Infancy photos on Flickr

Glass mosaic by Róth Miksa by Nori (Nóra Mészöly)

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www.youtube.com/watch?v=g0XotjqSAjA

Born in 1865, Miksa Róth was 19 years old when he took over his father Zsigmond’s workshop.

The craft of glass painting was still in its infancy. In 1855 English glass workers succeeded in creating an "antique glass" effect.

This coloured glass was suitable for the repair and restoration of the windows of medieval churches, as well as for decorating the new romantic, and the historically eclectic designs. By 1880, workshops were sprouting up in the capital, the most significant of which belonged to Miksa Róth, who at the turn of the century was providing work for 10 trainees, working on both public and private building commissions.

Miksa Róth’s first significant work was in 1886 in Máriafalva (Mariasdorf, Austria) where Imre Steindl was leading the reconstruction of the Roman Catholic church.

Earlier Róth had studied the stained glass windows of Gothic cathedrals on a tour of Europe.

During the reconstruction of many other national monuments, Róth designed Gothic stained glass windows at Keszthely for the reconstruction of the Roman Catholic church led by Samu Pecz (architect of the main market hall in Budapest) in 1896.

In Budapest, you can see examples of his beautiful work in the Gresham Palace (now the newly opened Four Seasons hotel), the Agricultural Museum, the Music Academy and the Andrássy Dining Room amongst many others. The plans for the stained glass windows of the Parliament building were prepared in 1890. Róth took into account both the staircase’s light source and the building’s interior decoration, and decided to use the Grotesque style originating from the Renaissance period.

Reflecting the multi-coloured nature of Hungarian architecture at the turn of the century, Róth created windows in many styles: Historic, Hungarian Secession, Art Nouveau, Jugendstil and Viennese Secession.

Róth’s craft was given a new inspiration when he saw the "opalescent" and "favril" glass made by Louis Comfort Tiffany, whose display at the 1893 Chicago World Trade Fair, entitled Four Seasons featured shimmering, iridescent colours and an immediately popular natural marbling effect of the glass.

Róth was also influenced by the work of the English pre-Raphaelite artists, in particular Edward Burne-Jones and William Morris. In 1897, Miksa Róth bought a collection of opalescent glass from the Hamburg glass painter Karl Engelbrecht, and began to regularly order glass from his factory.

At the 1898 Budapest Museum of Applied Arts’ Christmas Exhibition Róth displayed glass windows prepared using a type of Tiffany glass, seen for the first time in the Austro-Hungarian monarchy.

Róth won the silver medal at the Paris World Exhibition in 1900 with the Pax and Rising Sun mosaics made with opalescent glass.

The Róth workshop then made a large number of stained glass windows with floral designs, whose success could be attributed to the nostalgia felt by people living then in large cities for the lost world of nature.

In Budapest the stairwells and lifts were brightened up with luxuriant gardens in place of the drab partition walls and dark corridors.

Middle class citizens even decorated their parlours with the symbolic motives of flowers: Irises, lilies, sunflowers, poppies and roses, birds such as peacocks and swans, and fauns, nymphs, fairies and female figures frolicking in gardens, arbours and riverbanks to recall the lost period of the Golden Age.

One of Róth’s most significant creations using opalescent glass was for cupola of the Teatro Nacional in Mexico City, which he carried out according to designs by Géza Maróti.With this work he showed details of geometric design of the Jugenstil and Viennese Secession which he also used in windows for Bank Building (1905 Ignác Alpár), the Gresham Palace (1907 Zsigmond Quittner and József Vágó) and the Music Academy (1907 Flóris Korb and Kálmán Giergl) . Róth worked with many of the best architects, builders and designers of the time.

For Ödön Lechner's magnificent Post Office Savings Bank building, Róth created an unusual mosaic, embedded into cement. In 1910, Róth created the gorgeous windows of the Culture Palace in Marosvásárhely (Targu Mures in Romania). In the Hall of Mirrors, scenes from traditional Székely fairy tales, ballads and legends are featured in the 12 stained glass windows which fill the entire length of the long hall. It is worth a visit to Marosvásárhely alone to stand among these magical and colourful designs.

Róth worked for a long time in conjunction with two artists from the Gödöllô artists’ settlement, Sándor Nagy and Aladár Kriesch Körösfôi. Together they created the Hungarian Secession style windows for the National Salon and the windows and mosaics for the Hungarian House in Venice. For the Marosvásárhely Culture House triptych, also based on Nagy’s designs, Róth used a special medieval technique, employing thick leading and strong lines. From the 1920s Róth mainly received commissions from the Church and State.

He died in 1944 after a lifetime of bringing joy and colour to the world with his beautiful creations.

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Róth Miksa (1865. december 26. Pest - 1944. június 14. Budapest) a magyar üvegfestészet és mozaik művészet egyik legjelentősebb alkotója volt. A pesti Eötvös Reálgimnáziumban tanult s az apja műhelyében sajátította el a mesterség alapjait. Később Német-, Francia- és Olaszországban tanulmányozta a kora-középkori üvegfestészet technikáját és képszerkesztési módszerét. A XIII. századi üvegfestészet egész életét meghatározó befolyással volt művészeti tevékenységére. Emlékirataiban a német Sigismund Frankot valamint az angol preraffaelitákat, Burne Jones-t, William Morrist nevezi meg művészeti példaképeinek.

Első sikereit historizáló stílusú képeivel érte el: az 1896-os Ezredévi Kiállítás és az Országház üvegfestményei hozták meg számára az országos elismertséget. 1897-től az Osztrák-Magyar Monarchiában elsőként használta fel a Tiffany-üveget szecessziós stílusú alkotásaihoz. Számos hazai és nemzetközi elismerést szerzett: elsőként ő kapta meg az Iparművészeti Állami Aranyérmet, az 1900-as párizsi világkiállításon ezüstéremmel, az 1902-es torinói és az 1904-es St. Louisin pedig arannyal díjazták munkáit.

Alkotásai megtalálhatóak az oslói Fegeborg templomtól a mexikói Theatro Nationalig - ahová Maróti Gézával készítettek 1500 négyzetláb nagyságú üvegkupolát és mozaik képeket. 1939-ben, a második zsidó törvény meghozatala után szüntette meg a Nefelejcs utcai házában működő "üvegfestészeti műintézet" tevékenységét.

