pass, the whole structure, both arch and road-deck, rotates on huge bearings at either end so that the road deck is lifted. The bridge can be said to open and shut like a human eye. It is an important addition to the re-developed quayside area, providing a vital link between the Newcastle and Gateshead quaysides.
Recent developments
Today the city is a vibrant centre for office and retail employment, but just a short distance away there are impoverished inner-city housing estates, in areas originally built to provide affordable housing for employees of the shipyards and other heavy industries that lined the River Tyne. In the 2010s Newcastle City Council began implementing plans to regenerate these depressed areas, such as those along the Ouseburn Valley.
This is a scan of an original kodachrome slide. It was scanned with an Epson Pro V750, and finished up with very minor post processing work in Photoshop. The default size of this image is 2000x1250 pixels.
Clicking on the photo will enlarge it
The original comes from my own slide collection, which contains both my own photos and those acquired over the past forty or so years collecting.
I began uploading photos into this Flickr photostream to create a home for the slides that have been part of my collection. They deserve to be enjoyed by the aircraft enthusiast community as a whole rather than being tucked away in boxes and binders. Think of it like an old time aircraft slide show but for the 21st century.
Comments are welcome.
Aircraft MSN: 185
Type & Series: Handley Page HPR.7 Herald 214
Registration: G-ASVO
Operator: British Air Ferries "Herald Tribune"
Location and date (if possible):
Remarks:
This is the truck that my neighbor's son drove for a long time. I noticed that he had a van so the other day I ask his dad if he had a new truck and the dad said he had been promoted.. Now this young man was about 8 years old when I moved into the neighborhood and he came to my door and ask if I had someone he could play with.. Sadly no, I told him.. That Christmas he came and wished me a Merry Christmas and it was the best gift I could have ever gotten... He would be about 28 now and I haven't actually talked to him but a couple of times since that first encounter... Happy Truck Thursday, Everybody!!
This is Kirkhill Castle in the small village of Colmonell, in the Stinchar valley of south Ayrshire. Although long roofless, it still stands fairly complete to its wallhead, next to the more modern house that superseded it. There was nobody home when I visited, although I could hear the sounds of lawn mowing coming from the garden behind, so I took a couple of photos from the drive, which show most of what there is to see, and went on my way.
Italien / Belluno - Tofane
Hike around the Tofana di Rozes
Wanderung um die Tofana di Rozes
Tofane is a mountain group in the Dolomites of northern Italy, west of Cortina d'Ampezzo in the province of Belluno, Veneto. Most of the Tofane lies within Parco naturale delle Dolomiti d'Ampezzo, a nature park.
Peaks
The highest peaks of the Tofane group are Tofana di Mezzo (3,244 m (10,643 ft)), Tofana di Dentro (3,238 m (10,623 ft)), and Tofana di Rozes (3,225 m (10,581 ft)). Tofana di Mezzo is the third highest peak in the Dolomites, after Marmolada (3,343 m (10,968 ft)) and Antelao (3,262 m (10,702 ft)). All three peaks were first climbed by Paul Grohmann along with local mountain guides, in 1863 (Tofana di Mezzo - with Francesco Lacedelli), 1864 (Tofana di Rozes - with Francesco Lacedelli, Angelo Dimai and Santo Siorpaes) and 1865 (Tofana di Dentro - with Angelo Dimai).
Geology
The Dolomites were formed during the Cretaceous Period, approximately 60 million years ago, due to the collision of the African and European continents. The Tofane is largely formed from the Upper Triassic rock Dolomia principale. The strata are perceptibly folded, and the mountains are finally formed by wind, rain, glaciers and rivers.
Tourism
Access
A cable lift system (Freccia nel Cielo, "Arrow in the sky") goes from Cortina almost to the top of Tofane di Mezzo. There is only a short walk from the top cable car to the summit. Alternatively the via ferratas VF Punta Anna and VF Gianna Aglio can be used to reach Tofane di Mezzo.
Cabins (rifugi)
Some of the cabins in the Tofane are the Rifugio Angelo Dibona (2,083 m (6,834 ft)), the Rifugio Giussani (2,580 m (8,465 ft)), the Rifugio Duca d'Aosta (2,098 m (6,883 ft)), and the Rifugio Pomedes (2,303 m (7,556 ft)).
Via ferratas
The via ferratas of Tofane are VF Punta Anna and VF Gianna Aglio on Tofana di Mezzo, VF Lamon and VF Formenton on Tofana di Dentro, and VF Giovanni Lipella on Tofana di Rozes, where there also are tunnel systems from World War I.
History
During the First World War, the Tofane was a battlefield of the Italian Front for clashes between the Italian and Austro-Hungarian forces. The front lines went through the mountains.
At the 1956 Winter Olympics, Mount Tofane hosted five of the six alpine skiing events. It regularly hosts women's speed events on the World Cup circuit, and hosted the World Championships in 2021. The men's 1956 downhill and the current women's World Cup races are on the Olimpia delle Tofane ski race course (often referred to as “Tofana” for short); it is famous for the Tofana Schuss, where athletes can reach speeds over 130 kilometres per hour (81 mph).
(Wikipedia)
Tofana di Rozes (3,225 metres (10,581 ft)) is a mountain of the Dolomites in the Province of Belluno, Veneto, Italy. Located west of the resort of Cortina d'Ampezzo, the mountain's giant three-edged pyramid shape and its vertical south face, above the Falzarego Pass, makes it the most popular peak in the Tofane group, and one of the most popular in the Dolomites.
History
From May 1915 to July 1916, the mountain and its surroundings was the location of fierce fighting between Italian and German, later Austrio-Hungarian, troops, as part of the Italian front in World War I.
