The Hawker Hurricane Mk l replica US-X has been most generously donated to the Battle of Britain Memorial Trust by the Tory Family Foundation. It represents as precisely as possible the 56 Squadron aircraft in which 20-year-old Pilot Officer Geoffrey Page was shot down and terribly burned on 12 August 1940.

 

In his book Shot Down in Flames (originally published as Tales of a Guinea Pig), Geoffrey described the struggle to leave the burning cockpit and then to open his parachute despite the agony of his burns.

 

“Realising that pain or no pain the ripcord had to be pulled, the brain overcame the reaction of the raw nerve endings and forced the mutilated fingers to grasp the ring and pull firmly,” he wrote.

 

Rescued from the sea by a tender, which transferred him to the Margate lifeboat. Geoffrey became a founder member of the Guinea Pig Club for RAF personnel who underwent plastic surgery at the Queen Victoria Hospital, East Grinstead. Geoffrey eventually returned to operations and became awing leader before being badly injured again in 1944.

 

In later years Geoffrey developed a determination that the heroism of his comrades in 1940 should be marked by a National Memorial. The construction of the Memorial here, and its unveiling by Her Late Majesty, Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother on 9 July 1993, was largely his achievement.

 

Wing Commander Geoffrey Page, DSO, OBE, DFC (and bar) died on 5 August 2000, aged 80, shortly after attending the Memorial Day at Capel le Ferne, marking the 60th anniversary of the Battle of Britain.

Sunrise this morning on a golf course where I live.

 

My thoughts turned to the many mentors and role models we each have during our formative years. Like many young people who grew up in the latter part of the 20th century one of mine was Paul Newman. His generosity of spirit and contributions to the larger community appealed to me as did his determination to listen to the beat of his own drummer and act upon that cadence. As we mourn his passing we honor his character and exceptional accomplishments.

 

A final tribute is best left to his wife, Joanne Woodward, who said of him recently;

 

"Sexiness wears thin after awhile and beauty fades, but to be married to a man who makes you laugh every day, ah, now that's a real treat!"

 

May he rest in peace.

 

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Annapurna trekking region of Nepal enjoy with magnificent view close to highest and impressive mountain range in the world. Day exploration in Pokhara and morning morning flight to Jomsom or drive to Besishisahar from Kathmandu begin of trek. High destination, Muktinath 3800m and in generally highest point of whole Annapurna is 5416m. Thorangla la is situated in Buddhist Monastery, an eternal flame, and Hindus Vishnu Tempe of Juwala Mai making it a pilgrimage site for both Hindus and Buddhists and Muktinath is on the way down from popular trekking it call Thorang la pass which is incredible view in Annapurna region. Whenever possible we will arrive at lodging mid-afternoon, which should leave plenty time for explore the local villages, enjoy the hot springs at Tatopani, continue to Ghorepani where there is forever the possibility of sunrise hike to Poon Hill for spectacular views of Dhaulagiri, Fishtail, Nilgiri and the Annapurna Himalaya range. Continue on to Birethanti finally between with the Baglung road where we will catch cab to Pokhara, next day drive or fly to Kathmandu.

 

Everest trekking region, although fairly effortless compare to some of other trek, takes you high along trails to Tengboche monastery Everest Solu Khumbu is the district south and west of Mount Everest. It is inhabited by sherpa, cultural group that has achieve fame because of the develop of its men on climbing expeditions. Khumbu is the name of the northern half of this region above Namche, includes highest mountain (Mt. Everest 8848m.) in the world. Khumbu is in part of Sagarmatha National Park. This is a short trek but very scenic trek offers really superb view of the world's highest peaks, including Mt. Everest, Mt. Lhotse, Mt. Thamserku, Mt. Amadablam and other many snowy peaks. Fly from Kathmandu to Lukla it is in the Khumbu region and trek up to Namche Bazzar, Tyangboche and into the Khumjung village, a very nice settlement of Sherpas people. This trek introduction to Everest and Sherpa culture with great mountain views, a very popular destination for first time trekkers in Nepal. Justifiably well-known world uppermost mountain (8848m.) and also for its Sherpa villages and monasteries. Few days trek from Lukla on the highland, takes you to the entry to Sagarmatha National Park and town of Namche Bazaar is entrance of Everest Trek. Environment of the towering Himalayas is a very delicate eco-system that is effortlessly put out of balance.

