Include photos on Flickr

marketplace.secondlife.com/p/Graffitiwear-Joy-DEMO/26674594

NASA Goddard Space Flight Center enables NASA’s mission through four scientific endeavors: Earth Science, Heliophysics, Solar System Exploration, and Astrophysics. Goddard plays a leading role in NASA’s accomplishments by contributing compelling scientific knowledge to advance the Agency’s mission.

Follow us on Twitter

Like us on Facebook

Find us on Instagram

Joy Outfit Ad by Chalice Piers

9 1

Graffitiwear - 4-piece winter outfit includes a HUD of 6 dresses, 4 mittens, and 4 pairs of boots. Also comes with 4 pairs of BOM (system) leggings. 4 design options available.

> LaraX & Petite

> Maitreya & Petite

> Legacy Classic & Perky

> Bombshell

> Reborn & Waifu

> Prima Busty & Petite

> Kupra & Kupra Natural

maps.secondlife.com/secondlife/Sheol/132/226/131

Sesttle at Night: City Lights Panorama From Kerry Park by Joe Wolf

Includes downtown and to the south/right the SODO district and the Port of Seattle.

Harry Potter Monochrome Minifigures by Potter Brick

This amazing set includes 10 monochrome minifigures, made with original LEGO pieces* and complete of accessories.

HARRY - BLACK with his Firebolt

DEATH EATER - DARK BLUISH GREY with a knife

PROFESSOR DUMBLEDORE - LIGHT BLUISH GREY with his classic beard

VOLDEMORT - WHITE with a cape and the Elder's Wand

DRACO MALFOY - TAN with a Golden Snitch

RON WEASLEY - YELLOW with his Deluminator

GINNY WEASLEY - RED with the quidditch cape and a Quaffle

HERMIONE GRANGER - REDDISH BROWN with the book "Tales of Beedle the Bard"

PROFESSOR MCGONAGALL - GREEN with a feather

PROFESSOR TRELAWNEY - BLUE with a tea cup to predict the future

Write me a message to order -> m.me/potterbrick

Price: 60€

Payment is possible with Paypal or Bank transfer

Shipping worldwide is 10€ tracked (preferred), 6€ untracked (at your risk).

*I always used new LEGO pieces when possible, however some of them are used in very good condition because unavailable as new.

The capes are top-quality custom capes.

***SOLD*** - £420gbp - A-Line MNF TAN Chloe with Rakeru Sensei Face-Up by Jaime Reeves

***SOLD SOLD SOLD SOLD***

£420gbp ($550usd)

Which Includes Worldwide shipping with Tracking, from the U.K

(Insurance is extra if you want it)

~Up for Sale/Trade is my Fairyland Tan Minifee Chloe.

She has a gorgeous face-up by Rakeru Sensei and comes on the Active-Line body, with cutie legs and small chest.

~She will come Nude and Bald. No wigs, eyes or clothes.

~She never came to me with a CoA from her first owner, but she has her original FL box and will come in that, and I can provide some sort of proof of legitimacy if needed <3

~She's in wonderful condition and poses beautifully.

She does have some tiny chipping to the tan colour around her right ankle (The actual resin is Not chipped, just the colour - Please see photo)

...And her Over-All Tan colour is not quite as pink as it was before, but it's not really very noticeable and it doesn't show in photos...Hence my lower asking price.

No other marks/damage that I can see, and I have thoroughly checked her all over <3

***Prefer a Quick Sale A.S.A.P, But I can take a short layaway with a Deposit.

(Flexible - Can be discussed)

***No Holds without a Deposit (Non-Refundable)

***No Splits

***I will Only consider Offers if you can pay in Full

***I will look at a Trade/Part Trade for another Minifee. Preferably Tanned skin, but will look at NS too. Happy to look at Moe-line, but would prefer Active-line or Fairy-line. I'd prefer a faceup, eyes and maybe a wig/extras. But not necessary. I'll happily look at any sculpt, but I may be fussy <3

Other dolls i'm looking for...

~A Reborn Baby Doll - Willing to look at any, but I will be fussy.

(Prefer Full legs & arms, and prefer with a tummy/back plate and rooted hair. Ideally preemie or Newborn size, but happy to look at anything)

~Littlefee Ante Elf version (NS or TS)

~Realfee Pano with Human & Fantasy Parts (NS or TS)

~Pukifee Zoe (NS or TS)

~Camellia Dynasty Sage (Open to Colours and Markings e.t.c),

~SOOM NappyChoo Dalang.

~AileenDoll Violet, Pico Baby Lapis or Pico Baby Rot

(All Ideally with egg, blanket & pacifier!)

~AileenDoll Rot ver.2

~Wings & Connector Parts from the Fairyland R-Line Hippogriff event (Any colour!)

...I may also consider other dolls/parts, especially Fairyland dolls from Pukifee to Minifee Size (maybe F60...but depends on the price you want)

Offers welcome! :)

All dolls must come with their original box and come with CoA or some kind of Proof of Authenticity (if offering a Legit).

I require tracking and full insurance for both parties when shipping (unless I know you and have dealt with you before).

Please message me if interested in Adopting her or if you have any serious enquiries. Thanks so much <3

Dusk from Calton Hill by Kenny McCartney

8 9

This is my Corner of the Earth. Enjoy.

Been sitting on this one for awhile; this was taken just a few minutes before the traffic stream shot down Princes Street, two posts before. Initially I didn't care for this shot, but my better half expressed a strong reaction to it. It bothered me that the foreground was so poorly lit, and the variation of colors scattered along the horizon seemed unnatural (however it was not added in post). The sunsets last forever here, skirting the horizon - it creates a touch of color to the east that seems to last for quite some time.

Regardless of my feelings on the shot's technical qualities, this spot has quickly become one of my favorite points in the city. Calton Hill just opposite the City Observatory is a classic vantage point of Edinburgh city centre. Undoubtedly I'll be back here many times. Wide (24mm) views are seemingly less common, rarely including St. Andrew's Square to the right of the frame. I've neglected to include the easterly icons of the city in favor of including my house. :)

5D II + TSE 24L II

2014 nonprofit Cedar Tree Institute Annual MidSummer Celebration and BBQ Marquette, MI 7-16-14 by Greg Peterson

Jon Magnuson, Executive Director of the nonprofit Cedar Tree Institute in Marquette, Michigan

906-2285494

magnusonx2@charter.net

www.earthkeepersup.org

www.cedartreeinstitute.org

EarthKeepers II (EK II) Project Coordinator Kyra Fillmore Ziomkowski explains creating 30 interfaith community gardens (2013-2014) across the Upper Peninsula of Michigan that include vegetables and native species plants that encourage and help pollinators like bees and butterflies.

The video was shot on April 5, 2013 at the Big Bay Point Lighthouse Bed and Breakfast in Big Bay, MI during a meeting of EK II representatives.

An Interfaith Energy Conservation and Community Garden Initiative Across the Upper Peninsula of Michigan to Restore Native Plants and Protect the Great Lakes from Toxins like Airborne Mercury in cooperation with the EPA Great Lakes Restoration Initiative, U.S. Forest Service, 10 faith traditions and Native American tribes such as Keweenaw Bay Indian Community

10 faiths: Roman Catholic" "Episcopal" "Jewish" "Lutheran" "Presbyterian" "United Methodist" "Bahá'í" "Unitarian Universalist" "American Friends" "Quaker" "Zen Buddhist" "

EK II website

EarthKeepersUP.org

Nonprofit Cedar Tree Institute

Marquette, MI

www.CedarTreeInstitute.org

Great Lakes Restoration Initiative

www.greatlakesrestoration.us

www.epa.gov

Deborah Lamberty

Program Analyst

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

Great Lakes National Program Office

Chicago, IL

Lamberty.Deborah@epa.gov

312-886-6681

Pastor Albert Valentine II

Manistique, MI

Manistique Presbyterian Church of the Redeemer

Gould City Community Presbyterian Church

Presbytery of Mackinac

www.presbymac.org

Rev. Christine Bergquist

Bark River United Methodist Church

First UMC of Hermansville

United Methodist Church Marquette District

www.mqtdistrict.com

Rev. Elisabeth Zant

Eden Evangelical Lutheran Church

Munising, MI

www.edenevangelical.org

Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (ELCA) Northern Great Lakes Synod

www.nglsynod.org

Heidi Gould

Marquette, MI

Marquette Unitarian Universalist Congregation

www.mqtuu.org

twitter.com/Heidi_Gould

Rev. Pete Andersen

Marquette, MI

ELCA

Helen Grossman

Temple Beth Sholom

Jewish Synagogue

Rev. Stephen Gauger

Calvary Lutheran Church

Rapid River, MI

ELCA

Jan Schultz, Botanist

U.S. Forest Service (USFS)

Eastern Region 9

EK II Technical Advisor for Community Gardens

Milwaukee, WI

USFS

www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/nativegardening

www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers

www.wildlifeforever.org

Pollinator photos by Nancy Parker Hill

www.nancyhillphoto.com

Rev. David Van Kley, Senior Pastor

Rev. Amanda Kossow, Associate Pastor

Messiah Lutheran Church

Evangelical Lutheran Church in America

Marquette, Michigan

Rev. David Van Kley, Senior Pastor

Rev. Amanda Kossow, Associate Pastor

www.youtube.com/EarthKeepersII

NMU EK II Student Team

Katelin Bingner

Tom Merkel

Adam Magnuson

EK II social sites

vimeo.com/EarthKeepersII

EarthKeepersII.blogspot.com

EarthKeepersII.wordpress.com

www.facebook.com/EarthKeepersII

www.twitter.com/EarthKeeperTeam

pinterest.com/EarthKeepersII

pinterest.com/EarthKeepersII/Great-Lakes-Restoration-Init...

pinterest.com/EarthKeepersII/EarthKeepers-II-and-the-EPA-...

Lake Superior Zendo

Zen Buddhist Temple

Marquette, Michigan

Rev. Tesshin Paul Lehmberg

906 226-6407

plehmber@nmu.edu

Dr. Michael Grossman, representing Jewish Temple Beth Sholom in Ishpeming, MI

Helen Grossman, representing Jewish Temple Beth Sholom in Ishpeming, MI

906-475-4009 (hm)

906-475-4127 (wk)

www.templebethsholom-ishpeming.org

www.templebethsholom-ishpeming.org/tikkun

www.templebethsholom-ishpeming.org/aboutus

Wild Rice: 8 videos

www.learningfromtheearth.org/video-interviews/wild-rice-m...

Birch – 2 videos

www.learningfromtheearth.org/video-interviews/paper-birch...

Photos (click on each name or topic to see the respective photo galleries):

www.learningfromtheearth.org/photo-gallery

www.picasaweb.google.com/Yoopernewsman/JonReport?authuser...

www.picasaweb.google.com/100329402090002004302/JonReport?...

“Albert Einstein speculated once that if bees disappeared off the surface of the earth, then humans would have only four years of life left.”

the late Todd Warner, KBIC Natural Resource Director

Links:

Zaagkii Wings and Seeds Project website:

www.wingsandseeds.org

Cedar Tree Institute: Zaagkii Project

www.cedartreeinstitute.org/2010/07/wings-seeds-zaagkii-pr...

www.cedartreeinstitute.org/2009/01/wings-seeds-the-zaagki...

Zaagkii Project Videos on youtube (also uploaded to dozens of internet sites):

www.indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/ictarchives/2008/0...

KBIC Pollinator Preservation

Zaagkii Project Indigenous Plants Help Give New Face to Sand Point on Keweenaw Bay www.indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/ictarchives/2008/0...

Zaagkii Project 2010: U.S. Forest Service & Keweenaw Bay Indian Community Native Plants Greenhouse

United States Forest Service sponsored Zaagkii Project featured on Pollinator Live

2009 Zaagkii Project Vid #9: Teens Painting Mason Bee Houses in Northern Michigan

2009 Zaagkii Project Vid #8: Marquette, Michigan Teens Build Mason Bee Houses

Zaagkii Project Butterfly Houses: Keweenaw Bay Indian Community, U.S. Forest Service

2009 Zaagkii Project Vid #6: "The Butterfly Lady" Susan Payant teaches teens about Monarchs

2009 Zaagkii Project Vid #5: Terracotta half-life, Marquette, MI band supports environment projects

2009 Zaagkii Video #4: Michigan teens meet 150,000 swarming honeybees with beekeeper Jim Hayward

2009 Zaagkii Video #3: Michigan teens give away mason bee houses, honor supporters

2009 Zaagkii Project #2: Historic KBIC native plants greenhouse, USFS protects pollinators

2009 Zaagkii Project #1: Students make bee houses, plant native species plants

Zaagkii Project Butterfly Houses: Keweenaw Bay Indian Community, U.S. Forest Service:

Zaagkii Wings & Seeds Project: Northern Michigan teens, KBIC tribal youth protect pollinators

www.webb.nmu.edu/Centers/NativeAmericanStudies/SiteSectio...

Zaagkii Project – Northern Michigan University:

Native Village stories: Beautiful Layout by Owner Gina Boltz:

Zaagkii Wings and Seeds Project: A Project by Ojibwe Students from the Keweenah Bay Indian Community

www.nativevillage.org/Messages%20from%20the%20People/KBIC...

NMU Students Join Pollinator Protection Initiative

www.nativevillage.org/Messages%20from%20the%20People/KBIC...

KBIC Tribal youth protect pollinators

www.nativevillage.org/Messages%20from%20the%20People/KBIC...

Teens Help with Sweet Nature Project

www.nativevillage.org/Messages%20from%20the%20People/KBIC...

USFS Success Stories:

Restoring Native Plants on the Enchanted Island

Keweenaw Bay Indian Community Native Plant Greenhouse & Workshop

Intertribal Nursery Council Annual Meeting a Success

New Greenhouse for KBIC Restoration

Zaagkii Wings & Seeds - An Update

Zaagkii Wings & Seeds Project

www.miningjournal.net/page/content.detail/id/519835.html?...

News Stories:

U.P. teens build butterfly houses, grow 26,000 indigenous plants

Effort to protect pollinators launched

www.miningjournal.net/page/content.detail/id/512810.html

Marquette Monthly (Sept. 2009):

www.mmnow.com/mm_archive_folder/09/0909/feature.html

As bees die, Keweena Bay Indian Community adults, teens actively protect pollinators

www.nativetimes.com/index.php?option=com_content&view...

Michigan Teens Build Butterfly Houses and Plant 26,000 Native Plants through the Zaagkii Wings and Seeds Project

www.treehugger.com/culture/michigan-teens-build-butterfly...

Examples of numerous Gather.com articles with lots of photos/videos:

Zaagkii Wings and Seeds Project: Northern Michigan teens and KBIC tribal youth are protecting pollinators by building butterfly houses and planting native plants

www.gather.com/viewArticle.action?articleId=281474977550233

Zaagkii Wings & Seeds Project: Protecting Pollinators

www.gather.com/viewArticle.action?articleId=281474977428640

2009 Zaagkii Project #2: Keweenaw Bay Indian Community in 2010 to build first Native American native species plants greenhouse on tribal property in U.S.

www.gather.com/viewArticle.action?articleId=281474978040745

2009 Zaagkii Project #1: Northern Michigan Teens Protect Pollinators with U.S. Forest Service, Keweenaw Bay Indian Community, NMU Center for Native American Studies: Build mason bee houses, butterfly houses, distribute thousands of native species plants

www.gather.com/viewArticle.action?articleId=281474978040729

Zaagkii Project Internet sites – blogs, photos, videos etc.:

ZaagkiiProject on flickr

Zaagkii on youtube:

Zaagkii on bliptv:

www.zaagkiiproject.wordpress.com

Zaagkii on word press:

Zaagkii on Blogger:

www.zaagkiiproject.blogspot.com

Zaagkii on Photobucket:

www.photobucket.com/ZaagkiiProjectWingsSeeds

www.photobucket.com/ZaagkiiProjectWingsSeeds/?start=all

Zaagkii Wings and Seeds Project website:

wingsandseeds.org

Cedar Tree Institute: Zaagkii Project

cedartreeinstitute.org/2010/07/wings-seeds-zaagkii-project

cedartreeinstitute.org/2009/01/wings-seeds-the-zaagkii-pr...

Zaagkii Project Videos on youtube (also uploaded to dozens of internet sites):

indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/ictarchives/2008/08/15...

KBIC Pollinator Preservation

Zaagkii Project Indigenous Plants Help Give New Face to Sand Point on Keweenaw Bay indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/ictarchives/2008/09/03...

Zaagkii Project 2010: U.S. Forest Service & Keweenaw Bay Indian Community Native Plants Greenhouse

United States Forest Service sponsored Zaagkii Project featured on Pollinator Live

2009 Zaagkii Project Vid #9: Teens Painting Mason Bee Houses in Northern Michigan

2009 Zaagkii Project Vid #8: Marquette, Michigan Teens Build Mason Bee Houses

Zaagkii Project Butterfly Houses: Keweenaw Bay Indian Community, U.S. Forest Service

2009 Zaagkii Project Vid #6: "The Butterfly Lady" Susan Payant teaches teens about Monarchs

2009 Zaagkii Project Vid #5: Terracotta half-life, Marquette, MI band supports environment projects

2009 Zaagkii Video #4: Michigan teens meet 150,000 swarming honeybees with beekeeper Jim Hayward

2009 Zaagkii Video #3: Michigan teens give away mason bee houses, honor supporters

2009 Zaagkii Project #2: Historic KBIC native plants greenhouse, USFS protects pollinators

2009 Zaagkii Project #1: Students make bee houses, plant native species plants

Zaagkii Project Butterfly Houses: Keweenaw Bay Indian Community, U.S. Forest Service:

Zaagkii Wings & Seeds Project: Northern Michigan teens, KBIC tribal youth protect pollinators

webb.nmu.edu/Centers/NativeAmericanStudies/SiteSections/A...

Zaagkii Project – Northern Michigan University:

Native Village stories: Beautiful Layout by Owner Gina Boltz:

Zaagkii Wings and Seeds Project: A Project by Ojibwe Students from the Keweenah Bay Indian Community

www.nativevillage.org/Messages%20from%20the%20People/KBIC...

NMU Students Join Pollinator Protection Initiative

www.nativevillage.org/Messages%20from%20the%20People/KBIC...

KBIC Tribal youth protect pollinators

www.nativevillage.org/Messages%20from%20the%20People/KBIC...

Teens Help with Sweet Nature Project

www.nativevillage.org/Messages%20from%20the%20People/KBIC...

USFS Success Stories:

Restoring Native Plants on the Enchanted Island

Keweenaw Bay Indian Community Native Plant Greenhouse & Workshop

Intertribal Nursery Council Annual Meeting a Success

New Greenhouse for KBIC Restoration

Zaagkii Wings & Seeds - An Update

Zaagkii Wings & Seeds Project

www.miningjournal.net/page/content.detail/id/519835.html?...