West of the main face, and separated from the mountain by a steep and rocky gully, is the Castelletto, a narrow, long rock 700 feet high. In 1915 it was occupied by a German platoon, which, armed with a machine gun and sniper rifles, wreaked havoc on the Italian troops in the valley. They were soon replaced by Austrian soldiers, and from their strategic position they prevented any Italian plans for a push north. For the Alpini, the Italian mountain infantry specialists, retaking the Castelletto became a prime objective. Two of their climbers, Ugo Vallepiana and Giuseppe Gaspard, climbed up the Tofana to a ledge a few hundred feet above the Castelletto, but their guns were not very successful. One summer night four Alpini climbed up the Castelletto but they were discovered and shot. An attack through the gully, taking advantage of the morning fog, was also unsuccessful (machine gunners shot the advancing soldiers when the fog thinned a little), as was a massive attack from three sides in the fall of 1915. So, in February 1916 the Italians, led by Lt. Luigi Malvezzi [it], started tunneling into the Castelletto, first with hammers and chisels and then, in March, with pneumatic drills, and with teams of over two dozen men, working four six-hour shifts, they tunneled up to 30 feet per day. The steep tunnel was 500 meters long, and 2,200 cubic meters of rubble were removed. Its adit was in a "sheltered position within a natural ravine", accessed by a long ladder and thus logistically very demanding. One part of the tunnel brought them under the Austrian position, where they filled a cavern, 16 by 16 feet and 7 feet high, with 77,000 pounds of gelignite. The other led to what was to be an attack position, to be opened with a smaller batch of explosives.
On July 11, at 3:30 AM, the gelignite was exploded, with King Victor Emmanuel III and the army's chief of staff, General Luigi Cadorna, looking on. The Austrian commander was Hans Schneeberger, an orphan from Brandberg, Tyrol, who at age 19 replaced a commander who had been killed by an Italian sniper. When the explosions happened, some two dozen Austrian soldiers were killed instantly, but Schneeberger and a few survivors had rifles and grenades, and were able to repel the Italians from the edge of the crater. The attack as a whole was a failure: soldiers were to lower themselves from the Tofana to attack the Castelletto, but the explosion destroyed their ropes. To make matters worse, the explosion used up so much oxygen that Malvezzi and his men, going through the attack tunnel, passed out because of toxic gases including carbon monoxide; some of the men died. Finally, the explosion damaged the rock face on the east, sending huge boulders down the gully and killing incoming Italian soldiers. The next day, Italians had hauled machine guns up the face of the Tofana; Schneeberger sent one of his men to ask for reinforcements, which arrived that night. A few hours later the Italians attacked the relief platoon, and the Austrians withdrew to the Castelletto's northern end, and pulled their troops away altogether after a few days.[2] Malvezzi received the Military Order of Savoy.
Climbing
Most climbs start from the north, where the mountain is a relatively easy hike, or the west face, where the summit can be reached by a via ferrata. The south face, however, is a much more difficult challenge, with many of the routes being either fifth or sixth graded climbs. The mountain was first climbed in 1864 by Paul Grohmann and local hunter Francesco Lacedelli. The south face was first climbed in 1901.
Via Ferrata
A via ferrata starts at the restored entrance to the mine tunnel at the Castelletto, and leads to the summit of the mountain; along the way one finds a memorial to Giovanni Lipella,[8] an Italian soldier who died on the mountain on 15 June 1918 and was posthumously awarded the Gold Medal of Military Valour.
Cave
The Grotta di Tofana is one of only a few natural caves in dolomite rather than regular limestone. It is accessible by way of a via ferrata that starts some 40 minutes from Rifugio Dibona. The cave is some 300 meters deep, and the roof is up to 10 meters high. The cave has been quite popular with tourists, and was listed by Baedeker as "a large cavern accessible by ladders" and as an interesting visit.
(Wikipedia)
Das Dreigestirn der Tofane (italienisch Tofane, deutsch auch Tofana) gehört zu den bekanntesten und markantesten Dolomitenmassiven. Die Tofane liegen westlich von Cortina d’Ampezzo und überragen das Valle del Boite (Boitetal). Eine gewisse Bekanntheit erlangte der Name durch die Skirennstrecke Olimpia delle Tofane, 1956 Austragungsort der olympischen Herrenabfahrt.
Lage und Umgebung
Das Tofane-Massiv liegt westlich von Cortina d’Ampezzo über dem oberen Valle del Boite und ist Teil des Parco Naturale delle Dolomiti d’Ampezzo. Während die beiden höheren Gipfel Tofana di Mezzo und Tofana di Dentro ein kompaktes Massiv bilden, wirkt die südliche Tofana di Rozes einigermaßen eigenständig. Zwischen diesen Felsgiganten schneidet sich die Forcella Fontananegra (2561 m) ein. Im Westen und Norden trennt das Val Travenanzes das Gebirgsmassiv von der Fanesgruppe, im Osten das obere Valle del Boite vom Pomagnonzug (und der Cristallogruppe) und im Süden das Falzaregotal von der Nuvolaugruppe. Von Cortina gesehen ist den beiden höheren Tofane eine Wandstufe vorgelagert, die mit dem Südostgrat der mittleren Tofana eine Art „Felsenring“ bildet.
Gipfel
Das Massiv besteht im Wesentlichen aus den drei Dreitausender-Gipfeln, die allesamt beliebte Tourenziele darstellen. Alle drei rangieren unter den zehn höchsten Gipfeln der Dolomiten.
Die in der Mitte gelegene Tofana di Mezzo (auch Tofana II) ist mit einer Höhe von 3244 m s.l.m. die höchste der drei Tofane und zugleich nach der Marmolata (3343 m) und dem Antelao (3264 m) der dritthöchste Dolomitenberg.
Die Tofana di Dentro (hintere Tofana, auch Tofana III) hat eine Gipfelhöhe von 3238 m s.l.m. und bildet den nördlichsten der drei Felsriesen.
Die Tofana di Rozes (vordere Tofana, auch Tofana I) ist 3225 m s.l.m. hoch und vor allem für ihre imposante Südwand (Tofana Sud) bekannt.
Geologie
Bereits 1873 setzte sich Hermann Loretz geologisch mit dem Gebiet um die Tofane auseinander. Edmund Mojsisovics von Mojsvár lieferte mit seiner Arbeit zu den Dolomit-Riffen (1879) weitere wichtige Aufschlüsse, die Leopold Kober 1908 vertiefte.
