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Bike Sharing at Vancouver Art Gallery - Pentax Zoom 105-R (aka Pentax 105 Super) 38-105mm 1:4.0-7.8 and Fuji ISO 400 Film - Photographer Russell McNeil PhD (Physics) lives on Vancouver Island, where he works as a writer.
ISO 640 - 85mm - f/1.4 - 1/2000 - Nikon D700 - Nikor 85mm f/1.4
Photo's take by the lovely Kellie Trenkle and I get the privilege of processing the photos! :)
I'm done! Wedding challenged check off my list. Now I can start posting some fun photos as of late. :)
Nikon Df ISO-Reihe, JPEG High, OOC, vom Stativ (Tripod), no NR. Der vollständige Test hier:
www.ralfs-foto-bude.de/kameratest/kamerahersteller/nikon/...
Nikon D5, 14-24mm f/2.8 AFS, f/2.8, 30sec, ISO 10000
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File#: 1831634
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I’ve probably shot this arch a 100 times over the last 18 years. Every time I try something different. This time was the first where I was serious about including the Milky Way in the composition. For those new to night photography, environmental conditions can significantly affect compositional choices. Like dealing with the sun in daytime, too much moonlight will adversely affect things at night. If you hope to capture stars, especially the Milky Way you normally have to wait for moonset to capture your images.. I made this shot a three in the morning.
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As you can imagine, when I'm night shooting, I'm probably sleeping during the day and not focusing much on traditional day-time photography like sunrises and sunsets. Normally, I either focus on night or daytime photography when shooting. I rarely do either. I think it has something to do with getting sleep. While I have no problem going for days with minimal sleep, that's not the way I normally like to operate. As a result, if I can I pick day-time or night-time photography. This is especially true in places I've previously visited like the Mobius Arch.
ISO 2000, 1 / 15. VIGNETTE for Android. Auto processing and crop by the app itself.
i did nothing! Using my presets for "velvia film" film
Waiting for steadty shot!
original (16:9) with Exifs is saved two
DxOMark states that the Nikon Df has the actual best ISO performance of all tested cameras - well, it´s really powerful at high sensitivity settings.
Original RAW image, slightly corrected, converted without noise reduction with LR 5.3.
Nikon D4s ISO-Reihe. Den Test gibt's hier: www.ralfs-foto-bude.de/kameratest/kamerahersteller/nikon/...
Roll 20141128-01: Kodak Portra 400 Extended ISO: Hybrid Process - Rodinal & Tetenal C41: Nikon FE2: Vidalia High School vs. Greater Atlanta Christian:
Note: After experimenting a bit with stand processing B&W film in Rodinal and being very happy with the results using Tri-X at ISO 3200 I thought there may be a way to partially process C41 film to improve the look of the dark areas of underexposed Portra. I asked the question in the APUG forums. One of the members, Athiril a member here too, determined that a 10 minute stand in 1:100 Rodinal would be sufficient to do what I wanted and conducted some of his own testing, the results of which looked much better than a push or straight processing in C41 only. This roll of film was processed using that method: Rodinal at 1:100 for 10 minutes then processed normally in Tetenal C41 chemistry. The 10 minute Rodinal process was at room temperature 72F with an initial 15 second agitation followed by a gentle swirl at 1.5 minutes and at 3 minutes. The rinse was at 102F and was the first pre-heat rinse step required for the Tetenal kit. This is the first roll I’ve process using this method and I am very happy with the results. The dark areas of the scan look much better than a 2 stop + underexposure with just normal or push processing.
Deneen Evening Dress Portrait Photo Shoot Arch Street Studio Philadelphia Ilford HP5 Plus ISO 400 35 mm B&W Film Contact Sheet Proof Print June 1995
Analog Yashica Auto Focus Motor - 1 (of 23) - Yashica 38mm 1:2.8 Auto Focus Motor D (1978) & Kodak ISO 400 Film - Photographer Russell McNeil PhD (Physics) lives in Nanaimo, British Columbia where he works also as a writer and a personal trainer.
NYC: Office / Tom
Quick demo of ISO 10,000
(We could have shot this at 1/160 and ISO 800.)
Leica M10 | Leica Summilux-M 1.4/35 ASPH
Bremen Classic Motorshow 2016 - This is a fiberglas model (Italian: manichino) for presentation purpose, it was shown to the public for the first time at the Autosalon Paris in 1972. A fully drivable example is owned by Piero Rivolta. Its chassis was constructed by Giotto Bizzarrini, the car designed by Piero Rivolta and Ercole Spada.