News Stories:

U.P. teens build butterfly houses, grow 26,000 indigenous plants

Effort to protect pollinators launched

www.miningjournal.net/page/content.detail/id/512810.html

Marquette Monthly (Sept. 2009):

mmnow.com/mm_archive_folder/09/0909/feature.html

As bees die, Keweena Bay Indian Community adults, teens actively protect pollinators

nativetimes.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=art...

Michigan Teens Build Butterfly Houses and Plant 26,000 Native Plants through the Zaagkii Wings and Seeds Project

www.treehugger.com/culture/michigan-teens-build-butterfly...

Examples of numerous Gather.com articles with lots of photos/videos:

Zaagkii Wings and Seeds Project: Northern Michigan teens and KBIC tribal youth are protecting pollinators by building butterfly houses and planting native plants

www.gather.com/viewArticle.action?articleId=281474977550233

Zaagkii Wings & Seeds Project: Protecting Pollinators

www.gather.com/viewArticle.action?articleId=281474977428640

2009 Zaagkii Project #2: Keweenaw Bay Indian Community in 2010 to build first Native American native species plants greenhouse on tribal property in U.S.

www.gather.com/viewArticle.action?articleId=281474978040745

www.gather.com/viewArticle.action?articleId=281474978040729

Zaagkii Project Internet sites – blogs, photos, videos etc.:

ZaagkiiProject on flickr

Zaagkii on youtube:

Zaagkii on bliptv:

zaagkiiproject.wordpress.com

Zaagkii on word press:

Zaagkii on Blogger:

zaagkiiproject.blogspot.com

Zaagkii on Photobucket:

photobucket.com/ZaagkiiProjectWingsSeeds

photobucket.com/ZaagkiiProjectWingsSeeds/?start=all

The Museum of Somerset - Taunton Castle by Elliott Brown

A visit to the Museum of Somerset.

The museum tells the remarkable story of Somerset's history. Located at Taunton Castle, which was created from the 12th century onwards, and owned by the powerful bishops of Winchester.

The museum has deep roots. The successor to Somerset's County Museum, which was created by the Somerset Archaeological and Natural History Society. The society bought the castle in 1874. Since 1958 the museum has been managed and funded by Somerset County Council. A new gallery opened in 1974 called the Somerset Military Museum.

Museum of Somerset

The Museum of Somerset is located in the 12th-century great hall of Taunton Castle, in Taunton in the county of Somerset, England. The museum is run by South West Heritage Trust, an independent charity, and includes objects initially collected by the Somerset Archaeological and Natural History Society who own the castle.

Until 2008 the museum was known as the Somerset County Museum. Heritage Lottery Fund support was obtained to improve the museum, and the new museum reopened at the end of September 2011.

Exhibits include the Frome Hoard, the Low Ham Roman Mosaic, the bronze-age South Cadbury shield and a range of other objects relating to the history of the county.

A look around Taunton Castle from the outside.

Grade I listed building (apart from the modern extensions).

Taunton Castle: Standing Buildings of the Inner Court

Summary

The standing buildings of the inner court at Taunton Castle (excluding the Wyndham Galleries, the Welcome Building, and the East and West Passages). Established by the Bishops of Winchester in the late Anglo-Saxon period, with successive periods of remodelling in the medieval and post-medieval periods. Later alterations, rebuilding and repairs in the late C18 by Sir Benjamin Hammet, and in the C19 and mid-C20. A museum since 1899 which underwent substantial refurbishment in early C21.

The ruins, earthwork and buried remains of the castle, including those of both the inner and outer baileys, are a scheduled monument.

Description

The standing buildings of the inner court at Taunton Castle (excluding the Wyndham Galleries, the Welcome Building and East and West Passages). Established by the Bishops of Winchester in the late Anglo-Saxon period, with successive periods of remodelling in the medieval and post-medieval periods. Later alterations, rebuilding and repairs in the late C18 by Sir Benjamin Hammet, and in the C19 and mid-C20. A museum since 1899 which underwent substantial refurbishment in early C21. The ruins, earthwork and buried remains of the castle, including those of both the inner and outer baileys, are a scheduled monument.

The history, evolution and a detailed description of Taunton Castle is beyond the scope of this document and is covered in Webster (2016) from which the following summary draws heavily.

MATERIALS

The buildings are constructed of random freestone rubble, Hamstone, chert and some brick under plain-tiled pitched and hipped roofs, with metal sheeting and glazing to the roofs of the early-C21 additions. The dressings are mostly Hamstone and there are tall stone and brick stacks to Castle House. The fenestration is of various styles and dates, and includes mullion and transom windows and timber sashes with glazing bars.

PLAN

The buildings form three sides of a roughly triangular-shaped courtyard. The north range contains the Great Hall; a shorter west range formerly housed the bishop’s chamber, while the south range contained a chapel and lodgings, and has a gatehouse at its centre. Castle House forms the east half of the south range.

DESCRIPTION

The NORTH RANGE/GREAT HALL appears to have originally been a C12/C13 first-floor hall with an undercroft which was altered to a ground-floor hall in the mid-C13. Alterations were also carried out in the C16/C17 when it was also extended to the east; with further alterations, including re-roofing, taking place in the C19 relating to its use as courts, and again in the mid-C20. The external (north) wall incorporates a length of C12 curtain wall and reduces in thickness at the eaves level of the medieval hall. It has a chamfered plinth to all but the west end, four shallow buttresses, all in Hamstone, and a further buttress towards the eastern end of different materials. The westernmost buttress overlies a blocked window, and to its left is the stone jamb of a medieval window. Set high in the wall are heavily-repaired, mullion and transom Hamstone windows of four and five lights under catslide dormers which appear to be C16 or C17, though two are C20 replacements. The eastern end of the range was rebuilt in the C16/C17, but the north-east corner appears to be original and retains a Hamstone clasping buttress. To the far left, in the set-back, upper part of the wall is an infilled oval window within a surround of brick headers. It is one of six that were added to this elevation in the C18; the others are no longer visible externally or not extant. The east elevation of the hall has a pair of timber mullion and transom windows of C16/C17 date which appear to have been re-sited here. The south elevation, facing onto the courtyard, has five oval windows set high in the wall, dating from around 1700 and repaired in the C20. A sixth window has been replaced by a doorway (infilled). Most of the hall elevation is obscured by the 1930s former museum entrance block and the flanking single-storey lean-to additions which were substantially rebuilt in the early C21, however, a number of former door and window openings of various dates are visible from within these buildings.

INTERIOR: the Great Hall is a single open space with an early-C21 steel-framed gallery at first-floor level. The roof dates principally to 1816, though the central truss may be mid-C19, and it consists of king post trusses with angled struts, strengthened by modern timbers.

The WEST RANGE is a rectangular, two-storey block, formerly comprising the Bishop’s apartment or Camera and an undercroft, which structurally forms part of the Great Hall. It has C12 origins and was extended to the south (the Gray Room) probably in the mid-C13, although on a slightly different alignment on its west side. It was raised in height in the C18 and underwent substantial refurbishment in the late C18. Its shorter, north elevation has a plinth which is a continuation of the plinth on the Great Hall, clasping corner buttresses, an inserted, late-C18 ground-floor window with wooden Y-tracery set within a round-arched brick surround and a crenellated parapet. At first-floor level are two lancets; one has been restored and the other rebuilt in the late C19. At the north-east corner is a square stair turret which breaks forwards slightly and has slit windows; its upper section was rebuilt in the mid-C20. The plinth continues along the west elevation which has been re-faced in chert and has two short buttresses; the southern one aligning with quoin stones and a vertical joint in the masonry which marks the earlier extent of the range. There is a tall round-headed opening which has a panelled door surmounted by a window with vertical glazing bars, all set within a brick surround, and accessed via stone steps with metal handrails. To the right is a pointed-arched sash window, previously a doorway, also approached from similar flight of steps. The first floor has four sash windows in Hamstone surrounds. The courtyard (north-east) elevation has a high parapet and C12 buttresses. The C19 entrance, which occupies the position of an earlier doorway, has paired wooden doors and strap hinges set within a recessed semi-circular surround with engaged columns and cushion capitals. The first floor was lit originally by four narrow windows with deep reveals; of which one window and the jamb of another are visible externally. A larger C18 window of four lights which contains fragments of earlier windows has been inserted in the position of one of the original windows. There is a drip mould and a relieving arch above. The original entrance located in the south-east wall is visible internally, but is not centrally placed relative to the structure and this may indicate the presence of an external stair to the first-floor room.

INTERIOR: the undercroft has an inserted barrel-vaulted ceiling and a mid-C20 concrete floor. Two fireplaces have previously been uncovered in the west wall; one is probably C17 and has Hamstone jambs with chamfer and roll stops, and the other is a late C18/early C19 insertion. A segmental-arched doorway in the south wall leads into the mid-C13 extension (the Gray Room) to the south. The room over the undercroft (the Somerset Room) has splayed stone reveals for three of the four original windows in its east wall; the larger fourth reveal is that of an inserted C18 window. The reveals of the two tall lancets in the north wall are also visible. The range has a flat, sheet-metal roof of early-C21 date.

The SOUTH RANGE/CHAPEL BLOCK to the west of the gatehouse is rectangular on plan and built on the line of the south curtain wall. It dates largely to around 1500, as evinced by the roof timbers, although it has earlier origins. It originally contained a first-floor chapel which was converted in the late C18 to a dining room for the judges (the Adam Library). To the south-west corner is a probable late-C13 circular tower which butts against the wall of the Gray Room to the north-east. Between the south range and the gatehouse is a narrow block of one bay which is for the most part later, probably post-medieval, infill. The south range was substantially remodelled in the late C18, at which time the tower was largely rebuilt. The outer (south) wall is faced in chert and has a battered plinth. The tower has late-C18, pointed-arched sash windows to both floors, and the conical roof was re-slated in the late C20. To the right (east) of the tower, the ground floor has a mullion window of two lights, three mullion windows with Caernarfon surrounds which were inserted in 1874 and 1910, and the remains of an earlier square-headed, two-light window (infilled). To the upper floor are a late-C18 quatrefoil window and a three late-C18 sashes. To the far right, at ground- and first-floor level are further blocked openings. The ground floor of the courtyard (north) elevation has two mullion windows of three lights which appear to be C16 and were reset here in the late C18. To the right is a blocked single window, an altered medieval doorway with modern timber doors and a relieving arch above, and a C13 lancet which may have been lowered. Four relieving arches are visible at first-floor level, and to the far right is a re-used Perpendicular window of four lights with a drip mould to the right-hand end. The narrow infill bay which is adjacent to the gatehouse has a pointed-arched doorway with chamfered jambs, traces of a window to the right of this, and a mullion window with leaded lights set in a square-headed surround of Hamstone to the upper floors.

INTERIOR: the interior of the south range is accessed from the altered medieval doorway at the east end of the range and also from the door in the narrow infill bay to the west. The main ground-floor room (the Coin Room) has a brick-built east wall which contains an infilled fireplace and a round-headed niche. At the west end of the range is a C18 open-string staircase which has slender, turned newels, a ramped handrail and metal balusters. The principal first-floor room (the Adam Library) is accessed from doorways at either end of the room. The door in the east wall dates probably to the C15 and has a stone surround with roll mouldings and a segmental pointed head. The room itself has late-C18 decorative scheme with an Adam-style fireplace at the east end, blind arcading of three arches carried on four wooden, fluted pillars to the west wall, and a barrel-vaulted ceiling with plasterwork panels and radial fluting to the tympanum at either end. The wagon roof dates to around 1500; it has been strengthened with additional timbers and a small section is exposed at the west end of the range. The first floor of the tower has a decorative plasterwork scheme, including a dentilled cornice, moulded dado with fluting, raised architrave and shutters to the windows and a fireplace with a decorative surround that has a frieze with foliate festoons and a central classical figure and a Greek key moulding and fluting to the mantel. The ground floor of the infill bay to the east has a short corridor containing an early-C20 cast-iron spiral staircase. A door in the corridor’s south wall leads into a brick-vaulted former strongroom that was inserted in 1910. The spiral staircase leads to the first floor, but not to the second floor, although a late-C19 plan shows a circular stair in the thickness of the south wall. It is now accessed from the gatehouse. The roof to the infill bay was previously hipped, but was replaced with a gabled roof prior to 1933.

The south elevation of the GATEHOUSE has a C13 or C14 plain chamfered, segmental-pointed archway with a portcullis slot. The upper part was rebuilt in 1495-1496 by Bishop Langton whose arms are displayed in a plaque above the arch. The first floor has an inserted, probably late C18, square-headed, two-light window with moulded jambs and a drip mould. Inset into the parapet is a further, repaired plaque containing a much-eroded relief carving of the arms of Henry VII. The passage has a blocked doorway in its east wall and a flat, plaster ceiling. The courtyard (north) elevation appears to be late C15 and of one build. There is a plaque over the archway and a blocked opening above this. The stair turret was rebuilt in blue lias in the 1880s. It has a chamfered plinth and lancet windows to each floor, rising to a string course and crenellated parapet. To the west wall of the turret is a doorway above which is a stone plaque that records the rebuilding.

INTERIOR: the room above the gateway is entered from the stair turret and also from the south range. It retains a boarded-over fireplace with moulded timber surround and mantel and a low, panelled wooden partition screen with a door at one end which divides the room.

CASTLE HOUSE is to the east of the gatehouse and lies along the inner face of the south curtain wall. It is a two-storey, four-and a half-bay range that was built as lodgings in the late C15, upgraded and converted to the single dwelling in the mid-C16, and remodelled around 1700. At the south end of the building is a cross wing that is considered to date from the second half of the C16 (Keystone, see SOURCES). It seems likely that it was originally two storeys, possibly a kitchen range with accommodation above, which was raised to three storeys around 1700. A two-storey extension (East Block) under a hipped roof was added in the C18. Castle House underwent sympathetic repairs and renovation in the early C21. The entrance front of the former lodgings faces onto the courtyard and was originally symmetrically fenestrated. It has a two-stage plinth to all except the left-hand bay and the scars of two buttresses. A third buttress is buried in the return wall of the cross wing. The entrance is to the right of centre and has a C18 door frame and C19 paired doors. The early mid-C18 shell canopy on carved brackets above the entrance does not align with the doorway. There is also evidence that the doorway been widened. To the left of the entrance is an inserted window of five lights under a concrete lintel and to the right are two, C20 two-light windows and a late-C19 mullion window of two lights. The stone jamb of an earlier window is visible to the right of the entrance. To the first floor, above and to either side of the door are three square-headed, Hamstone windows with arched lights and spandrel carving, which are probably late C15. The two other first-floor windows are post-1874 copies. The rear (south) elevation of the lodgings has two ground-floor timber mullion and transom windows of around 1700 with ogee moulding to the inner faces and a single timber window. To the far left, there is a 1930s two-light window in a Doutling stone frame. The parapet is crenellated. The cross wing breaks forwards of the former lodgings. It has windows of various styles and dates, including timber-framed mullion and transom windows of around 1700, as well as late-C19 and early-C20 copies and early-C19 sash windows. Most of the elevations of both the former lodgings range and the cross wing retain evidence of earlier openings that have been infilled or partially overlaid with inserted windows.

INTERIOR: the former lodgings has a good survival of fixtures and fittings which pre-date the refurbishment of around 1700, and its principal first-floor room (formerly two rooms) retains the best-surviving evidence of the building’s early history. It has a mid- to late-C16 fireplace with moulded surround, and to the left of this, set low in the wall, is a pointed-arched recess which has re-used C12 beakhead decoration to its north (inner) face. A fragment of a C16 wall painting is exposed in the west wall. A C15 doorway within this wall has a C20 door. Elsewhere, within the lodgings are C15 and C16 deeply-chamfered axial ceiling beams, some with stepped stops, though some have been re-used. A small closet on the ground floor contains oak small field panelling, some re-used, of early- to mid-C17 date. The lower two floors of the cross wing also retain some early fittings such as C16 chamfered ceiling beams and a large fireplace with timber lintel. Throughout the entire building there are fixtures and fittings dating from the refurbishment of about 1700. These include the main staircase located in the cross wing which has an open string, plain newels and a flat-moulded handrail; the balusters are turned except for the upper part which has stick balusters. In addition, there are bolection-moulded fireplace surrounds, one with a later C18 hob grate; timber bolection-moulded wall panelling; round-headed doorcases with panelled jambs, moulded imposts and keystones; moulded plaster cornices and two-panelled doors with H-hinges. There is also some C18 joinery such as fielded panelled doors and architrave. The roof timbers of the lodgings have been dated by dendrochronology to 1480 to 1482. They consist of three arch-braced trusses, with cranked collars to the outer trusses, a flat-topped collar to the central one which was formerly a closed truss and trenched purlins. The cross wing has late-C17/early-C18 collared trusses and a single row of purlins.

The former museum ENTRANCE BLOCK in front of the Great Hall was constructed in 1931-1932 on the site of the early-C19 Jury Room which had an open-colonnaded ground floor, but was found to have significant structural problems. The replacement building was designed by Stone and Francis and is a symmetrical composition in the neo-Georgian style, with a central entrance under a Hamstone triangular pediment, two timber mullion and transom casements both sides of this, and five matching first-floor windows. There is currently (2018) a café on the ground floor along with a rotative beam engine (museum exhibit), and the upper floor contains office accommodation.

Pursuant to s1 (5A) of the Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1990 ('the Act'), it is declared that the late-C20 portrait bust of Baron Harding of Petherton, the mid-C20 Wyndham Galleries and the early-C21 Welcome Building and East and West Passages are not of special architectural or historic interest.

History

From the late Anglo-Saxon period Taunton was the administrative centre for one of the largest estates of the Bishops of Winchester. Although the early origins of Taunton Castle are unclear, it is probable (Webster, see SOURCES) that the site initially comprised a minster church and a fortified episcopal residence. The early defences of the site, probably a motte castle and inner and outer baileys, may have been built by William Giffard, who was Bishop of Winchester 1100-1129. The castle underwent various phases of remodelling and repairs, being strengthened by Bishop Henry de Blois during the civil war between King Stephen and the Empress Matilda in the mid-C12. The overall form of the castle appears to have been in place by the beginning of the C13. Although it maintained the title and appearance of a castle, it seems to have served more as a centre for the estate than as a power base. That said, it was besieged in the mid-C15 and was garrisoned in 1497 during the Warbeck Rebellion of 1491-1499.

