View allAll Photos Tagged Immigrate_to_Canada
Chuqiao Li, 66, teaches her Canadian-born, four-year-old grandson, Qianshan Qiao, from a Chinese language book. Li immigrated to Canada from Shanghai China, on a 10-year visitor visa in 2013.
Photo Credit: Shan Qiao, @dmaomao, Toronto
At the age of 37, my dad packed up the family and immigrated to Canada. He left behind a crumbling economy, martial law, an uncertain future...and his entire side of the family.
Toronto provided a new set of frustrations - a new language, having to take whatever job came his way (due to not having "Canadian Experience", whatever that was), and later having his university education downgraded arbitrarily by his place of employment without any proper skills testing.
While Mom stayed home to raise the kids properly until school age, Dad became sole provider. While the lure of a second job was tempting, he decided to make do in order to spend time with the family.
Still, we were never left without proper creature comforts, even when living in government-assisted housing. The fridge was always magically full, and my siblings and I were always warmly clothed, housed and fed.
Having grown up, I've realized what my parents had to give up in order for me to prosper in this new world. I'm giving thanks to and for them.
Love you, Dad!
NEWFOUNDOUT
Much like the Nipissing Colonization Road, the Opeongo Road was another of the government's road colonization attempts. As people would immigrate to Canada and settle along these roads, they'd clear the land to build a home and farm. However the land proved to be poor for growing and many of these settlers left with broken dreams.
The settlers to the Opeongo Road were given 100 acres of land. The Public Land Act (1853) proclaimed, "One hundred acres will be given free to any settlers, 18 years of age, who shall take possession of the Lot within one month from the date of his application, erect on it a house, 18 by 20 feet, put in a state of cultivation at least 12 acres in the course of four years, and live on the Lot during the period. Should he fulfill these conditions he will obtain an indisputable titles to the land, but failing to do so, it will be sold or given to another." While many immigrants received title to the land in 1864, the title was not deeded until the land was cleared and the home built. So many settlers lived on the land for years before receiving title to what they had worked so hard for. Land was given out on a first come, first served basis.
Newfoundout was never a town or a community. It was simply a location where 13 families made their homes up a mountain. Some settlers lived along the Opeongo road while others, like those of Newfoundout, lived in the back parts of the area. It was not an easy route, for the trek to the site was about 6km. Children had to walk this route every day to attend school.
The road to Newfoundout was situated across from what was called Davidson's Corners. This was the site where the Davidson family first built their home in 1849.
Between 1860 and 1890 these families lived in the back part of the colonization road, trying to make a living on their farms. By 1948, the area was completely abandoned.
As for the Colonization Road, Agent T.P. French resigned in 1864. Others tried but were never able to finish the colonization road. When the Canadian Central Railway made its way through Renfrew in 1893, immigration to the area declined.
Location: Take the Opeongo Road west from highway 41 for about 3.5 km to an intersection (Newfoundout Road). South of here there will be a dirt road. Newfoundout is about 40 minutes up this path. These directions come from Ron Brown's Ghost Towns Volume 2 as I have never been here.
Used by permission. Credit: www.ontarioabandonedplaces.com
In the evening, we enjoyed a special dinner with many cousins we'd never met before. Along with the meal, we listened to an audio recording that my grandmother made when she first returned to Hungary after immigrating to Canada. It was wonderful to hear her voice again. We also read letters written by my grandfather and great aunts and uncles, and looked at old photos. Laughs were shared gifts exchanged. It was a good time and a good meal.
This was one of the relief sculptures that decorated the restaurant where we had dinner. It featuers am image of St Orban holding grapes and a barrel of wine.
DATE TAKEN:
September 9th, 2019
LOCATION:
Mezőkövesd, Hungary
In the evening, we enjoyed a special dinner with many cousins we'd never met before. Along with the meal, we listened to an audio recording that my grandmother made when she first returned to Hungary after immigrating to Canada. It was wonderful to hear her voice again. We also read letters written by my grandfather and great aunts and uncles, and looked at old photos. Laughs were shared gifts exchanged. It was a good time and a good meal.
For dessert we shared some window cookies that one of the cousin's so generously made.
DATE TAKEN:
September 9th, 2019
LOCATION:
Mezőkövesd, Hungary
When I was ten year old, I entered a city wide art contest back in Hong Kong. It was sponsored by a local newspaper: I enter with a painting of some colorful leaves and to my surprised I was a winner for the under sixteen age group. My award was a tiny but shinny trophy.
Sadly, there was my only triumph with my art, even I had become a better artist since but all the competitions I enter not only I never won but also got a few rejections.
Somehow, I completely forgot about this little trophy while growing up. Years later, after our family immigrated to Canada, one day I noticed it was on displayed at my mother’s living room! I had no idea she has kept it all these years and even brought it over from Hong Kong.
In the background is one of my drawing of the woodpecker I done when I was ten.
NEWFOUNDOUT
Much like the Nipissing Colonization Road, the Opeongo Road was another of the government's road colonization attempts. As people would immigrate to Canada and settle along these roads, they'd clear the land to build a home and farm. However the land proved to be poor for growing and many of these settlers left with broken dreams.
The settlers to the Opeongo Road were given 100 acres of land. The Public Land Act (1853) proclaimed, "One hundred acres will be given free to any settlers, 18 years of age, who shall take possession of the Lot within one month from the date of his application, erect on it a house, 18 by 20 feet, put in a state of cultivation at least 12 acres in the course of four years, and live on the Lot during the period. Should he fulfill these conditions he will obtain an indisputable titles to the land, but failing to do so, it will be sold or given to another." While many immigrants received title to the land in 1864, the title was not deeded until the land was cleared and the home built. So many settlers lived on the land for years before receiving title to what they had worked so hard for. Land was given out on a first come, first served basis.
Newfoundout was never a town or a community. It was simply a location where 13 families made their homes up a mountain. Some settlers lived along the Opeongo road while others, like those of Newfoundout, lived in the back parts of the area. It was not an easy route, for the trek to the site was about 6km. Children had to walk this route every day to attend school.
The road to Newfoundout was situated across from what was called Davidson's Corners. This was the site where the Davidson family first built their home in 1849.
Between 1860 and 1890 these families lived in the back part of the colonization road, trying to make a living on their farms. By 1948, the area was completely abandoned.
As for the Colonization Road, Agent T.P. French resigned in 1864. Others tried but were never able to finish the colonization road. When the Canadian Central Railway made its way through Renfrew in 1893, immigration to the area declined.
Location: Take the Opeongo Road west from highway 41 for about 3.5 km to an intersection (Newfoundout Road). South of here there will be a dirt road. Newfoundout is about 40 minutes up this path. These directions come from Ron Brown's Ghost Towns Volume 2 as I have never been here.
Used by permission. Credit: www.ontarioabandonedplaces.com
NEWFOUNDOUT
Much like the Nipissing Colonization Road, the Opeongo Road was another of the government's road colonization attempts. As people would immigrate to Canada and settle along these roads, they'd clear the land to build a home and farm. However the land proved to be poor for growing and many of these settlers left with broken dreams.
The settlers to the Opeongo Road were given 100 acres of land. The Public Land Act (1853) proclaimed, "One hundred acres will be given free to any settlers, 18 years of age, who shall take possession of the Lot within one month from the date of his application, erect on it a house, 18 by 20 feet, put in a state of cultivation at least 12 acres in the course of four years, and live on the Lot during the period. Should he fulfill these conditions he will obtain an indisputable titles to the land, but failing to do so, it will be sold or given to another." While many immigrants received title to the land in 1864, the title was not deeded until the land was cleared and the home built. So many settlers lived on the land for years before receiving title to what they had worked so hard for. Land was given out on a first come, first served basis.
Newfoundout was never a town or a community. It was simply a location where 13 families made their homes up a mountain. Some settlers lived along the Opeongo road while others, like those of Newfoundout, lived in the back parts of the area. It was not an easy route, for the trek to the site was about 6km. Children had to walk this route every day to attend school.