Róth Miksa 1944-ben halt meg, természetes halállal, hiszen kikeresztelkedettként akkor még védett helyzetben volt, de ekkor már állandó rettegésben élt. Családja sok tagja a holokauszt áldozata lett.

www.rakovszky.net/D1_DisplRemImg/Rako_DRI_ShowARemoteImag...

disappearingbudapest.blogspot.hu/2011/03/miksa-roth-geniu...

csomalin.csoma.elte.hu/~toti/uvegek/roth.htm

nol.hu/kult/20130404-roth_miksa_demotivalasa

hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B3th_Miksa</a

¨De la vuelta a la infancia en patinete...¨ by Marie Casabonne

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De la mano de un juguete que me acompaño en mi niñez, una mirada a la infancia...

From the hand of a toy who accompanied me in my childhood, a look to the infancy... ...

Jugar por jugar.

Gracias a la textura de Kerstin Frank art .

Thanks to the texture of Kerstin Frank art .

Trees by Mark Daniel

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The infancy to the start of a project often belies the final result - This is the Start of a Journey

People were upset when these trees were cut down. They were grown to be farmed eventually. We have to hope the land is replanted and not turned into something else due to the lure of money........

Ilford FP4 plus Sheet Film @ ASA80

The Recipe

5 mins pre soak

20 mins Ilford ID11 @ 1:3 plus 20% stand

Stop 60 secs

5 mins Ilford Fixer

10 mins wash

Ilfotol Wetting Agent

Ego psychology...Sigmund Freud initially considered the ego to be a sense organ for perception of both external and internal stimuli. by Hughes Songe

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Ego psychology is a school of psychoanalysis rooted in Sigmund Freud's structural id-ego-superego model of the mind.

An individual interacts with the external world as well as responds to internal forces. Many psychoanalysts use a theoretical construct called the ego to explain how that is done through various ego functions. Adherents of ego psychology focus on the ego's normal and pathological development, its management of libidinal and aggressive impulses, and its adaptation to reality.[1]

Contents

1History

1.1Early conceptions of the ego

1.2Freud's ego psychology

1.3Systematization

1.3.1Anna Freud

1.3.2Heinz Hartmann

1.3.3David Rapaport

1.3.4Other contributors

1.4Decline

2Contemporary

2.1Modern conflict theory

3Ego functions

4Conflict, defense and resistance analysis

5Cultural influences

6Criticisms

7See also

8References

9Further reading

History[edit]

Early conceptions of the ego[edit]

Sigmund Freud initially considered the ego to be a sense organ for perception of both external and internal stimuli. He thought of the ego as synonymous with consciousness and contrasted it with the repressed unconscious. In 1910, Freud emphasized the attention to detail when referencing psychoanalytical matters, while predicting his theory to become essential in regards to everyday tasks with the Swiss psychoanalyst, Oscar Pfister.[2] By 1911, he referenced ego instincts for the first time in Formulations on the Two Principles of Mental Functioning and contrasted them with sexual instincts: ego instincts responded to the reality principle while sexual instincts obeyed the pleasure principle. He also introduced attention and memory as ego functions.

Freud's ego psychology[edit]

Freud began to notice that not all unconscious phenomena could be attributed to the id; it appeared as if the ego had unconscious aspects as well. This posed a significant problem for his topographic theory, which he resolved in his monograph The Ego and the Id (1923).[3]

In what came to be called the structural theory, the ego was now a formal component of a three-way system that also included the id and superego. The ego was still organized around conscious perceptual capacities, yet it now had unconscious features responsible for repression and other defensive operations. Freud's ego at this stage was relatively passive and weak; he described it as the helpless rider on the id's horse, more or less obliged to go where the id wished to go.[4]

In Freud's 1926 monograph, Inhibitions, Symptoms, and Anxiety, he revised his theory of anxiety as well as delineated a more robust ego. Freud argued that instinctual drives (id), moral and value judgments (superego), and requirements of external reality all make demands upon an individual. The ego mediates among conflicting pressures and creates the best compromise. Instead of being passive and reactive to the id, the ego was now a formidable counterweight to it, responsible for regulating id impulses, as well as integrating an individual's functioning into a coherent whole. The modifications made by Freud in Inhibitions, Symptoms, and Anxiety formed the basis of a psychoanalytic psychology interested in the nature and functions of the ego. This marked the transition of psychoanalysis from being primarily an id psychology, focused on the vicissitudes of the libidinal and aggressive drives as the determinants of both normal and psychopathological functioning, to a period in which the ego was accorded equal importance and was regarded as the prime shaper and modulator of behavior.[5]

Systematization[edit]

Following Sigmund Freud, the psychoanalysts most responsible for the development of ego psychology, and its systematization as a formal school of psychoanalytic thought, were Anna Freud, Heinz Hartmann, and David Rapaport. Other important contributors included Ernst Kris, Rudolph Loewenstein, René Spitz, Margaret Mahler, Edith Jacobson, and Erik Erikson.

Anna Freud[edit]

Anna Freud focused her attention on the ego's unconscious, defensive operations and introduced many important theoretical and clinical considerations. In The Ego and the Mechanisms of Defense (1936), Anna Freud argued the ego was predisposed to supervise, regulate, and oppose the id through a variety of defenses. She described the defenses available to the ego, linked them to the stages of psychosexual development during which they originated, and identified various psychopathological compromise formations in which they were prominent. Clinically, Anna Freud emphasized that the psychoanalyst's attention should always be on the defensive functions of the ego, which could be observed in the manifest presentation of the patient's associations. The analyst needed to be attuned to the moment-by-moment process of what the patient talked about in order to identify, label, and explore defenses as they appeared. For Anna Freud, direct interpretation of repressed content was less important than understanding the ego's methods by which it kept things out of consciousness.[6] Her work provided a bridge between Freud's structural theory and ego psychology.[7]

Heinz Hartmann[edit]

Heinz Hartmann (1939/1958) believed the ego included innate capacities that facilitated an individual's ability to adapt to his or her environment. These included perception, attention, memory, concentration, motor coordination, and language. Under normal conditions, what Hartmann called an average expectable environment, these capacities developed into ego functions and had autonomy from the libidinal and aggressive drives; that is, they were not products of frustration and conflict, as Freud (1911) believed. Hartmann recognized, however, that conflicts were part of the human condition and certain ego functions may become conflicted by aggressive and libidinal impulses, as witnessed by conversion disorders (e.g., glove paralysis), speech impediments, eating disorders, and attention-deficit disorder.[5]

Through Hartmann's focus on ego functions, and how an individual adapts to his or her environment, he worked to create both a general psychology and a clinical instrument with which an analyst could evaluate an individual's functioning and formulate appropriate therapeutic interventions. Based on Hartmann's propositions, the task of the ego psychologist was to neutralize conflicted impulses and expand the conflict-free spheres of ego functions. By doing so, Hartmann believed psychoanalysis facilitated an individual's adaptation to his or her environment. Hartmann claimed, however, that his aim was to understand the mutual regulation of the ego and environment rather than to promote adjustment of the ego to the environment. Furthermore, an individual with a less-conflicted ego would be better able to actively respond to and shape, rather than passively react to, his or her environment.