The castle appears to have fallen out of use by the early C16, but remained sufficiently defensible to become a Parliamentarian stronghold during the Civil War, and was besieged unsuccessfully by the Royalists in 1644. In 1649, it was confiscated from the Bishop of Winchester and was slighted on the orders of Charles II in 1662. It was, however, subsequently used as a prison and court, with the assizes and quarter sessions held in the Great Hall. In 1685, the trials following the quelling of the Monmouth Rebellion were conducted there. In around 1700 the eastern half of the south range was updated to provide substantial accommodation for the castle’s bailiffs and was renamed Castle House. In 1786 Sir Benjamin Hammet, MP for Taunton, acquired the castle and carried out extensive alterations in the Gothic style. Many of the walls were re-faced with chert and pointed-arched windows were added. The Great Hall was reordered and the judges’ lodgings in the west and south ranges were refashioned. Castle House entered a period of decline after the late Georgian period, with a succession of owners and tenants; its ground floor being used by a variety of schools from 1782 to 1901, but when the assize courts moved to the new Shire Hall in 1858, the castle lost its main role. The buildings subsequently fell into disrepair and the site was sold to the Somerset Archaeological and Natural History Society in 1874 which developed the museum. Repairs were carried out in the early C20 and new purpose-built galleries were added in front of and to the east (Wyndham Galleries) of the Great Hall in the 1930s. A major programme of refurbishment was undertaken in 2009-2010, together with building recording, archaeological watching briefs and historical research.

More detail on the history and evolution of Taunton Castle can be found in Webster’s 2016 publication (see SOURCES).

Reasons for Listing

The buildings of the inner court of Taunton Castle are listed at Grade I for the following principal reasons:

Architectural interest:

* as a remarkably complete example of a high status residence combining domestic and military architecture of the medieval and post-medieval periods;

* a significant proportion of historic fabric survives, providing evidence of the form and layout of the inner court and illustrating significant phases in the castle’s development;

* for the extensive range of high quality fixtures and fittings, especially those within Castle House.

Historic interest:

* for the site’s long documented history as an episcopal residence and administrative centre of the bishops of Winchester;

* the history and evolution of these buildings is illuminated by historical documentation and recent scholarship, and together with the abundant surviving archaeological evidence, they form a resource of great significance.

Group value:

* the inner court buildings have strong group value with the scheduled elements of the castle site, and with a number of other listed buildings including the two bays of the almshouses (Grade II) within the inner court, the former Grammar School (Grade II*), Castle Hotel (Grade II), Castle Lodge (Grade II), the Winchester Arms (Grade II) and, to the north-east, Ina Cottage (Grade II).

Sign near the entrance.

2016 – Idea by Benjamin Niznik

KC;SYNOPSIS

#include

#cleanupyouract

double sqrt(double X);

float sqrtf(float X);

DESCRIPTION

sqrt computes the positive square root of the argument...

RETURNS

On success, the square root is returned. If X is real and positive...

$ perldoc -f sqrt ;youcan’thide

sqrt EXPR no charge

sqrt #Return the square root of EXPR. If EXPR is omitted, returns

#square root of $_. Only works on non-negative operands, unless

#you've loaded the standard

#you've free'd your mind

Math::Complex module.

#unlimited

#cookies Sincerely, B N

—

2 of 4

Work by Benjamin Niznik

Chymical Wedding…Steiner described the seven stages of the Rosicrucian path…Reading thus becomes opportunity for conscious relationship..self-initiation through reading’ is a characteristic trend of modernity. autonomy of thought, requires strong will by Hughes Songe

The Theosophical Society, founded in New York in 1875, includes a Rosicrucian current that sees the Rosy Cross as ‘the divine light of self-knowledge’ (Franz Hartmann, 1838-1912). Yet there are no commentaries specifically dedicated to the Chymical Wedding in the theosophical literature. Like Helena Blavatsky (1831-1891), the co-founder of the Theosophical Society, the Austrian theosopher Rudolf Steiner (1861-1925) was convinced that the mysteries of the Rosy Cross were ‘solely passed on through oral tradition’ (1906). Steiner became the Secretary General of the German branch of the Theosophical Society in 1902. He expected to discover authentic Rosicrucian rituals when he joined the Freemasons as his mentor Goethe had. But like the theosophers, he observed that the true spirit of the Rosy Cross was no longer to be found in the secret societies of his day. In 1906, the ‘Rosy Cross of the Theosophical Society’ began presenting the ‘Mystery of Golgotha’ as an entirely unique event in the history of mankind, at odds with the Theosophical Society’s custom of granting equal importance to all religions. In 1917, ten years after leaving Annie Besant’s Esoteric School and five years after founding the Anthroposophical Society, Steiner published a study on the Chymical Wedding in Berlin. The present article shows that this written commentary was a means for him to situate himself in the continuity of the Rosicrucian tradition of esoteric Christianity while introducing his own theosophy, which he called ‘anthroposophy’ or ‘spiritual science’, as the heir of the authentic Rosicrucians. The reference to the authoritative text allowed him to illustrate and justify his former assertions on 1) the actual existence of Christian Rosenkreuz and the Rosicrucian order, 2) the seven stages of Rosicrucian initiation, 3) Rosicrucianism as the best way of initiation for modern European man, 4) the “etheric vision” of Christ based on the action of Christian Rosencreuz’s “etheric body”. These ideas influenced a number of Western esotericists, including Neville Meakin (†1912), Max Heindel (1865-1919) and Jan van Rijckenborgh (1896-1968).

1 Chymical Wedding by Christian Rosencreutz has been the subject of an important reception1 within certain modern Western esoteric currents2, in particular since the end of the 19th century. In a context of criticism of positivism and enthusiasm for spiritualism from the United States, occultism was on the rise in Europe around 1900, and the Rosicrucians were a fashionable subject. In France, for example, the Martinist writer Joseph Péladan (1858-1918) organized between 1892 and 1897, in Parisian art galleries, several Salons de la Rose-Croix in which symbolist artists known as the Belgian painter Fernand Khnopff took part. . In this contribution, I will focus mainly on the period from 1875 – the date of the founding of the Theosophical Society in New York by the Russian occultist Helena Blavatsky, Colonel Henry Steel Olcott and a few others – to 1917, the year of the publication in Berlin of the Commentary on the Chemical Wedding of Christian Rose-Croix by the Austrian occultist Rudolf Steiner. The aim will be to understand Steiner's commentary from the inside, to reconstitute its internal logic from an emic perspective3, and to perceive in doing so the construction of the Rosicrucian myth specific to this esoteric4 vision of the world that is anthroposophy. . It will also be a question of resituating this commentary in the theosophical literature which preceded it and of bringing to light its influence on later esoteric literature.

Theosophical literature and the Chemical Weddings (1877-1902)

5 Franz Hartmann: Unter den Adepten und Rosenkreuzern (Leipzig n.d.). Berlin 1963, p. 96.

2The Theosophical Society is an international association teaching a religious syncretism of occultist and esoteric inspiration with a strong oriental flavor, particularly Buddhist and Hindu. Theosophical literature does not include a commentary dedicated specifically to the Chemical Wedding, but rather scattered reflections emphasizing the importance of Rosicrucianism as a Western path of self-knowledge leading to the knowledge of God. The German theosophist Franz Hartmann (1838-1912) states for example: “Es wird uns klar sein, daß es den Rosenkreuzern nicht so sehr um intellektuelle Forschung und Vielwisserei, als vielmehr um die göttliche Selbsterkenntnis zu tun war und um die Kraft des wahren Glaubens , der zu dieser Gotteserkenntnis führt. 5 The Theosophical Society does not regard any religion as superior to others; all express, according to her, an aspect of a universal truth. According to the famous motto of the Society, “there is no religion superior to truth”. According to Helena P. Blavatsky, the true spirit of the Rose-Croix no longer animates the Rosicrucians of her time:

6 Helena Petrovna Blavatsky: Isis unveiled. Key to the Mysteries of Ancient Science and Theology (...)

The Rose-Croix Brothers, mysterious practitioners of the Middle Ages, still exist, but only in name. They may 'shed tears over the grave of their revered Master Hiram Abiff', but they will search in vain for the true place 'where the acacia branch was placed'. The dead letter remains alone, the spirit has fled.6

3 This spirit is, according to her, much more preserved in literature – and Blavatsky explicitly quotes the famous initiatory novel by the British novelist Edward Bulwer-Lytton Zanoni7 – than in the various lodges and groups claiming Rosicrucianism in his time in Europe and in the USA. None seem to find favor in his eyes. We can think of the Societas Rosicruciana in Anglia, a Rosicrucian order founded in London in 1865 by master masons William J. Hughan and Robert W. Little, or L'Aube Dorée, The Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn, a secret society (whose rituals are inspired by the Golden Rose-Cross, at least for the distribution of degrees) founded in London in 1888 by Samuel Liddell Mathers and William Wynn Westcott, both members of the Societas Rosicruciana in Anglia. Note that Westcott later became theosophist. These groups multiplied at the end of the 19th century. In France, the Kabbalistic Order of the Rose-Croix founded in 1888 by Stanislas de Guaita (1861-1897) and Joséphin Péladan (1858-1918) had the role of perfecting the training of Martinists and included the French doctor and occultist Gérard Anaclet Vincent Encausse (1865-1916), known as Papus, among its members. In Germany, the Ordo Templi Orientis (O.T.O.), a para-Masonic organization oriented towards magic, was animated by a member of the Societas Rosicruciana in Germania, the German-English occultist Theodor Reuß, who in 1902 obtained the right, with the German theosophist Franz Hartmann, to practice the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite and the Rite of Memphis-Misraïm.

Rudolf Steiner, the “Rose-Croix” of the Theosophical Society (1902-1906)

8 Gary Lachmann: Rudolf Steiner, a biography. Paris 2009.

9 Rudolf Steiner: Mein Lebensgang. Eine nicht vollendete Autobiography [1925], Rudolf Steiner Gesam (...)

10 Hartmann: Unter den Adepten, quoted by Friedrich Lienhard: Unter dem Rosenkreuz: ein Hausbuch aus (...)

4It was also in 1902 that Rudolf Steiner, an Austrian born in 1861 in a small village in Croatia (which was then part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire), became Secretary General of the German section of the Theosophical Society, multiplying the conferences across Germany and beyond8. Steiner states in his autobiography that he became close to the Theosophists because, like them, he was convinced of the existence of a “spiritual world”9. At the beginning of the 20th century, Steiner gave less importance to the Rosicrucian manifestos than to an oral Rosicrucian tradition which would have remained intact within secret societies. He asserted in December 1906 that nothing of authentic Rosicrucianism would be found in the Rosicrucian writings of the early seventeenth century. Steiner endorses the argument of theosophists like Franz Hartmann who describe the essence of the authentic Rose-Croix as "the divine light of self-knowledge"10 and who are convinced that the mysteries of the Rose-Croix are only transmitted orally:

But you can see how difficult it has always been to get to know Rosicrucianism from the fact that Helmont, Leibniz and others were unable to find out anything about the Rosicrucians. The Rosicrucian initiation is historically traced back to a book from the beginning of the 17th century, which states, among other things, that the Rosicrucians dealt with alchemical things, as well as with other things, for example with higher education and so on. So it is written in the Fama Fraternitatis. / Nothing can be found there either about what really is Rosicrucianism, because the mysteries of the Rosicrucians have only been handed down through oral tradition. What has externally attached itself to the name Rosicrucian is very little suitable for fathoming the nature of the Rosicrucians.11

5 Steiner is also nourished by another tradition, in this case German thought and its “great geniuses”, which, according to him, must fertilize theosophy. Steiner thinks in particular of Goethe, whose thought cannot be grasped, according to him, without a deep understanding of its occult foundation. After having studied philosophy in Vienna and read in particular Kant, Fichte, Schopenhauer and Nietzsche, after having defended in 1891 a doctoral thesis in philosophy at the University of Rostock, Steiner worked in Weimar on the edition of the scientific work of Goethe, and gave numerous lectures on Goethe to members of the Theosophical Society. Thus, in the lecture “Die okkulte Grundlage in Goethes Schaffen” (1905), he refers to Goethe’s poem Die Geheimnisse (1785), which according to him expresses the mysteries of the Rose-Croix12. Steiner takes Goethe for a Rose-Croix initiate. In 1780, the German poet was initiated into Freemasonry in the Amalia lodge in Weimar, and received in 1783 into the Order of the Illuminated under the name of Abaris. Speeches and many poems bear witness to this interest in Freemasons, but also several passages from Wilhelm Meister, from Dichtung und Wahrheit (Poetry and Truth) as well as Das Märchen (The Fairy Tale of the Beautiful Lily)

6 Steiner attempts to revitalize the Rosicrucian tradition not only by relating himself to the Rosicrucian inspiration of Goethe, but also by concretely seeking authentic Rosicrucians and rituals; he thinks he can do this by joining Freemasonry, like his mentor Goethe. It was in 1904-1905 that Steiner began to participate in Masonic activities, hoping to introduce the occult teachings of Theosophy into them. In 1905, he was initiated by Theodor Reuß into the Rite of Misraïm, with his wife – which cost him dearly, as noted by the German historian Helmut Zander14 –, and in 1906 became President of the “Chapter and Mystical Temple” Mystica Aeterna, in Berlin. In January 1906, he obtained permission from Theodor Reuß to bring into this Freemason Chapter as many members of the Theosophical Society (and other people) as he wished15. But he is somewhat wary of Reuß: “Reuß ist kein Mensch, auf den irgendwie zu bauen wäre. […] Wir haben es mit einem ‘Rahmen’, nicht mit mehr in der Wirklichkeit zu tun. Augenblicklich steckt gar nichts hinter der Sache. Die okkulten Mächte haben sich ganz davon zurückgezogen. 16 According to Helmut Zander, there is no historical proof that Steiner belonged to another Masonic society. In 1907, Steiner was appointed Grand Master of the Rite of Misraïm and led initiation ceremonies in this capacity. The First World War, however, marked the end of Steiner's Masonic activities. Between 1902 and 1906, Steiner developed his Christology independently within the Theosophical Society without this posing any particular problem. His relationship with Annie Besant is excellent: he is part of her Esoteric School and comments glowingly on the German translation of his work Esoteric Christianity published in 1903.

The gradual break with the Theosophists and the founding of the Anthroposophical Society (1906-1912)

18 Steiner, “Die drei Einweihungspfade”, lecture given in Basel on September 19, 1906 before (...)

19 Ibid., p. 92: “der größte der Religionslehrer”.

20 On the action of the Buddha, carried out at the request of the servant of Christ, Christian Rose-Croix, see (...)

7 It was in 1906 that Steiner distinguished for the first time three forms of initiation: the Eastern path, which presupposes the absolute obedience of the student to a guru, the Christian path, which would no longer be adapted to modern man due to the evolution of science and culture, and the Rosicrucian path, which would be free from any enslaving master-disciple relationship18. Alongside this hierarchy of initiatic schools, the "mystery of Golgotha" was mentioned for the first time, at the end of 1906, a concept which would become central to Steiner's Christology: Christ, considered as "the greatest religious teacher"19, embodies in an earthly physical body the solar macrocosmic Christ principle. He gives "the greatest impulse that the soul is able to assimilate" by coming from other worlds to unite with the earth. The Christ impulse, what Steiner calls the "mystery of Golgotha", is for him a completely unique and exceptional fact in the history of humanity. It is no coincidence that in several of his lectures, Steiner emphasizes that the life of Christ goes further than that of the Buddha, since it reaches the resurrection while that of the Buddha ends in the transfiguration20. By focusing his thought on the figure of Christ, Steiner approaches European theological traditions which consider Christ as a personal figure; but he distances himself from the theosophists of Adyar who give equal importance to all religions and consider Jesus as a “great initiate” among others. It was in this context that Annie Besant was elected President of the Theosophical Society in 1907. The same year, Steiner left the Esoteric School of Besant to found an independent esoteric school, teaching a Rosicrucian path rooted in a specifically European esoteric tradition. .

8 According to Helmut Zander, it was above all in opposition to Annie Besant that Steiner increasingly sought, from 1906-1907, to situate himself in a Rosicrucian tradition and to “Christologize” his thought21. The fact that in 1903 Steiner did not mention Christian Rose-Croix in his list of great initiates shows, according to Zander, that the Rosicrucian tradition was built gradually. It is also with the aim of building this European tradition that Steiner would have integrated Christian Rose-Croix in a series of reincarnations: Lazare, Hiram Abiff, the Count of Saint-Germain, etc. When Steiner and Besant agreed at the Munich Congress in May 1907, it was decided that Steiner would teach the Western, "Rosicrucian" path, and Besant the Eastern path. According to Zander, this agreement is superficial and hides a settlement of power. The day after the Congress, Steiner begins the cycle of lectures entitled Die Theosophie des Rosenkreuzers in which he emphasizes the superiority of the Rosicrucian path, and therefore, according to the German historian, his personal superiority over Besant. Zander is of the opinion that in these lectures, in particular in the last lecture of the cycle entitled "Theosophy according to the Rosicrucian method", the Rosicrucian reference would be applied like a thin superstructure on specifically Theosophical themes and, given its vague in the occultist circles of his time, would serve as an empty frame that Steiner could fill as he pleased with content from Christian and European esotericism22. This theory only seems partly relevant because the reference to the Rosicrucians is present long before the break with Besant and anchored in the German tradition, in Goethe in particular. From 1903-1904, Steiner presented Christian Rose-Croix and Jesus as the "two great Masters of the West", thus minimizing the influence of the Eastern Masters. In 1906 Steiner described the seven stages of the Rosicrucian path23, also present or explained in other texts, as in the Science of the Occult (1910) for example.

9 The fundamental disagreement concerns the theory of the return of Christ developed by Besant after the Munich Congress and explains that Steinerian Christology developed with increased speed after 1907. In 1908, Steiner clearly asserts the superiority of Christianity: “[… ] das Christentum ist größer als alle Religion! Das ist die Rosenkreuzerweisheit. 24 In 1911 he held conferences on Christian Rosicrucians at the newly created Rosicrucian branch of the Theosophical Society, where the disagreements appeared more and more evident. Unlike the Theosophists, Steiner considers Christian Rose-Croix as a personality who really lived in the 13th century, and the Rosicrucian order as an organization that really existed. The influence of the spiritual entity that is Christian Rose-Croix would be exerted mainly from his “etheric body”25, incarnated or not26. The action of Christ can take place according to Steiner only from the "etheric"27, that is to say from a subtle field of life forces made up of four ethers and located between the material and the astral plane. For Steiner, there can be no return of Christ to the physical plane, as the Theosophists assert. When leaders of the Theosophical Society believe they have found a new Messiah in the person of the young Hindu Jiddu Krishnamurti, Steiner separates definitively from the Theosophical Society to found, at the end of 1912, the Anthroposophical Society.