The road to Newfoundout was situated across from what was called Davidson's Corners. This was the site where the Davidson family first built their home in 1849.
Between 1860 and 1890 these families lived in the back part of the colonization road, trying to make a living on their farms. By 1948, the area was completely abandoned.
As for the Colonization Road, Agent T.P. French resigned in 1864. Others tried but were never able to finish the colonization road. When the Canadian Central Railway made its way through Renfrew in 1893, immigration to the area declined.
Location: Take the Opeongo Road west from highway 41 for about 3.5 km to an intersection (Newfoundout Road). South of here there will be a dirt road. Newfoundout is about 40 minutes up this path. These directions come from Ron Brown's Ghost Towns Volume 2 as I have never been here.
Used by permission. Credit: www.ontarioabandonedplaces.com
NEWFOUNDOUT, ONTARIO
Much like the Nipissing Colonization Road, the Opeongo Road was another of the government's road colonization attempts. As people would immigrate to Canada and settle along these roads, they'd clear the land to build a home and farm. However the land proved to be poor for growing and many of these settlers left with broken dreams.
The settlers to the Opeongo Road were given 100 acres of land. The Public Land Act (1853) proclaimed, "One hundred acres will be given free to any settlers, 18 years of age, who shall take possession of the Lot within one month from the date of his application, erect on it a house, 18 by 20 feet, put in a state of cultivation at least 12 acres in the course of four years, and live on the Lot during the period. Should he fulfill these conditions he will obtain an indisputable titles to the land, but failing to do so, it will be sold or given to another." While many immigrants received title to the land in 1864, the title was not deeded until the land was cleared and the home built. So many settlers lived on the land for years before receiving title to what they had worked so hard for. Land was given out on a first come, first served basis.
Newfoundout was never a town or a community. It was simply a location where 13 families made their homes up a mountain. Some settlers lived along the Opeongo road while others, like those of Newfoundout, lived in the back parts of the area. It was not an easy route, for the trek to the site was about 6km. Children had to walk this route every day to attend school.
The road to Newfoundout was situated across from what was called Davidson's Corners. This was the site where the Davidson family first built their home in 1849.
Between 1860 and 1890 these families lived in the back part of the colonization road, trying to make a living on their farms. By 1948, the area was completely abandoned.
As for the Colonization Road, Agent T.P. French resigned in 1864. Others tried but were never able to finish the colonization road. When the Canadian Central Railway made its way through Renfrew in 1893, immigration to the area declined.
Location: Take the Opeongo Road west from highway 41 for about 3.5 km to an intersection (Newfoundout Road). South of here there will be a dirt road. Newfoundout is about 40 minutes up this path. These directions come from Ron Brown's Ghost Towns Volume 2 as I have never been here.
Used by permission. Credit: www.ontarioabandonedplaces.com
Separated in 1937 when Peter was taken from their home in #2 Neu-Schoensee, Sagradowka, Liese fled with her children in 1943 to Poland and Germany, and from there immigrated to Canada in 1948. She remarried in 1952, and a few years later discovered that Peter was still alive in Russia. He had also remarried in 1948. Over the next years, they were able to correspond, but sadly they never saw each other in this life.
In the evening, we enjoyed a special dinner with many cousins we'd never met before. Along with the meal, we listened to an audio recording that my grandmother made when she first returned to Hungary after immigrating to Canada. It was wonderful to hear her voice again. We also read letters written by my grandfather and great aunts and uncles, and looked at old photos. Laughs were shared gifts exchanged. It was a good time and a good meal.
This was one of the relief sculptures that decorated the restaurant where we had dinner. It featuers a man in traditional folk costume making wine.
DATE TAKEN:
September 9th, 2019
LOCATION:
Mezőkövesd, Hungary
NEWFOUNDOUT
Much like the Nipissing Colonization Road, the Opeongo Road was another of the government's road colonization attempts. As people would immigrate to Canada and settle along these roads, they'd clear the land to build a home and farm. However the land proved to be poor for growing and many of these settlers left with broken dreams.
The settlers to the Opeongo Road were given 100 acres of land. The Public Land Act (1853) proclaimed, "One hundred acres will be given free to any settlers, 18 years of age, who shall take possession of the Lot within one month from the date of his application, erect on it a house, 18 by 20 feet, put in a state of cultivation at least 12 acres in the course of four years, and live on the Lot during the period. Should he fulfill these conditions he will obtain an indisputable titles to the land, but failing to do so, it will be sold or given to another." While many immigrants received title to the land in 1864, the title was not deeded until the land was cleared and the home built. So many settlers lived on the land for years before receiving title to what they had worked so hard for. Land was given out on a first come, first served basis.
Newfoundout was never a town or a community. It was simply a location where 13 families made their homes up a mountain. Some settlers lived along the Opeongo road while others, like those of Newfoundout, lived in the back parts of the area. It was not an easy route, for the trek to the site was about 6km. Children had to walk this route every day to attend school.
The road to Newfoundout was situated across from what was called Davidson's Corners. This was the site where the Davidson family first built their home in 1849.
Between 1860 and 1890 these families lived in the back part of the colonization road, trying to make a living on their farms. By 1948, the area was completely abandoned.
As for the Colonization Road, Agent T.P. French resigned in 1864. Others tried but were never able to finish the colonization road. When the Canadian Central Railway made its way through Renfrew in 1893, immigration to the area declined.
Location: Take the Opeongo Road west from highway 41 for about 3.5 km to an intersection (Newfoundout Road). South of here there will be a dirt road. Newfoundout is about 40 minutes up this path. These directions come from Ron Brown's Ghost Towns Volume 2 as I have never been here.
Used by permission. Credit: www.ontarioabandonedplaces.com
This is my birthplace! I was born in Pontelandolfo, immigrated to Canada at the age of 9 and only returned 39 years later. It was an emotional vacation well worth every minute. I am looking forward to returning soon and really enjoying my "hometown". As the song states:
"Paese dove si nasce, sei come il primo amore, no ti si puo scordare...."
John Felicè Ceprano is the artist and creative force behind all of those balancing rocks perched on the edge of the limestone shoreline of the Ottawa River. John was busy at work fixing the wind damage from the latest thunderstorm to blow through on the weekend. I told him he has to be the most patient man in the world. John was born in Providence, Rhode Island, and immigrated to Canada in the late 70s. He became a Canadian citizen in 1991 and loves this country. He also loves his work. He’s 69 and has been balancing rocks at Remic Rapids since 1986. You’ll usually find him, on-site tending to his rock formations just about every day. John loves to chat and he’s thrilled that the balancing rocks at Remic Rapids have been officially recognized as an Ottawa 2017 site!
Fahmi Ahmed immigrated to Canada from Ethiopia and now attends James Fowler High School, where he discovered his cross-country running talent. Fahmi Ahmed poses for a portrait outside his school in Calgary, Alta., on Monday, Oct. 3, 2016. Elizabeth Cameron/Postmedia [For Michelle Jarvie story Wednesday/Thursday]
NEWFOUNDOUT, ONTARIO
Much like the Nipissing Colonization Road, the Opeongo Road was another of the government's road colonization attempts. As people would immigrate to Canada and settle along these roads, they'd clear the land to build a home and farm. However the land proved to be poor for growing and many of these settlers left with broken dreams.
The settlers to the Opeongo Road were given 100 acres of land. The Public Land Act (1853) proclaimed, "One hundred acres will be given free to any settlers, 18 years of age, who shall take possession of the Lot within one month from the date of his application, erect on it a house, 18 by 20 feet, put in a state of cultivation at least 12 acres in the course of four years, and live on the Lot during the period. Should he fulfill these conditions he will obtain an indisputable titles to the land, but failing to do so, it will be sold or given to another." While many immigrants received title to the land in 1864, the title was not deeded until the land was cleared and the home built. So many settlers lived on the land for years before receiving title to what they had worked so hard for. Land was given out on a first come, first served basis.