Die Tofane werden aus mächtigem triassischem Hauptdolomit (Dachsteindolomit) aufgebaut, der leicht Richtung Norden einfällt. In den Gipfelbereichen wird er von jurassischen Kalken (früher als Lias bezeichnet) überlagert. Der Grat zwischen Tofana II und III gewährt gute Einblicke in die Schichtfolge und lässt Neokom und Oberjura erkennen, während in den untersten Bereichen ältere Gesteine wie Sandsteine, Kalkmergel und Tuffe zu Tage treten, die ein auffälliges grünes Band formen. Der Komplex von Tofana II und III wird außerdem von einer nach Westen überschlagenen Falte geprägt, deren Mächtigkeit allerdings nur die obersten 200 Meter umfasst. Nach Süden hin setzt sich diese tektonische Störung fort. Am Südgrat der Tofana II befindet sich mit dem Bus de Tofana eines der größten Felsenfenster der Alpen.
Geschichte
Die Erstbegehungen der drei Gipfel erfolgten nacheinander in den Jahren 1863 bis 1865. Paul Grohmann bestieg mit verschiedenen Führern zuerst die Tofana di Mezzo (1863), dann die Tofana di Rozes (1864) und schließlich die Tofana di Fuori (1865), allesamt von Cortina aus. Alpinistisch war in der Folge vor allem die Südwand der Tofana di Rozes von Interesse, die 1901 durch Ilona und Rolanda von Eötvös mit Führern erstmals durchstiegen wurde.
Während des Ersten Weltkriegs bildeten die Tofane eines der Zentren der Ersten Dolomitenoffensive. Die italienischen Alpini besetzten im Juli 1915 die Gipfel von Tofana II und Tofana III und versuchten von dort aus die österreich-ungarische Sperre im Travenanzestal zu erobern. Die Tofana I wurde wiederum kurzzeitig von Jägern des Deutschen Alpenkorps eingenommen. Kriegsrelikte wie Stollen und verfallene Stellungen zeugen heute noch von den erbitterten Kämpfen.
Mit den Olympischen Winterspielen 1956 in Cortina d’Ampezzo hielt der Massentourismus erstmals Einzug in die Gegend. Während die Skigebiete mit der heute noch als Weltcupstrecke genutzten Olimpia delle Tofane am Osthang von Tofana di Mezzo/Dentro entstanden, blieb die Spitze bis zum Bau der Seilbahn Freccia nel cielo (deutsch: Himmelspfeil) 1971 verschont. Davor waren bereits mehrere Klettersteige angelegt worden, die sich heute großer Beliebtheit erfreuen, darunter die Via ferrata Giuseppe Olivieri auf die mittlere Tofana (1957), die Via ferrata Giovanni Lipella auf die Tofana di Rozes (1967) und die Via ferrata Formenton auf die Tofana di Dentro.
(Wikipedia)
Die Tofana di Rozes (auch Vordere Tofana oder Tofana I) ist ein 3225 m s.l.m. hoher Berg in den Dolomiten in der italienischen Provinz Belluno. Mit ihrer berühmten Südwand bildet sie die eindrucksvollste, wenn auch niedrigste Erhebung der dreigipfeligen Tofane westlich von Cortina d’Ampezzo.
Lage und Umgebung
Die Tofana di Rozes ist der südlichste der drei Tofana-Gipfel und von der Tofana di Mezzo durch die Forcella Fontananegra (2561 m) getrennt. In diesem Bereich liegen das Rifugio Giussani und das nicht mehr bewirtschaftete Rifugio Cantore. Im Westen trennt die Forcella Bois (2331 m) den Felskoloss vom Lagazuoistock, im Westen und Norden bildet das Val Travenanzes die Grenze zur Fanesgruppe. Von Norden gesehen erscheint der Berg als dreikantige Felspyramide, nach Süden zeigt er eine der imposantesten Wände der Dolomiten, die meist als Tofana Sud bezeichnet wird. Trotz der niedrigsten Gipfelhöhe ist der Berg gerade aufgrund dieser 800 Meter hohen Südwand das bekannteste Motiv der Tofane. Im unteren Wandabschnitt liegt mit der Grotta della Tofana eine mehrere Meter tiefe Höhle, die bereits von Paul Grohmann besucht wurde.
Alpinismus
Die Erstbesteigung gelang am 29. August 1864 Paul Grohmann mit den Einheimischen Francesco Lacedelli, Angelo Dimai und Santo Siorpaes. Grohmann und Lacedelli hatten im Jahr zuvor bereits die Tofana di Mezzo erstbestiegen. Ähnlich wie bei deren Erschließung wählten sie den Anstieg aus der Forcella Fontananegra über die Nordostflanke, den heutigen Normalweg. Grohmann äußerte sich begeistert über die Aussicht vom Gipfel:
„Ich bin kein Freund davon zur Schilderung einer Aussicht zahllose Bergspitzen herzuzählen, und unterlasse dieses auch hier, unvergesslich aber bleibt mir ein Detailbild der Rundsicht: die furchtbaren Schrofen der beiden anderen Tofanaspitzen in nächster Nähe, und zwischen diesen blickt weiter hinten der Gaisl vor, die Croda rossa der Ampezzaner; nur der oberste Theil, aber dieser blutroth, ein seltsamer Contrast gegen die grauen Kalkwände der Tofana!“
Im August 1901 meisterten Ilona und Rolanda von Eötvös mit Antonio Dimai, Giovanni Siorpaes und Agostino Verzi erstmals die kolossale Südwand. Die Via Eötvös-Dimai (IV) gilt heute als eine der klassischen Routen in den Dolomiten. Die durch wuchtige Pfeiler auffällig gegliederte Wand wurde im Laufe des 20. Jahrhunderts auf fast 30 verschiedenen Routen durchstiegen. Zu den bedeutendsten gehören etwa der zweite Pfeiler (Secondo Pilastro, VI), der 1946 von Ettore Constantini und Luigi Ghedina erstmals bewältigt wurde, oder die 1952 durch Walter Bonatti und P. Contini erschlossene Via delle Tridentina (ebenfalls VI). Weitere wichtige Erstbegehungen gelangen Angelo Dibona, Walter Stößer und Attilio Tissi.
Im Ersten Weltkrieg galt die Tofana di Rozes als besonders umkämpfter Berg. Am 22. Juli 1915 nahm eine Patrouille des dritten Jäger-Regiments im Deutschen Alpenkorps im Zuge der Ersten Dolomitenoffensive den bis dahin unbesetzten Gipfel ein. Man konnte die Tofana I bis zum 18. September gegen die Italiener verteidigen.