Specs: V8 (Ford), 5766 cm³, 325 PS, dimensions: l = 4.12 m, w = 1.92 m, h = 1.05 m
11,04 am iso 2000 1/1000 f 10 Ev -0.3
meglio visto su sfondo nero (Clicca sull'immagine)
best seen on black background (click on image)
La farfalla è un insetto che, come le falene, appartiene all'ordine dei Lepidotteri.
La distinzione tra farfalle e falene non risponde a una classificazione scientifica tassonomica, ma deriva dall'uso comune. In base a tale distinzione "popolare", alcuni autori del passato hanno proposto una distinzione tra Ropaloceri o "Rhopalocera" (farfalle), che nella classificazione moderna corrispondono alle superfamiglie Hesperioidea e Papilionoidea, ed Eteroceri o "Heterocera" (falene). Questa distinzione oggi, però, non è più scientificamente accettata.
Le farfalle hanno abitudini generalmente diurne ed hanno antenne clavate, a differenza di quelle delle falene, che sono spesso pettinate o filiformi, e chiudono le ali a libro in posizione di riposo.
Questa distinzione di comodo, al pari di quella tra macrolepidotteri e microlepidotteri, pur non essendo più ritenuta valida, viene talvolta ancora utilizzata dagli entomologi per ragioni pratiche, dato che corrisponde a differenze nei metodi di studio dei diversi gruppi.
Il ciclo vitale
Quattro sono i principali stadi di un ciclo vitale di una farfalla: uovo, bruco, pupa e adulto.
•Uovo: Poco prima del momento della schiusa l'uovo diventa scuro, ed il giovane bruco può essere visto muoversi al suo interno. Prima ritaglia una sorta di "coperchio" circolare nell'involucro rigido dell'uovo, quindi spinge il corpo fuori dell'uovo contorcendosi.
Questa è una delle fasi di maggiore vulnerabilità . Una volta uscito, il bruco generalmente mangia il guscio vuoto dell'uovo. Ciò gli fornisce l'alimentazione necessaria alla sopravvivenza fino al momento in cui sarà riuscito ad individuare la sua pianta ospite.
•Bruco: Il bruco sceglie uno stelo adatto e tesse un cuscinetto di seta cui attacca la coda. Quindi fissa una "cintura" dello stesso materiale che fa passare attorno al centro del corpo e che rimane attaccata al supporto offerto dallo stelo. La cuticola del bruco si fende lungo il dorso e la pupa inizia ad emergere. Una serie di contorcimenti sospinge la cuticola del bruco verso la coda. Questa vecchia pelle viene abbandonata, ed una serie di uncini sulla coda viene fissata al cuscinetto sericeo. A questo punto la pupa assume la sua forma definitiva.
•Pupa: Poco prima dello sfarfallamento, il colore della farfalla adulta diventa vagamente visibile. L'involucro della pupa si fende e la farfalla comincia faticosamente ad uscire.
Quando è completamente uscita, la farfalla emette dall'estremità dell'addome un liquido detto meconio, contenente i prodotti di rifiuto accumulati durante lo stadio pupale.
Dopo la schiusa, la farfalla rimane con le ali ripiegate e penzolanti, e le espande pompando emolinfa nelle nervature alari. È importante che le ali dell'insetto si espandano abbastanza in fretta prima di indurirsi; in caso contrario, rimarrebbero deformate in modo permanente.
•Adulto: La farfalla completamente sviluppata ha un tipo di vita totalmente differente da quello del bruco: mentre questo si nutre di foglie per crescere, la farfalla passa il tempo a succhiare il nettare dei fiori e ad accoppiarsi.
In genere la vita da farfalla è abbastanza breve, varia da qualche giorno a una settimana o due e, solo in alcuni casi, può raggiungere il mese di vita. Per esempio, la Vanessa io o Occhio di pavone (Inachis io), sverna in letargo prima di deporre gruppi di oltre 500 uova alla volta ad inizio primavera, quindi è in grado di superare due stagioni.
La farfalla più grande esistente è la Ornithoptera alexandrae o farfalla della regina Alessandra che può raggiungere un'apertura alare di 31 cm, una lunghezza corporea di 8 cm e un peso fino a 12 grammi.
Taken in near dark. The only light in the cathedral was sketchy artificial light. All handheld, the amount of detail visible is stunning imho. Sensor technology has advanced considerably in the last years!