Newfoundout was never a town or a community. It was simply a location where 13 families made their homes up a mountain. Some settlers lived along the Opeongo road while others, like those of Newfoundout, lived in the back parts of the area. It was not an easy route, for the trek to the site was about 6km. Children had to walk this route every day to attend school.
The road to Newfoundout was situated across from what was called Davidson's Corners. This was the site where the Davidson family first built their home in 1849.
Between 1860 and 1890 these families lived in the back part of the colonization road, trying to make a living on their farms. By 1948, the area was completely abandoned.
As for the Colonization Road, Agent T.P. French resigned in 1864. Others tried but were never able to finish the colonization road. When the Canadian Central Railway made its way through Renfrew in 1893, immigration to the area declined.
Location: Take the Opeongo Road west from highway 41 for about 3.5 km to an intersection (Newfoundout Road). South of here there will be a dirt road. Newfoundout is about 40 minutes up this path. These directions come from Ron Brown's Ghost Towns Volume 2 as I have never been here.
Used by permission. Credit: www.ontarioabandonedplaces.com
The last name of the king family was originally Roi. When they immigrated to Canada, they changed the name to King. Roi is "king" in French.
Katayoun immigrated to Canada from Iran in 2014 with her husband and three children. Katayoun works at a fabric store and is a valued volunteer in the Museum’s giftshop. She also enjoys photography and making intricate cards using fabric.
Dad and mom boarding Greek Lines Columbia in September 1954, followed by Dad's sister. This was the ship that took my Dad across the Atlantic as he immigrated to Canada. My mom followed by plane about a month later.
NEWFOUNDOUT
Much like the Nipissing Colonization Road, the Opeongo Road was another of the government's road colonization attempts. As people would immigrate to Canada and settle along these roads, they'd clear the land to build a home and farm. However the land proved to be poor for growing and many of these settlers left with broken dreams.
The settlers to the Opeongo Road were given 100 acres of land. The Public Land Act (1853) proclaimed, "One hundred acres will be given free to any settlers, 18 years of age, who shall take possession of the Lot within one month from the date of his application, erect on it a house, 18 by 20 feet, put in a state of cultivation at least 12 acres in the course of four years, and live on the Lot during the period. Should he fulfill these conditions he will obtain an indisputable titles to the land, but failing to do so, it will be sold or given to another." While many immigrants received title to the land in 1864, the title was not deeded until the land was cleared and the home built. So many settlers lived on the land for years before receiving title to what they had worked so hard for. Land was given out on a first come, first served basis.
Newfoundout was never a town or a community. It was simply a location where 13 families made their homes up a mountain. Some settlers lived along the Opeongo road while others, like those of Newfoundout, lived in the back parts of the area. It was not an easy route, for the trek to the site was about 6km. Children had to walk this route every day to attend school.
The road to Newfoundout was situated across from what was called Davidson's Corners. This was the site where the Davidson family first built their home in 1849.
Between 1860 and 1890 these families lived in the back part of the colonization road, trying to make a living on their farms. By 1948, the area was completely abandoned.
As for the Colonization Road, Agent T.P. French resigned in 1864. Others tried but were never able to finish the colonization road. When the Canadian Central Railway made its way through Renfrew in 1893, immigration to the area declined.
Location: Take the Opeongo Road west from highway 41 for about 3.5 km to an intersection (Newfoundout Road). South of here there will be a dirt road. Newfoundout is about 40 minutes up this path. These directions come from Ron Brown's Ghost Towns Volume 2 as I have never been here.
Used by permission. Credit: www.ontarioabandonedplaces.com
Gerry Willimitzer and his highest paid donor trot through Anchorage Alaska in the ceremonial start to the 2008 Iditarod.
Home: Whitehorse, Yukon
Race record: 30th (2007) Rookie
Details: A 4 time Yukon Quest finisher. Willomitzer 38, was born in Bavaria, Germany and immigrated to Canada in 1996
Iditarod winnings: $1,800
My grandfather immigrated to Canada from Lithuania, when he was recruited by the Canadian Pacific Railroad in 1947. My grandmother joined him later. He is on the far right.
Built c. 1845 at no. 159 Main Street North.
"The Wales House is located at 159 Main Street North, on the east side of Main Street North, south of Parkway Avenue in the Town of Markham. The two storey coral and yellow brick house was constructed circa 1845.
The property was designated by the Town of Markham in 1978 for its heritage value under Part IV of the Ontario Heritage Act (By-law 4-78).
Located at 159 Main Street North in Markham, The Wales House was built circa 1845 by Henry R. Wales, a local wagon and carriage maker. The house is set back from the street beyond a row of old maple trees that were planted when the house was first built.
Sarah and John Wales immigrated to Canada from England in 1832 with their two sons Henry and George. At the time Henry and his brother George travelled to New York to learn about the carriage trade. Circa 1840, the Wales family moved to Markham, and George and Henry established the Phoenix Carriage Works on Main Street. Henry built the Wales House circa 1845 behind the shops for his large family. The house remained in the family for 70 years.
The Wales House reflects a mixture of architectural styles. It is best defined as Georgian-Regency with some Italianate and Neoclassical details. The house is topped with a hip roof with a large joined stack brick exterior chimney. The roof is trimmed with a boxed cornice and dentil moulding on the soffits. Italianate details are seen in the four pairs of brackets with dropped round finials that highlight the roof trim on the facade. The double hung sash windows are six-over-six with concrete voussoirs, shutters and stone lugsills typical to Georgian and Regency style. The veranda extends across the facade and is supported by four freestanding and four engaged posts. The entrance has a double set of transoms of six panes and three pane sidelights in typical Neoclassical style.
The original bake oven and smokehouse are also still intact in the rear garden. The smokehouse has yellow-orange brick walls with beige quoins as well as shuttered eight-over-eight windows with surrounds identical to the house. Although difficult to classify, this property remains one of the most outstanding and prestigious landmarks in the Town of Markham." - info from Historic Places.
"Markham (/ˈmɑːrkəm/) is a city in York Region, Ontario, Canada. It is approximately 30 km (19 mi) northeast of Downtown Toronto. In the 2021 Census, Markham had a population of 338,503, which ranked it the largest in York Region, fourth largest in the Greater Toronto Area (GTA), and 16th largest in Canada.
The city gained its name from the first Lieutenant-Governor of Upper Canada, John Graves Simcoe (in office 1791–1796), who named the area after his friend, William Markham, the Archbishop of York from 1776 to 1807.
Indigenous people lived in the area of present-day Markham for thousands of years before Europeans arrived in the area. The first European settlement in Markham occurred when William Berczy, a German artist and developer, led a group of approximately sixty-four German families to North America. While they planned to settle in New York, disputes over finances and land tenure led Berczy to negotiate with Simcoe for 26,000 ha (64,000 acres) in what would later become Markham Township in 1794. Since the 1970s, Markham rapidly shifted from being an agricultural community to an industrialized municipality due to urban sprawl from neighbouring Toronto. Markham changed its status from town to city on July 1, 2012.
As of 2013, tertiary industry mainly drives Markham. As of 2010, "business services" employed the largest proportion of workers in Markham – nearly 22% of its labour force. The city also has over 1,000 technology and life-sciences companies, with IBM as the city's largest employer. Several multinational companies have their Canadian headquarters in Markham, including: Honda Canada, Hyundai, Advanced Micro Devices, Johnson & Johnson, General Motors, Avaya, IBM, Motorola, Oracle, Toshiba, Toyota Financial Services, Huawei, Honeywell, General Electric and Scholastic Canada." - info from Wikipedia.
Late June to early July, 2024 I did my 4th major cycling tour. I cycled from Ottawa to London, Ontario on a convoluted route that passed by Niagara Falls. during this journey I cycled 1,876.26 km and took 21,413 photos. As with my other tours a major focus was old architecture.