Mitchell and Black (1995) wrote: "Hartmann powerfully affected the course of psychoanalysis, opening up a crucial investigation of the key processes and vicissitudes of normal development. Hartmann's contributions broadened the scope of psychoanalytic concerns, from psychopathology to general human development, from an isolated, self-contained treatment method to a sweeping intellectual discipline among other disciplines" (p. 35).

David Rapaport[edit]

David Rapaport played a prominent role in the development of ego psychology and his work likely represented its apex.[5] In Rapaport's influential monograph The Structure of Psychoanalytic Theory (1960), he organized ego psychology into an integrated, systematic, and hierarchical theory capable of generating empirically testable hypotheses. According to Rapaport, psychoanalytic theory—as expressed through the principles of ego psychology—was a biologically based general psychology that could explain the entire range of human behavior.[8] For Rapaport, this endeavor was fully consistent with Freud's attempts to do the same (e.g., Freud's studies of dreams, jokes, and the "psychopathology of everyday life".)

Other contributors[edit]

While Hartmann was the principal architect ego psychology, he collaborated closely with Ernst Kris and Rudolph Loewenstein.[9]

Subsequent psychoanalysts interested in ego psychology emphasized the importance of early-childhood experiences and socio-cultural influences on ego development. René Spitz (1965), Margaret Mahler (1968), Edith Jacobson (1964), and Erik Erikson studied infant and child behavior and their observations were integrated into ego psychology. Their observational and empirical research described and explained early attachment issues, successful and faulty ego development, and psychological development through interpersonal interactions.

Spitz identified the importance of mother-infant nonverbal emotional reciprocity; Mahler refined the traditional psychosexual developmental phases by adding the separation-individuation process; and Jacobson emphasized how libidinal and aggressive impulses unfolded within the context of early relationships and environmental factors. Finally, Erik Erikson provided a bold reformulation of Freud's biologic, epigenetic psychosexual theory through his explorations of socio-cultural influences on ego development.[10] For Erikson, an individual was pushed by his or her own biological urges and pulled by socio-cultural forces.

Decline[edit]

In the United States, ego psychology was the predominant psychoanalytic approach from the 1940s through the 1960s. Initially, this was due to the influx of European psychoanalysts, including prominent ego psychologists like Hartmann, Kris, and Loewenstein, during and after World War II. These European analysts settled throughout the United States and trained the next generation of American psychoanalysts.

By the 1970s, several challenges to the philosophical, theoretical, and clinical tenets of ego psychology emerged. The most prominent of which were: a "rebellion" led by Rapaport's protégés (George Klein, Robert Holt, Roy Schafer, and Merton Gill); object relations theory; and self psychology.

Contemporary[edit]

Modern conflict theory[edit]

Charles Brenner (1982) attempted to revive ego psychology with a concise and incisive articulation of the fundamental focus of psychoanalysis: intrapsychic conflict and the resulting compromise formations. Over time, Brenner (2002) tried to develop a more clinically based theory, what came to be called “modern conflict theory.” He distanced himself from the formal components of the structural theory and its metapsychological assumptions, and focused entirely on compromise formations.

Ego functions[edit]

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Reality testing: The ego's capacity to distinguish what is occurring in one's own mind from what is occurring in the external world. It is perhaps the single most important ego function because negotiating with the outside world requires accurately perceiving and understanding stimuli. Reality testing is often subject to temporary, mild distortion or deterioration under stressful conditions. Such impairment can result in temporary delusions and hallucination and is generally selective, clustering along specific, psychodynamic lines. Chronic deficiencies suggest either psychotic or organic interference.[11]

Impulse control: The ability to manage aggressive and/or libidinal wishes without immediate discharge through behavior or symptoms. Problems with impulse control are common; for example: road rage; sexual promiscuity; excessive drug and alcohol use; and binge eating.

Affect regulation: The ability to modulate feelings without being overwhelmed.

Judgment: The capacity to act responsibly. This process includes identifying possible courses of action, anticipating and evaluating likely consequences, and making decisions as to what is appropriate in certain circumstances.

Object relations: The capacity for mutually satisfying relationship. The individual can perceive himself and others as whole objects with three dimensional qualities.

Thought processes: The ability to have logical, coherent, and abstract thoughts. In stressful situations, thought processes can become disorganized. The presence of chronic or severe problems in conceptual thinking is frequently associated with schizophrenia and manic episodes.

Defensive functioning: A defense is an unconscious attempt to protect the individual from some powerful, identity-threatening feeling. Initial defenses develop in infancy and involve the boundary between the self and the outer world; they are considered primitive defenses and include projection, denial, and splitting. As the child grows up, more sophisticated defenses that deal with internal boundaries such as those between ego and super ego or the id develop; these defenses include repression, regression, displacement, and reaction formation. All adults have, and use, primitive defenses, but most people also have more mature ways of coping with reality and anxiety.

Synthesis: The synthetic function is the ego's capacity to organize and unify other functions within the personality. It enables the individual to think, feel, and act in a coherent manner. It includes the capacity to integrate potentially contradictory experiences, ideas, and feelings; for example, a child loves his or her mother yet also has angry feelings toward her at times. The ability to synthesize these feelings is a pivotal developmental achievement.

