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Original costume design based on Monster High series character Toralei Stripe! Entire costume created from scratch, wig custom mod by me, f/x done by me. I followed my progress from concept to finish for a graduate project so I have a blog that outlines how I did every single piece of clothing for this cosplay! Hopefully I can post that soon
More pictures to come!
Photos from the football season opener between two Des Moines high schools: Lincoln and Roosevelt. The Roughriders beat the Railsplitters 34-20.
I think every high speed photographer inspired by this classic and iconic photo by H. Edgerton. It was always one of my dream shots to realize.
I'm quite relieved to achieve this after 3 hrs, many cards and some 25 high powered rifle rounds :)
This cake was made for my mums 60th on the weekend, we celebrated with High Tea. The cake itself is an 8" Fruit Cake that is 6 inches high.
Please follow me on Facebook www.facebook.com/pages/Baking-Addict/178478105524901
Dead tree in the Oregon High Desert somewhere East of Bend. Photographed with a Zenza Bronica ETRSi with a PE 50mm f/2.8 lens using expired Kodak Aerochrome Infrared film. I used a Yellow filter with this film.
Well foot high club anyway :)
I finally got out and did some shooting yesterday. This isn't the greatest of shots but I was excited because it was a triple bonus for me.
It's the first decent shot I've got of insects in flight, the first shot I've gotten of a hoverfly and they are mating in flight!
Uploaded for Guess Where UK. I know from writing on the back of this old stereoscope picture which town it is (supposedly) but nothing more. Any information appreciated.
It was really cold when i took the photo :D
Enjoy it and comment down here!!!
You can also follow me on:
Twitter: www.twitter.com/Gontzal_f
Instagram: instagram.com/gontzal_p/
High Line Park , NYC
The view from High Line Park , NYC , USA ...( looking north from 14 St. )
"...why don't we do it in the road."
For some there is a concern that this billboard visually hijacks a multi-million dollar super-creative NYC Parks Dept investment , the High Line Park , ...and shows foriegn visitors what our culture is really all about : ie. "OUT FOR THE BUCK !" .
Several photographers have made awesome images of this imposing iconic eyesore.
Please check out :
beau-dog : www.flickr.com/photos/happybeau/4121530839/
Jay Fine : www.flickr.com/photos/jayfine/4159156382/
Liz Baller : www.flickr.com/photos/eabdesigns/4168824085/
And one of mine (Kevin Farley) : www.flickr.com/photos/kevfarley/4131499998/
GENERATION OF HIGH QUALITY:
(Is a human / generation that is able to do as follows below):
1. OVERCOME VARIOUS problema ACHIEVE ANY DESIRE =
= Healing .......................for self and others; distance / near
= Achieve ...... .................for self and others; distance / near
= Reach ......................... love for self and others; distance / near
= Happiness, etc. ............ for self and others; distance / near
2. CHILDREN UNDER THE NEED = BEFORE / AFTER BIRTH =
= Face......... to conform with the wishes
= Nature ......to conform with the wishes
= Genitals .....to conform with the wishes
= Twin / no.. accordance with the wishes
= Ability ........to comply with the wishes
= IQ..............for liking
= Its future, ..etc. to conform with the wishes
3. SOME LETTERS PASSWORD..... free ( OWN CREATION)
4. COPYRIGHT COMBINED SOME POETRY FROM NAME =
= Name and meaning / purpose of poetry depends request ....(Free)
Please Sorry not to be discussed, discussed in the liver and then get GENERATION HIGH QUALITY send USD; 1,500,000 (to point 1 and point 2) to: Rosida no. rek.654801002820505 BRI branch: 6548 units Sumenep Kalianget East Java Indonesia then send it to us: full address, profiles, and desire through PO.BOX, sms / call, email.atau you can come directly to our hut.
Then you will get:
1. some books to guide science GENERATION HIGH QUALITY good to use before marriage / after, before the birth / thereafterwith this book you will learn and be able to:
a. OVERCOME VARIOUS problema ACHIEVE ANY DESIRE =
= .............. Healing for self and others; distance / near
= Achieve .............. for self and others; distance / near
= Reach ............. love for self and others; distance / near
= Happiness, etc. ............ for self and others; distance / near
b. CHILDREN UNDER THE NEED = BEFORE / AFTER BIRTH =
= Face ...................... to conform with the wishes
= Nature................... to conform with the wishes
= Genitals..................to conform with the wishes
= Twin / no................to accordance with the wishes
= Ability .....................to comply with the wishes
= IQ ..........................for liking
= Its future,............... etc. to conform with the wishes
2. MIXED FOODS, BEVERAGES efficacious for consumption during the 24h X a month, so you will learn and be able to:
a. OVERCOME VARIOUS problema ACHIEVE ANY DESIRE =
= .............. Healing for self and others; distance / near
= Achieve .............. for self and others; distance / near
= Reach ............. love for self and others; distance / near
= Happiness, etc. ............ for self and others; distance / near b. CHILDREN UNDER THE NEED = BEFORE / AFTER BIRTH =
= Face ...................... to conform with the wishes
= Nature................... to conform with the wishes
= Genitals..................to conform with the wishes
= Twin / no................to accordance with the wishes
= Ability .....................to comply with the wishes
= IQ ..........................for liking
= Its future,............... etc. to conform with the wishes
3. manual close / far away forever (if we die our generation will continue; (transfer of energy and other such) so you will learn and be able to:
a. OVERCOME VARIOUS problema ACHIEVE ANY DESIRE =
= .............. Healing for self and others; distance / near
= Achieve .............. for self and others; distance / near
= Reach ............. love for self and others; distance / near