Find me on Instagram.
Dollie Thompson-Howard after she had immigrated to Canada in 1907. Dolly was the wife of Bert Howard and they homesteaded in the North Bend District.
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NEWFOUNDOUT
Much like the Nipissing Colonization Road, the Opeongo Road was another of the government's road colonization attempts. As people would immigrate to Canada and settle along these roads, they'd clear the land to build a home and farm. However the land proved to be poor for growing and many of these settlers left with broken dreams.
The settlers to the Opeongo Road were given 100 acres of land. The Public Land Act (1853) proclaimed, "One hundred acres will be given free to any settlers, 18 years of age, who shall take possession of the Lot within one month from the date of his application, erect on it a house, 18 by 20 feet, put in a state of cultivation at least 12 acres in the course of four years, and live on the Lot during the period. Should he fulfill these conditions he will obtain an indisputable titles to the land, but failing to do so, it will be sold or given to another." While many immigrants received title to the land in 1864, the title was not deeded until the land was cleared and the home built. So many settlers lived on the land for years before receiving title to what they had worked so hard for. Land was given out on a first come, first served basis.
Newfoundout was never a town or a community. It was simply a location where 13 families made their homes up a mountain. Some settlers lived along the Opeongo road while others, like those of Newfoundout, lived in the back parts of the area. It was not an easy route, for the trek to the site was about 6km. Children had to walk this route every day to attend school.
The road to Newfoundout was situated across from what was called Davidson's Corners. This was the site where the Davidson family first built their home in 1849.
Between 1860 and 1890 these families lived in the back part of the colonization road, trying to make a living on their farms. By 1948, the area was completely abandoned.
As for the Colonization Road, Agent T.P. French resigned in 1864. Others tried but were never able to finish the colonization road. When the Canadian Central Railway made its way through Renfrew in 1893, immigration to the area declined.
Location: Take the Opeongo Road west from highway 41 for about 3.5 km to an intersection (Newfoundout Road). South of here there will be a dirt road. Newfoundout is about 40 minutes up this path. These directions come from Ron Brown's Ghost Towns Volume 2 as I have never been here.
Used by permission. Credit: www.ontarioabandonedplaces.com
NEWFOUNDOUT
Much like the Nipissing Colonization Road, the Opeongo Road was another of the government's road colonization attempts. As people would immigrate to Canada and settle along these roads, they'd clear the land to build a home and farm. However the land proved to be poor for growing and many of these settlers left with broken dreams.
The settlers to the Opeongo Road were given 100 acres of land. The Public Land Act (1853) proclaimed, "One hundred acres will be given free to any settlers, 18 years of age, who shall take possession of the Lot within one month from the date of his application, erect on it a house, 18 by 20 feet, put in a state of cultivation at least 12 acres in the course of four years, and live on the Lot during the period. Should he fulfill these conditions he will obtain an indisputable titles to the land, but failing to do so, it will be sold or given to another." While many immigrants received title to the land in 1864, the title was not deeded until the land was cleared and the home built. So many settlers lived on the land for years before receiving title to what they had worked so hard for. Land was given out on a first come, first served basis.
Newfoundout was never a town or a community. It was simply a location where 13 families made their homes up a mountain. Some settlers lived along the Opeongo road while others, like those of Newfoundout, lived in the back parts of the area. It was not an easy route, for the trek to the site was about 6km. Children had to walk this route every day to attend school.
The road to Newfoundout was situated across from what was called Davidson's Corners. This was the site where the Davidson family first built their home in 1849.
Between 1860 and 1890 these families lived in the back part of the colonization road, trying to make a living on their farms. By 1948, the area was completely abandoned.
As for the Colonization Road, Agent T.P. French resigned in 1864. Others tried but were never able to finish the colonization road. When the Canadian Central Railway made its way through Renfrew in 1893, immigration to the area declined.
Location: Take the Opeongo Road west from highway 41 for about 3.5 km to an intersection (Newfoundout Road). South of here there will be a dirt road. Newfoundout is about 40 minutes up this path. These directions come from Ron Brown's Ghost Towns Volume 2 as I have never been here.
Used by permission. Credit: www.ontarioabandonedplaces.com
NEWFOUNDOUT
Much like the Nipissing Colonization Road, the Opeongo Road was another of the government's road colonization attempts. As people would immigrate to Canada and settle along these roads, they'd clear the land to build a home and farm. However the land proved to be poor for growing and many of these settlers left with broken dreams.
The settlers to the Opeongo Road were given 100 acres of land. The Public Land Act (1853) proclaimed, "One hundred acres will be given free to any settlers, 18 years of age, who shall take possession of the Lot within one month from the date of his application, erect on it a house, 18 by 20 feet, put in a state of cultivation at least 12 acres in the course of four years, and live on the Lot during the period. Should he fulfill these conditions he will obtain an indisputable titles to the land, but failing to do so, it will be sold or given to another." While many immigrants received title to the land in 1864, the title was not deeded until the land was cleared and the home built. So many settlers lived on the land for years before receiving title to what they had worked so hard for. Land was given out on a first come, first served basis.
Newfoundout was never a town or a community. It was simply a location where 13 families made their homes up a mountain. Some settlers lived along the Opeongo road while others, like those of Newfoundout, lived in the back parts of the area. It was not an easy route, for the trek to the site was about 6km. Children had to walk this route every day to attend school.
The road to Newfoundout was situated across from what was called Davidson's Corners. This was the site where the Davidson family first built their home in 1849.
Between 1860 and 1890 these families lived in the back part of the colonization road, trying to make a living on their farms. By 1948, the area was completely abandoned.
As for the Colonization Road, Agent T.P. French resigned in 1864. Others tried but were never able to finish the colonization road. When the Canadian Central Railway made its way through Renfrew in 1893, immigration to the area declined.
Location: Take the Opeongo Road west from highway 41 for about 3.5 km to an intersection (Newfoundout Road). South of here there will be a dirt road. Newfoundout is about 40 minutes up this path. These directions come from Ron Brown's Ghost Towns Volume 2 as I have never been here.
Used by permission. Credit: www.ontarioabandonedplaces.com
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Vietnamese immigrant shows the pictures of her mother who immigrated to Canada during the Vietnamese War.
Photo Credit: Daniel Leon Rodriguez in Calgary, Alberta
Family Photo of Jacob and Katharina (Neufeld) Hiebert
They had a son Jacob, a daughter Marie, married to a Mr. Froese, a daughter Lisie, and Helena (Lena)
Other names unknown.
Jacob and Katharina died in Russia, but it is thought that some of their descendents immigrated to Canada.
NEWFOUNDOUT
Much like the Nipissing Colonization Road, the Opeongo Road was another of the government's road colonization attempts. As people would immigrate to Canada and settle along these roads, they'd clear the land to build a home and farm. However the land proved to be poor for growing and many of these settlers left with broken dreams.
The settlers to the Opeongo Road were given 100 acres of land. The Public Land Act (1853) proclaimed, "One hundred acres will be given free to any settlers, 18 years of age, who shall take possession of the Lot within one month from the date of his application, erect on it a house, 18 by 20 feet, put in a state of cultivation at least 12 acres in the course of four years, and live on the Lot during the period. Should he fulfill these conditions he will obtain an indisputable titles to the land, but failing to do so, it will be sold or given to another." While many immigrants received title to the land in 1864, the title was not deeded until the land was cleared and the home built. So many settlers lived on the land for years before receiving title to what they had worked so hard for. Land was given out on a first come, first served basis.
Newfoundout was never a town or a community. It was simply a location where 13 families made their homes up a mountain. Some settlers lived along the Opeongo road while others, like those of Newfoundout, lived in the back parts of the area. It was not an easy route, for the trek to the site was about 6km. Children had to walk this route every day to attend school.
The road to Newfoundout was situated across from what was called Davidson's Corners. This was the site where the Davidson family first built their home in 1849.