 

Langtang trekking region mixture of three beautiful trek taking us straight into some of the wildest and most pretty areas of Nepal. Starting from the lovely hill town of Syabrubensi our trek winds during gorgeous rhododendron and conifer forests throughout the Langtang National Park on the way to the higher slopes. Leads up to the high alpine yak pastures, glaciers and moraines around Kyanging. Along this route you will have an chance to cross the Ganja La Pass if possible from Langtang Valley. Trail enters the rhododendron (National flower of Nepal) forest and climbs up to alpine yak pastures at Ngegang (4404m). From Ngegang we make a climb of Ganja La Pass (5122m). We start southwest, sliding past Gekye Gompa to reach Tarkeghyang otherwise we take a detour and another unique features of trekking past, the holy lakes of Gosainkund (4300 m.) cross into Helambu via Laurebina to Ghopte (3430 m) and further to Trakegyang. Northern parts of the area mostly fall within the boundaries of Langtang National park.

 

Peak Climbing in Nepal is great view of Himalayas and most various geological regions in asia. Climbing of peaks in Nepal is restricted under the rules of Nepal Mountaineering Association. Details information and application for climbing permits are available through Acute Trekking. First peak climbing in Nepal by Tenzing Norgey Sherpa and Sir Edmund Hilary on May 29, 1953 to Mt. Everest. Trekking Agency in Nepal necessary member from Nepal Mountaineering Association. Our agency will arrange equipment, guides, high altitude porters, food and all necessary gears for climbing in Nepal. Although for some peaks, you need to contribute additional time, exertion owing to improved elevation and complexity. Climbing peaks is next step beyond simply trekking and basic mountaineering course over snow line with ice axe, crampons, ropes etc under administration and coaching from climbing guide, who have substantial mountaineering knowledge and for your climbing in mountain.

 

Everest Base Camp Trek well noon its spectacular mountain peaks and the devotion and openness of its inhabitants, the Everest region is one of the most popular destination for tourists in Nepal. While numerous of the routes through the mountains are difficult, there are plenty places to rest and enjoy a meal along the way. Additionally, don't worry about receiving lost. Just ask a local the way to the next village on your route, and they will direct you. Most Sherpas under the age of fifty can at least understand basic English, and many speak it fluently.

 

Annapurna Base Camp Trek is the major peaks of the western portion of the great Annapurna Himalaya, Annapurna South, Fang, Annapurna, Ganagapurna, Annapurna 3 and Machhapuchhare and including Annapurna first 8091 meters are arranged almost exactly in a circle about 10 miles in diameter with a deep glacier enclosed field at the center. From this glacier basin, known as the Annapurna base camp trek (Annapurna sanctuary trek), the Modi Khola way south in a narrow ravine fully 12 thousand ft. deep. Further south, the ravine opens up into a wide and fruitful valley, the domain of the Gurungs. The center and upper portions of Modi Khola offer some of the best short routes for trekking in Nepal and the valley is situated so that these treks can be easily joint with treks into the Kali Gandaki (Kali Gandaki is name of the river in Nepal) region to the west.

 

Upper Mustang Trekking name Make an escapade beginning from world deepest gorge Kaligandaki valley into world's highest area of Lo-Mangthang valley that passes through an almost tree-less barren landscape, a steep stony trail up and down hill and panorama views of high Annapurna Himalaya including Nilgiri, Annapurna, Dhaulagiri and numerous other peaks. The trek passes through high peaks, passes, glaciers, and alpine valleys. The thousands years of seclusion has kept the society, lifestyle and heritage remain unaffected for centuries and to this date.