Aufstieg
Trotz der imposanten Erscheinung ist die Tofana di Rozes – sieht man von der Seilbahn-Erschließung der Tofana di Mezzo ab – von den drei Tofana-Gipfeln am leichtesten zu ersteigen. Dem Nicht-Kletterer bieten sich für den Aufstieg zur Tofana di Rozes zwei Möglichkeiten.
Der Normalweg führt vom Rifugio Giussani (2580 m) unschwierig über geröllbedeckten Fels zum Nordwestgrat und über diesen schließlich zum Gipfel. Firnreste sind im oberen Bereich keine Seltenheit.
Eine zweite Variante bietet die 1967 eröffnete Via ferrata Giovanni Lipella (Schwierigkeit C/D). Diese wird zumeist vom Rifugio Angelo Dibona (2083 m) aus in Angriff genommen. Der Weg führt zunächst unter der mächtigen Südwand entlang zum Einstieg, wo gleich ein steiler Stollen durchquert werden muss. Danach verläuft der Steig an der Westseite des Berges Richtung Norden zu den Tre Dita (2694 m) und macht schließlich einen Knick nach Süden. Nach dem Ausstieg erreicht man den Normalweg und über diesen den Gipfel.
(Wikipedia)
Żar is a mountain in Beskid Mały, Karpaty, Poland, 761 m above the sea level.
Thank you for all commentaries and invitations.
Lake Worth Beach is a city in Palm Beach County, Florida, United States, which takes its name from the body of water along its eastern border known as the Lake Worth Lagoon. The lake itself was named for General William J. Worth, who led U.S. forces during the last part of the Second Seminole War. As of 2010, the population estimated by the U.S. Census Bureau was 34,910. It is a principal city of the Miami metropolitan area, which was home to an estimated 6,012,331 people in 2015.
Lake Worth Beach was incorporated as the "Town of Lake Worth" in June 1913. Many of the first residents were farmers from other parts of the American south and mid-west, looking to benefit from the growing winter vegetable market of the time. The city benefited with the rest of south Florida during the Florida land boom of the 1920s. A wooden automobile traffic bridge over Lake Worth was completed in 1919. The first casino and municipal beach complex was completed shortly thereafter. The 1920s also saw the completion of the Gulf Stream Hotel, now on the National Register of Historic Places.
The city was severely damaged in the 1928 hurricane, toppling the bell tower on the elementary school (today the City Hall Annex) and destroying the beachfront casino and automobile bridge over Lake Worth. This led to a severe economic decline within the community, during the Great Depression. Things were so dire in the city in the 1930s, that President Franklin D. Roosevelt's Works Progress Administration built a striking, moorish-styled "City Gymnasium" on the corner of Lake Avenue and Dixie Highway. The building today serves as City Hall.
William A. Boutwell, who ran the Boutwell Dairy from 1927 to 1956, is credited with inventing half & half creamer; the dairy later merged with Alfar Creamery and then T.G. Lee, who distributed the product more widely until it became an American diner staple.
Development started again after World War II with many modest pensioners, especially from Quebec, Finland, and eventually Germany, moving to the city and building 1,000-square-foot (93 m2) cottages. These new immigrants brought their industrious nature with them as well as their native customs, restaurants, shops, and churches and for decades the town flourished. To this day, one can find an abundance of beer halls, chocolatiers, Bavarian delicatessens, and Lutheran churches, which stand out in the semitropical urban sprawl of South Florida.
The South Florida construction boom brought a new wave of immigrants in the past few decades. Central Americans have added a Hispanic aspect to Lake Worth's culture. Included in the 1980s immigration were many Guatemalan-Mayans who consider themselves indigenous people, rather than "Hispanic" or "Latino" and some may not speak Spanish. They mostly converse in Mam, Q'anjob'al, or any one of 22 existing Mayan languages spoken in Guatemala. Adding to the racial and linguistic mix of the city is a large Haitian population, speaking Haitian Creole and French.
During a short period of neglect and decline in the 1980s and 1990s, Lake Worth, in the words of then-city commissioner Dennis Dorsey, "had become known as the skin-flick capital of the country." The venue now known as the Lake Worth Playhouse was the Playtoy, and was well known in Palm Beach County as the theater that showed x-rated movies; Deep Throat was shown there, motivating a police raid.
The downtown area has seen a huge resurgence in interest and now sports an array of art galleries, sidewalk cafés and night clubs. Once moribund property values have soared. The city's main street, Lake Avenue, contains some of the oldest commercial structures in South Florida, including the Art Deco Lake Worth Playhouse.
The city was hit especially hard by Hurricanes Frances, Jeanne, and Wilma in 2004 and 2005. The fishing pier was quite damaged but was repaired (with the help of FEMA) and reopened in May 2009. The pier is currently open to the public with entry fees of $1 per adult sightseer, and $3 per adult fisherman. The city's public swimming pool has been restored, and besides serving to instruct Palm Beach County residents in swimming and water safety, hosts water-sport competitions. The pier is home to a tide gauge with a sporadic history, showing an above average rate of sea level rise.
In 2015, the city was accused of asking for business licenses from surrounding churches.
In 2019 a ballot initiative to change the name of the city to Lake Worth Beach passed with a narrow margin. The city states that the name change "will be implemented slowly".
Credit for the data above is given to the following website:
Homestead is a city within Miami-Dade County in the U.S. state of Florida, between Biscayne National Park to the east and Everglades National Park to the west. Homestead is primarily a Miami suburb and a major agricultural area. It is a principal city of the Miami metropolitan area, which was home to an estimated 6,012,331 people at the 2015 census.
Homestead was incorporated in 1913 and is the second oldest city in Miami-Dade County next to the city of Miami. It is located approximately 35 miles (56 km) southwest of Miami, and 25 miles (40 km) northwest of Key Largo. The name originates from when the Florida East Coast Railway extension to Key West was being built. The rail line was passing through an area opened up for homesteading, and as the construction camp at the end of the line did not have a particular name, construction materials and supplies for the workers were consigned to "Homestead Country", shortened to "Homestead" by the engineers who mapped the area. The population was 60,512 at the 2010 census. Homestead and neighboring South Miami-Dade County communities bore the brunt of Category 5 Hurricane Andrew on August 24, 1992.