Reality testing involves the individual's capacity to understand and accept both physical and social reality as it is consensually defined within a given culture or cultural subgroup. In large measure, the function hinges on the individual's capacity to distinguish between her own wishes or fears (internal reality) and events that occur in the real world (external reality). The ability to make distinctions that are consensually validated determines the ego's capacity to distinguish and mediate between personal expectations, on the one hand, and social expectations or laws of nature on the other. Individuals vary considerably in how they manage this function. When the function is seriously compromised, individuals may withdraw from contact with reality for extended periods of time. This degree of withdrawal is most frequently seen in psychotic conditions. Most times, however, the function is mildly or moderately compromised for a limited period of time, with far less drastic consequences' (Berzoff, 2011).

Judgment involves the capacity to reach “reasonable” conclusions about what is and what is not “appropriate” behavior. Typically, arriving at a “reasonable” conclusion involves the following steps: (1) correlating wishes, feeling states, and memories about prior life experiences with current circumstances; (2) evaluating current circumstances in the context of social expectations and laws of nature (e.g., it is not possible to transport oneself instantly out of an embarrassing situation, no matter how much one wishes to do so); and (3) drawing realistic conclusions about the likely consequences of different possible courses of action. As the definition suggests, judgment is closely related to reality testing, and the two functions are usually evaluated in tandem (Berzoff, 2011).

Modulating and controlling impulses is based on the capacity to hold sexual and aggressive feelings in check with out acting on them until the ego has evaluated whether they meet the individual's own moral standards and are acceptable in terms of social norms. Adequate functioning in this area depends on the individual's capacity to tolerate frustration, to delay gratification, and to tolerate anxiety without immediately acting to ameliorate it. Impulse control also depends on the ability to exercise appropriate judgment in situations where the individual is strongly motivated to seek relief from psychological tension and/or to pursue some pleasurable activity (sex, power, fame, money, etc.). Problems in modulation may involve either too little or too much control over impulses (Berzoff, 2011).

Modulation of affect The ego performs this function by preventing painful or unacceptable emotional reactions from entering conscious awareness, or by managing the expression of such feelings in ways that do not disrupt either emotional equilibrium or social relationships. To adequately perform this function, the ego constantly monitors the source, intensity, and direction of feeling states, as well as the people toward whom feelings will be directed. Monitoring determines whether such states will be acknowledged or expressed and, if so, in what form. The basic principle to remember in evaluating how well the ego manages this function is that affect modulation may be problematic because of too much or too little expression. As an integral part of the monitoring process, the ego evaluates the type of expression that is most congruent with established social norms. For example, in white American culture it is assumed that individuals will contain themselves and maintain a high level of personal/vocational functioning except in extremely traumatic situations such as death of a family member, very serious illness or terrible accident. This standard is not necessarily the norm in other cultures (Berzhoff, Flanagan, & Hertz, 2011).

Object relations involves the ability to form and maintain coherent representations of others and of the self. The concept refers not only to the people one interacts with in the external world but also to significant others who are remembered and represented within the mind. Adequate functioning implies the ability to maintain a basically positive view of the other, even when one feels disappointed, frustrated, or angered by the other's behavior. Disturbances in object relations may manifest themselves through an inability to fall in love, emotional coldness, lack of interest in or withdrawal from interactions with others, intense dependency, and/or an excessive need to control relationships (Berzhoff, Flanagan, & Hertz, 2011).

Self-esteem regulation involves the capacity to maintain a steady and reasonable level of positive self-regard in the face of distressing or frustrating external events. Painful affective states, including anxiety, depression, shame, and guilt, as well as exhilarating emotions such as triumph, glee, and ecstasy may also undermine self-esteem. Generally speaking, in dominant American culture a measured expression of both pain and pleasure is expressed; excess in either direction is a cause for concern. White Western culture tends to assume that individuals will maintain a consistent and steadily level of self-esteem, regardless of external events or internally generated feeling states (Berzhoff, Flanagan, & Hertz, 2011).

Mastery when conceptualized as an ego function, mastery reflects the epigenetic view that individuals achieve more advanced levels of ego organization by mastering successive developmental challenges. Each stage of psychosexual development (oral, anal, phallic, genital) presents a particular challenge that must be adequately addressed before the individual can move on to the next higher stage. By mastering stage-specific challenges, the ego gains strength in relations to the other structures fothe mind and thereby becomes more effective in organizing and synthesizing mental processes. Freud expressed this principle in his statement, “Where id was, shall ego be.” An undeveloped capacity for mastery can be seen, for example, in infants who have not been adequately nourished, stimulated, and protected during the first year of life, in the oral stage of development. When they enter the anal stage, such infants are not well prepared to learn socially acceptable behavior or to control the pleasure they derive from defecating at will. As a result, some of them will experience delays in achieving bowel control and will have difficulty in controlling temper tantrums, while others will sink into a passive, joyless compliance with parental demands that compromises their ability to explore, learn, and become physically competent. Conversely, infants who have been well gratified and adequately stimulated during the oral stage enter the anal stage feeling relatively secure and confident. For the most part, they cooperate in curbing their anal desires, and are eager to win parental approval for doing so. In addition, they are physically active, free to learn and eager to explore. As they gain confidence in their increasingly autonomous physical and mental abilities, they also learn to follow the rules their parents establish and, in doing so, with parental approval. As they master the specific tasks related to the anal stage, they are well prepared to move on to the next stage of development and the next set of challenges. When adults have problems with mastery, they usually enact them in derivative or symbolic ways (Berzhoff, Flanagan, & Hertz, 2011).

Conflict, defense and resistance analysis[edit]

According to Freud's structural theory, an individual's libidinal and aggressive impulses are continuously in conflict with his or her own conscience as well as with the limits imposed by reality. In certain circumstances, these conflicts may lead to neurotic symptoms. Thus, the goal of psychoanalytic treatment is to establish a balance between bodily needs, psychological wants, one's own conscience, and social constraints. Ego psychologists argue that the conflict is best addressed by the psychological agency that has the closest relationship to consciousness, unconsciousness, and reality: the ego.