 

Helicopter Tour in Nepal having high mountains and wonderful landscape of countryside but is effortlessly reachable by land transport, is known as helicopter tours country. Helicopter services industry in Nepal is now well well-known with many types and categories of helicopters for the fly to different of Nepal. The pilots are very knowledgeable expert with 1000 of flying hours knowledge in Nepal. We have service for helicopter is outstanding reputations and established records for reliable emergency and rescue flight too. Here we would like to offer some of amazing helicopter tour in Himalaya country of Nepal. Further more details information about Nepal tour itinerary for helicopter tour in different part of Nepal contact us without hesitation.

 

Kathmandu Pokhra Tour is an exclusive tour package specially designed for all level travelers. Kathmandu Pokhara tour package is effortless tour alternative for Nepal visitors. This tour package vacation the historically significant and ethnically rich capital (Kathmandu ) of Nepal and the most stunning city of world by the nature, Pokhara. Mountain museum and world peace stupa are another charming of Pokhara tour. Pokhara is the center of escapade tourism in Nepal. Package tour to Kathmandu Pokhara is design to discover highlighted areas of Kathmandu and Pokhara valley. Nepal is the country which is socially and geographically different that’s why we powerfully recommend you discover Nepal to visit once in life time. It is hard to explore all Nepal in one Nepal tours trip in this way we design this trip to show you the highlights of Nepal especially in Kathmandu and Pokhara.

 

Hiking in Nepal in the southern part of the asia continent there lays a tiny rectangular kingdom squeezed between two hugely populated countries, China to the north and India to the south, this country is Nepal a world of its own. Adventure trekking is a type of tourism, involving exploration or travel to remote, exotic and possibly hostile areas. Adventure trekking in Nepal is rapidly growing in popularity, as tourists seek different kinds of vacations. The land of contrast is presumably the exact way to define the scenery of Nepal for you will find maximum world highest peaks high high up above the clouds determined for the gods above. Straight, active and attractive learning experience adventure trekking in Nepal that engross the whole person and have real adventure. Mt. Everest, Kanchenjunga, Daulagiri, and Annapurna and many more are there for the offering for mountain-lovers, adventurers and travelers.

 

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Cardinal Seán P. O’Malley ordained five men to the Priesthood on Saturday, May 25, 2013, at the Cathedral of the Holy Cross, Boston.

 

Cardinal Seán said, “The priesthood is a gift from Christ. We are grateful for the generosity these men have given to the Lord’s call to service. They will join their brother priests, dedicated religious women and men and the faithful ministering in our parishes, working to build strong faith communities. We pray that these newly ordained priests inspire the current generation of young men to consider the possibility of a vocation and, as they are called, to join those in formation at our seminaries.”

  

The priests ordained are:

  

Father John Augustine Cassani

 

One of the three sons of Richard and Mary Ellen (Pumphrey) Cassani, Father Cassani was born on June 7, 1980. A son of St. Jerome Parish in North Weymouth, he is an alumnus of Xaverian Brothers High School in Westwood and graduated from Holy Cross in Worcester in 2002. Father Cassani completed his seminary studies at St. John’s in Brighton and spent his deacon year working at Sacred Heart Parish in East Boston. Before seminary, he was a financial analyst for South Shore Savings Bank in Weymouth. Father Cassani will celebrate his first Mass at his home parish of St. Jerome’s in Weymouth on May 26 at 11:30 a.m. He will also be the homilist.

  

Father Thomas Keith Macdonald

 

An alumnus of Rome’s Pontifical North American College and a native of Westford, Father Macdonald is one of the three children (one sister, one brother) of Thomas and Kathleen (Verfaillie) Macdonald. He was born on July 9, 1984. This avid hiker is a fan of reading Catholic writers G.K. Chesterton and Joseph Pieper. Father Macdonald, a son of St. Catherine of Alexandria Parish, Westford, graduated from local schools before attending UMass Amherst. Father Macdonald spent his deacon year at St. Paul Parish in Cambridge. Father Macdonald will celebrate his first Mass at St. Mary Star of the Sea Parish in Beverly on May 26 at 10:30 a.m. The homilist will be Bishop Arthur Kennedy.