The city of Homestead is located near the southern terminus of the Homestead Extension of Florida's Turnpike where it ends at its junction with U.S. 1. Homestead is immediately north and east of Florida City and these two cities comprise the greater Homestead-Florida City area. Some of the notable unincorporated communities in the area are Redland, Leisure City, Naranja, and Princeton
Credit for the data above is given to the following website:
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homestead,_Florida
© All Rights Reserved - you may not use this image in any form without my prior permission.
Tatiana's dream is to be a famous American movie star.
Tatiana currently works in a small perfumery in the corner of an underground shopping mall. Her accent is thick and Russian and she spends too long examining the quality of my watch.
Recommended View: Large On Black
All Rights Reserved - Trey Ratcliff - From Stuck In Customs www.stuckincustoms.com
The mouflon (Ovis orientalis orientalis) is a subspecies group of the wild sheep Ovis orientalis.
There are five subspecies of mouflon. The European mouflon (Ovis orientalis musimon, too Ovis gmelini musimon) was introduced about 7,000 years ago in Corsica and Sardinia for the first time. It has since been introduced in many parts of Europe.
The mouflon is thought to be one of the two ancestors for all modern domestic sheep breeds.
Mouflon have red-brown, short-haired coats with dark back-stripes and light-colored saddle patches. The males are horned; some females are horned, while others are polled. The horns of mature rams are curved in almost one full revolution (up to 85 cm). Mouflon have shoulder heights of about 0.9 m and body weights of 50 kg (males) and 35 kg (females).
Generally found in mountainous areas with both grasslands and desert, although in Europe mouflon have also been introduced into forested areas. Mouflon occur up to 3,000 metres above sea level and prefer the gentler slopes of the higher mountain ranges.
This picture is taken in Naturwildpark Granat in Haltern-Lavesum (Germany)
De moeflon (Ovis orientalis) is het kleinste wilde schaap en de stamvader van het tamme schaap.
Er zijn vijf ondersoorten, waarvan hier op de foto de Europese moeflon (Ovis orientalis musimon, ook Ovis gmelini musimon).
De Europese moeflon soort komt al zo'n 7000 jaar van nature voor op de eilanden Sardinië en Corsica, maar is tegenwoordig in grote delen van Europa ingevoerd. Momenteel leven er op de Veluwe in omheinde gebieden ongeveer 300 dieren. Sinds kort komen er ook een aantal voor in de Amsterdamse Waterleidingduinen.
De moeflon komt oorspronkelijk voornamelijk voor in hellingbossen en op bergweiden tot circa 3000 meter hoogte.
Beide geslachten hebben hoorns. Vooral bij oude rammen zijn de hoorns indrukwekkend, ze krullen om achter de oren en kunnen 85 centimeter lang worden. Ooien op Sardinië hebben geen hoorns, ooien op Corsica en het Europese vasteland hebben korte stompjes. Bovendien hebben de rammen in de wintertijd een opvallend lichtgekleurd "zadel", witte "sokken" en snuit en een donkere nek, schouders en bovenbenen. 's Zomers zijn deze tekeningen minder duidelijk zichtbaar. Bij oudere mannetjes zijn het zadel en de snuit lichter van kleur. Vrouwtjes en jonge mannetjes hebben een roodbruine tot chocoladebruine vacht met een wittige buikzijde. De vacht is vrij kort. De moeflon wordt 110 tot 130 centimeter lang, met een zes tot tien centimeter lange staart. De rammen worden groter dan ooien: de ram heeft een gemiddelde schofthoogte van 75 centimeter en een gewicht van 35 tot 50 kilogram, terwijl de ooi een gemiddelde schofthoogte van 65 centimeter en een gewicht van 30 tot 40 kilogram heeft.
Moeflons komen met een karig dieet toe. Ze eten voornamelijk grassen, twijgen, knoppen, jonge bladeren en 's winters boomschors. Het zijn van nature schuwe dieren, die enkel 's nachts en in de schemering actief zijn.
Deze foto is gemaakt in Naturwildpark Granat in Haltern-Lavesum (Duitsland).
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All rights reserved. Copyright © Martien Uiterweerd. All my images are protected under international authors copyright laws and may not be downloaded, reproduced, copied, transmitted or manipulated without my written explicit permission.
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Now this is very much a WIP, but after a weekend of building I was so pleased with the body I thought I'd share it for comment. It's heavily based on the excellent rendering by Pickyourownbogie (www.flickr.com/photos/88718670@N02/8199393185). I did the engine doors, cab and rear differently, but front and roof are as close as I can get them! It's 8-wide on the baseplate and cab and the main body is 6 wide. As always, I ran out of bricks, so have more on the way. The railings will change to dark grey and I have no 1x2 dark green tiles or dark green windows - will change when Bricklink order arrives! Next up, bogies and incorporation of PF so it can shunt some wagons.
Giulia is a couchsurfing at our house for a few days. She said me she was kinda shy and she wanted me to take some pictures of her to overcome her shyness.
Canon EOS 5DmkII with EF 135mm f/2L @ 1/400th sec; f/2; iso100.
Best rank on Explore: #67 on June 22, 2011.
Commentary.
Chester is an ancient Cathedral City on the River Dee and near the Welsh border with Cheshire.
It was founded in 79 A.D. as a walled town or fortress
by the Romans who named it Deva Victrix.
The first cathedral was built in 689 A.D. by the Mercians.
Later, the Angles strengthened the walls in case of invasion by the Danes.
Following the Norman invasion in 1066, William the Conqueror
ordered that a castle be built to dominate this corner of north-west England.
The City Walls are still some of the best-preserved defensive walls in England and have a Grade 1 Listing.
Chester still has a number of medieval buildings but most of the City centre half-timbered buildings are mock-Tudor
having been built in Victorian times.
Nevertheless, the architecture has been constructed to a very high standard.
Consequently, tourism has become an important economic business.
Retail, Public Administration and financial services also bring in significant revenue.
During the Industrial Revolution its position near the Shropshire Union Canal helped prosperity and trade.