The clinical technique most commonly associated with ego psychology is defense analysis. Through clarifying, confronting, and interpreting the typical defense mechanisms a patient uses, ego psychologists hope to help the patient gain control over these mechanisms.[12]

Cultural influences[edit]

The classical scholar E. R. Dodds used ego psychology as the framework for his influential study The Greeks and the Irrational (1951).[13]

The Sterbas relied on Hartmann's conflict-free sphere to help explain the contradictions they found in Beethoven's character in Beethoven and His Nephew (1954).[14]

Criticisms[edit]

Many[who?] authors have criticized Hartmann's conception of a conflict-free sphere of ego functioning as both incoherent and inconsistent with Freud's vision of psychoanalysis as a science of mental conflict. Freud believed that the ego itself takes shape as a result of the conflict between the id and the external world. The ego, therefore, is inherently a conflicting formation in the mind. To state, as Hartmann did, that the ego contains a conflict-free sphere may not be consistent with key propositions of Freud's structural theory.

Ego psychology, and 'Anna-Freudianism', were together seen by Kleinians as maintaining a conformist, adaptative version of psychoanalysis inconsistent with Freud's own views.[15] Hartmann claimed, however, that his aim was to understand the mutual regulation of the ego and environment rather than to promote adjustment of the ego to the environment. Furthermore, an individual with a less-conflicted ego would be better able to actively respond and shape, rather than passively react to, his or her environment.

Jacques Lacan was if anything still more opposed to ego psychology, using his concept of the Imaginary to stress the role of identifications in building up the ego in the first place.[16] Lacan saw in the "non-conflictual sphere...a down-at-heel mirage that had already been rejected as untenable by the most academic psychology of introspection'.[17] Ego psychologists responded by doubting whether Lacan's approach is ever applied to clinical work with real patients who have real illnesses, specific ego functions mediating those illnesses, and specific histories.[18]

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ego_psychology

Woman of Infancy by Sophie Shapiro

22 9

A story untold and wanting. Emotions were high and Epstein suffered greatly from the loss of his work.

I have thought long and hard over the last few months about undertaking this project on Epstein. We all have our own methods of working. I work with my Spirit guides and occasionally the energy of a dead Spirit attaches itself to my psyche and I have to work through the highs and lows of these encounters. These are involuntary actions and not something I can put succinctly into words but I do at times feel the anguish of the unseen Spirit and their wounds. This particular journey began a few months ago. I suddenly became aware of a strong presence and from that moment I have been on an incredible adventure with Epstein.

Jacob Epstein is one of the most significant figures in British sculpture. He was born in New York City in 1880, from Polish Jewish parents; and studied with Rodin in Paris. He later moved to England, where he received his first commission from the Medical Council in the Strand. The controversy around his work which depicted nudity, fertility and birth, all subjects considered inappropriate for public sculptures at the time, reached a pinnacle in 1907 with the unveiling of the magnificent sculptures know as The Ages of Man -18 monumental, anatomically correct nudes on the façade of the British Medical Association building (now Zimbabwe House) on The Strand. The sculptures were considered so shocking by Edwardian standards that they were later mutilated. This event shocked many artists around the world; one in particular was Henry Moore, another British sculpture. In 1908 a campaign to remove the offending sculptures was matched by the appearance of a group of equally vocal supporters. Leading artists heaped praise on Epstein’s innovative work and the British Medical Association decided to stand by their artist. In 1923 the building was taken over by the Rhodesian government as their High Commission. By the 1930s the new owners appeared very keen to remove the sculptures which they claimed were deteriorating into a dangerous condition. Some have suggested that actually the straight-laced Rhodesians objected to the figures on the same grounds as the Edwardian moralists had a few decades previously. It may also have been that Epstein’s Jewish background counted against the art works. Whatever the reason the sculptures were not saved or repaired. Today the shattered remains of Epstein’s work are still visible on the outside of what is Zimbabwe House. It is here that I raise my concerns. I have often been to view these shattered remains and it breaks my heart that such wonderful works of art have been destroyed. Woman of Infancy was a sculpture that Epstein created. It showed an old woman carrying a little baby in her arms. He was a modern visionary. After creating Rock Drill and encountering the horrors of World War I, he destroyed the original which was a remarkable narrative, predicting our futures in faraway times.

Many artists ask me questions which I cannot answer. I don’t know why one work of art can attract hundreds of viewers and another none. I don’t know what makes a person a successful artist. I don’t know what a gallery wants or doesn't want. I only need to look at artists like Van Gogh, who had nothing, struggled and lived a life of poverty but were steadfast to their beliefs. I can’t generate the answers in any concrete way. I believe that we are all creative animals and that we all need to find our own paths of self-transformation and investigate our higher potential through our mind, body and Spirit. Every one of us has the potential to grow and find a route that serves us and makes us feel whole and complete. As a Spirit artist who encounters many past lives and is able to access these memories I find that I am very fortunate to have the support of my Spirit guides. There is purpose and meaning behind our life choices and creativity in any shape or form is the biggest gift we could possibly have and share. I would like to thank everyone for their constant support and positive feedback.

Best Wishes,

Sophie Shapiro

Jacob Epstein's Woman of Infancy, rocked now in the cradle of time. Epstein Series.

Thanks To Pryere For Photographing My Work

Painting in memory of Jacob Epstein using acrylic, gouache and graphite on paper

for Flickriver - Sophie Shapiro

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Hogarth, William The Graham Children / Los niños Graham by cogozalez1

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This is Hogarth's most ambitious portrait of children. He gives the figures in this large painting something of the same frank grandeur found in his portraits of adults, without losing a sense of childish gaiety.

The Grahams' father, Daniel, was Apothecary to the King. The seated boy plays a mechanical organ, as though accompanying the singing of the bird. The youngest child is sitting in a chair with a long handle, beside which is an elaborate basket of fruit.

However, the clock on the mantelpiece is decorated with the figure of Cupid holding a scythe and standing beside an hour-glass, symbols of death. Opposite, an animated cat has climbed the back of a chair and gazes at the caged bird. We know that the baby was dead when the portrait was painted, and this must account for the sombre references to mortality, at a time when many children died in infancy.

Source: National Gallery

Este es el más ambicioso retrato de los retratos infantiles de Hogarth. Da a las figuras de este gran cuadro algo de la misma grandeza que se encuentra en sus retratos de adultos , sin perder el sentido de la alegría infantil.

El padre de los Graham, Daniel, era boticario dell Rey . El muchacho sentado juega con un órgano mecánico , como si les acompañara el canto de las aves. El niño más joven está sentado en una silla junto a la cual hay una canasta llena de fruta.