  

Father Jacques Antoine McGuffie

 

A native of Port-au-Prince, Haiti, where he was born on June 18, 1946 to the late Dickens and Leonie (Jean-Philippe) McGuffie, Father McGuffie is one of 7 children — five sisters and one brother. He attended high school at Lycée Alexandre Pétion in Port-au-Prince. He received his BA from Northeastern University in Boston and his MBA from Boston University. Before entering and completing his seminary studies at Blessed John XXIII Seminary in Weston, he worked for the Massachussetts Department of Social Services. Father McGuffie spent his deacon year at St. Catherine of Alexandria in Westford. He will celebrate his first Mass on May 26 at 10:00 a.m. at St. Patrick Church in Roxbury; Father Walter J. Waldron will be the homilist.

  

Father Gerald Alfred Souza

 

This son of St. Kateri Tekakwitha Parish in Plymouth was born Nov. 3, 1985 to Paul and Donna (Urquhart) Souza. He has one brother. Father Souza attended Sacred Heart School in Kingston for elementary and high school. Father Souza attended St. Charles Borromeo Seminary in Philadelphia for the first three years of college, before graduation from Franciscan University in Steubenville, Ohio in 2008. He completed his seminary formation at St. John’s in Brighton. His deacon assignment was spent at St. Mary Parish in Lynn.

 

Father Souza’s first Mass will be at St. Kateri Tekakwitha Parish on May 26 at 2:00 p.m. He will be the homilist as well.

  

Father Christopher William Wallace

 

One of two sons of William and Kathleen (Moran) Wallace, Father Wallace was born Jan. 19, 1983. This native of Our Lady of Good Counsel in Methuen, attended local schools before matriculating at Merrimack College in North Andover. Father Wallace completed his seminary studies at St. John’s and spent his deacon year at St. Joseph Parish in Needham. He is an avid Boston sports fan and also supports the Archdiocesan Serra Club for encouraging vocations. Father Wallace will celebrate his first Mass at St. Theresa Church in Methuen on May 26 at 10:30 a.m.

 

(Photo credit: George Martell/The Pilot Media Group) Posted under a Creative Commons No-Deriv Attribution license.

One of the five characteristics emphasized by the Oklahoma Heritage Association

HISTORY OF ST. JAMES’ AND ST. BASIL’S CHURCH, FENHAM, NEWCASTLE.

 

J’s and B’s Beginnings

The building of the church began during the winter of 1927/28 with the generosity of Sir James Knott, a wealthy ship merchant. The church was built in memory of two of Sir James’ sons Henry (Basil) and James who were killed in the First World War.

 

The church was designed by Edward Eric Lofting, Assistant Surveyor to the fabric of Westminster Abbey, who had been a pupil and assistant of Temple Lushington Moore (one of the leading church architects of late Victorian and Edwardian England). It is thought of as amongst the great churches of the Arts and Crafts movement and is recognised as a masterpiece.

 

Construction took over three years, partly because the foundations were laid so thoroughly that it took one year for any sign of building appeared over the barricades but it was finally ready for consecration by June 1931. The church is grade II listed and said to be built with stone from Dobson’s 1830 Newcastle prison, in Carliol Square, demolished at that time. It is faced however with stone quarried from nearby Kenton.

 

Sir James Knott

James Knott was born on the 31st January 1855 at Howdon on Tyne. He was the eldest of ten children. His father, Matthew, was a Customs Searcher. James was educated at the Scotch School in North Shields, which he left at the age of 14 to start work as a shipping clerk on Newcastle Quayside. He went on to own his own shipping line.

 

In 1878, he married Margaret Annie Garbutt (1855 – 1929) and they had three children: Thomas, James and Henry (known as Basil).

 

The Great War

Major James Knott was killed on the morning of 1st July 1916 – the first day of the battle of the Somme. When the 10th Battalion of the West Yorkshire Regiment advanced across open ground, they were cut down by devastating machine gun fire. Over 90% of the Battalion became casualties.