Its Cattle Market and two railway stations provided much employment and business.
The famous black and white “Rows” attract many visitors with
two levels of shops, the upper level behind elegant galleries.
The A.55 along the North Wales coastline, the M.53 to the Wirral and the M.56 to Manchester now make Chester an effective hub with many connections and access to a large population.
I was very impressed with Chester’s architecture.
It is quite outstanding.
Here is a prize from the unedited stash that will break the noir series. This is clearly the case of a captive audience. One for me, one for you and one for the geese. This is without doubt an example of the Tom Lehrer song, "Poisoning Pigeons in the Park." That's probably closer to the truth than feeding wildlife although these geese won't go anywhere to be wild. These snacks probably shouldn't go into the kids either. Here's an instance of starting to shoot wildlife after our spring started to green up. These domestic fowl have taken up permanent residence here, water or ice. No wonder! I met a birder who declared he spotted 28 species on his last outing here. I headed out for another loop of pond #2 and saw gaggles of geese disembarking to weed the surrounding grass areas. These are pretty well in tune with the pitcher. They must not have been really startled and I have nearly had mallards walk over my feet. Seems proper; I walk on them too. This pose struck me as a near form of communication that had not been translated to me except in their actions. In fact I could have been slightly steadier; I found a monopod for quick but steady shots. The day had skies that were less than satisfying. The sky has been bad for a while again and promises more.
Some of the foliage was really greening up in early June and some of the trees were finally budding after the later spring. I bet the parking at the park will be maxed when spring arrives this year.
I was at Golden Ponds, the Longmont, Boulder County greenbelt and rec area and I wanted to look for possible shots even though the sky had been the pits lately. We are about a month away from the longest day but the weather granted us an extended spring. I wandered the green space and took some detail shots that were available, The rippling water gone so I relied on the ducks wake to churn the water, my favorite cottonwood is brown and most cattails and milk weed is seeding the next year's supply. I shot few pictures and kept the sky out of the frame but it's presence shows in the water. I love shooting high contrast scenes with this camera and lens.
Shadow is a safe place.
the Part of the Silent Concert series
Someday morning in my bathroom, Taipei, Taiwan.
Zeiss Ikoflex 1C TLR, Kodak T-MAX 100
What is incredibly interesting about this photo is at first thought you wonder what is such a generous church doing on a prison property. then you realize that being in the shadow of the tower no one could contemplate escape. but thats exactly what happened in 1995. On January 2nd 6 inmates escaped from a tunnel underneath this church that they were digging for who knows how long while they were helping construct this church , one was immediately caught when a guard saw them running, they split up but one by one they were all caught, the longest one on the loose Juan Flietas captured in Mexico august 3d 1997 shot by police after someone recognized him from Americas most wanted. much more to this story but Ill keep it short and sweet. As much as I dislike Arista EDU film it did a good job rendering the gritty detail in this brick building.
Lomography color negative 100, Mamiya M645
#heylomography #lomography100 #abandonedplaces #urbanexploration #mamiya645
Located in today's gardens in the Marzahn-Hellersdorf district and opened in October 2000, the Chinese Garden is the largest Chinese garden in Europe with a size of 2.7 hectares. When naming a Chinese garden, the name always has a symbolic character. The name "Garden of the Reclaimed Moon" stands for the reunification of Berlin, which has been divided over decades. The garden was created as part of the city partnership Berlin - Beijing and the planning is a gift from the city of Beijing to Berlin.
The Chinese Garden is designed in the style of classical Chinese garden of scholars and strives for a balance of the "seven elements" earth, sky, water, stones, buildings, living things and plants. All materials come from China and the entire construction was done by skilled workers from Beijing.
In the hilly landscape planted with numerous exotic plants, a 4,500 m² lake forms the center of the garden. In addition to several bridges, walls, buildings and fantastically shaped stones, the Chinese tea house, the "mountain house for osmanthus juice", is one of the special features of this garden. Since 2007, a walkway connects the tea house with the pavilion of the quiet moonshine. Thus, a structural design of the garden already existing in the original plans could be realized.
For thousands of years, fantastically shaped rocks and stones have become the peculiarities of a Chinese garden, with the principle that "the stone must be lean and wrinkled like a centenary". The most beautiful stones in the "Garden of the Recovered Moon" come from the area of Taihu Lake near Wuxi. They are a symbol of strength and beauty.
Guided tours are also offered through the Chinese Garden, where interested visitors can learn about the background of the garden as well as the symbolism of the stones and plants used. In the teahouse there are also demonstrations of Chinese tea art. Both offers are only available on certain days of the week.,
The Chinese Garden, along with the Japanese Garden , the Balinese Garden , the Korean Garden , the Oriental Garden and other typical gardens are part of the "Gardens of the World" project.
God Presides Over the Fate of All Mankind
📜 📜 📜 📜 📜 📜 📜
As members of the human race and devout christians, it is the responsibility and obligation of us all to offer up our mind and body for the fulfillment of God’s commission, for our entire being came from God, and it exists thanks to the sovereignty of God. If our minds and bodies are not for God’s commission and not for the righteous cause of mankind, then our souls will be unworthy of those who were martyred for God’s commission, much more unworthy of God, who has provided us with everything.
🌈 🌈 🌈 🌈 🌈 🌈 🌈 🌈 🌈 🌈 🌈 🌈 🌈 🌈 🌈 🌈
God created this world, He created this mankind, and moreover He was the architect of ancient Greek culture and human civilization. Only God consoles this mankind, and only God cares for this mankind night and day. Human development and progress is inseparable from the sovereignty of God, and the history and future of mankind are inextricable from the designs of God. If you are a true Christian, then you will surely believe that the rise and fall of any country or nation occurs according to the designs of God. God alone knows the fate of a country or nation, and God alone controls the course of this mankind. If mankind wishes to have a good fate, if a country wishes to have a good fate, then man must bow down to God in worship, repent and confess before God, or else the fate and destination of man will unavoidably end in catastrophe.