Sin embargo , el reloj de la repisa de la chimenea está decorado con la figura de Cupido sosteniendo una guadaña y de pie junto a un reloj de arena , símbolos de la muerte . Enfrente, un gato que parece de dibujos animados ha subido el respaldo de una silla y mira al pájaro enjaulado. Sabemos que el bebé estaba muerto cuando fue pintado el retrato, y hay que tener en cuenta esto y las sombrías referencias a la mortalidad , en un momento en que muchos niños murieron en la infancia.

Fuente:National Gallery

Infancy by Amanda White

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Galdioli bud

CEL: City Electric & Light Company & (Former) Austral Motors Building (Brisbane, Queensland) by Buddy Patrick

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CEL: City Electric & Light Company box:

While scientists had known of the existence of electricity for hundreds of years, American inventor Thomas Edison made the first practical use of electric light in 1878. In Brisbane, the first display of the new electric lighting was conducted in 1882 using eight arc lamps strung along North Quay near the Victoria Bridge. Queensland’s Parliament House was illuminated with electricity in 1886. The first public supply of electricity occurred in 1888 when Barton, White & Co installed a generator in Telegraph (later renamed Edison) Lane that was connected to the General Post Office.

The electricity industry, however, was still in its infancy in this period. Nonetheless, the benefits of electricity became increasingly obvious to the colonial government and the public. In 1896, the Queensland government introduced the Electric Light and Power Act to regulate the supply of electricity to Queenslanders. By 1904, the number of electricity suppliers within Brisbane had grown to fourteen, including the City Electric and Light (CEL) Company.

The key figure associated with the formation of CEL, Edward Barton, first became involved in the electricity supply business in 1888 as part of Barton, White & Co. The first major contract for the company was to provide electric lighting to the Old Exhibition Building in Adelaide Street, which had been converted into a skating rink. A subsequent fire destroyed the building and left the company in possession of a heavily mortgaged generator. The company undertook negotiations with the General Post Office (GPO) and two months later the generator was providing electricity to the GPO building in Queen Street.

The company’s financial position declined in the early 1890s, however, due to a combination of factors including over-capitalisation, an economic depression, the 1893 flood, and competition from Brisbane’s gas suppliers. The company was reorganised in 1896 and renamed the Brisbane Electric Supply Company. The company built its first powerhouse in Ann Street at this time. The company then changed its name to City Electric and Light in 1904. Barton remained the driving force behind the various incarnations of the company in this period.

Initially, CEL was only able to supply power to a small section of the Central Business District (CBD). Indeed, it was not until 1908 that the electricity grid had reached Fortitude Valley. Nonetheless, the popularity of electricity continued to increase in this period. CEL established a second powerhouse, located in William Street (near Parliament House), in July 1911. By 1917, the first electric street lighting had been installed in Alice, Mary, Margaret, Charlotte, and Albert Streets. In 1925, the newly formed Brisbane City Council established the Electricity Department, which acted as a central authority guiding the provision of electricity throughout the city. By this time, CEL had become the dominant supplier for Brisbane, with the company servicing 12,054 customers in 1925.

Each of the cast iron junction boxes marked the spread of the electrical network throughout the CBD. Electrical plants were placed along CBD footpaths either above ground (in the junction boxes) or underground via designated manhole covers. The junction boxes were erected at different times as the electricity grid spread throughout the CBD. This explains the variety of styles in the CBD junction boxes; why only some are marked with the CEL logo; and why different foundries such as Balmer & Crowther, Smith & Faulkner and Sargeant Engineering were involved in their production.

CEL continued to prosper as a supplier of electricity to Brisbane. In February 1926, CEL opened another, larger powerhouse at Bulimba. Electricity supply in Queensland was provided by a variety of private companies in this period and a State Electricity Commission (SEC) was established by the state government in 1937 to rationalise and co-ordinate supply. By 1940, the SEC had given CEL and the Brisbane City Council control of the electricity supply for all of Brisbane. In 1953, the Queensland government used its powers to convert the City Electric and Light Company into a public authority and CEL became the Southern Electric Authority of Queensland (SEAQ). The SEAQ in turn became the South East Queensland Electricity Board (SEQEB) and then, more recently, Energex.

In 2001, nine CBD junction boxes were identified as being of heritage significance by the Institute of Engineers Australia (Queensland Division) in their publication Engineering Heritage Inner Brisbane – A Walk/Drive Tour. There is only one other CEL junction box known to be still in existence and this stands near the corner of Annerley Road and Stanley Street, on the footpath outside of the Mater Hospital.

The Austral Motors Building:

The former Austral Motors Building, which closes the vista at the end of Upper Adelaide Street, Petrie Bight, is located on the Fortitude Valley side of Boundary Street at the northern end of the Brisbane central business district. Constructed in 1924 - 1926 for the Austral Motors Company, it has a close association with the 20th Century interwar re-development of the Petrie Bight area as an important warehousing precinct and motor vehicle servicing and distribution district.

Petrie Bight is a sharp curve in the Brisbane River at the northern end of the Town Reach. The name is derived from the association of the area with early Brisbane builder Andrew Petrie, who in 1838 established his workshop and residence at the corner of Wharf and Queen Streets.

Early Petrie Bight land use:

Surveyor Henry Wade, on his 1844 Map of the Environs of Brisbane Town, identified the Petrie's Bight area south of Boundary Street and east of Queen Street as 'Reserved for Dry Dock'. Surveyor Galloway did the same on his 1856 Plan of the Suggested Extension of the Town of Brisbane. At this time the surrounding area was sparsely occupied, with Andrew Petrie's house and factory at the corner of Wharf and Queen Streets; Dr Hobbs' house (now Saint John's Deanery) a little further north in Adelaide Street; the original customs house in Queen Street, beside the Brisbane River; and a ferry jetty just north of the Customs Houses.

A circa 1860 map of Brisbane Town showing the new town boundaries no longer labelled Petrie's Bight as a reserve for a dry dock (no dry dock was ever established there), but the site remained unsurveyed Government land. An early track (the northern end of Queen Street) ran through this land, branching off in three directions to New Farm, Fortitude Valley, and the northwest end of Spring Hollow.