Between 1860 and 1890 these families lived in the back part of the colonization road, trying to make a living on their farms. By 1948, the area was completely abandoned.
As for the Colonization Road, Agent T.P. French resigned in 1864. Others tried but were never able to finish the colonization road. When the Canadian Central Railway made its way through Renfrew in 1893, immigration to the area declined.
Location: Take the Opeongo Road west from highway 41 for about 3.5 km to an intersection (Newfoundout Road). South of here there will be a dirt road. Newfoundout is about 40 minutes up this path. These directions come from Ron Brown's Ghost Towns Volume 2 as I have never been here.
Used by permission. Credit: www.ontarioabandonedplaces.com
NEWFOUNDOUT
Much like the Nipissing Colonization Road, the Opeongo Road was another of the government's road colonization attempts. As people would immigrate to Canada and settle along these roads, they'd clear the land to build a home and farm. However the land proved to be poor for growing and many of these settlers left with broken dreams.
The settlers to the Opeongo Road were given 100 acres of land. The Public Land Act (1853) proclaimed, "One hundred acres will be given free to any settlers, 18 years of age, who shall take possession of the Lot within one month from the date of his application, erect on it a house, 18 by 20 feet, put in a state of cultivation at least 12 acres in the course of four years, and live on the Lot during the period. Should he fulfill these conditions he will obtain an indisputable titles to the land, but failing to do so, it will be sold or given to another." While many immigrants received title to the land in 1864, the title was not deeded until the land was cleared and the home built. So many settlers lived on the land for years before receiving title to what they had worked so hard for. Land was given out on a first come, first served basis.
Newfoundout was never a town or a community. It was simply a location where 13 families made their homes up a mountain. Some settlers lived along the Opeongo road while others, like those of Newfoundout, lived in the back parts of the area. It was not an easy route, for the trek to the site was about 6km. Children had to walk this route every day to attend school.
The road to Newfoundout was situated across from what was called Davidson's Corners. This was the site where the Davidson family first built their home in 1849.
Between 1860 and 1890 these families lived in the back part of the colonization road, trying to make a living on their farms. By 1948, the area was completely abandoned.
As for the Colonization Road, Agent T.P. French resigned in 1864. Others tried but were never able to finish the colonization road. When the Canadian Central Railway made its way through Renfrew in 1893, immigration to the area declined.
Location: Take the Opeongo Road west from highway 41 for about 3.5 km to an intersection (Newfoundout Road). South of here there will be a dirt road. Newfoundout is about 40 minutes up this path. These directions come from Ron Brown's Ghost Towns Volume 2 as I have never been here.
Used by permission. Credit: www.ontarioabandonedplaces.com
John Felicè Ceprano is the artist and creative force behind all of those balancing rocks perched on the edge of the limestone shoreline of the Ottawa River. John was busy at work fixing the wind damage from the latest thunderstorm to blow through on the weekend. I told him he has to be the most patient man in the world. John was born in Providence, Rhode Island, and immigrated to Canada in the late 70s. He became a Canadian citizen in 1991 and loves this country. He also loves his work. He’s 69 and has been balancing rocks at Remic Rapids since 1986. You’ll usually find him, on-site tending to his rock formations just about every day. John loves to chat and he’s thrilled that the balancing rocks at Remic Rapids have been officially recognized as an Ottawa 2017 site!
Hier ruht in frieden
unsere viel geliebten eltern
Franz
Geboren den 26 Juli, 1875
Gestorben den 9 Juni, 1944
Agnes
Geboren den 13 Sept. 1883
Gestoben den 9 Juni 1951
"Gott gebe ihnen
die ewige ruht."
Martz
(translation)
Here rest peacefully
our much loved parents
Franz
Born that 26 July, 1875
Died that 9 June, 1955
Agnes
Born that 13 Sept. 1883
Died that 9 June, 1951
"God grant them
the eternal rest."
March
St. Boniface Catholic Cemetery, Goodsoil, Saskatchewan.
Check out the portrait.
These are my great-great grandparents (my mom's dad's mom's parents.) I was told they immigrated to Canada from Hungary, but I'm not sure about that seeing as this is written in German, not Hungarian (yes I realize there are Germans in Hungary). I also understand that I have a great aunt (Josephine) buried in this grave.
Their daughter, my great-grandmother Barbara, is buried in Glenwood Cemetery, Edson AB, and her grave can be seen here.
This handle is on the trunk that held some of the few things my family brought with us when we immigrated to Canada in the late 1950's.
John Felicè Ceprano is the artist and creative force behind all of those balancing rocks perched on the edge of the limestone shoreline of the Ottawa River. John was busy at work fixing the wind damage from the latest thunderstorm to blow through on the weekend. I told him he has to be the most patient man in the world. John was born in Providence, Rhode Island, and immigrated to Canada in the late 70s. He became a Canadian citizen in 1991 and loves this country. He also loves his work. He’s 69 and has been balancing rocks at Remic Rapids since 1986. You’ll usually find him, on-site tending to his rock formations just about every day. John loves to chat and he’s thrilled that the balancing rocks at Remic Rapids have been officially recognized as an Ottawa 2017 site!
Victoria Vargas won the NUPGE Scholarship for Visible Minorities. Her mother is Karina Rengifo, a member of BCGEU Local 703. Reflecting upon her own experience immigrating to Canada in Grade 2, Victoria wrote about the importance of quality public services in enhancing her family's quality of life as visible minorities and immigrants. Victoria states:
"We defeated our own struggles, and we all agree that if it had not been for the welcoming atmosphere that we were presented with through public services, we would be in a different place right now. These programs helped us in ways that we cannot express and we are extremely grateful for them."
A fine figure of a chap.
Arthur Johnston Ryle 1857-1915, British landscape painter, Member Royal Society of British Artists.
Richard Jack 1866-1952, eminent British painter of portraits, interiors, and landscapes. Official war artist for Canada in WW1, immigrated to Canada in 1938.
From an 1907 volume of the 'Studio' art magazine.
Wife and sons of Heinrich Isaak, who was taken to Siberia and forced to work in the mines. Heinrich was the brother of Gerhard Isaak, who immigrated to Canada in 1924. GMIDN531136
Wilson Ransom - (1836-1907)
Born in Helmsley Yorkshire England
Father Charles Ransom (?? )
Immigrated to Canada in 1859
Eliza Blyth ( Born in Ontario 1843)
- Lampton Mills York County
From the Centre A description of the show:
Those who have the opportunity to experience the novel and the installation components will be able to think through not just how the different elements of the project come together, but how they as individual agents affect the work itself. The book, to be published by Arsenal Pulp Press in Vancouver (September, 2009) will act as a novel in its own right, exploring the politics and migratory history of a fictionalized Parsi family from India to North America. But the book will also function as a remnant and memory (much as video-documentary works with performance art) of the installation. The installation, itself a remnant/memory of the research and history of the novel, will be a collaborative project comprised of numerous video-poems, performances, and project-specific art objects that reflect the novel’s focus on a historical time of great flux in terms of immigration to Canada from postcolonial states such as India.
Angels Unawares is a bronze sculpture by Timothy Schmalz installed in St. Peter's Square in the Vatican since September 29, 2019, the 105th World Migrant and Refugee Day.
This statue was inaugurated by Pope Francis in 2019 for the 105th World Day of Migrants and Refugees. At its inauguration Pope Francis said he wanted the sculpture "to remind everyone of the evangelical challenge of hospitality".
The six-meter-long sculpture depicts a group of migrants and refugees on a boat wearing clothes that show they originate from diverse cultures and historical moments. For example, there are a Jew fleeing Nazi Germany, a Syrian departing the Syrian civil war, and a Pole escaping the communist regime. The sculptor of the work said that he "wanted to show the different moods and emotions involved in a migrant's journey". Previously, the artist had already made sculptures of a similar theme as Homeless Jesus. The work includes angel wings, through which the author suggests that a migrant is secretly an angel in our midst. The artist's inspiration was Hebrews 13:2: "Do not neglect to show hospitality to strangers, for thereby some have entertained angels unawares".