🌈 🌈 🌈 🌈 🌈 🌈 🌈 🌈 🌈 🌈 🌈 🌈 🌈 🌈 🌈 🌈
Today, God has returned to the world to do His work. His first stop is the grand assemblage of dictatorial rulers: China, the staunch bastion of atheism. God has gained a group of people by His wisdom and power. During the period, He is hunted by China’s ruling party in every means and subjected to great suffering, with no place to rest His head and unable to find a shelter. Despite this, God still continues the work He intends to do: He utters His voice and spreads the gospel . None can fathom the almightiness of God. In China, a country that regards God as an enemy, God has never ceased His work. Instead, more people have accepted His work and word, for God does all He can to save each and every member of mankind. We trust that no country or power can stand in the way of what God wishes to achieve. Those that obstruct God’s work, resist the word of God, disturb and impair the plan of God shall ultimately be punished by God. He who defies the work of God shall be sent to hell; any country that defies the work of God shall be destroyed; any nation that rises up to oppose the work of God shall be wiped from this earth, and shall cease to exist. I urge the people of all nations, countries, and even industries to listen to the voice of God , to behold the work of God, to pay attention to the fate of mankind, thus making God the most holy, the most honorable, the highest, and the only object of worship among mankind, and allowing the whole of mankind to live under the blessing of God, just as the descendants of Abraham lived under the promise of Jehovah, and just as Adam and Eve, who were originally made by God, lived in the Garden of Eden.
🌟🌟🌟🌟🌟🌟🌟🌟🌟
🌟🌟🌟🌟🌟🌟🌟🌟🌟
This is Ana. Taking advantage of the traffic lights changed to red, I asked her for a portrait and she agreed very friendly.
This picture is #14 in my 100 strangers project. Find out more about the project and see pictures taken by other photographers at the 100 Strangers Flickr Group page
This is a scan of an original kodachrome slide. It was scanned with an Epson Pro V750, and finished up with very minor post processing work in Photoshop.
Clicking on the Photo will enlarge it to its full size for your screen
The original comes from my own slide collection, which contains both my own photos and those acquired over the past forty or so years collecting.
Uploading of photos in this Flickr collection is for one reason only, and that is to allow them to be enjoyed by people who find them of interest. Otherwise, much of this material would continue to remain hidden away in boxes and pages. Comments on the photos are welcomed.
MSN: 46053
TYPE/SRS: Douglas DC-8-63CF
REG'N: TR-LTZ
OPERATOR: Government of Gabon
LOCATION:
REMARKS:
This is my first hdr attempt.............
France - Villecroze. Main street
Villecroze is a medieval charming village which attracts many visitors. In the magnificent decor of mountains of pines and oaks, this village has many sights to see. There's one main street running though the center of town, with shops along both sides. A side street off the main street is lined with terrace café-restaurants beneath large, shady plane trees. Beside this are petanque courts and a parking area.
Het schilderachtige, middeleeuwse dorp Villecroze ligt in de Provence Verte, het groene hart van de Var, tussen het Lac de Ste-Croix, met de Gorges du Verdon, en de Côte d'Azur. Villecroze is klein, rustig en gezellig. Het ligt nabij andere mooie plaatsjes als Cotignac, Tourtour, Flayosc, Entrecasteaux, Lorgues en Le Thoronet
Spring is slowly but surely coming to Gosau too. It still snows a little on the mountain pasture and down in the village it rains and washes the snow off the paths and meadows.
The train to Gosau is already waiting for you maps.secondlife.com/secondlife/Gosau%20Dachstein%20West/1...
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Weekly Alphabet Challenge
Week 31 - E is for Enamel
My mum was in the land army during WW2 and it wasn't until 2008 they were given this little badge, as a thank you for their efforts.
This is a closeup of one of the bronze torcheres which stood outside the Fifth Avenue entrance of the Metropolitan Museum of Art from 1902 to 1970. It's now in the Engelhard Court inside the museum.
It's not much of a shot. I just wanted to see the out of focus rendering shooting wide open at f2 with the Batis 25mm lens.
This is my ultimate favorite kind of feast. Nothing brings me more joy than the mingling of nuts, fresh and dried fruits with wonderful, flavorful cheeses. This is a selection of fine gourmet cheese with fruits and nuts. Clockwise from right Dutch Aged Gouda, French Chevrot, Danish Bleu Castello, Swiss Marechal, and French Istara.
This image is Copyright Protected and may not be used for any reason without express written permission.
© Kelly Cline All Rights Reserved.
© Copyright 2013 Francisco Aragão
© ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Use without permission is illegal.
© TODOS LOS DERECHOS RESERVADOS. El uso sin permiso es ilegal
© TODOS OS DIREITOS RESERVADOS. Usar sem permissão é ilegal.
=.=.=.=.=.=.=.=.=.=.=.=.=.=.=.=.=.=.=.=.=.=.=.=
Portuguese
A Praia do Gunga é uma das mais famosas de Alagoas. Fica no município de Roteiro e às margens da Lagoa do Roteiro que encontra-se como mar bem em frente às tendas e bares do Gunga.
Logo após passar pela ponte sobre a Lagoa do Roteiro tem-se uma bonita imagem. Às margens da rodovia AL-101 estão uma infinidade de coqueiros que estendem-se por muitos quilômetros.
A Praia do Gunga fica no interior de uma fazenda de coqueiros e para chegar até ela é necessário ingressar pelos portões da fazenda.
Ingressamos na fazenda e seguimos até a praia que conta com muitas barracas de praia. Aproveitamos para almoçar em uma delas.
Após 500mts da entrada da fazenda existe um mirante de onde é possível avistar a Praia do Gunga, a fazenda de coqueiros e a Barra de São Miguel.
http://turismoeaventura.blogspot.com.br/2009/01/praia-do-gunga-roteiroal.html
Frozen Wave Sculpture Black Sands Diamond Beach Southern Iceland Blue Ice Fuji GFX100s Medium Format Fine Art Landscape Photography IS Black Sand Beach! Elliot McGucken Master Fine Art Nature Photographer Fujifilm GFX 100s & FUJIFILM GF F4 Lens
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All art is but imitation of nature.-- Seneca (Letters from a Stoic - Letter LXV: On the First Cause)
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Photographs available as epic fine art luxury prints. For prints and licensing information, please send me a flickr mail or contact drelliot@gmail.com with your queries! All the best on your Epic Hero's Odyssey!Seljalandsfoss Waterfall Sunset Behind the Falls! Southern Iceland Fuji GFX100s Medium Format Fine Art Landscape Photography Reykjavik IS Flowers! Elliot McGucken Master Fine Art Nature Photographer Fujifilm GFX 100s & FUJIFILM GF 20-35mm F4 Lens
"Beauty will save the world." --Dostoevsky
Dr. Elliot McGucken Fine Art Spacetime Sculpture dx4//dt=ic:
Epic Fine Art Photography Prints & Luxury Wall Art:
Support epic, stoic fine art: Hero's Odyssey Gear!