Rudolf Steiner anthroposophist: the role of the Chemical Weddings in the construction of a Rosicrucian tradition (1912-1917)

28 Rudolf Steiner: The Chemical Wedding of Christian Rose-Croix 1459, recorded by J. V. Andreae, Stud (...)

29 Rudolf Steiner: Die Theosophie des Rosenkreuzers, Vierzehn Vorträge, München 22. May bis 6. June 1 (...)

11 Steiner no doubt chose to comment on the Wedding because it was the Rosicrucian text he knew best31, but that is not the only reason. The importance he attached to this commentary is evident in the fact that, unlike many other things he has said about Christian Rose-Croix at conferences, it is a written study that he wrote himself. This is indicative of a change in initiatory method in modern times:

32 Bettina Gruber: “Überlegungen zu einer Begriffsdiskussion”. In: Moritz Baßler / Hildegard Châtel (...)

33 Aurélie Choné: Rudolf Steiner, Carl Gustav Jung, Hermann Hesse, Passeurs between East and West. (...)

As the written expression of the traditional teaching transmitted from master to disciple, the book increasingly replaces the oral transmission of knowledge within secret societies, and becomes what connects the instructor and the reader, or more precisely, the Real. and the reader. Reading thus becomes the occasion for a practice, that of a conscious relationship. This ‘self-initiation through reading’32 is a characteristic trend of modernity, perceptible as early as the 19th century. It is based on respect for the subject and his autonomy of thought, but in return requires significant self-discipline and a very firm will.33

30 Rudolf Steiner: Das rosenkreutzerische Christentum. Stuttgart 1950.

10 In 1917, five years after the foundation of the Anthroposophical Society, Steiner published in Berlin a study devoted to the Chemical Weddings28. A series of questions does not fail to arise: how to explain that Steiner felt the need to give a commentary on the Weddings when he did not comment on either the Fama or the Confessio? How to explain that he found it necessary to write a study insisting on the importance of this text eleven years after having affirmed that the oral tradition was more important than the Manifestos? Why did you publish this commentary precisely in 1917, more than a century ago, when he had already given several lectures in previous years on the Rosicrucian path, in particular ten years earlier, in 1907, Die Philosophie des Rosenkreuzers29 and in 1911-1912, on Rosicrucian Christianity30? And finally, for what purpose does he write this comment?

12 As secret societies no longer conveyed the authentic message according to Steiner, it no doubt seemed necessary to him, sensing the end of his life approaching, to write down what he knew of this original message. We will show that this written commentary was a means for him, at a time when he needed to affirm the identity of his movement in the face of the theosophists, to situate himself in the continuity of the Western tradition of Christian esotericism and to present anthroposophy as the heiress of the authentic Rosicrucians. If he appeals to an authoritative text, Les Noces Chymiques, it is to illustrate and justify his previous remarks:

on the real existence of Christian Rose-Croix and the Rosicrucian Order,

on the content of the Rosicrucian initiatory path,

on the superiority of the Rosicrucian path at the present time,

on the etheric vision of Christ thanks to the action of Christian Rose-Croix from the "etheric world".

The real existence of Christian Rose-Croix and the Order of the Rose-Croix

34 On this subject, see the article by Stefania Salvadori in this volume.

13 For Steiner, Johann Valentin Andreae (1586-1654) is the author of Les Noces Chymiques and he wrote the work in 1603, thirteen years before its publication in Strasbourg in 1616. It should be noted that these dates are roughly in line with the assertions of the most current researchers. Steiner does not seek to challenge by means of historical arguments the assertions of historians who hold the work to be “a kind of literary deception” (NC, 264). But he considers it impossible that a young man of seventeen had “the maturity required to ridicule the evaporated minds of his time, by presenting them with a phantasmagoria under the name of the Rosicrucian current”. Moreover, the spiritually very high content of Les Noces is not for him contradictory with the young age of the author. In his eyes, Andreae wrote under the dictation of “great intuitive forces” (NC, 269). Later, having become a pietistic theologian, Andreae would have lost this intuition, which explains why he was able to deny his story afterwards. Steiner points out that in transcribing the experiences of Christian Rose-Croix, the young Andreae encountered strong resistance, in this case “events similar to those which led to the Thirty Years’ War” (NC, 8). By comparing this situation to the one he knew himself, at a time when the development of anthroposophy was hampered by opposing forces, he clearly places himself in the continuity of the Rosicrucian current.

14 In his commentary, Steiner begins by explaining how the work should be approached, devoting several pages to the “method”, or rather to the attitude to adopt when faced with the text. Because it is precisely not an intellectual, scientific method in the usual sense of the word. Humility, self-knowledge and purification of the soul are the necessary conditions for the spiritual world to be able, through the text, to speak to the soul in the form of images, symbols, "secret figures" such as those of the Geheime Figuren der Rosenkreuzer35. A rather similar attitude of attentive listening with regard to images (and the products of the unconscious) characterizes the psychology of the depths of C. G. Jung (in particular the active imagination): it is not a question of seeking to understand intellectually the image that presents itself, but rather to let it act, to mature in the soul, to brood over it in oneself, until its meaning becomes clear; this requires great patience and the awareness that, as in any deep esoteric text, the message is never completely unveiled, deeper layers always remaining hidden.

15 The key to Steiner's argument therefore rests on a precise method, which he claims to deduce from the attitude and mode of perception of Christian Rose-Croix himself, as described in the novel. The historical method seems to him inappropriate for clarifying overly complicated controversies. “Spiritual Science” is presented as the most adequate way to deduce from the text itself the authenticity of the experiences described, and therefore the reality of the existence of Christian Rose-Croix as well as of the Rosicrucian current. It is not for him an allegory, but a true story, which confirms what he affirmed in his lectures of 1911 on the historical, and not mythical, figure of Christian Rose-Croix.

The content of the Rosicrucian initiatory school

16 In his commentary of 1917, Steiner explains, through the lived experience of Christian Rose-Croix, the seven stages of the Rosicrucian path which he had already exposed ten years earlier, in Die Theosophie des Rosenkreuzers: the study, the imagination, inspiration, the preparation of the Philosopher's Stone, the correspondences between macrocosm and microcosm, diving into the macrocosm and bliss. The seven days correspond to the stages of the initiatory path of Christian Rose-Croix towards the suprasensible worlds and reflect a process of alchemical transformation which leads him towards his spiritual rebirth.

17 From the first day, it is a question of an “imaginative vision” that Christian Rose-Croix had seven years earlier, which announced to him that he would be invited to the “Chymic Wedding”. Another imagination has him “see” a young woman in a blue dress studded with stars – the “manifestation of an entity from the spirit world” (NC, 195) according to Steiner. Another imagination reveals to him a portal, the threshold of the suprasensible world according to Steiner, and a castle, place of spiritual experience. Then comes the fourth day, with the presentation to the Kings and their decapitation: these symbols are for Steiner “authentic imaginations, in conformity with the laws which govern the evolution of the soul” (NC, 243). The ordeals that kings undergo foreshadow what must happen to Christian Rose-Croix himself. He feels the tragedy of the royal hall “as if his own soul lived it: Decapitation is a stage in his own evolution. (NC, 244) According to Steiner, the whole alchemical process described highlights "the mystery of psychic metamorphosis" (NC, 263), namely "the way in which the forces of knowledge, developed by the organism in the ordinary course of life, are transformed into forces of supersensible investigation. (NC, 253) The term "power of knowledge" is imbued with the philosophy of life (Lebensphilosophie) present at the time of Steiner, but it is a question of directing this vitalism towards a spiritualism by transforming sensitive knowledge in supersensible knowledge, which is possible only on condition "of being penetrated by the forces of death." (NC, 247) Thus Christian Rose-Croix contemplates the death of the "kings" in his soul, namely the death of "his means of knowledge, such as they result from the metamorphosis of the material processes of his organism, without himself intervenes. (NC, 248-249) By passing from natural alchemy to the art of alchemy, he will be able to confer on his ordinary faculties of knowledge a particular character which the processes of organic evolution have removed from them. The purpose of the fifth day is precisely, according to Steiner, to complete the natural alchemy. Christian Rose-Croix directs his gaze towards the “laboratory” of nature, where it “gives birth to the vital element of growth” (NC, 249). In the Tower of Olympus, during the preparation of the Stone of the Sages, the inanimate forces of knowledge are brought to life.

18 The seventh day describes the accomplishment of the alchemical work and the promotion of Christian Rose-Croix to the rank of “Knight of the Stone of Gold”. The man whose forces of the soul – thought, feeling, will – are transformed, is as if born again: he becomes the “father” of his own faculties of knowledge. It is a true gnosis in the sense of knowledge, the birth of new forces of supersensible knowledge. This also explains the Steinerian interpretation of the end of the story: Christian Rose-Croix expects to expiate the "fault" of having succumbed to the temptation by looking at Venus naked on the fifth day, and to be condemned to the charge of guardian; but this is not the case, because this guardian turns out in fact to be only a part of himself that he is able to distinguish from himself; and here we are almost approaching a Jungian interpretation of The Wedding , except that the existence of a spiritual world is clearly posed in Steiner: “He becomes the guardian of his own psychic life; but this office in no way prevents him from maintaining free relations with the world of the spirit. (NC, 260-261)

The Rosicrucian path, the initiatory school most suited to modern Europeans

19 Steiner also explains in his commentary on the Marriage why the Rosicrucian way is the most suitable for modern Western man.

20 First, it does not involve blindly following a guru as in the Eastern path as Steiner imagines it, or having absolute faith in the personality of Jesus Christ as in the Christian path. The Rosicrucian path gives less importance to feelings than to facts that can be observed and studied. The first stage of the journey, study, demonstrates the importance of a scientific approach. Steiner emphasizes that Christian Rose-Croix was versed in the knowledge provided by the study of the “Liberal Sciences and Arts” of his time and that he sought to unite knowledge and faith. This is also, according to Steiner, the objective of anthroposophy and as he can situate it in the continuity of the Rosicrucian current: neither religion nor philosophy, the Science of the mind (Geisteswissenschaft) aims to know the worlds suprasensibles with the same rigor as science studies the phenomena of the physical, sensible world.

36 Steiner: “The mission of Christian Rose-Croix, his character and his task. The mission of Gautama Bu (...)

21 This is only possible through the knowledge of nature, the very object of natural alchemy. In his commentary on the Wedding, Steiner clearly opposes the paths of mysticism and alchemy: “The alchemist seeks a knowledge of nature which opens the way to a true knowledge of man. (NC, 214) as the mystic turns inward. According to Steiner, it is quite revealing that the Rosicrucian current was born in the 15th century – a very dark period marked, according to him, by the appearance of the materialist current, which played a major role in scientific theories, especially in matters astronomy; with the beginnings of modern science – Copernicus (1473-1543), Galileo (1564-1642), Kepler (1571-1630), etc. – developed, according to him, “a vision of the world which saw in the macrocosm only an immense machinery composed of material globes”36. A new science must bring the necessary corrective to this materialistic tendency; and Steiner sees it represented in the Weddings through the figure of the Virgin whose name is Alchemy: "this suprasensible science comes from the spiritual worlds whereas the knowledge of the Seven 'Liberal Arts' is acquired on the sensible plane" (NC, 236).

22 In the same spirit, Agrippa von Nettesheim (1487-1535) and Paracelsus (1493-1541) sought, according to Steiner, to explore the laws of nature and access the superior worlds from the natural sciences, through the study of the five elements . The alchemist learns to know his soul as well as nature and discovers that the same forces act there. This is the fifth stage of the Rosicrucian path, the correspondences between macro- and microcosm. The contemplation of natural processes like dissolution and putrefaction becomes meditation, fervent prayer, and arouses a sense of devotion. According to Steiner, the sanctity of nature is at the center of Les Noces, the mission of Christian Rose-Croix being to discover the spirit in nature. As a Knight of the Stone of Gold, he will have to live in accordance with the two mottos inscribed on the medal he receives, as well as the other Knights, on the seventh day: "Art is the servant of nature" and “Nature is the daughter of time. (NC, 259)

37 Antoine Faivre: Access to Western esotericism. Paris vol. I 1986, vol. II, 1996.

23 Steiner presents the Science of the Spirit as the heir to the Rosicrucian current in that it seeks to rediscover the religious character that the study of nature had in the Middle Ages, to reveal the spiritual reality behind the veil of nature. At the same time, he seeks to show the evolution of the Rosicrucian teaching. Mainly based on the natural sciences in the Middle Ages, in connection with alchemy, it became in its time "Science of the mind" in connection with the natural sciences in the Goethean sense of the term. The great Rosicrucian meditation on the symbol of the cross surrounded by seven roses, described for example in 1910 in Die Geheimwissenschaft (Science of the Occult), is deeply linked to living Nature, one of the criteria of esotericism according to Antoine Faivre37, since it is first of all a question of representing a plant which opens out, its roots which plunge into the darkness, its stem which rises towards the light. It involves the transformation of the forces of life into spiritual forces by a process of transmutation of the "etheric" into supersensible energy: this inner alchemy constitutes the very essence of the new Rosicrucian mysteries according to Steiner.

38 Johann Valentin Andreae: The Chemical Wedding of Christian Rose-Croix. In: Bernard Gorceix: The bi (...)

24 Finally, Steiner wishes to show through the experiences of Christian Rose-Croix and his companions that the Rosicrucian initiation is a personal path at the service of society: “The presence of such men in the social order will be a leaven for those who it and will help clean it up. (NC, 261) On reading Les Noces, it clearly appears that Christian Rose-Croix will play a special role because he is led to see more marvels38 than his companions who "only perceive what is shown to them, without the intervention of their personal will. (NC, 230) By continuing to serve as a guardian after receiving the supreme reward, he does not return to his solitary life, out of the world; he sees himself obliged to link spiritual life and social life in the service of others (karma-yoga, one would say in the Indian tradition), which is characteristic of a modern initiation. Steiner situates anthroposophy in the continuity of this tradition by insisting on education for freedom and by showing the importance of the concrete societal applications of its ideas in fields as diverse as pedagogy, agriculture, medicine and science. 'architecture.

25 In his commentary on Les Noces, Steiner particularly insists on the visions and imaginations of Christian Rose-Croix, which would be produced by the action of his “etheric body”. On Easter Friday, Christian's supersensible perception allows him to have the vision of the woman in the blue dress: "This activity of the etheric body can be compared to the bringing into action of a radiant light. (NC, 195-196) It is this activity that every human being is called upon to develop thanks to a daily meditative practice allowing the metamorphosis of his soul and the development of faculties of supersensible perception. Through this central practice in the Rosicrucian initiation as Steiner understands it, the student feels the influence of the etheric body of Christian Rose-Croix and can perceive the appearance of Christ in his own etheric body, that is, say realize the Christ in himself, the inner Christ, without going through a guru or other spiritual master. According to Steiner, all of humanity would be called to live this experience of the road to Damascus, and not only the circle of Rosicrucian initiates. The mission of the "Science of the Spirit" would be to divulge the Rosicrucian mystery to as many people as possible today.

39 On this subject, see Véronique Liard's contribution: “Carl Gustav Jung and the Chymic Weddings. Alc (...)

40 I refer here to chapter 10 of C. G. Jung's Psychological Types: Psychologische Typen. Zurich (...)

41 However, this interpretation should be qualified. Indeed, experience plays a very important role (...)

26We can see a certain affinity between the Steinerian commentary and the Jungian reading39 of the Wedding: in both cases, the initiatory journey of Christian Rose-Croix expresses the “mystery of psychic metamorphosis” (NC, 263). The big difference comes from the way of thinking of Jung and Steiner, and their opposite attitude towards reality. From a Jungian perspective,40 one could perhaps qualify Steiner’s philosophical temperament as “extroverted” and that of Jung as “introverted” (this is moreover how he saw himself); indeed, the anthroposophist links his thought closely to real objects while the founder of depth psychology is above all concerned with his inner world. Steiner is an idealist in that the spiritual world has for him a character of truth and absolute in the same way as the objects which are in front of him, without possible contestation, while for Jung, nourished by Kant, thought partially derives from subjectivity, which places all metaphysics beyond the reach of human understanding and establishes an empirical approach to reality. Jung needs to look within himself for landmarks to evolve in his inner world, without resorting to metaphysics to name things outside of him; he tends to see in him realities which, for the extrovert, are external.

42 We can think in particular of biodynamic agriculture – the processes of decomposition, putr (...)

43 See the third stage of the conjunction described at the end of Carl Gustav Jung: Mysterium conjunct (...)

44 On the comparison of these paths, see Aurélie Choné: Rudolf Steiner, Carl Gustav Jung, Herman (...)

27 Steiner considers the mystical path (introverted attitude according to the Jungian typology) unsuited to the materialistic modern age, and considers the alchemical path (extroverted attitude according to the Jungian typology) which passes through the knowledge of nature, as the most appropriate today. today. Could this be the reaction of an extrovert who does not understand the other attitude? Jung also uses alchemy, but more in the psychological sense of an inner psychic transformation; he emphasizes the writings that translate external experiences into symbolic processes revealing the archetypes of the collective unconscious, which he wants to find in order to shed light on his journey and that of his patients. But if Jung seems to be more interested in the interior side (oratory) and Steiner in the operative side of alchemy42 (laboratory), the fact remains that the psychiatrist also integrates a much broader dimension through the notion of unus mundus43, and that the anthroposophist pays great attention to inner processes, emphasizing the passage from natural alchemy to the Science of the mind. Anthroposophy, which seeks to develop our perception of the supersensible world, and depth psychology, which aims to approach the Self in order to reach the totality of our being, have important similarities in the journey they offer towards greater freedom. and autonomy.

28 If Les Noces has caught the attention of such different thinkers, it is undoubtedly because this writing offers a fine example of a balanced appreciation between the two points of view. The oratory is as important there as the laboratory. There is both the experimental side (Tower of Olympus) and the importance of moral purification (weighing test, vault of Venus). Extroverts tend to make it a laboratory affair by denying the other side, while introverts stress the projection of psychic contents onto matter and make it a process of individuation, neglecting the experimental side which is very vague in the definitions of the materials, which vary from one to another. But the secret undoubtedly lies in the right balance between extroversion and introversion, science and faith, laboratory and oratory.

Assessment and posterity of the anthroposophical reception of Les Noces until today

29 All the arguments deployed in Steiner’s extremely dense Commentary combine to demonstrate that the Weddings are “an objective relationship of an authentic quest” (NC, 263). Steiner felt the need to give a commentary on the Wedding - rather than on the Fama or the Confessio - because this story contains a wealth of images and symbols which make visible, in the form of evocative imaginations, the passage from sensitive to supersensitive. This commentary aims to anchor Steiner's theosophy, which he calls anthroposophy, in the Rosicrucian tradition of esoteric Christianity. Steiner thus stands out from the Theosophical Society and Eastern initiation by proposing a “Rosicrucian initiation” adapted to modern man in that it brings together faith and science, knowledge and contemplation of nature. Starting from the Manifesto, he seeks to prove what he has asserted in previous conferences and to give greater authority to his words through the exegesis of the source text itself. In doing so, he presents himself as the successor to the Rosicrucian current, which is supposed to express the quintessence of the great previous religions, and therefore the cutting edge of all spiritual teachings.

30 His reception of Les Noces will find an important echo in the anthroposophical milieu, among students and close friends like Michael Bauer46 (1871-1929), who was a member of his esoteric School. Today, the Rosicrucian reference is still very present among anthroposophists. According to the Dutch writer Jelle van der Meulen, for example, Steiner was initiated by Christian Rose-Croix47. The links between Anthroposophy and Rosicrucianism have been studied by engineer Viktor Stracke (1903-1991) and physician Peter Selg (1963- )48. Les Noces gave rise to a new commentary by Bastiaan Baan, director of the seminary of the Fellowship of Christians in North America, and former Waldorf school teacher. Overall, the interpretation of Les Noces is the object of a deepening in two main directions: meditation50 and cosmology51.