= Happiness, etc. ............ for self and others; distance / near b. CHILDREN UNDER THE NEED = BEFORE / AFTER BIRTH =
= Face ...................... to conform with the wishes
= Nature................... to conform with the wishes
= Genitals..................to conform with the wishes
= Twin / no................to accordance with the wishes
= Ability .....................to comply with the wishes
= IQ ..........................for liking
= Its future,............... etc. to conform with the wishes
alifi30271@hotmail.comalif30271@yahoo.co.idalif30271@ymail.comalifi30271@gmail.comalifi30271@yahoo.comal30271@yahoo.comhttp://alifi30271.blogspot.com/http://generationofhighlyqualified.blogspot.com/http://alif30271.blogspot.com/http://www.mybloglog.com/buzz/alif30271http://my.opera.com/alif30271http://www.filmannex.com/alifiyasintadewi-nurqodrihttp:generationofhighlyqualified.blogspot.com/www.myspace.com/551149748http://groups.google.com/group/generation-high-qualityhttp://www.mixpod.com/alif30271http://www.flickr.com/photos/alifi30271yahoocomhttp://alifi30271.blogspot.com/http://generationofhighlyqualified.blogspot.com/http://alif30271.blogspot.com/http://profile.typepad.com/alifiyasintadewisahidi.achmad @ yahoo.com rsida@ymail.com
SMS = 081331412197 = 087850539399 = 081939047397
Rosida SAHIDI / alifiyasintadewi nurqodri Klg POBOX.30271 69 471 INDONESIA JL. PORT KERTASADA No.38 RT.02/01 Kalianget SUMENEP 69 471 EAST JAVA INDONESIA
* While it is not yet born, later born, the child - children, adolescence, adulthood, so parents, if in the future it is better than all the elements (Chronicle, seeds, lathe, ancestor, and weight), it will be good precisely on The next period, or the next descent. (That's rotation system, if either it will be good also in the future - which will be passed next time.) But that does not mean there is a problem for which the system can not get / create GENERATION OF HIGHLY qualified ...! Before the marriage, before birth, or after birth, GENERATION OF HIGHLY qualified to be created.
So far away before marriage, there was no system of creation, how generations / children that we want, of this process we will know how to actually solve various problems from within ourselves or others, and how to achieve all desires ranging fromin themselves, then help others After birth we were able to drive to create, how abilitasnya, his IQ, character, future, etc., so that our children become the generation that highly qualified.
After birth GENERATION OF HIGHLY Qualified created through two methods:
1.metode in dlahir / sharia / real (through our assistance)
2.metode inner / supernatural (through our assistance)
* After being born under the control arms with MOTHER LOVE:1.method is dlahir / visible / tangible, MOM, DAD, and FAMILY will be more visible to direct, create for children / generation is to become GENERATION OF HIGHLY qualified. 2. methods are unseen through our aid.
* Nature after birth will be brought to nature - nature in the natural maturation of the length distribution, this is where (in nature after the birth of many banks and management of data storage for your child / children / next generation), negatifpenyimpananannya / planting, it will be negative pendewasaannya . then .......... how to create pendewasaannya?GENERATION OF HIGHLY order to become qualified ?.... contact us to get the method. (All goods will be shipped to your place)
* In the arms of the mother and father, and families: making peace happily embrace the affection (without interference of other negative plan brain thinking) that would make the implementation of ITS THE PEACEFUL, HAPPY, LOVE, affectionate, THE ALMIGHTY CREATOR
* Starting from happiness within yourself, then direct the happiness to the wife, or husband, (co-exist and complement between husband and wife). Subsequent to the generation / our child, in community groups, state, and even the world so it will be in accordance with the purpose of the creator, and the goal THE ALMIGHTY CREATOR will be the creation of perfect beings called human.
By creating GENERATION OF HIGHLY qualified then, each of the individual, every family, every group of society, every citizen, and every race and human beings will be in accordance with the wishes, goals, ideals of every self, every family, every human being on earth as the purpose of religion, state and nation, even as the purpose of the creator, as the purpose of THE ALMIGHTY CREATOR will be the creation of perfect beings called human
GENERASI BERKWALITAS TINGGI :
(adalah manusia/generasi yang mampu untuk berbuat sebagaimana berikut di bawah ini) :
1. ATASI BERBAGAI MACAM PROBLEMA MENCAPAI SEGALA KEINGINAN=
=penyembuhan..............untuk diri dan orang lain ; jarak jauh/dekat
=mencapai cita..............untuk diri dan orang lain; jarak jauh/dekat
=mencapai cinta.............untuk diri dan orang lain; jarak jauh/dekat
=kebahagiaan,dll............untuk diri dan orang lain; jarak jauh/dekat
2. ANAK SESUAI KEINGINAN =SEBELUM/SETELAH LAHIR=
=wajahnya......................agar sesuai dengan keinginan
=sifatnya........................ agar sesuai dengan keinginan
=kelaminnya...................agar sesuai dengan keinginan
=kembar/tidaknya..........agar sesuai dengan keinginan
=ability............................agar sesuai dengan keinginan
=IQ-nya..........................agar sesuai dengan keinginan
=masa depannya,dll.......agar sesuai dengan keinginan
3. BEBERAPA HURUF SANDI CIPTAAN SENDIRI ........................(gratis)
4. CIPTA PUISI DARI GABUNGAN BEBERAPA NAMA=
=nama dan makna/tujuan puisi tergantung permintan............................. (gratis)
Mohon ma'af bukan untuk di diskusikan, diskusikan pada hati lalu dapatkan GENERATION HIGH QUALITY
kirim Rp;1.500.000 (untuk point 1 dan point 2)
ke :ROSIDA no. rek.654801002820505 BRI cabang: 6548 unit kalianget sumenep Jawa Timur Indonesia
kemudian kirim kepada kami: alamat lengkap, profil, dan keinginan lewat Po.Box,sms/call, email.atau anda dapat datang langsung ke gubug kami.