 

Captain Henry Basil Knott was wounded in action on 24th August 1915, serving as a Captain of the 9th Battalion of the Northumberland Fusiliers. He eventually died from his wounds on 7th September 1915

 

James and Basil were just 2 of more than 700,000 British War Dead. They are both buried in a Cemetery at Ypres, and have given their names to the Church. James and Basil are commemorated in the South window of the memorial chapel, and by an inscription on the tenor bell

 

– ‘we ring in memory of James and Basil Knott, God knows’

 

75th Anniversary 2006

As part of the 75th Anniversary of St James and St Basil’s in 2006, the memories of a generation who had been very young as the church was built and who had grown up within it’s shadow were recorded. Many of those who recalled events were in their 70’s and 80’s and to read their tales is an insight into local history.

 

Fenham is an area of the west-end of Newcastle upon Tyne, in the county of Tyne and Wear, England. It lies to the west of the city centre, and is bounded on the north and east by a large area of open land known as the Town Moor. To the south lies Benwell, West Denton lies to the west, Blakelaw and Cowgate to the north, and Arthur's Hill and Spital Tongues to the east. Until 1974 it was in Northumberland.

 

As of 2018, the area covers two wards of Newcastle: Wingrove Ward, and West Fenham Ward.

 

Fenham grew up as a separate township from Newcastle, lying on the western outskirts of the city. Much of the land originally belonged to religious charitable institutions, and there are covenant restrictions on the building of any licensed premises.

 

History

Fenham was part of the manor of Elswick in the Barony of Bolam until the lands were passed into the ownership of the Knights Templar in 1185. Following the suppression of the Templars in 1307 the manor of Fenham was transferred to the Knights Hospitaller in 1313. In the intervening years it is recorded that coal mines on the site were leased to the town's Corporation.

 

Fenham was formerly a township in the parish of Newcastle-St. Andrew, in 1866 Fenham became a separate civil parish, on 1 April 1914 the parish was abolished to form Newcastle upon Tyne. In 1911 the parish had a population of 1049.[6] It is now in the unparished area of Newcastle upon Tyne.

 

Fenham Hall

Fenham Hall has its origins in the 14th century. Surrendered by the Hospitallers to the Crown at the Reformation, it was granted initially to the Riddell family before being acquired (along with much of the surrounding land) by the Ords in 1695. The present building was begun by John Ord in 1744; following his death the following year it was continued by his brother William. The Hall was expanded and rebuilt over subsequent decades, and now shows various stages of architectural development; the interior was gutted by fire in 1908. (Three years earlier the hall had been purchased as a school.)

 

In 1905 Fenham Hall was purchased by the Society of the Sacred Heart to house a secondary school and a Teacher Training College: St Mary's. The hall itself accommodated the convent and dormitories; further buildings were added for the school and lecture rooms. The Training College closed in 1984, but Sacred Heart Catholic High School remains. Since the closure of St Mary's College the Hall and associated buildings have served as student accommodation for Newcastle University.

 

Fenham Barracks

Fenham Barracks was built in 1804-06 by James Johnson and John Saunders (architects at the Barrack Department of the War Office) on an 11-acre portion of the Town Moor leased from the Newcastle Freemen. Some ten years earlier, the Lord Mayor of Newcastle had written to the Home Secretary expressing local fears of sedition in the wake of the French Revolution.[9] The barracks initially housed units of cavalry and artillery (capable of being deployed locally, as well as overseas during the Napoleonic Wars). Two-storey barrack blocks accommodated the men upstairs and the horses below.

 

In the 1870s the site was expanded to the north, with the addition of a hospital and other amenities, in the wake of the Cardwell Reforms (which also saw Fenham designated as the regimental depot of both the Northumberland Fusiliers and the Durham Light Infantry). Several of the old barracks blocks were demolished in the 1930s. There was further (almost comprehensive) demolition in the 1970s, when the northern part of the site was redeveloped by the Freemen to provide industrial units, a headquarters for the national Blood Transfusion Service and a new BBC Broadcasting Centre (for BBC Radio Newcastle and BBC Look North); proceeds of the sale help fund the maintenance of the Town Moor. Part of the site remains in military hands and it serves as headquarters for local Army Reserve units.