ISO 12.800
Olympus OM-D E-M10 with Panasonic Lumix G Vario 45-200mm f/4.0-5.6
This second iso-area square pattern is composed of identical "modules" as this first one:
www.flickr.com/photos/8303956@N08/2770959869/
I made this as an exercise to show how assembling the same elements differently can result in a completely different tessellation. To see how the structure is different, see the crease patterns here:
www.flickr.com/photos/8303956@N08/2773429916/
This formation of connecting the same elements consumes less paper for the same number of iterations, yet has the same amount of paper tied into it's pleats. Therefore it is also a more dense tessellation. This tess also has the property of being easily pulled loose, as seen here:
I was at the Nikon showroom and spent a few minutes trying out the new D7100. The cropped shots above (of a poster) were taken at ISO 800 - 6400. Viewed at 100%, the sensor noise becomes more apparent at ISO 3200 and above.
Click here to see my D7000 ISO Test
© 2013 CP Cheah. All rights reserved.
Random Thoughts - 7 (of 17) - Contax T2 with Carl Zeiss Sonnar 1:2.8 38 mm T* & Ilford XP2 ISO 400 Film - Photographer Russell McNeil PhD (Physics) lives on Vancouver Island, where he works as a writer.
Georgia on Film - 1 (of 10) - Contax T2 Karl Zeiss Sonnar 1:2.8 38 mm T* with Kodak 200 ISO Film - Photographer Russell McNeil PhD (Physics) lives in Nanaimo, British Columbia where he works also as a writer and a personal trainer.
Tess I made out of a small hexagon of printer paper.
As you can see, I used kite-twists in this tess. I had never seen someone use these before, and for a while I've been trying to come up with a decent design that uses them. So far, this is the best one I could come up with, but IMO it's a bit too "basic" to satisfy me.
This tess doesn't require too much gridding (this one is made with only 16ths), however it more than makes up for that with it's non-grid creases.
Although the pattern is not actually repeated too much here, it looks like it was due to how similar the different parts of it look. I would imagine folding this with 32nds would give a better effect of the true pattern's repetition.
Front/Back: www.flickr.com/photos/8303956@N08/3708402151/
Oesterreichische Nationalbank
Logo of the Austrian National Bank
Headquarters Vienna, Austria
Central Bank of Austria
Currency€
To ISO 4217 EUR
website
Previous Austro- Hungarian Bank
List of Central Banks
Oesterreichische Nationalbank, at Otto-Wagner -Platz No. 3, Vienna
The Austrian National Bank (OeNB), Austria's central bank as an integral part of the European System of Central Banks (ESCB) and the Eurosystem. It is instrumental in the design of the economic development in Austria and in the euro area. Legally, the OeNB is a public limited company.. However, it is also subject to further enshrined in the National Bank Act regulations resulting from its separate position as a central bank. In the framework of the Eurosystem, the OeNB contributes to a stability-oriented monetary policy. At the national level, it cares about the preservation of financial stability and the money supply and manage foreign exchange reserves to hedge against the euro in times of crisis. The guideline values in terms of the tasks of the Austrian National Bank are "security, stability and trust".
Contents
1 History
1.1 1816 to 1818
1.2 1818 to 1878
1.3 1878 to 1922
1.4 1922 to 1938
1.5 1938 to 1945
1.6 1945 to 1998
1.7 From 1999
2 The OeNB as a modern central bank
3 Legal form and organs
3.1 Legal framework
3.2 organs
3.2.1 General
3.2.2 General
3.2.3 Board of Directors
4 Tasks
4.1 Monetary policy strategies and monetary policy decision-making process
4.1.1 Economic analysis
4.1.2 Production of statistical information
4.1.3 Contribute to international organizations
4.2 Implementation of monetary policy
4.2.1 use of monetary policy instruments
4.2.2 Reserve Management
4.2.3 Money Supply
4.3 Communication of monetary policy
4.4 ensure financial stability
4.4.1 Financial Stability
4.4.2 Payment System Stability and payments
5 The OeNB in the European System of National Banks
6 President / Governors
7 See also
8 Literature
9 links
10 Notes and references
History
1816-1818
As long as 50 years before the founding of the National Bank the Habsburgs carried out first experiments with securities in the form of paper money. Finally, in the 18th Century the issue of banknotes transferred to a state independent institution, while the issue of paper money called "Banco notes," founded in 1705 by the "Vienna City Bank" took place in 1762.
In wartime governance took back control of the money issue, so there was an inflation of Banco-Zettel 1796-1810. The state ordered the forced acceptance of paper money in private transport, which led to a fast-growing discount on bills in the market. 1799 was therefore one for 100 guilders paper money only 92 guilders in silver coins, and at the end of 1810 the value of the paper florin had fallen to 15 % of the nominal value of the Banco-Zettel. Later, the Habsburgs declared a devaluation of the Banco-Zettel in the ratio of 5:1. This act was considered by the business community as a sovereign default, which the paper money experienced a rapid devaluation.