It was the first time in 400 years, i.e. since Bernini, that a new sculpture was installed in St Peter's Square.
The idea for the sculpture originated with Cardinal Michael Czerny, a fellow Canadian and undersecretary of the Migrants and Refugees Section, who commissioned it in 2016. Among the people represented on the ship are the Cardinal's parents, who immigrated to Canada from Czechoslovakia. The sculpture was funded by a family of migrants from northern Italy, the Rudolph P. Bratty Family. On September 29, 2019, Pope Francis and four refugees from various parts of the world inaugurated the sculpture. A smaller reproduction, about a meter and a half high, will be permanently installed in the Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls in Rome.
A replica of the sculpture has been displayed in Boston College, United States since 15 November 2020. A life-size replica was shown in Miami in February 2021 until 8 April 2021. Archbishop of Miami Thomas Wenski stated about the statue: "This is a representation of the human family and the story of migration and certainly, that’s the story of Miami. Miami is the Ellis Island of the South, and this, I think, represents that very well." He then blessed the replica, commenting: "May all who gaze upon it be filled with compassion for the stranger among us and eager to extend a hand of friendship."
In April 2021, a replica was put in front of Notre Dame Seminary in New Orleans. After a national tour, this sculpture will be installed on the campus of the Catholic University in Washington, DC in fall of 2021.
On November 3, 2022, a replica was unveiled at Saint Joseph's Oratory—located in the multicultural borough of Cote-des-Neiges also known as the Neighbourhood of Nations, in Montreal, Quebec, Canada—in the presence of the artist Timothy Schmalz and Oratory rector Father Michael DeLaney, CSC. “Hosting the sculpture is a continuation of the mission of the founder of Saint Joseph’s Oratory of Mount Royal, Saint Brother André, CSC. An international crossroads, the Oratory is a significant place of welcome for many people upon their arrival in this country.”
Saint Peter's Square is a large plaza located directly in front of St. Peter's Basilica in Vatican City, the papal enclave in Rome, directly west of the neighborhood (rione) of Borgo. Both the square and the basilica are named after Saint Peter, an apostle of Jesus whom Catholics consider to be the first Pope.
At the centre of the square is the Vatican obelisk, an ancient Egyptian obelisk erected at the current site in 1586. Gian Lorenzo Bernini designed the square almost 100 years later, including the massive Doric colonnades, four columns deep, which embrace visitors in "the maternal arms of Mother Church". A granite fountain constructed by Bernini in 1675 matches another fountain designed by Carlo Maderno in 1613.
The open space which lies before the basilica was redesigned by Gian Lorenzo Bernini from 1656 to 1667, under the direction of Pope Alexander VII, as an appropriate forecourt, designed "so that the greatest number of people could see the Pope give his blessing, either from the middle of the façade of the church or from a window in the Vatican Palace" Bernini had been working on the interior of St. Peter's for decades; now he gave order to the space with his renowned colonnades, using a simplified Doric order, to avoid competing with the palace-like façade by Carlo Maderno, but he employed it on an unprecedented colossal scale to suit the space and evoke a sense of awe.
There were many constraints from existing structures (illustration, right). The massed accretions of the Vatican Palace crowded the space to the right of the basilica's façade; the structures needed to be masked without obscuring the papal apartments. The Vatican obelisk marked a centre, and a granite fountain by Maderno stood to one side: Bernini made the fountain appear to be one of the foci of the ovato tondo embraced by his colonnades and eventually matched it on the other side, in 1675, just five years before his death. The trapezoidal shape of the piazza, which creates a heightened perspective for a visitor leaving the basilica and has been praised as a masterstroke of Baroque theater (illustration, below right), is largely a product of site constraints.
According to the Lateran Treaty the area of St. Peter's Square is subject to the authority of Italian police for crowd control even though it is a part of the Vatican state.
The colossal Doric colonnades, four columns deep, frame the trapezoidal entrance to the basilica and the massive elliptical area which precedes it. The ovato tondo's long axis, parallel to the basilica's façade, creates a pause in the sequence of forward movements that is characteristic of a Baroque monumental approach. The colonnades define the piazza. The elliptical center of the piazza, which contrasts with the trapezoidal entrance, encloses the visitor with "the maternal arms of Mother Church" in Bernini's expression. On the south side, the colonnades define and formalize the space, with the Barberini Gardens still rising to a skyline of umbrella pines. On the north side, the colonnade masks an assortment of Vatican structures; the upper stories of the Vatican Palace rise above.
At the center of the ovato tondo stands the Vatican obelisk, an uninscribed Egyptian obelisk of red granite, 25.5 m (84 ft) tall, supported on bronze lions and surmounted by the Chigi arms in bronze, in all 41 m (135 ft) to the cross on its top. The obelisk was originally erected in Heliopolis, Egypt, by an unknown pharaoh.
The Emperor Augustus had the obelisk moved to the Julian Forum of Alexandria, where it stood until AD 37, when Caligula ordered the forum demolished and the obelisk transferred to Rome. He had it placed on the spina which ran along the center of the Circus of Nero. It was moved to its current site in 1586 by the engineer-architect Domenico Fontana under the direction of Pope Sixtus V; the engineering feat of re-erecting its vast weight was memorialized in a suite of engravings. The obelisk is the only obelisk in Rome that has not toppled since antiquity. During the Middle Ages, the gilt ball atop the obelisk was believed to contain the ashes of Julius Caesar. Fontana later removed the ancient metal ball, now in a Roman museum, and found only dust inside; Christopher Hibbert however writes that the ball was found to be solid. Though Bernini had no influence in the erection of the obelisk, he did use it as the centerpiece of his magnificent piazza, and added the Chigi arms to the top in honor of his patron, Alexander VII.
The paving is varied by radiating lines in travertine, to relieve what might otherwise be a sea of setts. In 1817 circular stones were set to mark the tip of the obelisk's shadow at noon as the sun entered each of the signs of the zodiac, making the obelisk a gigantic sundial's gnomon.
St. Peter's Square today can be reached from the Ponte Sant'Angelo along the grand approach of the Via della Conciliazione (in honor of the Lateran Treaty of 1929). The spina (median with buildings which divided the two roads of Borgo Vecchio and Borgo nuovo) which once occupied this grand avenue leading to the square was demolished ceremonially by Benito Mussolini himself on October 23, 1936, and was completely demolished by October 8, 1937. St. Peter's Basilica was now freely visible from the Castel Sant'Angelo. After the spina, almost all the buildings south of the passetto were demolished between 1937 and 1950, obliterating one of the most important medieval and renaissance quarters of the city. Moreover, the demolition of the spina canceled the characteristic Baroque surprise, nowadays maintained only for visitors coming from Borgo Santo Spirito. The Via della Conciliazione was completed in time for the Great Jubilee of 1950.
Vatican City is a landlocked independent country, city-state, microstate, and enclave within Rome, Italy. It became independent from Italy in 1929 with the Lateran Treaty, and it is a distinct territory under "full ownership, exclusive dominion, and sovereign authority and jurisdiction" of the Holy See, itself a sovereign entity under international law, which maintains the city-state's temporal power and governance, diplomatic, and spiritual independence. The Vatican is also a metonym for the Holy See, Pope, and Roman Curia.
With an area of 49 hectares (121 acres) and as of 2023 a population of about 764, it is the smallest state in the world both by area and by population. As governed by the Holy See, Vatican City State is an ecclesiastical or sacerdotal-monarchical state ruled by the Pope, who is the bishop of Rome and head of the Catholic Church. The highest state functionaries are all Catholic clergy of various origins. After the Avignon Papacy (1309–1377) the popes have mainly resided at the Apostolic Palace within what is now Vatican City, although at times residing instead in the Quirinal Palace in Rome or elsewhere.