Under the provisions of the Brisbane Gas Company Bill 1864 the Government granted to the Company a site bounded by what are now Ann, Boundary, and Macrossan streets and a 160-metre frontage to the Brisbane River, as the site for Brisbane's first gas works. This was the northern half of the Government land at Petrie's Bight. Gas production commenced there in 1865, providing the Brisbane Municipal Council with a regular supply of gas for street lighting. By the early 1870s the demand for gas for domestic consumption was outstripping supply, and in the mid-1870s a second gasometer was constructed on the site. In 1873 the Brisbane Gas Company gained a formal deed of grant to the Petrie's Bight land, an area of 4 acres 17.5 perches (1.66ha), which the Company had purchased from the Government in May 1873 for £4,300.

An April 1873 survey plan titled Survey of Site of Gas Works and Adjacent Crown Land Shewing Road Through Same indicates that by this date the gasworks site was fenced along the entire length of its land boundaries, but that through this the government had just surveyed a 20 feet wide road between Macrossan and Boundary streets, which later became an extension of Adelaide Street. Photographs from the 1860s and early 1870s show a tall paling fence around the perimeter of the gasworks, prohibiting public access. Early Brisbane resident Victor Drury, writing in the Courier Mail in 1939, recalled: "When Adelaide Street was extended to Boundary Street, there were turnstiles there, and only pedestrians could use the path as a shortcut to Queen Street."

River wharfage:

In the early 1840s wharfage in Brisbane was concentrated along the South Brisbane Reach of the Brisbane River, but within a decade had extended to the Town Reach further downstream, which soon rivalled South Brisbane in terms of shipping activity. An 1849 decision to locate Brisbane's first purpose-built Customs House at the northern end of the Town Reach acted as the impetus for the development of wharves on this part of the river. The Commissariat Store below William Street, which had served as Brisbane's first customs facility, was replaced in 1850 by a new customs building on the site of the present Customs House in Queen Street, at Petrie's Bight. This in turn was replaced in 1886 - 1889 by the current building. During the 1850s and 1860s, a number of shipping companies and private investors constructed wharves and warehouses between the Customs House and Alice Street, near the Botanic Gardens.

Construction of a Government wharf, Kennedy Wharf, at Petrie's Bight north of the Customs House commenced in 1875 was completed in 1877 and was leased to private shipping firms. In 1880 the Brisbane Municipal Council acquired the wharf and immediately extended it northward. In 1884 the Council also constructed a wharf at the end of Boundary Street, and in the mid-1880s William Collin established his own wharf at Petrie's Bight, just downstream from the Council's Boundary Street wharf. Purchase of land from the Brisbane Gas Company in 1902 gave the Council control of the river frontage from the Customs House to Boundary Street, and between 1913 and 1916 the Council constructed reinforced concrete wharves between Macrossan and Boundary Streets, and between Kennedy Wharf and the Customs House. The whole of the Council's wharfage at Petrie's Bight was subsequently re-named Circular Quay Wharves.

Between 1900 and 1912 Brisbane Wharves Ltd established wharves at Petrie's Bight from Boundary Street to Bowen Terrace, rivalling the Council's Circular Quay facilities in importance. Principal investors in the Brisbane Wharf Company were Howard Smith and William Collin and Sons. From the late 1890s, Howard Smith and Company Ltd occupied the Council's Boundary Street Wharf at Petrie's Bight and in the early years of the 20th Century leased the adjacent new wharves constructed by Brisbane Wharves Limited at the base of the New Farm cliffs, below Bowen Terrace. These wharves were extended in the 1920s, and in the 1930s were resumed by the Queensland government for the construction of the Story Bridge.

Adelaide Street widening:

In the early 20th Century the roads to Petrie's Bight were improved significantly by the Brisbane City Council, providing an important impetus for the construction of new warehouses in the Upper Adelaide Street area.

Under the provisions of the City of Brisbane Improvement Act 1916 and the Local Authorities Act Amendment Act 1923 the Brisbane City Council contributed significantly to the 1920s building boom, with a programme of city beautification and street improvements, including the cutting down and widening of several of the principal thoroughfares. The 1916 Act empowered the City Council, with the approval of the Governor-in-Council, to resume land simply by passing a resolution to the effect that resumption was necessary. Property rights on resumed lands were then converted into compensation rights. The 1923 Act further facilitated this process by exempting all improvements made to a property after resumption notices had been issued, from the payment of compensation.

From 1923 to 1928 the Brisbane City Council implemented its most ambitious town improvement scheme to that date: the widening of Adelaide Street by 14 feet along its entire length. . Resumptions in Adelaide Street had commenced in the 1910s, but work on the street widening did not take place until the 1920s. The work was undertaken in stages, commencing in 1923 at the southern end where the new Brisbane City Hall was under construction. Some buildings had the front section removed and a contemporary façade installed on the new road alignment. Elsewhere, earlier buildings were demolished and substantial new structures took their place. At the northern end of Adelaide Street, the cutting down of the hill below Saint John's Cathedral in 1928 facilitated greater access to Petrie Bight, which, close to new city wharves at the end of Boundary Street, boomed in the 1920s as a warehousing district.

By 1921 Queensland was poised to resume the economic boom interrupted by the First World War (1914 - 1918). In the period 1922 - 1928, Queensland experienced its first and last economic boom between the outbreak of war in 1914 and the 1950s. The benefits of the boom economy were reflected throughout the State, but nowhere more so than in Brisbane, with 29% of the Queensland population in December 1924. In physical terms the boom was expressed in a spate of building activity that transported the central business district of Brisbane into the 20th Century, shedding its late Victorian image.

The take-off in the building industry was evident during 1922 - 1923, reflected in an active central business district real estate market, and prompting the Brisbane City Council to re-assess central city rateable values in 1923. By September 1925 property in Queen Street, the principal retail and financial street of Brisbane could be acquired only at highly inflated prices, forcing investors into more peripheral locations such as Petrie's Bight. A fall in the price of building materials, combined with the trend in using concrete, a more economical product than brick, for large construction projects, further stimulated building activity.

From 1922 the business of re-building Brisbane assumed impressive proportions. Between 1923 and 1925, an average of 50 new commercial buildings a year were being constructed in Brisbane, contrasting markedly with the 8 constructed twenty years earlier in 1903. During 1925 the value of contracts for buildings in Brisbane, either in course of erection or in contemplation, was reported at £3,000,000. The Greater Brisbane City Council meticulously monitored progress through its building approvals process, statistics for which were released monthly from October 1925 to an eager local press. Construction peaked in 1926 with £3,411,285 worth of building works (new buildings, alterations, and additions) approved in the Greater Brisbane area during the year. This included a substantial residential component. In 1927 the figure was around £2,823,000 and in 1928 just over £2,810,000.