 

Modern developments

In 1895 Benwell and Fenham Urban District was created; in 1904 the area was incorporated into Newcastle upon Tyne.

 

Fenham did not become a residential area until the 20th century. Housing was built on a large scale when tram lines were extended from Central Station via Barrack Road. Further expansion was facilitated by the development of trolley buses and bus links to Westerhope. The Fenham Estates Company undertook residential development and by 1914 both sides Of Fenham Hall Drive had been built up; building continued in Wingrove Avenue, Wingrove Road and Wingrove Gardens up to 1920. The majority of house building up to 1940 was by private builders. City corporation building occurred after 1920 when there was a sale of Blackett-Ord lands and funding became available to purchase and develop areas around Silver Lonnen.

 

During the 1930s, a period of significant residential development and expansion, two churches opened in Fenham: the Arts & Crafts Church of St James and St Basil (architect: E. E. Lofting) was consecrated on 6 June 1931, having been funded by Sir James Knott in memory of his sons, James and Basil, killed in the First World War; the modernist Holy Cross Church (architect: Henry Hicks) was consecrated on Holy Cross Day 1936, having been funded by local landowner John Reginald Blackett-Ord.

 

Local amenities

Fenham possesses a public library on Fenham Hall Drive. It is a Grade II listed building. In December 2018 a drug and alcohol rehabilitation centre was opened in the library building. This has faced opposition from the Fenham Library Action Group (FLAG) and local residents; a petition against the development attracted 3,000 signatures. Fenham has an active residents group called Fenham Association of Residents that launched the FAR Community Centre in 2001. The FAR Community Centre offers activities for all age groups offering activities aimed at helping residents improve their self-esteem and skills. There was also a public swimming pool, since August 2005 run as a community organisation. The pool was shut in 2003, but in 2004 the Liberal Democrats took control of Newcastle City Council from Labour; one of their pledges was to re-open Fenham pool, which was achieved with substantial financial backing from residents of the local community. The pool was closed in July 2019.

 

The main local schools include Westgate Community College on West Road, Saint Cuthberts RC High School on Gretna Road and Sacred Heart RC High School. There are also some private schools situated in Fenham, one is Dame Allan's on Fowberry Crescent.

 

Ethnic minority

Today Fenham is best known in the local area for its large Asian community, with many of the businesses in the area being Asian-owned and including many specialty stores such as a halal butchers and Asian jewellery and clothing stores. There are many ethnic minority groups living side by side in Fenham, with a significant number of people being of either Pakistani or Bangladeshi origin.

 

Councillors

There are three councillors for the Fenham electoral ward: Helen McStravick, Matthew Myers and Marion Talbot, who all represent the Labour Party. Marion Talbot won election in May 2012, securing 1735 votes and beating her nearest rival, PJ Morrissey, on 643 votes. Talbot has since been elected to an Executive post of Performance and Resources Portfolio.

 

Newcastle upon Tyne, or simply Newcastle is a cathedral city and metropolitan borough in Tyne and Wear, England. It is located on the River Tyne's northern bank, opposite Gateshead to the south. It is the most populous settlement in the Tyneside conurbation and North East England.

 

Newcastle developed around a Roman settlement called Pons Aelius, the settlement became known as Monkchester before taking on the name of a castle built in 1080 by William the Conqueror's eldest son, Robert Curthose. It was one of the world's largest ship building and repair centres during the industrial revolution. Newcastle was part of the county of Northumberland until 1400, when it separated and formed a county of itself. In 1974, Newcastle became part of Tyne and Wear. Since 2018, the city council has been part of the North of Tyne Combined Authority.