Maka anda akan mendapatkan:
1. beberapa kitab ilmu penuntun menjadi GENERATION HIGH QUALITY baik digunakan sebelum nikah/setelahnya, sebelum adanya kelahiran/setelahnya
dengan kitab ini anda akan belajar dan mampu untuk bisa:
a. ATASI BERBAGAI MACAM PROBLEMA MENCAPAI SEGALA KEINGINAN=
=penyembuhan..............untuk diri dan orang lain ; jarak jauh/dekat
=mencapai cita..............untuk diri dan orang lain; jarak jauh/dekat
=mencapai cinta.............untuk diri dan orang lain; jarak jauh/dekat
=kebahagiaan,dll............untuk diri dan orang lain; jarak jauh/dekat
b. ANAK SESUAI KEINGINAN =SEBELUM/SETELAH LAHIR=
=wajahnya...................... agar sesuai dengan keinginan
=sifatnya........................agar sesuai dengan keinginan
=kelaminnya...................agar sesuai dengan keinginan
=kembar/tidaknya..........agar sesuai dengan keinginan
=ability............................agar sesuai dengan keinginan
=IQ-nya..........................agar sesuai dengan keinginan
=masa depannya,dll.......agar sesuai dengan keinginan
2. CAMPURAN MAKANAN,MINUMAN BERKHASIAT untuk di konsumsi selama 24jam X satu bulan, sehingga anda akan belajar dan mampu untuk bisa:
a. ATASI BERBAGAI MACAM PROBLEMA MENCAPAI SEGALA KEINGINAN=
=penyembuhan..............untuk diri dan orang lain ; jarak jauh/dekat
=mencapai cita..............untuk diri dan orang lain; jarak jauh/dekat
=mencapai cinta.............untuk diri dan orang lain; jarak jauh/dekat
=kebahagiaan,dll............untuk diri dan orang lain; jarak jauh/dekat
b. ANAK SESUAI KEINGINAN =SEBELUM/SETELAH LAHIR=
=wajahnya...................... agar sesuai dengan keinginan
=sifatnya........................ agar sesuai dengan keinginan
=kelaminnya...................agar sesuai dengan keinginan
=kembar/tidaknya..........agar sesuai dengan keinginan
=ability............................agar sesuai dengan keinginan
=IQ-nya..........................agar sesuai dengan keinginan
=masa depannya,dll.......agar sesuai dengan keinginan
3. panduan jarak dekat/jauh selamanya (jika kami mati generasi kami akan melanjutkannya; (transfer energi dan lain lain semacamnya) sehingga anda akan belajar dan mampu untuk bisa:
a. ATASI BERBAGAI MACAM PROBLEMA MENCAPAI SEGALA KEINGINAN=
=penyembuhan..............untuk diri dan orang lain ; jarak jauh/dekat
=mencapai cita..............untuk diri dan orang lain; jarak jauh/dekat
=mencapai cinta.............untuk diri dan orang lain; jarak jauh/dekat
=kebahagiaan,dll............untuk diri dan orang lain; jarak jauh/dekat
b. ANAK SESUAI KEINGINAN =SEBELUM/SETELAH LAHIR=
=wajahnya......................agar sesuai dengan keinginan
=sifatnya........................ agar sesuai dengan keinginan
=kelaminnya...................agar sesuai dengan keinginan
=kembar/tidaknya..........agar sesuai dengan keinginan
=ability............................agar sesuai dengan keinginan
=IQ-nya..........................agar sesuai dengan keinginan
=masa depannya,dll.......agar sesuai dengan keinginan
alifi30271@hotmail.com
alif30271@yahoo.co.id
alif30271@ymail.com
alifi30271@gmail.com
alifi30271@yahoo.com
al30271@yahoo.com
generationofhighlyqualified.blogspot.com/
www.mybloglog.com/buzz/alif30271
www.filmannex.com/alifiyasintadewi-nurqodri
http:generationofhighlyqualified.blogspot.com/
groups.google.com/group/generation-high-quality
www.flickr.com/photos/alifi30271yahoocom
generationofhighlyqualified.blogspot.com/
profile.typepad.com/alifiyasintadewi
sahidi.achmad@yahoo.com
rsida@ymail.com
SMS =081331412197 =087850539399 =081939047397
ROSIDA SAHIDI/alifiyasintadewi nurqodri
POBOX.30271 KLG 69471 INDONESIA
JL. PELABUHAN KERTASADA NO.38 RT.02/01 KALIANGET SUMENEP JAWA TIMUR 69471 INDONESIA
*Semasih belum lahir, kemudian lahir, masa anak - anak, masa remaja, dewasa, jadi orang tua, jika dalam pada masa itu adalah baik dari semua unsur (babad, bibit, bubut, bebet,dan bobot), maka akan baik pulalah pada masa berikutnya, atau keturunan berikutnya.(itulah sistem rotasi , jika baik maka akan baik pula pada masa - masa yang akan dilalui berikutnya).