The Motor Car Industry:

In the 1910s the increasing availability of motor vehicles began to revolutionise public, private, and commercial transport. In Brisbane, activities associated with horse transport began to convert to activities associated with motor transport, as coach and carriage builders became motor vehicle repairers or retailers, and livery stables became parking and service stations. In this way, the Austral Carriage Works, established around 1907 by Uhlmann and Lane at 51 Adelaide St, Brisbane, entered the motor trade shortly after the First World War. Austral Motors Limited became the sole agents in Queensland and the Northern Rivers for Dodge Brothers, an American firm that had manufactured motor cars since 1914 and light trucks since 1917. They were successful and by 1924 had two branches, with the Austral Carriage & Motor Works at Stanley Street in South Brisbane, and Austral Motors Distributors at Boundary Street, Spring Hill.

Queenslanders adopted motor vehicles with enthusiasm. Of the six Australian states, Queensland recorded the third largest number of motor vehicle registrations, 31,233, in 1923 - 1924, behind New South Wales and Victoria. At the international level in 1923 - 1924, Australia, with approximately 274,000 motor vehicle registrations, was fifth behind France (545,000), Canada (666,000), the United Kingdom (1,085,000), and the United States (15,400,000), and well ahead of Germany, in sixth place with 211,500 registrations.

Through the daily press, Brisbanites were exposed to a barrage of advertising from the motor vehicle industry, with regular features on aspects of motors and motoring. To accommodate this explosion of public interest in, and acceptance of, the motor vehicle, the number of Brisbane motor engineers' agents, car manufacturers, car importers, and garages listed in the local postal directories increased from 89 in 1920 - 1921, to 134 in 1924 -1925. This was accompanied by a corresponding increase in the number of motor vehicle accessory dealers, windscreen manufacturers, tyre dealers, and motorcar body manufacturers.

By September 1925, the Brisbane City Council was raising the problem of providing parking for motor vehicles in the inner city. Purpose-built privately operated parking stations began to appear in the central business district from the mid-1920s. Numerous small garages and service stations also provided motor vehicle parking and car hire.

From the mid-1920s, Australia's premier building and architectural trade journal, the Sydney Publication Building, had printed articles on designing public and commercial buildings to accommodate motor vehicles. Much of the journal's reference material came from the United States, which was leading the way in this type of design. Queensland architects had ready access to this and other architectural journals, and kept informed of the latest in international design developments.

In 1923 Austral Motors Limited engaged Brisbane architects Lange L Powell and George G Hutton Powell to design a showroom and service station at Petrie Bight. The land on which the Austral Motors building was constructed was part of two larger parcels of land first alienated from the Crown in 1852 and was surveyed and subdivided, together with the adjacent lane, in April 1923. The new road, Dodge Lane, was approved in May 1923 and is believed to have derived its name from the firm's Dodge agency. Tenders for construction were let in August 1923, the successful tenderer being Blair Cunningham. The first stage, on the corner of Dodge Lane, was completed in March 1924 at a projected cost of £9,300 and occupied by Austral Motors Limited from the 1st of April 1924. The two-storeyed building was constructed largely of concrete and steel, with a floor space of approximately 20,000 square feet (1858m²). Due to the slope of the land, both floors had street access. The Boundary Street level accommodated a motor vehicle showroom. The upper level, accessed off Dodge Lane at the rear, was fitted out as the Dodge Brothers Service Station.

In 1925 the firm undertook substantial extensions to their premises. George Hutton, who briefly occupied the position of Queensland Government Architect in 1922 prior to joining Powell in partnership in 1922, established his own practice in 1924, and called tenders for site excavations for Austral Motors Ltd in late 1924, the contract being let by January 1925. By April 1925 WR Juster's tender for additions and alterations to Austral Motors Ltd. had been accepted, but this appears not to have progressed, for by June 1925 Blair Cunningham's tender for the additions had been accepted. In July 1925 Austral Motors Ltd obtained Brisbane City Council approval for the construction, to cost £10,230.

The location was an excellent choice for a business of this type, being close to the city's main wharves at Petrie Bight, and in a location favoured by other motor vehicle retailers and ancillary businesses. The Evers Motor Co. Ltd had established a garage/paint shop at the eastern corner of Ivory and Boundary streets as early as 1918, and by 1920 HS Simpson, motor painter, was located next door to Evers. About 1926/27 Evers constructed a three-storeyed brick motor shed, offices and workshops at the corner of Boundary and Ivory streets, and a single-storeyed brick parking and filling station adjacent in Ivory Street, known as the Super Parking Station. As warehousing activity in Upper Adelaide Street expanding during the 1920s, many buildings were occupied by firms connected with the motor vehicle trade and industry and with car hire and garaging. In 1928, Collin House, a purpose-designed parking station and garage and a four-storey brick warehouse for the Dunlop Rubber Company of Australasia Pty Ltd were constructed in the vicinity. Tyre sales, automotive electricians and spare parts suppliers formed a substantial proportion of tenants in buildings in upper Adelaide Street during the 1920s and 1930s.

In the second half of the 1920s Austral Motors expanded rapidly, due to the Queensland-wide economic boom that coincided with the increasing availability of and public interest in motor vehicles. By 1929 the company was operating from several addresses and two cities, with the Austral Carriage & Motor Works continuing at Stanley Street, South Brisbane; Austral Cars Ltd established at Adelaide Street, Brisbane; and Austral Motors Ltd located at Boundary St, Spring Hill, and at Sturt Street, Townsville.

In 1939 Austral Motors Pty Ltd acquired title to the allotment along the eastern boundary of the Company's mid-1920s acquisitions.

In 1986 Austral Motors sold the property to the Sisters of Mercy in Queensland who own the adjacent All Hallows girl's school. It continues its connection with motor vehicles and is leased out as a parking station as well as being used to park vehicles of All Hallows staff.

Source: Brisbane City Council Heritage Register & Queensland Heritage Register.

Study by Róth Miksa, 1885. by Nori (Nóra Mészöly)

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Stained glass window panel.