52 The outer order of the Stella Matutina was known as the Mystic Rose or Order of the M.R. i (...)

53 Crispian Villeneuve: Rudolf Steiner in Britain: A Documentation of His Ten Visits, 1902‑25, vol. 1 (...)

54 The Table Round (Ordo Tabulae Rotundae) is a neo-Arthurian mystical order that Felkin also exported (...)

55 Zander: Anthroposophy in Deutschland. t. I, p. 844.

56 See the contribution of Sébastien Gregov in this volume.

31 We also mention the influence of Steiner on the English doctor Robert Felkin, who in 1903 created the magical order Stella Matutina (Morning Star)52 in England, a splinter group from the Golden Dawn, and on Neville Meakin53, a member of the Stella Matutina. They saw in him an authentic representative of the Rosicrucian tradition, the missing link in the chain of the Rose-Croix dating back to the 17th century. Known by the initials EOL (Ex oriente Lux), Grand Master of the neo-Arthurian Order Ordo Tabulae Rotundae54, Meakin met Steiner in 1910 and 1912, received the initiation of adeptus minor in the Chapter Mystica aeterna and embarked in 1911 for Constantinople, traveling in the footsteps of the pilgrimage described in the Fama Fraternitatis. Steiner's ideas on the real existence of Christian Rose-Croix and his Order, as well as on the different incarnations of Christian Rose-Croix, will influence Max Heindel (1865-1919), who was vice-president of theosophy of Adyar in California in 1904-1905 and student of the Esoteric School of Steiner in 1907-1908. In 1909 Heindel created the Rosicrucian Fellowship in California. Steiner would accuse him in 1913 of having plagiarized several of his lectures55. Finally, let us mention the obvious influence of the Steinerian reading of the Wedding on the Dutch Rosicrucian Jan van Rijckenborgh, a former disciple of Heindel who founded the Lectorium Rosicrucianum in the 1920s.

journals.openedition.org/rg/679

20180710-RD-LSC-0138 by U.S. Department of Agriculture

Mt. Desert Island and Ellsworth area, Maine, on July 10, 2018. The island includes the towns of Bar Harbor, Northeast Harbor and more. Just offshore, outside the Mt Desert harbor, is Bear Island. Ferries and water taxis transport mail, supplies, residents and tourists to the nearby Cranberry Isles (Great Cranberry, Islesford (Little Cranberry), and Sutton. Cranberry Isles are the five islands of Great Cranberry, Islesford (Little Cranberry), Sutton, Baker and Bear. Buoys dot the surrounding waters where lobster fisherman haul their catch in the morning and afternoons. The communities on these islands are home to many of the fishermen. Cranberry Isles received a U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Rural Development (RD) Community Connect Grant in the amount of $1,320,370. This is the first Community Connect Grant a Maine community has received in over a decade. Rural Development funds will be used to construct a combination fiber-to-the-premises (FTTP) and fixed wireless system providing service to the unserved islands of Great Cranberry, Islesford (FTTP service) and Sutton (fixed wireless), Maine. Approximately 141 year-round residents will benefit from the funded system, though in the summer population increases to 1,260. The proposed system will bring increased economic, educational, and health care opportunities to the island. Residents will be able to access a Community Center with Internet service for a period of at least two years. On Islesford the Cranberry Isles Fishermen’s Co-op who rely on stable computer connections pay the fishermen for their catch and sell the products in their stores. Islesford Artisans, operated by Katy Fernald, displays and sells art work from her family of Danny and Malcolm; and the community of more than 30 artisans on the island. The faster and reliable internet connection makes it easy to update and maintain their web site for online sales. A recent sell went to a buyer in England. Residents such as Dr. Ralph ‘Skip’ Stevens, can now can grade his university students’ work from home. In the past, especially in winter he would have to make his way through the snow to the island’s library “Neighborhood House” to do his work. For years the library had been then only high speed connection with a wifi router so people could be in or near the building and get connected. On February, 2018, Dr. Stevens can now stay at home to communicate with his students and grade their work. USDA Photo by Lance Cheung.

Peruvian Apple Cactus - Cereus (peruvianus) repanda f. monstrosa, San Luis Obispo, CA by Jack & Petra Clayton

Peruvian Apple Cactus - Cereus (peruvianus) repanda f. monstrosa, Education Drive, San Luis Obispo, CA (Jack)

Common Names include:

Hedge cactus, Queen of the night, Peruvian apple cactus, Hildmann's Cereus

Cereus hildmannianus is well known to cactus fanciers throughout the world. It is very easy to cultivate, easy to propagate, tolerates moderate frost, and produces numerous showy white flowers 15 cm across. It is one of the most widely cultivated cactus species. The fruits are edible, and it is used for living fences. Even more intriguing, the apple cactus is widely touted as having the power to correct physical ailments caused by electromagnetic radiation. How and why this particular virtue was discovered are unclear, but the plant is widely sold potted with the recommendation that it be located near a computer screen or television in order to re-establish an electromagnetic equilibrium upset by the device.

www.llifle.com/Encyclopedia/CACTI/Family/Cactaceae/6498/C...

Origin and Habitat:

Distribution is very uncertain, probably Brazil (Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, Paraná, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, São Paulo), Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay, but is so popular for its large, spineless fruits that it has spread over most of tropical and neotropical South America, belying its wild origin. It is also widely cultivated worldwide as an ornamental plant. Cereus hildmannianus has also been introduced outside its native ranges and become invasive.

Type locality: State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Altitude range: From sea level to 1,000 metres above sea level.

Habitat and Ecology: Cereus hildmannianus grows in southern humid/subhumid forest, in rocky places and on dry shadows soils in mata de planalto, in cerrado and pampas where is found on rocky outcrops. The major threat is habitat loss due to urbanization, agriculture, cattle ranching and forestry. Pollinators include hummingbird, carpenter bees, honeybees, houseflies, wasps, and a host of lesser arthropods in the daytime, but moths and nectar-eating bats are the principal pollinators at night.

Description:

The Peruvian apple cactus or Hedge cactus (Cereus hildmannianus) is a perennial treelike cactus that grows like a candelabrum with numerous columnar branches, 5-10(-15) m high with distinct trunks. It produces numerous showy white flowers 10-15 cm across that are followed by goose-egg-size succulent fruits containing a delicately sweet white pulp with delightfully crunchy black seeds. It possess the added virtue that its stems are free of spines and can be handled it without worrying about impalement. Two subspecies are recognized, the nominate and subsp. uruguayanus (R.Kiesling). The latter usually much more spiny.

Flower: Very large, nocturnal, elongated, funnelform, 20 to 30 cm long; inner perianth-segments white, broad and obtuse ovary naked, 2.5 to 3 cm long.

Blooming season: It blooms at night in spring through summer. The buds grow quickly, shooting out from the branches like so many small snakes. Within two weeks, dozens of flowers open, always at night and all or nearly all flowers open simultaneously at the same time. By midmorning the following day, all had closed and drooped. This is apparently a water-saving strategy by cacti. The plant usually buds and flowers about two weeks following any warm-season rain. The fruits usually ripen within a month. Buds may erupt well into fall, even early winter, if sufficient temperatures and rains fall. During dry times, the buds often fall off prior to opening.

Fruits globose: Pear-shaped, red with white pulp. The Peruvian apple cactus may produce fruit 3-4 years after propagation from seed.

Note by Gene Schroeder:

"There are many forms resulting from years of commercial production. C. repandus is one of in common usage among plant sellers. The one in the images is a monstrose form ... sometimes added to the botanic name as fma. monstrose. I believe that Nick either installed those plants, or knows who did so the actual source could be determined. Bear in mind that plants such as these are far different than the botanic origin due to years of selection by growers. The flowers and fruit do remain the same although some monstrose forms never flower."

Summary of story ... call it what you wish. There will never be universal agreement. I think the most common term in use is "monster apple cactus"

Bluebells - Patching Woods (35) by Malcolm Bull

A burst of sunshine on the Bluebells at Patching

Rocking the Concorde by Malcolm Bull

3 3

Nancy Doll from the Sex Pissed Dolls on stage at the Concorde 2, Brighton.

A subtle re-work of an image uploaded back in April

Credit: NASA/Goddard/Bill Hrybyk

Follow us on Twitter

Like us on Facebook

Find us on Instagram

20180710-RD-LSC-0045 by U.S. Department of Agriculture

Nasrid Palaces - The Alhambra - Granada - The Palace of the Lions - Court of the Lions by Elliott Brown

We had a 3 hour guided tour of The Alhambra in Granada.

The site includes the Nasrite palaces and the Generalife pleasure palace. Also here is the Alcazaba, gardens and the Palace of Charles V.

It is a World Heritage Site. Alhambra, Generalife and Albayzín, Granada.

Nasrid Palaces

Mohammed ben Al-Hamar (Mohammed I) was the first king to move to the Alcazaba and no records about a new palace being built are kept until those of Abu l-Walid Ismail (fifth king of the dynasty). A palace was built near the Great Mosque (Gran Mezquita) but only the Mexuar is now left because Yusuf I destroyed it completely. He started some improvements in the Comares Tower (Torre de Comares), the Court of the Myrtles (Patio de los Arrayanes) and the Baths (Baños). These improvements were finished by Mohammed V, who added them all to the Mexuar, extended the gallery that would later be called Machuca and constructed the Palace of the Lions (Palacio de los Leones). These two kings were the most important ones as regards the construction, reconstruction, and decoration of the Alhambra.

The Palace of the Lions

The Palace of the Lions (Palacio de los Leones) comprised the private chambers of the royal family and it was built in the angle formed by the Baths (Baños) and the Court of the Myrtles (Patio de los Arrayanes).

The palace comprises a central patio surrounded by several galleries with columns in the way a Christian cloister would be. From the central patio you may access the different halls: the Hall of the Mocarabes (Sala de los Mocárabes) to the west, the Hall of the Kings (Sala de los Reyes) to the east, the Hall of the Two Sisters (Sala de Dos Hermanas), the Hall of the Ajimeces (Sala de los Ajimeces) and Daraxa's Mirador (Mirador de Daraxa) to the north and the Hall of the Abencerrajes (Sala de los Abencerrajes) and the Harem (Harén) to the south.

Court of the Lions

The Patio of the Lions (Patio de los Leones) is probably the most famous place of the Alhambra. It is so called because of the twelve lions that throw jets of water and which are part of the fountain in the middle of the patio. The big dodecagon-shaped basin rests on top of these twelve lions that are around it. This white marble fountain is one of the most important examples of Muslim sculpture. A poem by Ibn Zamrak was carved on the border of the basin.

the soltan Mohammad alghany bellah 1354-1391 builded it

Credit: NASA/Goddard/Bill Hrybyk

A narrow passage inside Castle de Haar , Kasteel de Haar near the suburb of Vleuten that includes village of Haarzuilen rebuild by architect Pierre Cuyper Project was finished in around 1912 took 20 years to be finished , Martin’s photograph , Utrecht by MartinoG52

Follow us on Twitter

Like us on Facebook

Find us on Instagram

Coots - Monks Park (43) by Malcolm Bull

3 1

Another day of wall to wall sunshine. I took a stroll around New Monks Farm Park late in the afternoon.

Kedleston Hall, in Derbyshire. by Kevin Norman

The current house was commissioned in 1759 by Nathaniel Curzon and designed by Robert Adam.[11] George Nathaniel Curzon is Kedleston's first Marquess Curzon, the first son of the fourth Baron Scarsdale.[18] The second Baroness Ravensdale was Irene Mary Curzon (1896–1966).[citation needed] The third Baron Ravensdale (b. 1923), was Sir Nicholas Mosley, born to George Curzon's daughter, Cynthia Blanche Mosley (1898–1933).[19] The first Earl Howe included Curzon-Howe Richard William (1796–1870);[3] Curzon-Howe George Frederick (1821–1876).[20] The third Earl Howe going forward included the third, fourth, fifth, sixth and seventh Earl Howe as Curzon-Howe Richard William (1822–1900), Curzon Richard George (1861–1929), Curzon Francis Penn (1884–1964), Curzon Richard Assheton (1908–1984), and Curzon Frederick Richard (b. 1951), in that order.[5][21][16]

On the death of the second Viscount Scarsdale, Richard Curzon in 1977, expenses compelled the heir, his cousin (Francis Curzon), to transfer the property to the care of the National Trust.[22]

Places and facilities named after the Curzon family name include Curzon Street believed to have been named after the third Viscount Howe, Mr. George Howe, and later transferred to another member of the family whose last name was Curzon.[23] Curzon Avenue is a street in England's North West expanse, specifically Northwich, in the Weaver Vale constituency.[24] In the world of athletics, Curzon Ashton F.C. is a soccer club situated in Ashton-Under-Lyne, which traces its history to the family's name owing to a few members of the family who participated in football. The key parks bearing the Curzon family name include Roker Curzon Park (Sunderland), Curzon Park (in Chester),[25] and Curzon Park Abbey (a monastery of nuns).[26]

Exterior

Kedleston Hall was Brettingham's opportunity to prove himself capable of designing a house to rival Holkham Hall. The opportunity was taken from him by Robert Adam who completed the North front (above) much as Brettingham designed it, but with a more dramatic portico.

The design of the three-floored house is of three blocks linked by two segmentally curved corridors. The ground floor is rusticated, while the upper floors are of smooth-dressed stone. The central, corps de logis, the largest block, contains the state rooms and was intended only for formal entertaining. The East block was a self-contained country house in its own right, containing all the rooms for the family's private use, and the identical West block contained the kitchens and all other domestic rooms and staff accommodation.

Plans for two more pavilions (as the two smaller blocks are known), of identical size and similar appearance, were never executed. These further wings were intended to contain, in the south-east a music room, and in the southwest a conservatory and chapel. Externally these latter pavilions would have differed from their northern counterparts by large glazed Serlian windows on the piano nobile of their southern facades. Here the blocks were to appear as of two floors only; a mezzanine was to have been disguised in the north of the music room block. The linking galleries here were also to contain larger windows, than on the north, and niches containing classical statuary.

The north front, approximately 117 yards [107 m] in length, is Palladian in character, dominated by a massive, six-columned Corinthian portico; however, the south front (illustrated right) is pure neoclassical Robert Adam. This garden facade is divided into three distinct sets of bays; the central section is a four-columned, blind triumphal arch (based on the Arch of Constantine in Rome) containing one large, pedimented glass door reached from the rusticated ground floor by an external, curved double staircase. Above the door, at second-floor height, are stone garlands and medallions in relief.

The four Corinthian columns are topped by classical statues. This whole centre section of the facade is crowned by a low dome visible only from a distance. Flanking the central section are two identical wings on three floors, each three windows wide, the windows of the first-floor piano nobile being the tallest. Adam's design for this facade contains huge "movement" and has a delicate almost fragile quality.

Interior

A cross section through the hall and saloon

The neoclassical interior of the house was designed by Adam to be no less impressive than the exterior. Entering the house through the great north portico on the piano nobile, one is confronted by the marble hall designed to suggest the open courtyard or atrium of a Roman villa.

Marble Hall 1763, decoration completed in 1776-7

Twenty fluted alabaster columns with Corinthian capitals support the heavily decorated, high-coved cornice. Niches in the walls contain classical statuary; above the niches are grisaille panels. The floor is of inlaid Italian marble. Matthew Paine's original designs for this room intended for it to be lit by conventional windows at the northern end, but Adam, warming to the Roman theme, did away with the distracting windows and lit the whole from the roof through innovative glass skylight.

At Kedleston, the hall symbolises the atrium of the Roman villa and the adjoining saloon the vestibulum. The saloon, contained behind the triumphal arch of the south front, like the marble hall rises the full height of the house, 62 feet to the top of the dome, where it too is sky-lit through a glass oculus. Designed as a sculpture gallery, this circular room was completed in 1763. The decorative theme is based on the temples of the Roman Forum with more modern inventions: in the four massive, apse-like recesses are stoves disguised as pedestals for classical urns. The four sets of double doors giving entry to the room have heavy pediments supported by scagliola columns, and at second-floor height, grisaille panels depict classical themes.

A neoclassical drawing room at Kedleston photographed in 1915.

From the saloon, the atmosphere of the 18th-century Grand Tour is continued throughout the remainder of the principal reception rooms of the piano nobile, though on a slightly more modest scale. The "principal apartment", or State bedroom suite, contains fine furniture and paintings as does the drawing room with its huge Venetian window; the dining room, with its gigantic apse, has a ceiling that Adam based on the Palace of Augustus in the Farnese Gardens.

The theme carries on through the library, music room, down the grand staircase (not completed until 1922) onto the ground floor and into the so-called "Caesar's hall". On the departure of guests, it must sometimes have been a relief to vacate this temple of culture and retreat to the relatively simple comforts of the family pavilion.

Below the Rotunda is the Tetrastyle Hall, which was converted into a museum in 1927. The kitchen is an oblong shape with a balustraded gallery at one end. This links the room to other household offices on each side.

Also displayed in the house are many curiosities pertaining to George, Lord Curzon of Kedleston, who succeeded to the house in 1916 and who had earlier served as Viceroy of India from 1899 to 1905. Lord Curzon had amassed a large collection of subcontinental and Far Eastern artefacts. Also shown is Lady Curzon's Delhi Durbar Coronation dress of 1903. Designed by Worth of Paris, it was known as the peacock dress for the many precious and semi-precious stones sewn into its fabric. These have now been replaced by imitation stones; however, the effect is no less dazzling.

In addition to that described above, this great country house contains collections of art, furniture and statuary. Kedleston Hall's alternative name, The Temple of the Arts, is truly justified.

Gardens and grounds

A sketch by Robert Adam for the Fishing Room and Boat House at Kedleston. Circa 1769

Fishing Room and Boat House built 1770-72

The gardens and grounds, as they appear today, are largely the concept of Robert Adam. Adam was asked by Nathaniel Curzon in 1758 to "take in hand the deer park and pleasure grounds". The landscape gardener William Emes had begun work at Kedleston in 1756, and he continued in Curzon's employ until 1760; however, it was Adam who was the guiding influence. It was during this period that the former gardens designed by Charles Bridgeman were swept away in favour of a more natural-looking landscape. Bridgeman's canals and geometric ponds were metamorphosed into serpentine lakes.

The Bridge by Robert Adam built 1770-71

Adam designed numerous temples and follies, many of which were never built. Those that were include the North lodge (which takes the form of a triumphal arch), the entrance lodges in the village, a bridge, cascade and the Fishing Room. The Fishing Room is one of the most noticeable of the park's buildings. In the neoclassical style it is sited on the edge of the upper lake and contains a plunge pool and boat house below. Some of Adam's unexecuted design for follies in the park rivalled in grandeur the house itself.