At the end of the Napoleonic wars the Habsburg multinational state ( → Habsburg Monarchy) faced a new challenge: the restoration of a European balance. Church, the nobility, the army and the bureaucracy as elements in the Ancien Régime were not sufficient to solve this problem, a well -founded economic situation was needed. Moreover, one could not ignore readily the laws of supply and demand.
In this regard, were the first June 1816 by Emperor Francis I two patents issued (later to distinguish the "main patent" or "bank patent"), the "privileged Austrian National Bank", conceived as a public company, had to constitute itself as soon a possible, propose the emperor three of its directors for selection of the governor and take up their activity provisionally on 1 July 1816.
The National Bank had henceforth a monopoly on the issuance of paper money, which led to a slowdown in the Austrian monetary system and an increase in the value of paper money. The economy was again a solid source of money keeping constant the value of money regardless of the spending plans of the State. The equity of the Bank justified this by share issues.
Initially comprised the activities of the bank - under temporary management - the redemption of paper money and the issuance of shares. The full effectiveness attained the National Bank until after the issue of 1,000 shares and the associated possibility of shareholders to set the management themselves.
1818-1878
On 15 July 1817 recieved the National Bank as the "first Bankprivilegium" the exclusive right to unrestricted issue of banknotes and in this context a special position in terms of Rediskontgeschäfts (rediscount business). Beginning of 1818 the definitive bank management was ready. Part of it were among leading figures of Viennese society, including the banker Johann Heinrich von Geymüller and Bernard of Eskeles. From 1830 to 1837 the Office of the Governor was held by Adrian Nicholas Baron Barbier.
In the countries of the Habsburg Monarchy, which were characterized in large part by an agricultural oriented activity pattern, some regions showed a lively commercial-industrial growth. The goal now was to create a system of economic exchange between these areas. Successively established the National Bank branch network and thus guaranteed a uniform money and credit supply. From its headquarters in Vienna this network extended over early industrial areas and commercial centers in Eastern and Central Europe to the northern Mediterranean.
Trade bills and coins were preferred assets of the National Bank, less the supply of money to the state. With the exchange transactions, the National Bank supported the economic growth of the monarchy and secured at the same time the supply of silver coins in the event that the need for these increases in exchange for bank notes, contrary to expectations. 1818 was the National Bank, however, by increasing public debt, due to high spending in times of crisis, not spared to make an increase in the government debt positions on the asset side of its balance sheet.
The patent provisions of the founding of the National Bank not sufficiently secured against the autonomy of governance. At the center of the struggle for independence, this was the question of the extent to which the issue of banknotes must be made on the basis of government bonds. In 1841, a renewal of Bankprivilegiums got a weakening of the independence by pushing back the influence of the shareholders in favor of the state administration. During the revolution of 1848/49 followers of constitutional goals received great support from senior figures in the National Bank. For about a hundred years, the Austrian branch of the Rothschild bank (from which from 1855, the "Royal Privileged Austrian Credit-Institute for Commerce and Industry", the later Creditanstalt, was born) was playing a leading role in the banking center of Vienna. Salomon Mayer von Rothschild was involved during the pre-March in all major transactions of the National Bank for the rehabilitation of the state budget.
Special focus the National Bank was putting on the development of the premium that was payable at the exchange of banknotes into silver money in business dealings. The increase, which corresponded to a depreciation of the notes issued by the Bank should be prevented. From an overall state perspective, the increase of the silver premium means a deterioration in terms of the exchange ratio towards foreign countries, influencing the price competitiveness of the Austrian foreign trade adversely. The stabilization of the premium were set some limits. Although the height of the emission activitiy was depending on the Bank, but also the price of silver and the potential effects of increased government debt materially affected the silver premium. Especially the 1848 revolution and conflicts in the following years caused an increasement of the silver premium.
Mid-century, the private banking and wholesale houses were no longer able to cope with the rapidly growing financial intermediation of the Habsburg monarchy. New forms of capital formation were required. From an initiative of the House of Rothschild, the first by the government approved and private joint-stock bank was created. This formation was followed in 1863 and 1864 by two other joint-stock banks, whose major shareholders included important personalities of the aristocracy, who possessed large liquid funds. Overall, grew with these banks the money creation potential of the "financial center of Vienna".