Tetapi bukan berarti bagi yang sistemnya ada masalah tidak bisa mendapatkan/menciptakan GENERATION OF HIGHLY QUALIFIED...!
Sebelum menikah, sebelum lahir,ataupun setelah lahir,GENERATION OF HIGHLY QUALIFIED dapat diciptakan.
Maka jauh jauh sebelum menikah, dari sana sudah ada sistem penciptaan, bagaimana generasi/anak yang kita inginkan, dari proses ini kita akan tahu bagaimana sebenarnya mengatasi berbagai macam problema dari dalam diri kita sendiri atau orang lain,dan bagaimana cara mencapai segala keinginan mulai dari dalam diri, kemudian membantu orang lain
Setelah lahir pun kita dapat mengarahkan menciptakan; bagaimana abilitasnya, IQ-nya, sifatnya,masa depannya,dll, sehingga anak kita menjadi generasi yang highly qualified.
Setelah lahir GENERATION OF HIGHLY QUALIFIED diciptakan melalui dua metode:
1.metode secara dlahir/syariat/nyata (melalui bantuan kami)
2.metode batin/ghaib (melalui bantuan kami)
*Setelah lahir yang tengah berada dalam kekuasaan dekapan KASIH IBU dengan:
1. metode secara dlahir/nampak/ nyata,IBU,AYAH, dan KELUARGA akan lebih nampak untuk mengarahkan,menciptakan agar anak/generasi adalah menjadi GENERATION OF HIGHLY QUALIFIED.
2. metode secara ghaib melalui bantuan kami.
*Alam setelah kelahiran pun akan di bawa kepada alam - alam yang panjang pendistribusiannya pada alam pendewasaan, disinilah (pada alam setelah kelahiran ini banyak dan penuh bank penyimpanan data bagi si kecil/anak/generasi penerus), negatifpenyimpananannya/penanamannya,maka akan negatif pendewasaannya.
lalu.......... bagaimana menciptakan pendewasaannya? agar menjadi GENERATION OF HIGHLY QUALIFIED?.... hubungi kami untuk mendapatkan metodenya. (semua barang akan dipaketkan ke tempat anda)
*Dalam dekapan sang ibu dan ayah ,serta keluarga: menjadikan dekapan damai bahagia kasih mesra (tanpa dicampuri pemikiran otak rencana negatif lain) yang akan menjadikan implementasi dari SANG PEMBERI DAMAI, BAHAGIA, KASIH,MESRA, SANG MAHA PENCIPTA
*Dimulai dari kebahagiaan dalam diri, kemudian mengarahkan kebahagiaan pada istri,atau suami,(saling mengisi dan melengkapi antara suami istri).selanjutnya pada generasi/anak kita, pada kelompok masyarakat,negara,bahkan dunia sehingga akan sesuai dengan tujuan pencipta, serta tujuan SANG MAHA PENCIPTA akan diciptakannya makhluk sempurna yang bernama manusia.
Dengan mencipta GENERATION OF HIGHLY QUALIFIED maka,setiap diri pribadi,setiap keluarga,setiap kelompok masyarakat,setiap warga negara,dan setiap umat dan makhluk manusia akan sesuai dengan keinginan,tujuan,cita-cita dari setiap diri,setiap keluarga,setiap umat manusia didunia sebagaimana tujuan agama,negara dan bangsa,bahkan sebagaimana tujuanpencipta, sebagaimana tujuan SANG MAHA PENCIPTA akan diciptakannya makhluk sempurna yang bernama manusia.
Badami formerly known as Vatapi, is a town and headquarters of a taluk by the same name, in the Bagalkot district of Karnataka, India. It was the regal capital of the Badami Chalukyas from 540 to 757 AD. It is famous for its rock cut structural temples. It is located in a ravine at the foot of a rugged, red sandstone outcrop that surrounds Agastya lake. Badami has been selected as one of the heritage cities for HRIDAY - Heritage City Development and Augmentation Yojana scheme of Government of India.
HISTORY
- Dravidian architecture - Badami Chalukyas
- Hindu temple architecture - Badami Chalukya architecture
- Political history of medieval Karnataka - Badami Chalukyas
- Architecture of Karnataka - Badami Chalukya architecture
- Chalukyas of Badami
PRE-HISTORIC
Badami is surrounded by many pre-historic places including Khyad area of Badami, Hiregudda, Sidlaphadi and Kutkankeri (Junjunpadi, Shigipadi and Anipadi), there we can see the rock shelters megalithic burial sites and paintings.
BADAMI CHALUKYAS AND OTHER DYNASTIES
MYTHOLOGY
The Puranic story says the wicked asura Vatapi was killed by sage Agastya (as per Agastya-Vatapi story), the area in which the incident happened so named as Vatapi. At Aihole there was a merchant guild known as Ayyavole Ainuravaru lived in the area have reformed. As per scholar Dr. D. P. Dikshit, the first Chalukya king was Jayasimha (a feudatory lord in the Kadamba dynasty), who in 500 AD established the Chalukya kingdom. His grandson Pulakeshin Ibuilt a fort at Vatapi.