A "View Tower" designed in 1760 – 84 feet high and 50 feet wide on five floors, surmounted by a saucer dome flanked by the smaller domes of flanking towers — would have been a small neoclassical palace itself. Adam planned to transform even mundane utilitarian buildings into architectural wonders. A design for a pheasant house (a platform to provide a vantage point for the game shooting) became a domed temple, the roofs of its classical porticos providing the necessary platforms; this plan too was never completed. Among the statuary in the grounds is a Medici lion sculpture carved by Joseph Wilton on a pedestal designed by Samuel Wyatt, from around 1760–1770.[27][28]

In the 1770s, George Richardson designed the hexagonal summerhouse, and in 1800 the orangery. The Long Walk was laid out in 1760 and planted with flowering shrubs and ornamental trees. In 1763, it was reported that Lord Scarsdale had given his gardener a seed from rare and scarce Italian shrub, the "Rodo Dendrone" (sic).

The gardens and grounds today, over two hundred years later, remain mostly unaltered. Parts of the park are designated as a Site of Special Scientific Interest, primarily because of the "rich and diverse deadwood invertebrate fauna" inhabiting its ancient trees.[29]

Later history

The Curzon family, whose name originates in Notre-Dame-de-Courson in Normandy, have been in Kedleston since at least 1297, and have lived in a succession of manor houses near to or on the site of the present Kedleston Hall. The present house was commissioned by Sir Nathaniel Curzon (later 1st Baron Scarsdale) in 1759. The house was designed by the Palladian architects James Paine and Matthew Brettingham and was loosely based on an original plan by Andrea Palladio for the never-built Villa Mocenigo.

At the time a relatively unknown architect, Robert Adam, was designing some garden temples to enhance the landscape of the park; Curzon was so impressed with his designs that Adam was quickly put in charge of the construction of the new mansion.

Second World War

In 1939, Kedleston Hall was offered by Richard Curzon, 2nd Viscount Scarsdale, for use by the War Office.[30] The Hall was used in various ways during the War, including as a mustering point and army training camp.

It also formed one of the Y-stations used to gather signals intelligence by collecting radio transmissions which, if encrypted, were subsequently passed to Bletchley Park for decryption.[31]

National Trust

By the 1970s Kedleston Hall had become too expensive for the Curzon family to maintain. When Richard Curzon, 2nd Viscount Scarsdale, died, his cousin Francis Curzon, 3rd Viscount Scarsdale, offered the house, park and gardens to the nation in lieu of death duties. A deal was agreed with the National Trust that it should take over Kedleston, along with an endowment, while still allowing the family to live rent-free in the 23-room Family Wing, which contained an adjoining garden and two rent-free flats for servants or other family members.[22] Richard Curzon and his family currently reside there.

In 2020, the Trust was working on a plan to include coverage about the owners of its properties who had links to colonialism and slavery. That had included Kedelston Hall; although Lord George Nathaniel Curzon had no links to slavery, he was president of The National League for Opposing Women's Suffrage and worked to prevent giving women the right to vote. Visitors to the Hall will find a display in the Billiard Room[32] exploring his role in the Anti-Suffrage movement.[33][34][35]

GlamCab Girls - Goodwood Revival (0264) by Malcolm Bull

I gave the colours of this image of the GlamCab Girls a tweak, to give it a vintage feel

A outside service walk way inside the castle

Fireplace with beautiful screen and mantel

Beautiful formal gardens with piramide shaped trees

Beautiful staircase

Beautiful staircase in castle , Kasteel de Haar

Staircase

Narrow passage inside the castle

Formal gardens

Stairway critters sculptures in Castle

Stairway sculptures

Spiral stairway

Central Station in Amsterdam , build by architect Pierre Cuyper

de Rijks Museum in Amsterdam build by architect Pierre Cuyper

de Rijks Museum in Amsterdam

Central Station in Amsterdam

Amsterdam

Lavet bad tub

Lavet bad tub and washing machine

main door

Beautiful staircase

Kasteel de Haar near the suburb of Vleuten that includes village of Haarzuilen

architect Pierre Cuyper

Martin’s photograph

Utrecht

the Netherlands

Nederland

June 2019

Favourites

IPhone 6

Village of Haarzuilen

Kasteel de Haar

Castle the Haar

Kasteel de Haar was rebuild by architect Pierre Cuyper Project was finished in around 1912 took 20 years to be finished

city of Utrecht in the province Utrecht

Beautiful staircase in Kasteel de Haar

Door knocker

Beautiful window and seating

The Hong Kong Police Force | AM 7391 by Jamie Lloyd

Hong Kong Government Department

The Hong Kong Police Force | HKP

Police Vehicles, Police Officers, Marine Police, Traffic Police, Police Stations. All Districts, Hong Kong

Special Units & Divisions include Counter Terrorism, Police Tactical Unit (PTU), National Security Bureau, Diplomatic Protection & Security, Commercial Crime, CID, Dog Unit, Wanted & Missing Persons, Cyber Security & Technology Crime Bureau, Organised Crime and Triad Bureau, Narcotics Bureau, Criminal Intelligence, The Bomb Squad (EOD), Public Relations, Criminal Records, Police Training College and the Auxiliary Police etc.

All relevant and extensive information about the Hong Kong Police Force is available on their website

www.police.gov.hk/ppp_en/

It is very comprehensive, the Hong Kong Police Force has a highly organised structure.

All Hong Kong Police Vehicles use the AM licence plate ie 2 digits and up to 4 numbers | Police vehicles have different colours, normal Police vehicles are white with red and blue stripes, the Police Traffic Division vehicles are white with yellow and blue checkerboard design.

Amazingly the Police Force have their own superstitions as well, the majority of the licence plates on Police Vehicles have lucky number combinations involving the numbers 6,8, and 9 ! Basically 6 means easy life, 8 means wealth and 9 means long life - this is very much Hong Kong Culture. The Police also use unmarked vehicles extensively which are NOT identified by the AM mark.

The Police Museum at 27 Coombe Road at the Peak is also worth a visit, see details on the website listed above.

☛.... and if you want to read about my views on Hong Kong, then go to my blog, link below

✚ www.j3consultantshongkong.com/j3c-blog

☛ Photography is simply a hobby for me, I do NOT sell my images and all of my images can be FREELY downloaded from this site in the original upload image size or 5 other sizes, please note that you DO NOT have to ask for permission to download and use any of my images!

Scottish Wild Cat - BWC (063) by Malcolm Bull

Scottish Wild Cats at the British Wildlife Centre. Hilda's kitten having a scratch

19 Albany Street, Edinburgh by FotoFling Scotland

13 2

Selective Previous Residents include:

1829 visit by by Felix Mendelssohn

Composer see:

1828 – 1831 George and Georgina (neé Thomson) Hogarth + daughter Catherine Hogarth (later Mrs Charles Dickens)George Hogarth (photo) studied law and music at the University of Edinburgh, and, in 1810, became a solicitor (WS). His main area of law was with trusts and estates, and one of his clients was Walter Scott, who sought Hogarth’s advice following his financial failure in the mid-1820s. However, Hogarth’s passion was music and literature. He was a violoncellist and a composer, and contributed to a wide range of periodicals. In 1815, he was involved in organising the first Edinburgh Music Festival and the second, in 1819, consisted of six concerts attended by over 8.526 people. A fourth festival took place in 1831, and included three concerts by the famous violinist, Paganini.

In 1814, George married Georgina Thomson. He probably met her through her father, George Thomson who was an amateur musician. In the 1790s, Thomson had commissioned Beethoven, Haydn and other German composers to compose piano accompaniments for Scottish songs. In one of his letters to his daughter, Thomson wrote: ‘let Mr Hogarth know that I have got the music he wanted, and two or three pretty things for the Piano Forte, Violin and Violoncello, which I hope we shall enjoy together in a short time. No concerts of 100 performers are to be compared to our own little domestic parties!’ In 1815, the Hogarth’s first child, Catherine, was born and by the time the Hogarths moved to Albany Street, they had eight children, aged from one to fourteen. the year they moved here, George was approached by James Ballantyne [who later lived opposite at Number 18] asking for permission to marry Hogarth’s sister, Christian. Hogarth insisted on proof that James was debt-free before agreeing to his sister’s marriage, and being assured Ballantyne was solvent, agreed. A couple of years later Hogarth, his brother-in-law James and Walter Scott jointly bought the Edinburgh Weekly Journal.

Hogarth was the music critic for The Harmonicon in the 1820s and well-connected with European musicians, so in 1829, the twenty year old German composer, Felix Mendelssohn stayed with the Hogarths for a few nights during his visit to Scotland. It was at this time that he started composing Scottish Symphony. For more on Mendelssohn's visit see Music.

All seemed well at Number 19, but unfortunately Hogarth’s legal practice was in trouble – what he later called his ‘evil days.’ Soon his financial position worsened to such an extent that he was unable to pay his bills. Writing to the publisher William Blackwood at the end of August 1830,, Hogarth refers to this financial crisis and offers to replay a debt of £30 by ‘some service in a literary way’- quite a change from four years earlier when Hogarth had been able to lend Blackwood £300. Hogarth’s financial situation made it problematic for him to continue to succeed in Edinburgh’s competitive legal marketplace, and anyway he was interested in a change of career. Hogarth had heard that the post of Editor of the London Courier was vacant and that there was interest in his applying for the position. So he wrote to Sir Walter Scott, who himself was struggling to pay off debts, seeking a recommendation. However, his application for the post was unsuccessful, but six months later, he successfully applied to be the Editor of the Exeter newspaper, The Western Luminary. So he and his large family moved Exeter.

1897 – 1942 George Keppie PatersonDr George Keppie Paterson moved here from Number 22,. The house, with stables and coach-house, cost him £1,300. After studying at Edinburgh university with honours in 1882, Paterson undertook further studies in Berlin and Vienna. In 1891, he became a member of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh and in 1895 a Fellow. For ten years he was assistant to Sir Alexander Young Simpson, the holder of the chair of midwifery and diseases of women in Edinburgh University. Paterson was one of the oldest members of the British Medical Association, his membership extending over 58 years. In 1903, he became Honorary Secretary of the old Edinburgh North-East Division, an appointment he held until 1911, and, later, Chairman,of the new Edinburgh and Leith Division. For more than half a century he was associated with the Livingstone Dispensary in the Cowgate (photo 1931), of which he was consulting obstetrician and physician for maternity welfare at the time of his death.

One of Dr Paterson's greatest interests was medical missions. He travelled extensively in North Africa, Egypt, Palestine, and the West Indies. He joined the Edinburgh Medical Missionary-Society in 1890, and was for several years its Hon. Treasurer and Vice-President. He also served as was Vice-President of the Edinburgh Obstetrical Society for a time. He had a keen interest in music, including running a choir in his dispensary.

He died here in 1942. [info

1999 Edinburgh Gay Escorts

Advertised as providing escorts throughout Scotland. Walking tours of Edinburgh. Member of the International Gay and Lesbian Travel Association

[Info: Barclay Prive]

Tynemouth Castle and Abbey by Kevin Norman

Tynemouth Castle is located on a rocky headland (known as Pen Bal Crag), overlooking Tynemouth Pier.

The moated castle-towers, gatehouse and keep are combined with the ruins of the Benedictine priory where early kings of Northumbria were buried.

The coat of arms of the town of Tynemouth still includes three crowns commemorating the tradition that the Priory had been the burial place for three kings.

Little is known of the early history of the site. Some Roman stones have been found there, but there is no definite evidence that it was occupied by the Romans.

The Priory was founded early in the 7th century, perhaps by Edwin of Northumbria. In 651 Oswin, king of Deira was murdered by the soldiers of King Oswiu of Bernicia, and subsequently his body was brought to Tynemouth for burial.[1] He became St Oswin and his burial place became a shrine visited by pilgrims. He was the first of the three kings buried at Tynemouth.

In 792 Osred II, who had been king of Northumbria from 789 to 790 and then deposed, was murdered. He also was buried at Tynemouth Priory.[1] Osred was the second of the three kings buried at Tynemouth.

The third king to be buried at Tynemouth was Malcolm III, king of Scotland, who was killed at the Battle of Alnwick in 1093.[1] (This is the same Malcolm who appears in Shakespeare's Macbeth.) The king's body was sent north for reburial, in the reign of his son Alexander I, at Dunfermline Abbey, or possibly Iona.

In 800 the Danes plundered Tynemouth Priory,[1] and afterwards the monks strengthened the fortifications sufficiently to prevent the Danes from succeeding when they attacked again in 832. However, in 865 the church and monastery were destroyed by the Danes. At the same time, the nuns of St Hilda, who had come there for safety, were massacred. The priory was again plundered by the Danes in 870. The priory was destroyed by the Danes in 875.

Norman rule

Earl Tostig made Tynemouth his fortress during the reign of Edward the Confessor. By that time, the priory had been abandoned and the burial place of St Oswin had been forgotten. According to legend, St Oswin appeared in a vision to Edmund, a novice, who was living there as a hermit. The saint showed Edmund where his body lay and so the tomb was re-discovered in 1065.

Tostig was killed at the Battle of Stamford Bridge in 1066 and so was not able to re-found the monastery as he had intended.

In 1074 Waltheof II, Earl of Northumbria, last of the Anglo-Saxon earls, granted the church to the monks of Jarrow together with the body of St Oswin (Oswine of Deira), which was transferred to that site for a while.

In 1090 Robert de Mowbray, Earl of Northumberland decided to re-found Tynemouth Priory, but he was in dispute with William de St-Calais, the Bishop of Durham and so placed the priory under the jurisdiction of the priory of St Albans. Monks were sent from St Albans in 1090 to colonise the new monastery.

However, when the abbot of St Albans visited in 1093, Prior Thurgot of Durham met him and prevented the usurpation of the rights of Durham.

In 1091, seamen from William II's ships plundered Tynemouth and one victim appealed to St. Oswin, whose shrine was in the priory, and the next day the ships were all lost on the rocks of Coquet Island in fair weather. Thereafter, William Rufus held St. Oswin in great reverence.

In 1093 Malcolm III of Scotland invaded England and was killed at Alnwick by Robert de Mowbray. Malcolm's body was buried at Tynemouth Priory for a time, but it is believed that he was subsequently reburied in Dunfermline Abbey, in Scotland.

In 1095 Robert de Mowbray took refuge in Tynemouth Castle after rebelling against William II. William besieged the castle and captured it after two months. Mowbray escaped to Bamburgh Castle, but subsequently returned to Tynemouth. The castle was re-taken and Mowbray was dragged from there and imprisoned for life for treason. In 1110 a new church was completed on the site.

Tynemouth Priory viewed from Tynemouth pier shows the strategic and dramatic nature of its headland setting

It is believed that at the time of Robert Mowbray's capture in 1095 there was a castle on the site consisting of earthen ramparts and a wooden stockade.

In 1296 the prior of Tynemouth was granted royal permission to surround the monastery with walls of stone, which he did. In 1390 a gatehouse and barbican were added on the landward side of the castle.

Much remains of the priory structure as well as the castle gatehouse and walls which are 3200 feet (975 m) in length. The promontory was originally completely enclosed by a curtain wall and towers, but the north and east walls fell into the sea, and most of the south wall was demolished; the west wall, the gatehouse and a section of the south wall (with original wall walk) remain in good condition.

Edward II

In 1312 King Edward II took refuge in Tynemouth Castle together with his favourite Piers Gaveston, before fleeing by sea to Scarborough Castle. These events were dramatised by Christopher Marlowe in his play Edward II, published in 1594. Act 2 Scene 2 of the play is set 'Before Tynemouth Castle'; Act 2 Scene 3 is set 'Near Tynemouth Castle'; and Act 2 Scene 4 is set 'In Tynemouth Castle'.

Tynemouth Priory was also the resting place of Edward's illegitimate son Adam FitzRoy. FitzRoy accompanied his father in the Scottish campaigns of 1322, and died shortly afterwards on 18 September 1322, of unknown causes, and was buried at Tynemouth Priory on 30 September 1322; his father paid for a silk cloth with gold thread to be placed over his body.[2]

The Oratory of St Mary, or Percy Chapel

In 1538 the monastery of Tynemouth was suppressed when Robert Blakeney was the last prior of Tynemouth. At that time, apart from the prior, there were fifteen monks and three novices in residence.

The priory and its attached lands were taken over by King Henry VIII who granted them to Sir Thomas Hilton. The monastic buildings were dismantled leaving only the church and the Prior's house. The castle, however, remained in royal hands.

New artillery fortifications were built from 1545 onwards, with the advice of Sir Richard Lee and the Italian military engineers Gian Tommaso Scala and Antonio da Bergamo. The medieval castle walls were updated with new gunports.[3] The castle was the birthplace of Henry Percy, 9th Earl of Northumberland in 1564, during the period when his father, the 8th Earl, was guardian of the castle.

In May 1594 George Selby and Thomas Power, lieutenant of Tynemouth Castle, captured two fugitives from the court of Anne of Denmark who had stolen some of her jewels. Power kept Jacob Kroger, a German goldsmith, and Guillaume Martyn, a French stableman, as prisoners at Tynemouth for five weeks until they were returned to Edinburgh for summary trial and execution.[4]

Parish church

The church remained in use as a parish church until 1668 when a new church was built nearby. The ruins of the church can still be seen. Beneath them is a small (18 feet by 12 feet) chapel, the Oratory of St Mary or Percy Chapel. Its notable decorative features include a painted ceiling with numerous coats of arms and other symbols, stained-glass side windows, and a small rose window in the east wall, above the altar.

Tynemouth priory, 1867 proof engraving by William Miller after J M W Turner. The lighthouse, since demolished, stands on the far right of the promontory.

For some time a navigation light, in the form of a coal-fired brazier, had been maintained on top of one of the turrets at the east end of the Priory church. It is not known when this practice began, but a source of 1582 refers to: "the kepinge of a continuall light in the night season at the easte ende of the churche of Tinmouthe castle ... for the more safegarde of such shippes as should passe by that coast".[5] As Governor of Tynemouth Castle, Henry Percy, 8th Earl of Northumberland is recorded as having responsibility for the light's maintenance; and he and his successors in that office were entitled to receive dues from passing ships in return.

In 1559, however, the stairs leading to the top of the turret collapsed, preventing the fire from being lit.[5] In 1665, therefore, the then Governor (Colonel Villiers) had a purpose-built lighthouse erected on the headland (within the castle walls, using stone taken from the priory); it was rebuilt in 1775.[6] Like its predecessor, the lighthouse was initially coal-fired, but in 1802 an oil-fired argand light was installed and by 1871 it displayed a revolving red light. In 1841 William Fowke (a descendant of Villiers and his successor as Governor) sold the lighthouse to Trinity House, London.[6] It remained in operation until 1895, when it was replaced by St. Mary's Lighthouse in Whitley Bay to the north. Tynemouth Castle Lighthouse was subsequently demolished, in 1898.[7]

At the end of the 19th century the castle was used as a barracks with several new buildings being added. Many of these were removed after a fire in 1936. The castle played a role during World War I and World War II[8] when it was used as a coastal defence installation covering the mouth of the river Tyne. The restored sections of the coastal defence emplacements are open to the public. These include a guardroom and the main armoury, where visitors can see how munitions were safely handled and protected.