The Holy See dates back to early Christianity and is the principal episcopal see of the Catholic Church, which has approximately 1.329 billion baptised Catholics in the world as of 2018 in the Latin Church and 23 Eastern Catholic Churches. The independent state of Vatican City, on the other hand, came into existence on 11 February 1929 by the Lateran Treaty between the Holy See and Italy, which spoke of it as a new creation, not as a vestige of the much larger Papal States (756–1870), which had previously encompassed much of Central Italy.
Vatican City contains religious and cultural sites such as St. Peter's Basilica, the Sistine Chapel, the Vatican Apostolic Library, and the Vatican Museums. They feature some of the world's most famous paintings and sculptures. The unique economy of Vatican City is supported financially by donations from the faithful, by the sale of postage stamps and souvenirs, fees for admission to museums, and sales of publications. Vatican City has no taxes, and items are duty-free.
The Holy See also called the See of Rome, Petrine See or Apostolic See, is the jurisdiction of the pope in his role as the Bishop of Rome. It includes the apostolic episcopal see of the Diocese of Rome, which has ecclesiastical jurisdiction over the worldwide Catholic Church and sovereignty over the city-state known as the Vatican City. As the supreme body of government of the Catholic Church, the Holy See enjoys the status of a sovereign juridical entity under international law.
According to Catholic tradition and historical records, it was founded in the first century by Saints Peter and Paul, and by virtue of the doctrines of Petrine and papal primacy, it is the focal point of full communion for Catholic Christians around the world. The Holy See is headquartered in, operates from, and exercises "exclusive dominion" over the independent Vatican City State enclave in Rome, of which the Pope is sovereign.
The Holy See is administered by the Roman Curia (Latin for "Roman Court"), which is the central government of the Catholic Church. The Roman Curia includes various dicasteries, comparable to ministries and executive departments, with the Cardinal Secretary of State as its chief administrator. Papal elections are carried out by part of the College of Cardinals.
Although the Holy See is often metonymically referred to as the "Vatican", the Vatican City State was distinctively established with the Lateran Treaty of 1929, between the Holy See and Italy, to ensure the temporal, diplomatic, and spiritual independence of the papacy. As such, papal nuncios, who are papal diplomats to states and international organizations, are recognized as representing the Holy See and not the Vatican City State, as prescribed in the Canon law of the Catholic Church. The Holy See is thus viewed as the central government of the Catholic Church. The Catholic Church, in turn, is the largest non-government provider of education and health care in the world.
The Holy See maintains bilateral diplomatic relations with 183 sovereign states, signs concordats and treaties, and performs multilateral diplomacy with multiple intergovernmental organizations, including the United Nations and its agencies, the Council of Europe, the European Communities, the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, and the Organization of American States.
According to Catholic tradition, the apostolic see of Diocese of Rome was established in the 1st century by Saint Peter and Saint Paul. The legal status of the Catholic Church and its property was recognised by the Edict of Milan in 313 by Roman emperor Constantine the Great, and it became the state church of the Roman Empire by the Edict of Thessalonica in 380 by Emperor Theodosius I.
After the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476, the temporal legal jurisdisction of the papal primacy was further recognised as promulgated in Canon law. The Holy See was granted territory in Duchy of Rome by the Donation of Sutri in 728 of King Liutprand of the Lombards, and sovereignty by the Donation of Pepin in 756 by King Pepin of the Franks.
The Papal States thus held extensive territory and armed forces in 756–1870. Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne as Roman Emperor by translatio imperii in 800. The Pope's temporal power peaked around the time of the papal coronations of the emperors of the Holy Roman Empire from 858, and the Dictatus papae in 1075, which conversely also described Papal deposing power. Several modern states still trace their own sovereignty to recognition in medieval papal bulls.
The sovereignty of the Holy See was retained despite multiple sacks of Rome during the Early Middle Ages. Yet, relations with the Kingdom of Italy and the Holy Roman Empire were at times strained, reaching from the Diploma Ottonianum and Libellus de imperatoria potestate in urbe Roma regarding the "Patrimony of Saint Peter" in the 10th century, to the Investiture Controversy in 1076–1122, and settled again by the Concordat of Worms in 1122. The exiled Avignon Papacy during 1309–1376 also put a strain on the papacy, which however finally returned to Rome. Pope Innocent X was critical of the Peace of Westphalia in 1648 as it weakened the authority of the Holy See throughout much of Europe. Following the French Revolution, the Papal States were briefly occupied as the "Roman Republic" from 1798 to 1799 as a sister republic of the First French Empire under Napoleon, before their territory was reestablished.
Notwithstanding, the Holy See was represented in and identified as a "permanent subject of general customary international law vis-à-vis all states" in the Congress of Vienna (1814–1815). The Papal States were recognised under the rule of the Papacy and largely restored to their former extent. Despite the Capture of Rome in 1870 by the Kingdom of Italy and the Roman Question during the Savoyard era (which made the Pope a "prisoner in the Vatican" from 1870 to 1929), its international legal subject was "constituted by the ongoing reciprocity of diplomatic relationships" that not only were maintained but multiplied.
The Lateran Treaty on 11 February 1929 between the Holy See and Italy recognised Vatican City as an independent city-state, along with extraterritorial properties around the region. Since then, Vatican City is distinct from yet under "full ownership, exclusive dominion, and sovereign authority and jurisdiction" of the Holy See (Latin: Sancta Sedes).
The Holy See is one of the last remaining seven absolute monarchies in the world, along with Saudi Arabia, Eswatini, United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Brunei and Oman. The Pope governs the Catholic Church through the Roman Curia. The Curia consists of a complex of offices that administer church affairs at the highest level, including the Secretariat of State, nine Congregations, three Tribunals, eleven Pontifical Councils, and seven Pontifical Commissions. The Secretariat of State, under the Cardinal Secretary of State, directs and coordinates the Curia. The incumbent, Cardinal Pietro Parolin, is the See's equivalent of a prime minister. Archbishop Paul Gallagher, Secretary of the Section for Relations with States of the Secretariat of State, acts as the Holy See's minister of foreign affairs. Parolin was named in his role by Pope Francis on 31 August 2013.
The Secretariat of State is the only body of the Curia that is situated within Vatican City. The others are in buildings in different parts of Rome that have extraterritorial rights similar to those of embassies.
Among the most active of the major Curial institutions are the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, which oversees the Catholic Church's doctrine; the Congregation for Bishops, which coordinates the appointment of bishops worldwide; the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples, which oversees all missionary activities; and the Pontifical Council for Justice and Peace, which deals with international peace and social issues.
Three tribunals exercise judicial power. The Roman Rota handles normal judicial appeals, the most numerous being those that concern alleged nullity of marriage. The Apostolic Signatura is the supreme appellate and administrative court concerning decisions even of the Roman Rota and administrative decisions of ecclesiastical superiors (bishops and superiors of religious institutes), such as closing a parish or removing someone from office. It also oversees the work of other ecclesiastical tribunals at all levels. The Apostolic Penitentiary deals not with external judgments or decrees, but with matters of conscience, granting absolutions from censures, dispensations, commutations, validations, condonations, and other favors; it also grants indulgences.
The Prefecture for the Economic Affairs of the Holy See coordinates the finances of the Holy See departments and supervises the administration of all offices, whatever be their degree of autonomy, that manage these finances. The most important of these is the Administration of the Patrimony of the Apostolic See.
The Prefecture of the Papal Household is responsible for the organization of the papal household, audiences, and ceremonies (apart from the strictly liturgical part).
One of Pope Francis's goals is to reorganize the Curia to prioritize its role in the church's mission to evangelize. This reform insists that the Curia is not meant to be a centralized bureaucracy, but rather a service for the Pope and diocesan bishops that is in communication with local bishops' conferences. Likewise more lay people are to be involved in the workings of the dicasteries and in giving them input.