BADAMI CHALUKYAS
It was founded in 540 AD by Pulakeshin I (535-566 AD), an early ruler of the Chalukyas. His sons Kirtivarma I (567-598 AD) and his brother Mangalesha (598-610 AD) constructed the cave temples.Kirtivarma I strengthened Vatapi and had three sons Pulakeshin II, Vishnuvardhana and Buddhavarasa, who at his death were minors, thus making them ineligible to rule, so Kirtivarma I's brother Mangalesha took the throne and tried to establish rule, only to be killed by Pulakeshin II who ruled between 610 A.D to 642 A.D. Vatapi was the capital of the Early Chalukyas, who ruled much of Karnataka, Maharashtra, Few parts of Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh between the 6th and 8th centuries. The greatest among them was Pulakeshin II (610-642 AD) who defeated many kings including the Pallavas of Kanchipuram.
The rock-cut Badami Cave Temples were sculpted mostly between the 6th and 8th centuries. The four cave temples represent the secular nature of the rulers then, with tolerance and a religious following that inclines towards Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism. cave 1 is devoted to Shiva, and Caves 2 and 3 are dedicated to Vishnu, whereas cave 4 displays reliefs of Jain Tirthankaras. Deep caverns with carved images of the various incarnations of Hindu gods are strewn across the area, under boulders and in the red sandstone. From an architectural and archaeological perspective, they provide critical evidence of the early styles and stages of the southern Indian architecture.
The Pallavas under the king Narasimhavarma I seized it in 642 AD & destroyed the vatapi. Pulakeshin II's son Vikramaditya I of Chalukyas drove back Pallavas in 654 AD and led a successful attack on Kanchipuram, the capital of Pallavas. Then Rashtrakutas came to power in Karnataka including Badami around 757 AD and the town lost its importance. Later it was ruled by the Hoysalas.
Then it passed on to Vijayanagara empire, The Adil Shahis, Mughal Empire, The Savanur Nawabs (They were vassals of Nizams and Marathas), The Maratha, Hyder Ali. The Britishers made it part of the Bombay Presidency.
INSCRIPTIONS
Badami has eighteen inscriptions, among them some inscriptions are important. The first Sanskrit inscription in old Kannada script, on a hillock dates back to 543 CE, from the period of Pulakeshin I (Vallabheswara), the second is the 578 CE cave inscription of Mangalesha in Kannada language and script and the third is the Kappe Arabhatta records, the earliest available Kannada poetry in tripadi (three line) metre. one inscription near the Bhuthanatha temple also has inscriptions dating back to the 12th century in Jain rock-cut temple dedicated to the Tirtankara Adinatha.
VATAPI GANAPATI
In the Carnatic music and Hamsadhwani raga the Vatapi Ganapatim Bhaje by the composer Muthuswami Dikshitar. The idol of Vatapi Ganapati brought from Badami by Pallavas, is now in the Uthrapathiswaraswamy Temple, near Thanjavur of Tamil Nadu.
In 7th century, Vatapi Ganapati idol was brought from Badami (Vatapi - Chalukya capital) by Pallava who defeated Chalukyas.
TOURISM
Landmarks in Badami include cave temples, gateways, forts, inscriptions and sculptures.
- A Buddhist cave in a natural setting that can be entered only by crawling on knees.
- The Bhuhtanatha temple, a small shrine, facing the lake, constructed in 5th century.
- Badami Fort situated on top of the hill.
- Many Shivalayas including the Malegatti Shivalaya with 7th century origins.
- The Dattatreya temple.
- The Mallikarjuna temple dating back to the 11th century, built on a star shaped plan.
- a Dargah, a dome of an Islamic place of worship on the south fort side.
- Vista points on top of the North Fort for the view of the ancient town below.
- Temple of Banashankari, a Kuladevata (family deity) for many families, is located near Badami.
- Archaeological museum, that has collection of sculptures from Badami, Aihole and Pattadakal.
BADAMI CAVE TEMPLES
The Badami cave temples are a complex of four cave temples located at Badami, a town in the Bagalkot district in the north part of Karnataka, India. They are considered an example of Indian rock-cut architecture, especially Badami Chalukya architecture initiated during the 6th century. Badami was previously known as Vataapi Badami, the capital of the early Chalukya dynasty, who ruled much of Karnataka from middle of the sixth until the middle of the eighth centuries. Badami is situated on the west bank of an artificial lake filled with greenish water dammed by an earthen wall faced with stone steps. Badami is surrounded in the north and south by forts built in later times from the ramparts that crown their summits.
The Badami cave temples represent some of the earliest known experimentation of Hindu temple prototypes for later temples in the Indian peninsula. Along with Aihole, states UNESCO, their pioneering designs transformed the Malaprabha river valley into a cradle of Temple Architecture, whose ideas defined the components of later Hindu Temples elsewhere. Caves 1 to 3 feature Hindu themes of Shiva and Vishnu, while Cave 4 features Jain icons. There is also a Buddhist Cave 5 which has been converted into a Hindu temple of Vishnu. Another cave identified in 2013 has a number of carvings of Vishnu and other Hindu deities, and water is seen gushing out through the cave all the time.
GEOGRAPHY
The Badami cave temples are located in the Badami town in the north central part of Karnataka, India. The temples are about 110 km northeast from Hubli-Dharwad, the second largest metropolitan area of the state. Malaprabha river is 4.8 km away. Badami, also referred to as Vatapi, Vatapipuri and Vatapinagari in historical texts, and the 6th-century capital of Chalukya dynasty, is at the exit point of the ravine between two steep mountain cliffs. Four cave temples have been excavated in the escarpment of the hill to the south-east of the town above the artificial lake called Agastya Lake created by an earthen dam faced with stone steps. To the west end of this cliff, at its lowest point, is the first cave temple dedicated to Shiva, followed by a cave north east to it dedicated to Vishnu but is at a much higher level. The largest is Cave 3, mostly a Vaishnava cave, is further to the east on the northern face of the hill. The first three caves are dedicated to Hindu gods and goddesses including Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva. The fourth cave, dedicated to Jainism, is a short distance away.