 

The history of Newcastle upon Tyne dates back almost 2,000 years, during which it has been controlled by the Romans, the Angles and the Norsemen amongst others. Newcastle upon Tyne was originally known by its Roman name Pons Aelius. The name "Newcastle" has been used since the Norman conquest of England. Due to its prime location on the River Tyne, the town developed greatly during the Middle Ages and it was to play a major role in the Industrial Revolution, being granted city status in 1882. Today, the city is a major retail, commercial and cultural centre.

 

Roman settlement

The history of Newcastle dates from AD 122, when the Romans built the first bridge to cross the River Tyne at that point. The bridge was called Pons Aelius or 'Bridge of Aelius', Aelius being the family name of Roman Emperor Hadrian, who was responsible for the Roman wall built across northern England along the Tyne–Solway gap. Hadrian's Wall ran through present-day Newcastle, with stretches of wall and turrets visible along the West Road, and at a temple in Benwell. Traces of a milecastle were found on Westgate Road, midway between Clayton Street and Grainger Street, and it is likely that the course of the wall corresponded to present-day Westgate Road. The course of the wall can be traced eastwards to the Segedunum Roman fort at Wallsend, with the fort of Arbeia down-river at the mouth of the Tyne, on the south bank in what is now South Shields. The Tyne was then a wider, shallower river at this point and it is thought that the bridge was probably about 700 feet (210 m) long, made of wood and supported on stone piers. It is probable that it was sited near the current Swing Bridge, due to the fact that Roman artefacts were found there during the building of the latter bridge. Hadrian himself probably visited the site in 122. A shrine was set up on the completed bridge in 123 by the 6th Legion, with two altars to Neptune and Oceanus respectively. The two altars were subsequently found in the river and are on display in the Great North Museum in Newcastle.

 

The Romans built a stone-walled fort in 150 to protect the river crossing which was at the foot of the Tyne Gorge, and this took the name of the bridge so that the whole settlement was known as Pons Aelius. The fort was situated on a rocky outcrop overlooking the new bridge, on the site of the present Castle Keep. Pons Aelius is last mentioned in 400, in a Roman document listing all of the Roman military outposts. It is likely that nestling in the shadow of the fort would have been a small vicus, or village. Unfortunately, no buildings have been detected; only a few pieces of flagging. It is clear that there was a Roman cemetery near Clavering Place, behind the Central station, as a number of Roman coffins and sarcophagi have been unearthed there.

 

Despite the presence of the bridge, the settlement of Pons Aelius was not particularly important among the northern Roman settlements. The most important stations were those on the highway of Dere Street running from Eboracum (York) through Corstopitum (Corbridge) and to the lands north of the Wall. Corstopitum, being a major arsenal and supply centre, was much larger and more populous than Pons Aelius.

 

Anglo-Saxon development

The Angles arrived in the North-East of England in about 500 and may have landed on the Tyne. There is no evidence of an Anglo-Saxon settlement on or near the site of Pons Aelius during the Anglo-Saxon age. The bridge probably survived and there may well have been a small village at the northern end, but no evidence survives. At that time the region was dominated by two kingdoms, Bernicia, north of the Tees and ruled from Bamburgh, and Deira, south of the Tees and ruled from York. Bernicia and Deira combined to form the kingdom of Northanhymbra (Northumbria) early in the 7th century. There were three local kings who held the title of Bretwalda – 'Lord of Britain', Edwin of Deira (627–632), Oswald of Bernicia (633–641) and Oswy of Northumbria (641–658). The 7th century became known as the 'Golden Age of Northumbria', when the area was a beacon of culture and learning in Europe. The greatness of this period was based on its generally Christian culture and resulted in the Lindisfarne Gospels amongst other treasures. The Tyne valley was dotted with monasteries, with those at Monkwearmouth, Hexham and Jarrow being the most famous. Bede, who was based at Jarrow, wrote of a royal estate, known as Ad Murum, 'at the Wall', 12 miles (19 km) from the sea. It is thought that this estate may have been in what is now Newcastle. At some unknown time, the site of Newcastle came to be known as Monkchester. The reason for this title is unknown, as we are unaware of any specific monasteries at the site, and Bede made no reference to it. In 875 Halfdan Ragnarsson, the Danish Viking conqueror of York, led an army that attacked and pillaged various monasteries in the area, and it is thought that Monkchester was also pillaged at this time. Little more was heard of it until the coming of the Normans.