Follow me on Instagram!
Facebook:
All my photography celebrates the physics of light! The McGucken Principle of the fourth expanding dimension: The fourth dimension is expanding at the rate of c relative to the three spatial dimensions: dx4/dt=ic .
Lao Tzu--The Tao: Nature does not hurry, yet everything is accomplished.
Light Time Dimension Theory: The Foundational Physics Unifying Einstein's Relativity and Quantum Mechanics: A Simple, Illustrated Introduction to the Unifying Physical Reality of the Fourth Expanding Dimensionsion dx4/dt=ic !: geni.us/Fa1Q
"Between every two pine trees there is a door leading to a new way of life." --John Muir
Epic Stoicism guides my fine art odyssey and photography: geni.us/epicstoicism
“The clearest way into the Universe is through a forest wilderness.” --John Muir
Epic Poetry inspires all my photography: geni.us/9K0Ki Epic Poetry for Epic Landscape Photography: Exalt Fine Art Nature Photography with the Poetic Wisdom of John Muir, Emerson, Thoreau, Homer's Iliad, Milton's Paradise Lost & Dante's Inferno Odyssey
“The mountains are calling and I must go.” --John Muir
Epic Art & 45EPIC Gear exalting golden ratio designs for your Hero's Odyssey:
Support epic fine art! 45surf ! Bitcoin: 1FMBZJeeHVMu35uegrYUfEkHfPj5pe9WNz
Exalt the goddess archetype in the fine art of photography! My Epic Book: Photographing Women Models!
Portrait, Swimsuit, Lingerie, Boudoir, Fine Art, & Fashion Photography Exalting the Venus Goddess Archetype: How to Shoot Epic ... Epic! Beautiful Surf Fine Art Portrait Swimsuit Bikini Models!
Some of my epic books, prints, & more!
Exalt your photography with Golden Ratio Compositions!
Golden Ratio Compositions & Secret Sacred Geometry for Photography, Fine Art, & Landscape Photographers: How to Exalt Art with Leonardo da Vinci's, Michelangelo's!
Epic Landscape Photography:
A Simple Guide to the Principles of Fine Art Nature Photography: Master Composition, Lenses, Camera Settings, Aperture, ISO, ... Hero's Odyssey Mythology Photography)
All art is but imitation of nature.-- Seneca (Letters from a Stoic - Letter LXV: On the First Cause)
The universe itself is God and the universal outpouring of its soul. --Chrysippus (Quoted by Cicero in De Natura Deorum)
Photographs available as epic fine art luxury prints. For prints and licensing information, please send me a flickr mail or contact drelliot@gmail.com with your queries! All the best on your Epic Hero's Odyssey!
Shinbyu is the Burmese term for a novitiation ceremony (pabbajja) in the tradition of Theravada Buddhism, referring to the celebrations marking the samanera ordination of a boy under the age of 20.
It is deemed the most important duty that parents owe to their son by letting him go forth and embrace the legacy of the Buddha, join the Sangha and become immersed in the teachings of the Buddha, the Dhamma, at least for a short while, perhaps longer if not for the rest of his life. A boy may become a novice on more than one occasion, but by the age of twenty there will be another great occasion, the upasampada ordination, in which the boy becomes a fully-ordained bazin Those who are not blessed with a male child will seek for an orphan boy or a boy from very poor families in order to receive this special dispensation by the Buddha and hence gain great merit by the act. Shinbyu may well be regarded as a rite of passage or coming of age ceremony as in other religions. Spending some time however short it may be, in a Buddhist Vihara (Monastery) in his youthful days is regarded by most Buddhists as the best religious inheritance to children by the parents and it will have a lasting effect on his life.
Source : Wikepedia
The buid is by Elif Ayiter @NGrid (opensim metaverse)
A very quiet and good hangout place.
Also, Ringtail’s (which is an extension of alpha.tribe in SL) operates as a freebie store at ShapeShifter.
New Genres Grid was founded by artists in 2010 as Non-Profit-Organisation. It’s focus is upon creating a virtual world with dignity and design pattern. This world’s contamination will be in the arts, education and design. Liquid, flummoxed and experimental. The grid is online since january 2011.
« We create worlds of culture, using the powers of our own mind. »
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Rab (Italian: Arbe, Latin: Arba) is a town (grad) on the island of Rab in Croatia. According to the 2011 census the total population of the town was 8,065, whereas only 437 lived in the titular settlement (naselje). Rab, the settlement, is located on a small peninsula on the southwestern side of the island.
The town has a long history that dates back to 360 BC when it was inhabited by the Illyrians. The island was the frontier between the regions of Liburnia and Dalmatia. From the third century BC to the sixth century AD Rab was part of the Roman Empire, and Emperor Augustus proclaimed it a municipium in 10 BC. It was the first town of Roman Dalmatia to be given the honorary title "felix".
Among the signatories of the Second Council of Nicea was a bishop of Rab, namely Ursus. (“Ursus episcopus Avaritianensium ecclesiae” Ursus of Rab)[3][4]
The worst disaster in the town's history was an outbreak of the plague in 1456 that decimated the city's population.
There are many churches in the town. The largest is St. Mary the Blessed, which was built in the 13th century. The church of St. Justine is now a museum of sacred arts, while the chapel of St. Christopher (dedicated to the patron saint of the island) is nowadays called the Lapidarium. The four church bell towers became the symbol of the town and island. The oldest dates back to the eleventh century.
Saint Marinus, the Christian founder of San Marino, was a native of Rab who is said to have fled the island under Diocletian's persecution in AD 301.
My dear, the sun already comes, behind of these clouds there is a great sun for you... just...
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