HISTORY OF CAVE TEMPLES
The cave temples, numbered 1 to 4 in the order of their creation, identified in the town of Badami, the capital city of the Chalukya kingdom (also known as Early Chalukyas) are dated from the late 6th century onwards. The exact dating is known only for cave 3 which is a Brahmanical temple dedicated to Vishnu. An inscription found here records the creation of the shrine by Mangalesha in Saka 500 (lunar calendar, spanning 578 to 579 CE). These inscriptions are in Kannada language, and have been the source for dating these rock cave temples to the 6th-century. The Badami caves complex are part of the UNESCO inscribed World Heritage Site under the title "Evolution of Temple Architecture – Aihole-Badami-Pattadakal" in the Malaprabha river valley which is considered a cradle of Temple Architecture, which formed the template for later Hindu temples in the region. The art work in Cave 1 and Cave 2 exhibit the northern Deccan style of 6th- and 7th-century, while those in Cave 3 show a simultaneous co-exhibition of two different ancient Indian artistic traditions – the northern Nagara and the southern Dravida styles. The Cave 3 also shows icons and reliefs in the Vesara style – a creative fusion of ideas from the two styles, as well as some of the earliest surviving historical examples of yantra-chakra motifs and colored fresco paintings in Karnataka. The first three caves feature sculpture of Hindu icons and legends focusing on Shiva and Vishnu, while Cave 4 features Jain icons and themes.
TEMPLE CAVES
The Badami cave temples are composed of mainly four caves, all carved out of the soft Badami sandstone on a hill cliff, dated to the late 6th to 7th centuries. The planning of four caves (1 to 4) is simple. The entrance is a verandah (mukha mandapa) with stone columns and brackets, a distinctive feature of these caves, leading to a columned mandapa – main hall (also maha mandapa) and then to the small square shrine (sanctum sanctorum, garbhaghrha) cut deep into the cave. The cave temples are linked by stepped path with intermediate terraces looking over the town and lake. Cave temples are labelled 1–4 in their ascending series even though this numbering does not necessarily reflect the sequence of excavation.
The cave temples are dated to 6th to 8th century, with an inscription dated to 579 CE. The inscriptions are in old Kannada script. The architecture includes structures built in Nagara style and Dravidian style which is the first and most persistent architectural idiom to be adopted by the early chalukyas There is also the fifth natural cave temple in Badami – a Buddhist temple, a natural cave, which can be entered kneeling on all fours.
CAVE 1
The cave is just about 18 m above the street level on the northwest part of the hill. Access is through series of steps which depict carvings of dwarfish ganas (with "bovine and equine heads") in different postures. The verandah with 21 m length with a width of 20 m in the interior, has four columns all sculpted with reliefs of the god Shiva in different dancing positions and different incarnations. The guardian dwarapalas at the entrance to the cave stand to a height of 1.879 m.
The cave portrays the Tandava-dancing Shiva, as Nataraja. The image, (1.5 m tall, has 18 arms, in a form that express the dance positions arranged in a geometric pattern, which Alice Boner states, is a time division symbolizing the cosmic wheel. Some of the arms hold objects while most express mudras (symbolic hand postures). The objects include drums, trident and axe. Some arms also have serpents coiled around them. Shiva has his son Ganesha and the bull Nandi by his side. Adjoining to the Nataraja, a wall depicts the goddess Durga, depicted slaying the buffalo-demon Mahishasura. Elsewhere, the two sons of Shiva, Ganesha and Kartikkeya, the god of war and family deity of the Chalukya dynasty are seen in one of the carved sculptures on the walls of the cave with Kartikkeya riding a peacock.
The cave also has carved sculptures of the goddesses Lakshmi and Parvati flanking Harihara, a 2.36 m high sculpture of a fused image that is half Shiva and half Vishnu. To the right, Ardhanarishvara, a composite androgynous form of Shiva and his consort Parvati, is sculpted towards the end of the walls. All the carved sculptures show ornaments worn by them, as well as borders with reliefs of various animals and birds. Lotus design is a common theme. On the ceiling are images of the Vidyadhara couples. Through a cleavage in the back side of the cave is a square sanctuary with more images carved.
Other prominent images in the cave are Nandi, the bull, in the sculptural form of Dharmadeva, the god of justice, Bhringi, a devotee of Shiva, a female decorated goddess holding a flat object in her left hand, which are all part of Ardhanarishvara described earlier. The roof in the cave has five carved panels with the central panel depicting the serpent Shesha. The head and bust are well formed and project boldly from the centre of the coil. In another compartment a bass-relief of 0.76 m diameter has carvings of a male and female; the male is Yaksha carrying a sword and the female is Apsara with a flying veil. The succeeding panel has carvings of two small figures; and the panel at the end is carved with lotuses.
CAVE 2
Cave 2, facing north, to the west of Cave 3, created in late 6th century AD, is almost same as cave 1 in terms of its layout and dimensions but it is dedicated primarily to Vishnu. Cave is reached by climbing 64 steps from the first cave. The cave entrance is the verandah, divided by four square pillars, which has carvings from its middle section to the top where there are yali brackets with sculptures within them. The cave is adorned with reliefs of guardians. Like the Cave 1, the cave art carved is a pantheon of Hindu divinities.