The central bank faced another difficult task: with its limited resources it had to secure sufficient liquidity on the one hand and on the other hand prevent the inflationary expansion of the money supply. Through close contacts with the shareholders of Vienna was a financial center (informal) ballot, especially in times of crisis, easily dealt out. In contrast, it gave differences of opinion in the Fed Board, which required enforcement of decisions.
In 1861, Friedrich Schey Koromla became director of the National Bank. On 27 December 1862 experienced the Bankprivilegium another innovation. The independence of the National Bank of the State was restored and anchored. Furthermore, was introduced the direct allocation of banknotes in circulation by the system of "Peel'schen Bank Act", which states that the fixed budget of 200 million guilders exceeding circulation of banknotes must be covered by silver coins. In 1866, when the German war ended in defeat for Austria, the compliance of the system was no longer met. The state felt itself forced to pay compensation for breach of privilege. This balance was supported by a law of 1872, after the National Bank may issue notes up to a maximum of 200 million guilders and each additional payment must be fully backed by gold or silver.
1873 the economic boom of the Habsburg monarchy was represented in a long-lasting rise in the share price. A now to be expecting break could by the behavior of the Vienna Stock not be intercepted, so it came to the "Great Crash of 1873". The in 1872 fixed restrictions of the circulation of notes for a short time have been suspended. Contrary to expectations, the money supply in crisis peak but only outgrew by nearly 1% the prescribed limit in the bank acts. The banks and the industrial and commercial companies survived the crash without major losses, although the share prices significantly lay below the initial level.
The years with high growth were followed by a period of stagnation.
1878-1922
As part of the compensation negotiations between Austria and Hungary in 1867, the National Bank was able to exercise fully their Privilegialrechte, the Kingdom of Hungary but now had the certified right, every ten years exercisable, to found an own central bank (bank note). As resulted from the first 10 -year period that furthermore none of the two parts of the monarchy wanted to build an independent money-issuing bank (Zettelbank), was built on 28 June 1878, initially to 31 December 1887 limited, an Austro-Hungarian Bank, and equipped with the Fed privilege. The first privilege of the new bank was a compromise in which on the one hand, regulations on liability for national debts as well as regulations limiting the influence of the government on banking businesses were included. 1878 Gustav Leonhardt was Secretary of the Bank.
The General Assembly and the General Council formed the unit of the bank management. Two directorates and major institutions - in Vienna and Budapest - represented the dual nature of the bank. 1892-1900 followed a long discussion finally the currency conversion from guilders (silver currency) to the crown (gold standard) with "Gold Crown" said coins.
Since the new banknotes were very popular in the public, now many gold coins piled up in the vaults of the Austro-Hungarian Bank. This period was characterized by a balanced combination of price growth and damping, the "per capita national product" grew while prices remained mostly stable. Against this background, it was easy for the Fed to encourage a new wave of industrialization.
With a third privilege in 1899 conditions were established under which the bank could be put into the financial services of the two countries, on the other hand there have been important innovations that paved a good exchange policy. By 1914, the exchange ratio of the Austro-Hungarian currency was unchanged with only minor fluctuations. In contrast, was the by conflicts marked political development.
The expansive foreign policy quickly led to high costs from which had to be shouldered by the central bank a significant part. The stability of the currency was in danger. Shortly after the beginning of World War I in 1914, laid down the Military Command to indemnify any seized property with double the price. There was an increasing scarcity of goods, connected with an ongoing expansion of the money supply and finally the increase in the price level on the 16-fold.
The resulting cost of the war of the Dual Monarchy were covered to 40% on central bank loans and 60% through war bonds. Over the duration of the war, the power force built up in recent decades has been frozen at the end of the conflict in 1918, the real income of the workers had fallen to one-fifth of the last year of peace.
With the end of the war the end for the old order had come, too. The decay of Cisleithania and Transleithania caused in several successor states, despite the efforts of the central bank to maintain the order, a currency separation (see Crown Currency in the decay of the monarchy, successor states). First, a separate "Austrian management" of the bank was introduced. It was encouraged to shoulder the shortcomings of the state budget of the Republic of Austria founded in 1918.
The new South Slav state began in January 1919 stamping its crown banknotes. The newly founded Czechoslovak Republic retained the crown currency (to date), but their printed banknotes in circulation as of February 1919 with indications that now these ar Czechoslovak crowns. (The country could an inflation as experienced by Austria avoide.) In March 1919, German Austria began to stamp its crown banknotes.
The Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye of 10 September 1919, by Austria on 25 October 1919 ratified and which on 16 July 1920 came into force, determined the cancellation and replacement of all crown banknotes of all successor states of Austria-Hungary as well as the complete liquidation of the Austro-Hungarian Bank under the supervision of the war winners. The last meetings of the Bank took place mid 1921 and at the end of 1922.
After a period of overvaluation of the crown the dollar rate rose from 1919 again. 1921, had to be paid over 5,000 Austrian crowns per dollar. In addition to the significant drop in the external value existed in Austria rising inflation. End of 1922 was ultimately a rehabilitation program with foreign assistance - the "Geneva Protocol" - passed which slowed down the inflation.
1922-1938
With Federal Law of 24 July 1922 the Minister of Finance was commissioned to build a central bank, which had to take over the entire note circulation plus current liabilities of the Austrian management of the Austro-Hungarian Bank. With Federal Law of 14 November 1922, certain provisions of the law were amended and promulgated the statutes of the Austrian National Bank. By order of the Federal Government Seipel I 29 December 1922, the Board of the Austrian Austro-Hungarian Bank issued authorization for the central bank union activity with 1 January 1923 have been declared extinct and was made ​​known the commencement of operations of the Oesterreichische Nationalbank this day.
The statutes of the Austrian National Bank (OeNB) secured the independence from the state, the independence of the Bank under exclusion of external influences and the corresponding equity. First, the stabilization of the Austrian currency was at the forefront. With the Schilling Act of 20 December 1924 was the schilling currency (First Republic) with 1 Introduced in March 1925, it replaced the crown currency. For 10,000 crowns now you got a shilling.
As an important personality in terms of the order of the state budget, Dr. Victor Kienböck has to be mentioned. He was in the time from 1922 to 1924 and from 1926 to 1929 finance minister of the First Republic and from 1932 to 1938 President of the Austrian National Bank. Through his work remained the Austrian Schilling, also beyound the global economy crisis, stable. Under this condition, the Fed was able to cope with the large number of bank failures of the past.
1938-1945
According to the on 13th March issued Anschlussgesetz (annexation law) , the Reichsmark with order of the Fuehrer and Chancellor of 17 was March 1938 introduced in the country Austria and determines the course: A Reichsmark is equal to one shilling fifty pence. On the same day, the Chancellor ordered that the management of the to be liquidated National Bank was transferred to the Reichsbank.
With regulation of three ministers of the German Reich of 23 April 1938, the National Bank was established as a property of the Reichsbank and its banknotes the quality as legal tender by 25 April 1938 withdrawn; public funds had Schilling banknotes until 15th of may in 1938 to accept. All the gold and foreign exchange reserves were transferred to Berlin.
The Second World War weakened the Austrian economy to a great extent, the production force after the war corresponded to only 40% of that of 1937 (see also air raids on Austria). To finance the war, the Reichsbank brought to a high degree banknotes in circulation, which only a great victory of the kingdom (Reich) actual values ​​would have been opposable. Since prices were strictly regulated, inflation virtually could be "banned" during the war.
1945-1998
In occupied postwar Austria about 10 billion shillings by Allied military occupying powers were initially printed, which contributed to significant price increases.
With the re-establishment of the Republic of Austria by the Austrian declaration of independence of 27 April 1945, it came to the resumption of activities of the Oesterreichische Nationalbank. By the "Fed Transition Act" of July 1945 preliminary legal regulations for the operations of the Bank have been established. The restoration of the Austrian currency was their first big job. The goal was the summary of all currencies, which at the time were in circulation, and their secondment to a new Austrian currency. The "Schilling Act" of November 1945, the basis for the re-introduction of the Schilling (Second Republic) as legal tender in Austria. The next step was to reduce excess liquidity to make necessary funds for new business investment available and to make the external value of the shilling for the development of the economy competitive. First, however, less changed the inflationary situation and also the shilling was still significantly undervalued in relation to other currencies.
The "Currency Protection Act" of 1947 brought a significant change in the monetary overhang. Some deposits have been deleted without replacement, others converted into claims against the Federal Treasury. The following exchange operations also significantly reduced the amount of cash: banknotes from 1945 were canceled and exchanged for new schilling notes in the ratio 1:3. Only 150 shillings per person could go 1-1.
To control inflation, the social partners came to the foreground. The associations of employers and employees set in 1947 prices for supplies, wages were also raised. This was the first of the five "wage-price agreements" of the social partners. In 1952, inflation was held back by limiting the use of monetary policy instruments by the National Bank. Also, the external sector slowly relaxed after the end of the Korean War.