The Holy See does not dissolve upon a pope's death or resignation. It instead operates under a different set of laws sede vacante. During this interregnum, the heads of the dicasteries of the Curia (such as the prefects of congregations) cease immediately to hold office, the only exceptions being the Major Penitentiary, who continues his important role regarding absolutions and dispensations, and the Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church, who administers the temporalities (i.e., properties and finances) of the See of St. Peter during this period. The government of the See, and therefore of the Catholic Church, then falls to the College of Cardinals. Canon law prohibits the College and the Camerlengo from introducing any innovations or novelties in the government of the church during this period.
In 2001, the Holy See had a revenue of 422.098 billion Italian lire (about US$202 million at the time), and a net income of 17.720 billion Italian lire (about US$8 million). According to an article by David Leigh in the Guardian newspaper, a 2012 report from the Council of Europe identified the value of a section of the Vatican's property assets as an amount in excess of €680m (£570m); as of January 2013, Paolo Mennini, a papal official in Rome, manages this portion of the Holy See's assets—consisting of British investments, other European holdings and a currency trading arm. The Guardian newspaper described Mennini and his role in the following manner: "... Paolo Mennini, who is in effect the Pope's merchant banker. Mennini heads a special unit inside the Vatican called the extraordinary division of APSA – Amministrazione del Patrimonio della Sede Apostolica – which handles the 'patrimony of the Holy See'."
The orders, decorations, and medals of the Holy See are conferred by the Pope as temporal sovereign and fons honorum of the Holy See, similar to the orders awarded by other heads of state.
The Holy See has been recognized, both in state practice and in the writing of modern legal scholars, as a subject of public international law, with rights and duties analogous to those of States. Although the Holy See, as distinct from the Vatican City State, does not fulfill the long-established criteria in international law of statehood—having a permanent population, a defined territory, a stable government, and the capacity to enter into relations with other states—its possession of full legal personality in international law is shown by the fact that it maintains diplomatic relations with 180 states, that it is a member-state in various intergovernmental international organizations, and that it is: "respected by the international community of sovereign States and treated as a subject of international law having the capacity to engage in diplomatic relations and to enter into binding agreements with one, several, or many states under international law that are largely geared to establish and preserving peace in the world."
Since medieval times the episcopal see of Rome has been recognized as a sovereign entity. The Holy See (not the State of Vatican City) maintains formal diplomatic relations with and for the most recent establishment of diplomatic relations with 183 sovereign states, and also with the European Union, and the Sovereign Military Order of Malta, as well as having relations of a special character with the Palestine Liberation Organization; 69 of the diplomatic missions accredited to the Holy See are situated in Rome. The Holy See maintains 180 permanent diplomatic missions abroad, of which 74 are non-residential, so that many of its 106 concrete missions are accredited to two or more countries or international organizations. The diplomatic activities of the Holy See are directed by the Secretariat of State (headed by the Cardinal Secretary of State), through the Section for Relations with States. There are 12 internationally recognized states with which the Holy See does not have relations. The Holy See is the only European subject of international law that has diplomatic relations with the government of the Republic of China (Taiwan) as representing China, rather than the government of the People's Republic of China (see Holy See–Taiwan relations).
The British Foreign and Commonwealth Office speaks of Vatican City as the "capital" of the Holy See, although it compares the legal personality of the Holy See to that of the Crown in Christian monarchies and declares that the Holy See and the state of Vatican City are two international identities. It also distinguishes between the employees of the Holy See (2,750 working in the Roman Curia with another 333 working in the Holy See's diplomatic missions abroad) and the 1,909 employees of the Vatican City State. The British Ambassador to the Holy See uses more precise language, saying that the Holy See "is not the same as the Vatican City State. ... (It) is the universal government of the Catholic Church and operates from the Vatican City State." This agrees exactly with the expression used by the website of the United States Department of State, in giving information on both the Holy See and the Vatican City State: it too says that the Holy See "operates from the Vatican City State".
The Holy See is a member of various international organizations and groups including the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), International Telecommunication Union, the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) and the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). The Holy See is also a permanent observer in various international organizations, including the United Nations General Assembly, the Council of Europe, UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization), the World Trade Organization (WTO), and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO).
Relationship with Vatican City and other territories.
The Holy See participates as an observer to African Union, Arab League, Council of Europe, the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM), Organization of American States, International Organization for Migration and in the United Nations and its agencies FAO, ILO, UNCTAD, UNEP, UNESCO, UN-HABITAT, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNWTO, WFP, WHO, WIPO. and as a full member in IAEA, OPCW, Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE).
Although the Holy See is closely associated with Vatican City, the independent territory over which the Holy See is sovereign, the two entities are separate and distinct. After the Italian seizure of the Papal States in 1870, the Holy See had no territorial sovereignty. In spite of some uncertainty among jurists as to whether it could continue to act as an independent personality in international matters, the Holy See continued in fact to exercise the right to send and receive diplomatic representatives, maintaining relations with states that included the major powers Russia, Prussia, and Austria-Hungary. Where, in accordance with the decision of the 1815 Congress of Vienna, the Nuncio was not only a member of the Diplomatic Corps but its dean, this arrangement continued to be accepted by the other ambassadors. In the course of the 59 years during which the Holy See held no territorial sovereignty, the number of states that had diplomatic relations with it, which had been reduced to 16, actually increased to 29.
The State of the Vatican City was created by the Lateran Treaty in 1929 to "ensure the absolute and visible independence of the Holy See" and "to guarantee to it indisputable sovereignty in international affairs." Archbishop Jean-Louis Tauran, the Holy See's former Secretary for Relations with States, said that Vatican City is a "minuscule support-state that guarantees the spiritual freedom of the Pope with the minimum territory".
The Holy See, not Vatican City, maintains diplomatic relations with states. Foreign embassies are accredited to the Holy See, not to Vatican City, and it is the Holy See that establishes treaties and concordats with other sovereign entities. When necessary, the Holy See will enter a treaty on behalf of Vatican City.
Under the terms of the Lateran Treaty, the Holy See has extraterritorial authority over various sites in Rome and two Italian sites outside of Rome, including the Pontifical Palace at Castel Gandolfo. The same authority is extended under international law over the Apostolic Nunciature of the Holy See in a foreign country.
Though, like various European powers, earlier popes recruited Swiss mercenaries as part of an army, the Pontifical Swiss Guard was founded by Pope Julius II on 22 January 1506 as the personal bodyguards of the Pope and continues to fulfill that function. It is listed in the Annuario Pontificio under "Holy See", not under "State of Vatican City". At the end of 2005, the Guard had 134 members. Recruitment is arranged by a special agreement between the Holy See and Switzerland. All recruits must be Catholic, unmarried males with Swiss citizenship who have completed basic training with the Swiss Armed Forces with certificates of good conduct, be between the ages of 19 and 30, and be at least 175 cm (5 ft 9 in) in height. Members are armed with small arms and the traditional halberd (also called the Swiss voulge), and trained in bodyguarding tactics.
The police force within Vatican City, known as the Corps of Gendarmerie of Vatican City, belongs to the city state, not to the Holy See.
The Holy See signed the UN treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons, a binding agreement for negotiations for the total elimination of nuclear weapons.
The main difference between the two coats of arms is that the arms of the Holy See have the gold key in bend and the silver key in bend sinister (as in the sede vacante coat of arms and in the external ornaments of the papal coats of arms of individual popes), while the reversed arrangement of the keys was chosen for the arms of the newly founded Vatican City State in 1929.
Kim's paternal great-grandparents. They immigrated to Canada from Hamburg, Germany shortly after getting married in 1911.
On the right is Mr Gao. He was our first Chinese teacher in Tai'an, China back in 2004-5. He has now immigrated to Canada and is living on the mainland in BC. He came over for a visit with us and to check out prospects on Vancouver Island. We had our friends Lloyd and Swan over for dinner while Mr Gao was visiting and we made our first use of the round table that mysteriously appeared one day at the front of our property.
July, 2014
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