The largest relief in Cave 2 shows Vishnu as Trivikrama – with one foot on Earth and another – directed to the north. Other representations of Vishnu in this cave include Varaha (boar) where he is shown rescuing Bhudevi (symbolism for earth) from the depths of ocean, and Krishna avatars – legends found in Hindu Puranas text such as the Bhagavata Purana. Like other major murti (forms) in this and other Badami caves, the Varaha sculpture is set in a circle, the panel is an upright rectangle, states Alice Boner, whose "height is equal to the octopartite directing circle and sides are aligned to essential geometric ratios, in this case to the second vertical chord of the circle". The doorway is framed by pilasters carrying an entablature with three blocks embellished with gavaksha ornament. The entrance of the cave also has two armed guardians holding flowers rather than weapons. The end walls of the outer verandah is occupied by sculpted panels, to the right, Trivikrama; to the left, Varaha rescuing Bhudevi, with a penitent multi-headed snake (Nag) below. The adjacent side walls and ceiling have traces of colored paintwork, suggesting that the cave used to have fresco paintings. The columns show gods and battle scenes, the churning of cosmic ocean (Samudra Manthan), Gajalakshmi and figures, Brahma, Vishnu asleep on Shesha, illustrations of the birth of Krishna, Krishna's youth, Krishna with gopis and cows.
The ceiling of Cave 2 shows a wheel with sixteen fish spokes in a square frame along with swastikas and flying couples. The end bays have a flying couple and Vishnu on Garuda.[8] The main hall in the cave is 10.16 m in width, 7.188 m deep and 3.45 m high and is supported by eight square pillars in two rows. The roof of this hall has panels which have carvings. At the upper end of the wall a frieze runs all along the wall with engravings of episodes from the Krishna or Vishnu legends.
The sculptures of Cave 2, like Cave 1, are of the northern Deccan style of 6th-and 7th-century similar to that found in Ellora caves.
CAVE 3
The Cave 3 is dedicated to Vishnu, and is the most intricately carved and the biggest. It has well carved giant figures of Trivikrama, Anantasayana, Paravasudeva, Bhuvaraha, Harihara and Narasimha. The theme on which the Cave 3 is carved is primarily Vaishnavite, however the cave also shows Harihara on its southern wall – half Vishnu and half Shiva shown fused as one, making the cave important to Shaivism studies as well. Cave 3, facing north, is 60 steps away from the Cave 2. This cave temple's veranda, 21 m in length with an interior width of 20 m, has been sculpted 15 m deep into the mountain, and an added square shrine at the end extends the cave some 3.7 m further inside. The verandah itself is 2.1 m wide and has four free standing carved pillars separating it from the hall. The cave is 4.6 m high, supported by six pillars each measuring 0.76 m square. Each column and pilaster is carved with wide and deep bases crowned by capitals which are camouflaged by brackets on three sides. Each bracket, except for one bracket, has carvings of standing human figures, under foliage in different postures, of a male and female mythological characters, along with attendant figure of a dwarf. A moulded cornice in the facia, with a dado of blocks below it (generally in 2.1 m lengths), have about thirty compartments carved with series of two fat dwarfs called ganas. The cave shows a Kama scene on one pillar, where a woman and man are in maithuna (erotic) embrace beneath a tree.
Cave 3 also shows fresco paintings on the ceiling, but some of these are faded, broken and unclear. These are among the earliest known and surviving evidence of fresco painting in Indian art.[14] The Hindu god Brahma is seen in one of the murals, while the wedding of Shiva and Parvati, attended by various Hindu deities, is the theme of another. There is a lotus medallion on the floor underneath the mural of four armed Brahma. The sculpture is well preserved, and a large number of Vishnu's reliefs including standing Vishnu with 8 arms, Vishnu seated on a hooded serpent called Sesha or Ananta on the eastern side of the verandha, Vishnu as Narasimha (half human – half lion), Varaha fully armed, a boar incarnation of Vishnu in the back wall of the cave, Harihara (a syncretic sculpture of Vishnu and Shiva), and Trivikrama avatars. The back wall also has carvings of Vidhyadaras holding offerings to Varaha, and adjoining this is an inscription dated 579 AD with the name Mangalis inscribed on it. At one end of the pilaster there is a sculpture of the fourth incarnation of Vishnu as Vamana shown with eight arms called Ashtabhuja decorated with various types of weapons. A crescent moon is crafted above his face, crown of Vishnu decorates his head and is flanked by Varaha and two other figures and below on his right is his attendant Garuda. The images in front of Vamana are three figures of Bali and his wife with Shukra, his councilor. Reliefs stand 4 metres tall. The culture and clothing embedded in the sixth century is visible in the art sculpted in this cave. The roof in the verandha has seven panels created by cross beams, each is painted in circular compartments with images of Shiva, Vishnu, Indra, Brahma, Kama and so forth with smaller images of Dikpalas (cardinal guardians) with geometric mosaics filling the gaps at the corners.
The front aisle's roof has panels with murals in the center of male and female figurines flying in the clouds; the male figure is yaksha holding a sword and a shield. Decoration of lotus blooms are also seen on the panels. The roof in the hall is divided into nine panels slightly above the level of the ceiling. The central panel here depicts a deva mounted on a ram – conjectured as Agni. Images of Brahma and Varuna are also painted in the central panels while the floating figures are seen in the balance panels.