In 1955, the Austrian National Bank was re-established by the new National Bank Act as a corporation and the by the National Bank Transition of Authorities Act (Nationalbank-Ãœberleitungsgesetz) established provisional arragement abolished. The National Bank Act stipulated that each half of the capital should be situated at the federal government and private shareholders. In addition to the independence of bank loans of the state, the new National Bank Act also contained an order that the central bank must watch within their monetary and credit policies on the economic policies of the federal government. From now on also included within the instruments of the National Bank were the areas open market and minimum reserve policy.
The Austrian economy increasingly stabilized, through good fiscal and monetary policy a high growth could be attained, with low inflation and long-term maintenance of external equilibrium.
1960, Austria joined the European Free Trade Association and participated in the European integration.
In the sixties came the international monetary system based on gold-dollar convertibility into currency fluctuations and political reforms were necessary. First, the loosening of exchange rate adjustments between several states was an option. However, U.S. balance of payments problems brought with it restrictions on capital movements, and then the Euro-Dollar market was born. In 1971, the convertibility of the U.S. dollar was lifted.
1975 interrupted a recession increasing growth time. International unbalanced ayments caused very extensive foreign exchange movements, whereby the intervention force of Austrian monetary policy has been strongly challenged. Their task now was to control the effect of foreign exchange on domestic economic activities to stabilize the shilling in the context of constantly shifting exchange rates and to control the price rise appropriately. Since the inflow of foreign funds reached to high proportions, so that the economic stability has been compromised, the policy went the way of the independent course design in a pool of selected European currencies.
The collapse of the economy forced the policy makers to a new course with active mutual credit control, subdued wage growth, financial impulses in supply and demand, and interest rates are kept low. This system of regulation, however, kept back the need for structural change, so it had to be given up in 1979. In the same year a fire destroyed large parts of the main building of the Austrian National Bank in Vienna. The repairs lasted until 1985.
Target in the eighties was to strengthen the economic performance using a competitive power comparison. The findings from the seventies stimulated the Austrian monetary policy to align the Schilling course at the Deutsche Mark to ensure price stability in the country. In addition, the structural change was initiated by inclusion in a large area. Stable, if not necessarily comfortable environment of monetary policy was a prerequisite, to secure the companies long-term productivity gains and thus safeguard their position in the economy.
Initially, this development stood a high level of unemployment in the way. Growth until the second half of the decade increased, at the same time increased the competitiveness and current accounts could be kept in balance.
In the nineties, the annexation of Austria took place in the European Community. 1995 Austria became a member of the European Union (EU) and joined the exchange rate mechanism of the European Monetary System. In 1998, the Central Banks (ESCB) have established the independence of institutions or bodies of the European Community and the governments of the EU Member States through an amendment to the National Bank Act of the Austrian National Bank to implement the goals and tasks of the European System. Thus, the legal basis for the participation of Austria in the third stage of Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) was created in 1999.
As of 1999
The Austrian National Bank, and other national central banks including the European Central Bank ( ECB), belongs to the European System of Central Banks.
On 1 January 1999 was introduced in the third stage of Economic and Monetary Union in Austria and ten other EU Member States, the euro as a common currency. The European Central Bank is henceforth responsible for monetary and currency policy, decisions in this regard will be taken in accordance with the Council of the European Central Bank.
Since May 2010, the OeNB is in full possession of the Republic of Austria, after originally lobbies, banks and insurance companies were involved with 50 % of the share capital in it. In 2011, the National Bank Act was adapted by an amendment (Federal Law Gazette I No. 50 /2011) in this circumstance, a renewed privatization is thus excluded by law.
The OeNB as a modern central bank
With the withdrawal from the retail business in the sixties as well as the first major internationalization and implementation of a strategic management in the seventies, the OeNB went on the way to a future-oriented central bank. Another major reform of banking began at the end of the eighties.
In terms of global development, the OeNB established in 1988 as a service company and expanded its guiding values ​​- "security, stability and trust" - to the principles of " fficiency" and "cost-consciousness". The business center was optimized and strategic business experienced through targeted improvements a reinforcement. Be mentioned as examples are intensifying domestic cooperation in the area of ​​payments by encouraging the creation of the Society for the Study co-payments (STUZZA), the liberalization of capital movements, the professional management of foreign exchange reserves, the improvement of the supply of money through the construction of the money center and the internationalization of business activities through the establishment of representative offices in Brussels (European Union), Paris (OECD) and the financial center of New York.