More recently the site has hosted the modern buildings of Her Majesty's Coastguard; however the new coastguard station, built in 1980 and opened by Prince Charles, was closed in 2001.[9]

Present-day

Tynemouth Castle and Priory is now managed by English Heritage, which charges an admission fee.

In 2002, it doubled as a castle for a tourist advert for the Isle of Mull.

Credit: NASA/Goddard/Bill Hrybyk

Follow us on Twitter

Like us on Facebook

Find us on Instagram

Credit: NASA/Goddard/Bill Hrybyk

2014 nonprofit Cedar Tree Institute Annual MidSummer Celebration and BBQ Marquette, MI 7-16-14 by Greg Peterson

Follow us on Twitter

Like us on Facebook

Find us on Instagram

Jon Magnuson, Executive Director of the nonprofit Cedar Tree Institute in Marquette, Michigan

906-2285494

magnusonx2@charter.net

www.earthkeepersup.org

www.cedartreeinstitute.org

The video was shot on April 5, 2013 at the Big Bay Point Lighthouse Bed and Breakfast in Big Bay, MI during a meeting of EK II representatives.

10 faiths: Roman Catholic" "Episcopal" "Jewish" "Lutheran" "Presbyterian" "United Methodist" "Bahá'í" "Unitarian Universalist" "American Friends" "Quaker" "Zen Buddhist" "

EK II website

EarthKeepersUP.org

Nonprofit Cedar Tree Institute

Marquette, MI

www.CedarTreeInstitute.org

Great Lakes Restoration Initiative

www.greatlakesrestoration.us

www.epa.gov

Deborah Lamberty

Program Analyst

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

Great Lakes National Program Office

Chicago, IL

Lamberty.Deborah@epa.gov

312-886-6681

Pastor Albert Valentine II

Manistique, MI

Manistique Presbyterian Church of the Redeemer

Gould City Community Presbyterian Church

Presbytery of Mackinac

www.presbymac.org

Rev. Christine Bergquist

Bark River United Methodist Church

First UMC of Hermansville

United Methodist Church Marquette District

www.mqtdistrict.com

Rev. Elisabeth Zant

Eden Evangelical Lutheran Church

Munising, MI

www.edenevangelical.org

Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (ELCA) Northern Great Lakes Synod

www.nglsynod.org

Heidi Gould

Marquette, MI

Marquette Unitarian Universalist Congregation

www.mqtuu.org

twitter.com/Heidi_Gould

Rev. Pete Andersen

Marquette, MI

ELCA

Helen Grossman

Temple Beth Sholom

Jewish Synagogue

Rev. Stephen Gauger

Calvary Lutheran Church

Rapid River, MI

ELCA

Jan Schultz, Botanist

U.S. Forest Service (USFS)

Eastern Region 9

EK II Technical Advisor for Community Gardens

Milwaukee, WI

USFS

www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/nativegardening

www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers

www.wildlifeforever.org

Pollinator photos by Nancy Parker Hill

www.nancyhillphoto.com

Rev. David Van Kley, Senior Pastor

Rev. Amanda Kossow, Associate Pastor

Messiah Lutheran Church

Evangelical Lutheran Church in America

Marquette, Michigan

Rev. David Van Kley, Senior Pastor

Rev. Amanda Kossow, Associate Pastor

www.youtube.com/EarthKeepersII

NMU EK II Student Team

Katelin Bingner

Tom Merkel

Adam Magnuson

EK II social sites

vimeo.com/EarthKeepersII

EarthKeepersII.blogspot.com

EarthKeepersII.wordpress.com

www.facebook.com/EarthKeepersII

www.twitter.com/EarthKeeperTeam

pinterest.com/EarthKeepersII

pinterest.com/EarthKeepersII/Great-Lakes-Restoration-Init...

pinterest.com/EarthKeepersII/EarthKeepers-II-and-the-EPA-...

Lake Superior Zendo

Zen Buddhist Temple

Marquette, Michigan

Rev. Tesshin Paul Lehmberg

906 226-6407

plehmber@nmu.edu

Dr. Michael Grossman, representing Jewish Temple Beth Sholom in Ishpeming, MI

Helen Grossman, representing Jewish Temple Beth Sholom in Ishpeming, MI

906-475-4009 (hm)

906-475-4127 (wk)

www.templebethsholom-ishpeming.org

www.templebethsholom-ishpeming.org/tikkun

www.templebethsholom-ishpeming.org/aboutus

Wild Rice: 8 videos

www.learningfromtheearth.org/video-interviews/wild-rice-m...

Birch – 2 videos

www.learningfromtheearth.org/video-interviews/paper-birch...

Photos (click on each name or topic to see the respective photo galleries):

www.learningfromtheearth.org/photo-gallery

www.picasaweb.google.com/Yoopernewsman/JonReport?authuser...

www.picasaweb.google.com/100329402090002004302/JonReport?...

“Albert Einstein speculated once that if bees disappeared off the surface of the earth, then humans would have only four years of life left.”

the late Todd Warner, KBIC Natural Resource Director

Links:

Zaagkii Wings and Seeds Project website:

www.wingsandseeds.org

Cedar Tree Institute: Zaagkii Project

www.cedartreeinstitute.org/2010/07/wings-seeds-zaagkii-pr...

www.cedartreeinstitute.org/2009/01/wings-seeds-the-zaagki...

Zaagkii Project Videos on youtube (also uploaded to dozens of internet sites):

www.indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/ictarchives/2008/0...

KBIC Pollinator Preservation

Zaagkii Project Indigenous Plants Help Give New Face to Sand Point on Keweenaw Bay www.indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/ictarchives/2008/0...

Zaagkii Project 2010: U.S. Forest Service & Keweenaw Bay Indian Community Native Plants Greenhouse

United States Forest Service sponsored Zaagkii Project featured on Pollinator Live

2009 Zaagkii Project Vid #9: Teens Painting Mason Bee Houses in Northern Michigan

2009 Zaagkii Project Vid #8: Marquette, Michigan Teens Build Mason Bee Houses

Zaagkii Project Butterfly Houses: Keweenaw Bay Indian Community, U.S. Forest Service

2009 Zaagkii Project Vid #6: "The Butterfly Lady" Susan Payant teaches teens about Monarchs

2009 Zaagkii Project Vid #5: Terracotta half-life, Marquette, MI band supports environment projects

2009 Zaagkii Video #4: Michigan teens meet 150,000 swarming honeybees with beekeeper Jim Hayward

2009 Zaagkii Video #3: Michigan teens give away mason bee houses, honor supporters

2009 Zaagkii Project #2: Historic KBIC native plants greenhouse, USFS protects pollinators

2009 Zaagkii Project #1: Students make bee houses, plant native species plants

Zaagkii Project Butterfly Houses: Keweenaw Bay Indian Community, U.S. Forest Service:

Zaagkii Wings & Seeds Project: Northern Michigan teens, KBIC tribal youth protect pollinators

www.webb.nmu.edu/Centers/NativeAmericanStudies/SiteSectio...

Zaagkii Project – Northern Michigan University:

Native Village stories: Beautiful Layout by Owner Gina Boltz:

Zaagkii Wings and Seeds Project: A Project by Ojibwe Students from the Keweenah Bay Indian Community

www.nativevillage.org/Messages%20from%20the%20People/KBIC...

NMU Students Join Pollinator Protection Initiative

www.nativevillage.org/Messages%20from%20the%20People/KBIC...

KBIC Tribal youth protect pollinators

www.nativevillage.org/Messages%20from%20the%20People/KBIC...

Teens Help with Sweet Nature Project

www.nativevillage.org/Messages%20from%20the%20People/KBIC...

USFS Success Stories:

Restoring Native Plants on the Enchanted Island

Keweenaw Bay Indian Community Native Plant Greenhouse & Workshop

Intertribal Nursery Council Annual Meeting a Success

New Greenhouse for KBIC Restoration

Zaagkii Wings & Seeds - An Update

Zaagkii Wings & Seeds Project

www.miningjournal.net/page/content.detail/id/519835.html?...

News Stories:

U.P. teens build butterfly houses, grow 26,000 indigenous plants

Effort to protect pollinators launched

www.miningjournal.net/page/content.detail/id/512810.html

Marquette Monthly (Sept. 2009):

www.mmnow.com/mm_archive_folder/09/0909/feature.html

As bees die, Keweena Bay Indian Community adults, teens actively protect pollinators

www.nativetimes.com/index.php?option=com_content&view...

Michigan Teens Build Butterfly Houses and Plant 26,000 Native Plants through the Zaagkii Wings and Seeds Project

www.treehugger.com/culture/michigan-teens-build-butterfly...

Examples of numerous Gather.com articles with lots of photos/videos:

Zaagkii Wings and Seeds Project: Northern Michigan teens and KBIC tribal youth are protecting pollinators by building butterfly houses and planting native plants

www.gather.com/viewArticle.action?articleId=281474977550233

Zaagkii Wings & Seeds Project: Protecting Pollinators

www.gather.com/viewArticle.action?articleId=281474977428640

2009 Zaagkii Project #2: Keweenaw Bay Indian Community in 2010 to build first Native American native species plants greenhouse on tribal property in U.S.

www.gather.com/viewArticle.action?articleId=281474978040745

www.gather.com/viewArticle.action?articleId=281474978040729

Zaagkii Project Internet sites – blogs, photos, videos etc.:

ZaagkiiProject on flickr

Zaagkii on youtube:

Zaagkii on bliptv:

www.zaagkiiproject.wordpress.com

Zaagkii on word press:

Zaagkii on Blogger:

www.zaagkiiproject.blogspot.com

Zaagkii on Photobucket:

www.photobucket.com/ZaagkiiProjectWingsSeeds

www.photobucket.com/ZaagkiiProjectWingsSeeds/?start=all

Zaagkii Wings and Seeds Project website:

wingsandseeds.org

Cedar Tree Institute: Zaagkii Project

cedartreeinstitute.org/2010/07/wings-seeds-zaagkii-project

cedartreeinstitute.org/2009/01/wings-seeds-the-zaagkii-pr...

Zaagkii Project Videos on youtube (also uploaded to dozens of internet sites):

indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/ictarchives/2008/08/15...

KBIC Pollinator Preservation

Zaagkii Project Indigenous Plants Help Give New Face to Sand Point on Keweenaw Bay indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/ictarchives/2008/09/03...

Zaagkii Project 2010: U.S. Forest Service & Keweenaw Bay Indian Community Native Plants Greenhouse

United States Forest Service sponsored Zaagkii Project featured on Pollinator Live

2009 Zaagkii Project Vid #9: Teens Painting Mason Bee Houses in Northern Michigan

2009 Zaagkii Project Vid #8: Marquette, Michigan Teens Build Mason Bee Houses

Zaagkii Project Butterfly Houses: Keweenaw Bay Indian Community, U.S. Forest Service

2009 Zaagkii Project Vid #6: "The Butterfly Lady" Susan Payant teaches teens about Monarchs

2009 Zaagkii Project Vid #5: Terracotta half-life, Marquette, MI band supports environment projects

2009 Zaagkii Video #4: Michigan teens meet 150,000 swarming honeybees with beekeeper Jim Hayward

2009 Zaagkii Video #3: Michigan teens give away mason bee houses, honor supporters

2009 Zaagkii Project #2: Historic KBIC native plants greenhouse, USFS protects pollinators

2009 Zaagkii Project #1: Students make bee houses, plant native species plants

Zaagkii Project Butterfly Houses: Keweenaw Bay Indian Community, U.S. Forest Service:

Zaagkii Wings & Seeds Project: Northern Michigan teens, KBIC tribal youth protect pollinators

webb.nmu.edu/Centers/NativeAmericanStudies/SiteSections/A...

Zaagkii Project – Northern Michigan University:

Native Village stories: Beautiful Layout by Owner Gina Boltz:

Zaagkii Wings and Seeds Project: A Project by Ojibwe Students from the Keweenah Bay Indian Community

www.nativevillage.org/Messages%20from%20the%20People/KBIC...

NMU Students Join Pollinator Protection Initiative

www.nativevillage.org/Messages%20from%20the%20People/KBIC...

KBIC Tribal youth protect pollinators

www.nativevillage.org/Messages%20from%20the%20People/KBIC...

Teens Help with Sweet Nature Project

www.nativevillage.org/Messages%20from%20the%20People/KBIC...

USFS Success Stories:

Restoring Native Plants on the Enchanted Island

Keweenaw Bay Indian Community Native Plant Greenhouse & Workshop

Intertribal Nursery Council Annual Meeting a Success

New Greenhouse for KBIC Restoration

Zaagkii Wings & Seeds - An Update

Zaagkii Wings & Seeds Project

www.miningjournal.net/page/content.detail/id/519835.html?...

News Stories:

U.P. teens build butterfly houses, grow 26,000 indigenous plants

Effort to protect pollinators launched

www.miningjournal.net/page/content.detail/id/512810.html

Marquette Monthly (Sept. 2009):

mmnow.com/mm_archive_folder/09/0909/feature.html

As bees die, Keweena Bay Indian Community adults, teens actively protect pollinators

nativetimes.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=art...

Michigan Teens Build Butterfly Houses and Plant 26,000 Native Plants through the Zaagkii Wings and Seeds Project

www.treehugger.com/culture/michigan-teens-build-butterfly...

Examples of numerous Gather.com articles with lots of photos/videos:

Zaagkii Wings and Seeds Project: Northern Michigan teens and KBIC tribal youth are protecting pollinators by building butterfly houses and planting native plants

www.gather.com/viewArticle.action?articleId=281474977550233

Zaagkii Wings & Seeds Project: Protecting Pollinators

www.gather.com/viewArticle.action?articleId=281474977428640

2009 Zaagkii Project #2: Keweenaw Bay Indian Community in 2010 to build first Native American native species plants greenhouse on tribal property in U.S.

www.gather.com/viewArticle.action?articleId=281474978040745

www.gather.com/viewArticle.action?articleId=281474978040729

Zaagkii Project Internet sites – blogs, photos, videos etc.:

ZaagkiiProject on flickr

Zaagkii on youtube:

Zaagkii on bliptv:

zaagkiiproject.wordpress.com

Zaagkii on word press:

Zaagkii on Blogger:

zaagkiiproject.blogspot.com

Zaagkii on Photobucket:

photobucket.com/ZaagkiiProjectWingsSeeds

photobucket.com/ZaagkiiProjectWingsSeeds/?start=all

7th Precinct 3rd floor locker room by Soundwave_sw

includes shower, lockers, toilet, sink and urinal. no peeking!

Essential Accessory Kit For Canon SX40 HS, SX30 IS, G1 X, G1X, SX520 HS, SX530 HS, SX50 HS, SX50HS, SX60 HS, Powershot G15, Canon Powershot G16 Digital Camera Includes 50 Tripod + Rugged Camera Bag / Case + 7 Flexible Tripod + Screen Protectors + More by Salavat Farrakhov

More information, genuine customer reviews and ratings on

www.shoppingsecurelyonline.com/essential-accessory-kit-fo...

Oxon Hill Farm, Oxon Hill, Maryland by Ken Lund

Oxon Cove Park and Oxon Cove Farm is a national historic district that includes a living farm museum operated by the National Park Service, and located at Oxon Hill, Prince George's County, Maryland. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2003.

The park provides an excellent resource for environmental studies, wildlife observing, fishing, and other recreational activities made possible by easy access to the Potomac River. Fourteen buildings and two structures are located in the historic district and associated with the property's sequential development as a plantation, an institutional agricultural complex, and a farm museum.

The Oxon Hill Farm includes the Mount Welby home, Farm Museum, barns, a stable, feed building, livestock buildings and a visitor activity barn. Farm animals include cows, horses and chickens. Visitors can view the animals up close daily and learn about the workings of a farm. The Farm Museum building displays historical farm equipment dating from the late 19th century.

The district also includes a hexagonal frame outbuilding; ca. 1830 brick root cellar; ca. 1973 frame hog house; ca. 1890 frame horse and pony barn; ca. 1991 frame chicken house; ca. 1970 steel-frame implement shed; ca. 1980 frame visitor barn; ca. 1970 steel-frame windmill; ca. 1940 frame hay barn; ca. 1890 frame feed building; ca. 1830 brick stable; ca. 1970 frame tool shed; ca. 1980 frame "sorghum sirip" shed; and a ca. 1980 frame dairy barn, and ca. 1940 tile silo. From the 1890s to 1950s, under the ownership of St. Elizabeth's Hospital, the site was used as a therapeutic treatment center for the mentally ill known as Godding Croft. The Oxon Cove Farm historic district is located on the crest of a ridge overlooking the Potomac River, north of I-95.

The principal dwelling, known as "Mount Welby," is a ca. 1807-1811 two-story three-bay brick structure laid in Flemish bond with Italianate detailing and sheltered by a shed roof, and visible to motorists crossing the interstate Woodrow Wilson Bridge. The house was built by Irish immigrant Dr. Samuel DeButts. It was entrusted to the National Park Service in 1959 in order to protect its resources from increased development. From 1891 to 1950, the property was used as a therapeutic farm by St. Elizabeths Hospital, and was known as Godding Croft.

The house is operated as a historic house museum, with exhibits about period life in the early 19th century for the owners and slaves on the plantation. Other exhibits focus on the home's role at Godding Croft.

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxon_Cove_Park_and_Oxon_Hill_Farm

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_Creative_Commons_...

SEAFRONT IN DUN LAOGHAIRE [SCOTSMAN'S BAY]-159969 by William Murphy

Dun Laoghaire Baths Project - December 2019 Updates:

Works at the Dun Laoghaire Baths continue and when complete will provide for the continuing public use of the area. Works include the retention and securing of the existing Baths Pavilion and the removal of dilapidated structures to the rear of the Pavilion to create a new route between Newtownsmith and the East Pier. This walkway will be at a level that will create a safe and secure walk offering panoramic views over Scotsman’s Bay. The form of this walk will reflect the original rocky shoreline and the historic alignment of the old gun battery that was originally located on this site. The walkway will incorporate sitting and viewing points and the land adjoining this walk will be re-graded to create sloping grassed areas. The scheme also proposes the refurbishment of the small gazebo situated along this route.

The existing Baths Pavilion together with a smaller outbuilding will be retained, weathered and secured while the remaining dilapidated outbuildings to the rear and side of the Pavilion will be removed. It is proposed to fit out the Pavilion to accommodate studio space for artists and to provide gallery and café facilities. The studios will be managed by the Arts Department. The original Baths entrance along Windsor Terrace will be restored to provide access. An outdoor ‘café terrace’ linked to the new café will provide an attractive sitting area for viewing eating and relaxing. It is also proposed to create new public toilets facilities at street level which will also be accessible for wheelchair users. Footpaths along Windsor Terrace will be upgraded, and new street trees planted.