CAVE 4
The Cave 4, to the east of Cave 3, excavated around 650 AD, is located higher than other caves. It is dedicated to revered figures of Jainism and was constructed last among all the caves. It also features detailed carvings and diverse range of motifs. The cave has five bayed entrance with four square columns with brackets and capitals, and to the back of this verandah is a hall with two standalone and two joined pillars. The first aisle is a verandah 9.4 m in length, 2.0 m wide and extends to 4.9 m deep. From the hall, steps lead to the sanctum sanctorum, which is 7.8 m wide extending to a depth of 1.8 m. On the back part of this, Mahavira is represented, sitting on lion throne, flanked by bas-reliefs of attendants with chauri (fans), sardulas and makara's heads. The end walls have Parshvanath (about 2.3 m tall) with his head decorated to represent protection and reverence by a multi-headed cobra, Indrabhuti Gautama covered by four snakes and Bahubali are seen; Bahubali is present to the left of Gautama shown with his lower legs surrounded by snakes along with his daughters Brahmi and Sundari. The sanctum, which is adorned by the image of Mahavira, has pedestal which contains an old Kannada inscription of the 12th century A.D. which registers the death of one Jakkave. Many Jaina Tirthankara images have been engraved in the inner pillars and walls. In addition, there are some idols of Yakshas, Yakshis, Padmavati and other Tirthankaras. Some scholars also assign the cave to the 8th century.
CAVE 5
It is a natural cave of small dimensions, undated, is approached by crawling as it has a narrow opening. Inside, there is a carved statue seated over a sculpted throne with reliefs showing people holding chauris (fans), tree, elephants and lions in an attacking mode. The face of this statue was reasonably intact till about 1995, and is now damaged and missing. There are several theories as to who the statue represents.
The first theory states that it is a Buddha relief, in a sitting posture. Those holding the chauris are Bodhisattvas flanking the Buddha, states this theory, and that the cave has been converted to a Hindu shrine of Vishnu, in later years, as seen from the white religious markings painted on the face of the Buddha as the 9th incarnation of Vishnu. Shetti suggests that the cave was not converted, but from the start represented a tribute to Mayamoha of the Hindu Puranas, or Buddhavatara Vishnu, its style suggesting it was likely carved in or before 8th century CE.
The second theory, found in colonial era texts such as one by John Murray, suggested that the main image carved in the smallest fifth cave is that of Jaina figure.
The third theory, by Henry Cousens as well as A. Sundara, and based by local legends, states that the statue is of an ancient king because the statue's photo, when its face was not damaged, lacked Ushnisha lump that typically goes with Buddha's image. Further, the statue has unusual non-Buddha ornaments such as rings for fingers, necklace and chest-band, it wears a Hindu Yajnopavita thread, and its head is stylistically closer to a Jina head than a Buddha head. These features suggest that the statue may be of a king represented with features of various traditions. The date and identity of the main statue in Cave 5, states Bolon, remains enigmatic.
OTHER CAVES
In 2013, Manjunath Sullolli reported the discovery of another cave with 27 rock carvings, about 500 metres from the four caves, from which water gushes year round. It depicts Vishnu and other Hindu deities, and features inscription in Devanagari script. The dating of these carvings is unknown.
OTHER TEMPLES AT BADAMI
On the north hill, there are three temples, of which Malegitti-Shivalaya is perhaps the oldest temple and also the finest in Badami, and has a Dravidian tower. Out of the two inscriptions found here, one states that Aryaminchi upadhyaya, as the sculptor who got this temple constructed and the other dated 1543 speaks of the erection of a bastion during the Vijayanagara rule. The lower Shivalaya has a Dravidian tower, and only the sanctum remains now.
Jambhulinga temple, situated in the town, is presumably the oldest known trikutachala temple in Karnataka. An inscription dated 699 ascribes construction of this temple to Vinayavathi mother of Emperor Vijayaditya.
The place also has Agasthya Tirtha, temples of Goddess Yellamma, Mallikarjuna, Datttreya and Virupaksha. Bhuthanatha group of temples are most important in Badami.
BADAMI FORT
Badami fort lies east of the Bhuthnatha temple, atop a cliff right opposite the Badami cave temples. The entrance to this temple is right through the Badami museum. It is a steep climb with many view points and dotted with little shrines. The path is laid with neatly cut stone, the same that adores all the architecture around.
ETYMOLOGY
The name Vatapi has origin in the Vatapi legend of Ramayana relating to Sage Agastya.There were two demon siblings Vatapi and Ilvala. They used to kill all mendicants by tricking them in a peculiar way. The elder Ilvala would turn Vatapi into a ram and would offer its meat to the guest. As soon as the person ate the meat, Ilvala would call out the name of Vatapi. As he had a boon that whomsoever Ilvala calls would return from even the netherland, Vatapi would emerge ripping through the body of the person, thus killing him. Their trick worked until Sage Agastya countered them by digesting Vatapi before Ilvala could call for him, thus ending the life of Vatapi at the hands of Ilvala. Two of the hills in Badami represent the demons Vatapi and Ilvala.
It is also believed that name Badami has come from colour of its stone (badam - Almond).
CULTURE
The main language is Kannada. The local population wears traditional Indian cotton wear.
GEOGRAPHY
Badami is located at 15.92°N 75.68°E. It has an average elevation of 586 metres. It is located at the mouth of a ravine between two rocky hills and surrounds Agastya tirtha water reservoir on the three other sides. The total area of the town is 10.3 square kilometers.
It is located 30 kilometers from Bagalkot, 128 kilometers from Bijapur, 132 kilometers from Hubli, 46 kilometers from Aihole, another ancient town, and 589 kilometers from Bangalore, the state capital.
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