After Austria's accession to the EU in 1995, the OeNB participated in the European Monetary System (EMS ) and its Exchange Rate Mechanism. The integration in the third stage of Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) was the next step towards further development of policy stability. Since the conclusion of the Maastricht Treaty, the Austrian National Bank has very fully considered its role in the ESCB and created a basis for inclusion in the community. The profound economic and monetary policy of Austria was also a reference that qualified the OeNB to actively participate in the monetary future of Europe, a greater harmonization of the statistical framework and monetary policy instruments with a view to the euro system, the preparation of the issue of European banknotes, and the establishment of operational processes and organizational integration of business processes within the ESCB being specific objectives of the OeNB.
In the following, it came, inter alia, to the establishement of an economic study department, of an education or training initiative and to strengthen the position of payment transactions through the TARGET system.
A in 1996 created "OeNB master plan" provided important points for the upcoming transition to the euro.
In May 1998, a new pension system came into force, by which new employees were incorporated into a two-pillar model.
1999, Austria's participation in the third stage of EMU was manifest. The Austrian National Bank - as part of the ESCB - became the owner of the European Central Bank and received new powers in this context in the sense of participation in the monetary policy decision-making at the level of the European Community. With the introduction of the euro, monetary policy functions of the General Council have been transferred to the Governing Council. However, the implementation remains the responsibility of national central banks.
Activities of the Oesterreichische Nationalbank were or are, for example, the further professionalization of asset management, the expansion of the network of representative offices by opening a representative office in the financial center of London, preparation of the smooth introduction of euro cash in 2002 and the participation of the OeNB on the creation of the "A-SIT" (Center for secure Information Technology Center - Austria) and the "A-Trust" (society of electronic security systems in traffic GmbH ) in order to promote security in information technology.
de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oesterreichische_Nationalbank
body:Canon EOS-1DX
lenz:EF24-70mm f/2.8L II USM
no flash
f/2.8-f3.2
SS:1/1250-1/2000
ISO:20000-25600
model:Nyantaro
ISO comparison between the Nikon D600 full frame DSLR and the Olympus OM-D E-M10 Micro Four Thirds mirrorless camera.
No adjustments (no noise reduction, no sharpening). Just exportet from Lightroom 5.7
Lenses: Nikkor AF-S 50mm f1.8 G on the Nikon, M.Zuiko 25mm f1.8 on the Olympus.
Aperture: f4 on the D600, f2 on the E-M10 (to get the same depth of field).
Leica M6 TTL
Leica Summicron 50mm f/2 IV
Kodak T-Max 400 pushed to 1600 ISO
Kodak HC-110 Dil B (1+31)
9 min 20°C
Scan from negative film
India Champagne Portrait Photo Shoot Arch Street Studio Philadelphia Ilford HP5 Plus ISO 400 35 mm B&W Film Contact Sheet Proof Print July 1995
COOLPIX P7000
Zoom @ 6mm (28mm equiv)
VR - On
ISO - 1600
Aperture Priority Mode
Matrix Meter
f/5.6 @ 1/6.6 sec
I finally came across a situation where trying out several different ISO settings of the same scene made sense.
I really hate pictures that are made for the sake of testing if there isn't a good photograph to come from it.
I don't use cameras to run different tests. I use them to make pictures. If as I am trying to make a picture, there is an opportunity to make a run at changing some of the camera settings, then I will.
After a day at B&H teaching my new CLS Hands-on Workshops, I grabbed the subway over to Adorama to see my friend and co-worker, Chris Knapp present one of his programs.
After the program I decided to walk back to B&H where I had parked my car. Along the way I found several images that nearly jumped into my camera. This series was one of them.
Similar shot at 400 ISO: www.flickr.com/photos/pva1964/5060860082/
Similar shot at 3200 ISO: www.flickr.com/photos/pva1964/5060851114/in/photostream/
ISO 64, 1 / 33.
Camera: SAMSUNG SM-G900F aka Samsung Galaxy S5,
Aperture: f/2.2
Exposure Time : 0.03 sec (1/33) - siehe Bremslichter
Focal Length: 4.8 mm aka 31 mm
ISO: 64
S5: 16:9 native Sensor
°°°
pre-set:
HDR on
voice control
self-timer 2 sec
Das Gewerbegebiet Reutlingen-Nord mit seinen rund 4 ha liegt direkt vor den Toren Stuttgarts an der B 464, dem Zubringer zur B 27.
°°°
tag
Galaxy S5 BEST of, GALAXY DEVINE,
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mascote do nosso grupo Visão Coletiva (:
3º Encontro do Grupo Visão Coletiva
Volta Redonda - RJ
23/01/2011