These uses and improvements will create new life and provide enhanced public facilities which will complement and link the area to the adjoining Peoples Park, the completed Metals Project Phases 1 and 2 and the DLR Lexicon Environs project that is currently under construction.

The project is divided into several work zones. These zones include work to the new jetty, works to the new sea walls, works to the Pavilion and works to tie into the existing walkway at Newtownsmith. Currently works to the new jetty are nearing completion. This has created a new viewing point with stunning vistas across Scotsman’s Bay to Sandycove Harbour. The new long bench on the jetty has been also been completed and this has allowed the rock armour facing the East Pier to commence. The construction of massive new sea walls supporting the new walkway at the back of the pavilion is well underway. Underpinning and stabilisation of the foundations to the old Pavilion building has been completed and the basement plant room is complete. While significant progress has been made in all these areas overall progress in constructing the works is slower than anticipated. A combination of factors has contributed to this including a requirement to stabilise the retaining walls that support the Queens Road difficulty in constructing the jetty and the new sea walls. As a consequence, the project is now likely to be completed in late Summer 2020.

The project is funded directly by Dún Laoghaire County Council. Additional grant funding of €1.1m has been made available from the European Regional Development Fund under the Designated Urban Centre Grant Scheme (DUCGS).

John Rennie (1761-1821), who was Scottish, was one of the leading civil engineers of his day. He designed many bridges, canals and docks, including those at Hull, Liverpool, London and Leith. Keeping an effective link between Ireland and England was vital in the early 19th century and Rennie was responsible for the construction of Howth Harbour a decade earlier than Dunleary. He had been asked for his observations on Dublin Bay just two years after Bligh’s survey in 1800. Rennie suggested that: "Dunleary, or rather a little to the east of it was a good site for the construction of a harbour of asylum, for ships which, under unfavourable circumstances get embayed in Dublin Bay and cannot with safety enter the present harbour".

Rennie was appointed Chief Engineer for the construction of the harbour in 1815. Originally it was intended that only one pier (the East Pier) would be built (3,500 feet long), but when John Rennie was appointed directing engineer for the work, he insisted that a single pier would result in sand drifting behind the pier and that a second West Pier (4,950 feet long) would prevent this from occurring. He was correct as the sand has built up behind the west pier. The harbour once built was renamed 'The Royal Harbour of Kingstown' in 1821 on the occasion of the visit of George IV. The material for the harbour is Dalkey Hill granite. The granite was provided by Richard Toucher (a long time campaigner for the new harbour) at no cost to the construction team. The foundations of the piers are 300'-0" wide and 24'-0" below low water level. Many options were considered for the width of the space between the two pier heads. Rennie wrote to the Harbour Commissioners that the opening should be 430'-0" wide with the pier heads turned into the harbour to control swells within the harbour. His demands were never met and the harbour opening was built at 1,066'-0". This was clearly too wide and was subsequently reduced to 760'-0".

The Bay between Kingstown and The Forty Foot is still known as Scotsman’s Bay in Rennie’s honour. He died in 1821 and is buried in St. Paul’s Cathedral, London. His son, also John Rennie was a distinguished engineer and he carried out further work at Kingstown Harbour.

India - Kerala - Backwaters - 1 by Manfred Sommer

The Kerala backwaters are a chain of brackish lagoons and lakes lying parallel to the Arabian Sea coast (known as the Malabar Coast) of Kerala state in southern India. The network includes five large lakes linked by canals, both manmade and natural, fed by 38 rivers, and extending virtually half the length of Kerala state. The backwaters were formed by the action of waves and shore currents creating low barrier islands across the mouths of the many rivers flowing down from the Western Ghats range.

The Kerala Backwaters are a network of interconnected canals, rivers, lakes and inlets, a labyrinthine system formed by more than 900 km of waterways, and sometimes compared to the American Bayou. In the midst of this landscape there are a number of towns and cities, which serve as the starting and end points of backwater cruises. National Waterway No. 3 from Kollam to Kottapuram, covers a distance of 205 km and runs almost parallel to the coast line of southern Kerala facilitating both cargo movement and backwater tourism.

The backwaters have a unique ecosystem - freshwater from the rivers meets the seawater from the Arabian Sea. In certain areas, such as the Vembanad Kayal, where a barrage has been built near Kumarakom, salt water from the sea is prevented from entering the deep inside, keeping the fresh water intact. Such fresh water is extensively used for irrigation purposes.

Many unique species of aquatic life including crabs, frogs and mudskippers, water birds such as terns, kingfishers, darters and cormorants, and animals such as otters and turtles live in and alongside the backwaters. Palm trees, pandanus shrubs, various leafy plants and bushes grow alongside the backwaters, providing a green hue to the surrounding landscape.

Vembanad Kayal is the largest of the lakes, covering an area of 200 km², and bordered by Alappuzha (Alleppey), Kottayam, and Ernakulam districts. The port of Kochi (Cochin) is located at the lake's outlet to the Arabian Sea. Alleppey, "Venice of the East", has a large network of canals that meander through the town. Vembanad is India’s longest lake.

HOUSE BOATS

The kettuvallams (Kerala houseboats) in the backwaters are one of the prominent tourist attractions in Kerala. More than 2000 kettuvallams ply the backwaters, 120 of them in Alappuzha. Kerala government has classified the tourist houseboats as Platinum, Gold and silver.

The kettuvallams were traditionally used as grain barges, to transport the rice harvested in the fertile fields alongside the backwaters. Thatched roof covers over wooden hulls, 30 m in length, provided protection from the elements. At some point in time the boats were used as living quarters by the royalty. Converted to accommodate tourists, the houseboats have become floating cottages having a sleeping area, with western-style toilets, a dining area and a sit out on the deck. Most tourists spend the night on a house boat. Food is cooked on board by the accompanying staff – mostly having a flavour of Kerala. The houseboats are of various patterns and can be hired as per the size of the family or visiting group. The living-dining room is usually open on at least three sides providing a grand view of the surroundings, including other boats, throughout the day when it is on the move. It is brought to a standstill at times of taking food and at night. After sunset, the boat crew provide burning coils to drive away mosquitoes. Ketuvallams are motorised but generally proceed at a slow speed for smooth travel. All ketuvallams have a generator and most bedrooms are air-conditioned. At times, as per demand of customers, electricity is switched off and lanterns are provided to create a rural setting.

While many ketuvalloms take tourists from a particular point and bring them back to around the same point next morning there are some specific cruises mostly in the Alappuzha area, such as the one night cruise from Alappuzha to Thotapally via Punnamada Lake two nights cruise from Alappuzha to Alumkavadi,[8] one night cruise from Alappuzha to Kidangara, and one night cruise from Alappuzha to Mankotta. There are numerous such cruises.

Beypore, located 10 km south of Kozhikode at the mouth of the Chaliyar River, is a famous fishing harbour, port and boat building centre. Beypore has a 1,500 year-tradition of boatbuilding. The skill of the local shipwrights and boat builders are widely sought after. There is a houseboat-building yard at Alumkadavu, in Ashtamudi Kayal near Kollam.

FERRY SERVICES

Regular ferry services connect most locations on both banks of the backwaters. The Kerala State Water Transport Department operates ferries for passengers as well as tourists. It is the cheapest mode of transport through the backwaters.

ECONOMIC SIGNIFICANCE

Connected by artificial canals, the backwaters form an economical means of transport, and a large local trade is carried on by inland navigation. Fishing, along with fish curing is an important industry.

Kerala backwaters have been used for centuries by the local people for transportation, fishing and agriculture. It has supported the efforts of the local people to earn a livelihood. In more recent times, agricultural efforts have been strengthened with reclamation of some backwater lands for rice growing, particularly in the Kuttanad area. Boat making has been a traditional craft, so has been the coir industry.

Kuttanad is crisscrossed with waterways that run alongside extensive paddy fields, as well as fields of cassava, banana and yam. A unique feature of Kuttanad is that many of these fields are below sea level and are surrounded by earthen embankments. The crops are grown on the low-lying ground and irrigated with fresh water from canal and waterways connected to Vembanad lake. The area is similar to the dikes of the Netherlands where land has been reclaimed from the sea and crops are grown.

WIKIPEDIA

The image of the car window includes it by max max

2 1

Dusk when I was reflected in the rear window…

Yes, is it good?

Lost Gardens Of Heligan, Cornwall, England. by PHOTOGRAPHY by DM & DBM.

The Lost Gardens of Heligan (Cornish: Lowarth Helygen, meaning "willow tree garden") are located near Mevagissey in Cornwall, England and are considered to be amongst the most popular in the UK. The gardens are typical of the 19th century Gardenesque style with areas of different character and in different design styles.

The gardens were created by members of the Cornish Tremayne family from the mid-18th century to the beginning of the 20th century, and still form part of the family's Heligan estate. The gardens were neglected after the First World War and restored only in the 1990s, a restoration that was the subject of several popular television programmes and books.

The gardens include aged and colossal rhododendrons and camellias, a series of lakes fed by a ram pump over 100 years old, highly productive flower and vegetable gardens, an Italian garden, and a wild area filled with subtropical tree ferns called "The Jungle". The gardens also have Europe's only remaining pineapple pit, warmed by rotting manure, and two figures made from rocks and plants known as the Mud Maid and the Giant's Head.

They are listed Grade II in Historic England's Register of Parks and Gardens.

The place name, is derived from the Cornish word helygen, "willow tree".

Geography

The Lost Gardens of Heligan completely surround Heligan House and its private gardens. They lie some 1.5 mi (2.4 km) to the north-west of, and about 250 ft (76 m) above, the fishing village of Mevagissey. The gardens are 6 mi (9.7 km) by road from the town and railway station of St Austell and are principally in the civil parish of St Ewe, although elements of the eastern gardens are in Mevagissey parish.

The northern part of the gardens, which includes the main ornamental and vegetable gardens, are slightly higher than the house and slope gently down to it. The areas of the gardens to the west, south, and east of the house slope steeply down into a series of valleys that ultimately drain into the sea at Mevagissey. These areas are much wilder and include the Jungle and the Lost Valley.

History

The Heligan estate was originally bought by the Tremaynes in the 16th century, and earlier members of the family were responsible for Heligan House and the (still private) gardens that immediately surround it.

However, the more extensive gardens now open to the public were largely the result of the efforts of four successive squires of Heligan. These were:

Rev. Henry Hawkins Tremayne

John Hearle Tremayne, son of Henry Hawkins Tremayne

John Tremayne, son of John Hearle Tremayne

John Claude Lewis Tremayne, son of John Tremayne and better known as "Jack"

Two estate plans, dating from 1777 and sometime before 1810, show the changes wrought to the Heligan estate during Henry Hawkins' ownership. The first plan shows a predominantly parkland estate, with the site of today's Northern Gardens occupied by a field. The second plan shows the development of shelter belts of trees surrounding the gardens, and the main shape of the Northern Gardens, the Mellon Yard and the Flower Garden are all readily discernible.

Henry Hawkins' descendants each made significant contributions to the development of the gardens, including the ornamental plantings along the estate's Long Drive, The Jungle, the hybridising of rhododendrons and their planting around Flora's Green, and the creation of the Italian Garden.

Before the First World War, the garden required the services of 22 gardeners to maintain it, but that war led to the deaths of 16 of those gardeners, and by 1916, the garden was being looked after by only eight men. By the 1920s, Jack Tremayne's love of Italy, which had earlier inspired the Italian Garden, led him to set up permanent home there, and lease out Heligan. The house was tenanted for most of the 20th century, used by the US Army during the Second World War, and then converted into flats and sold, without the gardens, in the 1970s. Against this background, the gardens fell into a serious state of neglect, and were lost to sight.

After the childless death of Jack Tremayne, the Heligan estate came under the ownership of a trust to the benefit of several members of the extended Tremayne family. One of these, John Willis, lived in the area and was responsible for introducing record producer Tim Smit to the gardens. A group of fellow enthusiasts and he decided to restore the garden to its former glory, and eventually leased them from the Tremayne family.

The restoration, which was the subject of a six-part Channel 4 television series produced by Bamboo Productions and Cicada Films in 1996, proved to be an outstanding success, not only revitalising the gardens but also the local economy around Heligan by providing employment.[citation needed] The gardens are now leased by a company owned by their restorers, who continue to cultivate them and operate them as a visitor attraction.

The Heligan estate; Cornish: Helygen, meaning willow tree) was the ancestral home of the Tremayne family near Mevagissey in Cornwall, England. Purchased by Sampson Tremayne in 1569, the present house was built in 1692 and extended in the early 19th century. The family left the house after World War I, and by the end of World War II the house and gardens had fallen into disrepair. The house and outbuilding were converted into flats in the 1970s and the garden was considered lost, but it was rescued during a televised project in 1996. The Lost Gardens of Heligan are now open to the public as a tourist attraction.

Heligan House

Originally owned by the Heligans, the estate was bought by Sampson Tremayne in 1569. Heligan House was built by William Tremayne in 1603 in Jacobean style, but only the basement of that house remains. The house was substantially rebuilt in 1692 by Sir John Tremayne (1647–1694) in William and Mary style and extended in 1810 and 1830. Unusually for Cornwall, the house is built of brick. Set at the top of a hill overlooking Mevagissey, the gardens are found along the hills above and below the house.

The Tremayne family remained at the house until World War I, at which point the house was let out. The tenants were unable to keep up maintenance of the estate and by the end of World War II, maintenance of the house and gardens slipped into decline. The house was divided into flats and sold in the 1970s, with the remaining buildings also being converted into accommodation.

The Reverend Henry Hawkins Tremayne (1741–1829) was a member of a landed family in the English county of Cornwall, and owner of the Heligan estate near Mevagissey, with significant interests in the Cornish tin mining industry. He is credited as initiating the creation of the set of gardens around Heligan House that are now well known as the Lost Gardens of Heligan.

Life

Henry Hawkins Tremayne was born in 1741, the second son of John Tremayne and Grace Hawkins. He was baptised at St Ewe on 17 July 1741, and was educated at Blundell's School in Tiverton. He attended Balliol College of the University of Oxford, where he matriculated in May 1759 and graduated as a Bachelor of Arts in 1763. Like many second sons of landed families, he was destined for a career in the Church of England, where he was ordained as a deacon in 1766. He took up the post of curate at Lostwithiel.

Henry's older brother Lewis died shortly after Henry's ordination, leaving Henry the unexpected role of heir to the Heligan estate. In 1767, he married Harriet, the daughter of John Hearle of Penryn, a former vice-warden of the stannaries. As a consequence, he inherited a third share of the extensive Hearle estates and mining industry. In 1808 a further inheritance brought him the Tremayne estates at Sydenham in Devon.

Henry was active in local politics although, unlike his son and grandsons, he never became a member of Parliament. He was a Tory and was elected mayor of Penryn on several occasions. In 1791 he chaired a protest meeting of those involved in the pilchard fisheries. He was locally renowned for his charity: 'his numerous tenantry knew him as their kindest and best friend' (West Briton, 20 Feb. 1829).

Henry died at Heligan on 10 February 1829. His eldest son, John Hearle Tremayne, inherited an estate of more than 10,000 acres (4,000 ha) in Devon and Cornwall, including Heligan.

Heligan

Henry aspired to create a great garden at Heligan. He started by planting protective shelter belts of conifers on the western and eastern boundaries of his planned extensive gardens. In 1785, he undertook a tour of southern England, visiting many of the significant gardens of the time, including those of Blenheim, Park Place, Stowe and Hestercombe. He removed the earlier parterres, and laid out the northern gardens, building walled gardens, greenhouses, and a pineapple pit.

Two estate plans, dating, respectively, from 1777 and sometime before 1810, show the changes wrought to the Heligan estate during Henry's ownership. The first plan shows a predominantly parkland estate, with the site of today's Northern Gardens occupied by a field. The second plan shows the development of shelter belts of trees surrounding the gardens, and the main shape of the Northern Gardens, the Mellon Yard and the Flower Garden are all readily discernable.

John Hearle Tremayne (17 March 1780 – 27 August 1851) was a member of a landed family in the English county of Cornwall, and owner of the Heligan estate near Mevagissey. He was a member of the UK Parliament for the constituency of Cornwall, a Justice of the peace, and High Sheriff of Cornwall in 1831. He was also the second of four successive members of the Tremayne family who are credited with the creation of the gardens around Heligan House that are now well known as the Lost Gardens of Heligan.

Life

John Hearle Tremayne was born on 17 March 1780, the son of Rev. Henry Hawkins Tremayne (1741–1829) and Harriet, his wife, the daughter of John Hearle of Penryn.

In 1818, John Hearle Tremayne married Caroline Matilda Lemon, the daughter of Sir William Lemon MP, and the sister of Sir Charles Lemon, the other County MP but of the Whig persuasion.

Their children were:

Henry William died 9 March 1823, following a painful illness.

John (15 April 1825 – 1901) was an MP and further developed the gardens at the Heligan estate. He married the Hon. Mary Charlotte Vivian, daughter of Lord Vivian of Glynn.

Arthur Tremayne (1827–1905), inherited most of Sir Charles Lemon's wealth, his mother's brother.

Henry Hawkins Tremayne (24 March 1830 – 1894) married Charlotte Jane, 3rd daughter of John Buller

Mary Tremayne married Reverend John Townshend Boscawen, son of Rev. Hon. John Evelyn Boscawen and Catherine Elizabeth Annesley, on 13 February 1851. She died on 25 November 1895.

Harriet Jane Tremayne married Sir John Salusbury Salusbury-Trelawny in 1842.

Caroline (Died young)

Heligan

John Hearle Tremayne inherited the Heligan estate from his father in 1829. He was responsible for the ornamental plantings along the estate's Long Drive, and for the starting the planting of the Jungle.[

John Tremayne (1825–1901) was a member of a landed family in the English county of Cornwall, and owner of the Heligan estate near Mevagissey. At various times, he was a member of the UK Parliament for the constituencies of East Cornwall and South Devon, and High Sheriff of Cornwall. He was also the third of four successive members of the Tremayne family who are credited with the creation of the gardens around Heligan House that are now well known as the Lost Gardens of Heligan.

Birth and early life

John Tremayne was born 15 April 1825, the son of Caroline and John Hearle Tremayne. His mother's brother was Sir Charles Lemon, who left his estate at Carclew to John Tremayne's brother, Arthur. His other siblings, Henry, Mary, and Harriet married into other gentry or noble families.

In his teens, John Tremayne contracted a crippling bone disease that left him reliant on crutches for the rest of his life. As convalescence, he was consigned to the care of a Charlestown mariner, with instructions to take him to sea every day, irrespective of the weather. He was educated at a private school at Exmouth, Eton School, and Christ Church College at the University of Oxford.

Heligan

John Tremayne inherited the Heligan estate from his father in 1851. Like his father, John was a keen gardener. He was particularly fond of hybridizing rhododendrons, and is credited with much of the planting around Flora's Green in the north of what is now the Lost Gardens of Heligan.

John Tremayne also inherited an estate at Sydenham in Devonshire.

Credit: NASA/Goddard/Bill Hrybyk