 

Norman period

After the arrival of William the Conqueror in England in 1066, the whole of England was quickly subjected to Norman rule. However, in Northumbria there was great resistance to the Normans, and in 1069 the newly appointed Norman Earl of Northumbria, Robert de Comines and 700 of his men were killed by the local population at Durham. The Northumbrians then marched on York, but William was able to suppress the uprising. That same year, a second uprising occurred when a Danish fleet landed in the Humber. The Northumbrians again attacked York and destroyed the garrison there. William was again able to suppress the uprising, but this time he took revenge. He laid waste to the whole of the Midlands and the land from York to the Tees. In 1080, William Walcher, the Norman bishop of Durham and his followers were brutally murdered at Gateshead. This time Odo, bishop of Bayeux, William's half brother, devastated the land between the Tees and the Tweed. This was known as the 'Harrying of the North'. This devastation is reflected in the Domesday Book. The destruction had such an effect that the North remained poor and backward at least until Tudor times and perhaps until the Industrial Revolution. Newcastle suffered in this respect with the rest of the North.

 

In 1080 William sent his eldest son, Robert Curthose, north to defend the kingdom against the Scots. After his campaign, he moved to Monkchester and began the building of a 'New Castle'. This was of the "motte-and-bailey" type of construction, a wooden tower on top of an earthen mound (motte), surrounded by a moat and wooden stockade (bailey). It was this castle that gave Newcastle its name. In 1095 the Earl of Northumbria, Robert de Mowbray, rose up against the king, William Rufus, and Rufus sent an army north to recapture the castle. From then on the castle became crown property and was an important base from which the king could control the northern barons. The Northumbrian earldom was abolished and a Sheriff of Northumberland was appointed to administer the region. In 1091 the parish church of St Nicholas was consecrated on the site of the present Anglican cathedral, close by the bailey of the new castle. The church is believed to have been a wooden building on stone footings.

 

Not a trace of the tower or mound of the motte and bailey castle remains now. Henry II replaced it with a rectangular stone keep, which was built between 1172 and 1177 at a cost of £1,444. A stone bailey, in the form of a triangle, replaced the previous wooden one. The great outer gateway to the castle, called 'the Black Gate', was built later, between 1247 and 1250, in the reign of Henry III. There were at that time no town walls and when attacked by the Scots, the townspeople had to crowd into the bailey for safety. It is probable that the new castle acted as a magnet for local merchants because of the safety it provided. This in turn would help to expand trade in the town. At this time wool, skins and lead were being exported, whilst alum, pepper and ginger were being imported from France and Flanders.

 

Middle Ages

Throughout the Middle Ages, Newcastle was England's northern fortress, the centre for assembled armies. The Border war against Scotland lasted intermittently for several centuries – possibly the longest border war ever waged. During the civil war between Stephen and Matilda, David 1st of Scotland and his son were granted Cumbria and Northumberland respectively, so that for a period from 1139 to 1157, Newcastle was effectively in Scottish hands. It is believed that during this period, King David may have built the church of St Andrew and the Benedictine nunnery in Newcastle. However, King Stephen's successor, Henry II was strong enough to take back the Earldom of Northumbria from Malcolm IV.

 

The Scots king William the Lion was imprisoned in Newcastle, in 1174, after being captured at the Battle of Alnwick. Edward I brought the Stone of Scone and William Wallace south through the town and Newcastle was successfully defended against the Scots three times during the 14th century.

 

Around 1200, stone-faced, clay-filled jetties were starting to project into the river, an indication that trade was increasing in Newcastle. As the Roman roads continued to deteriorate, sea travel was gaining in importance. By 1275 Newcastle was the sixth largest wool exporting port in England. The principal exports at this time were wool, timber, coal, millstones, dairy produce, fish, salt and hides. Much of the developing trade was with the Baltic countries and Germany. Most of the Newcastle merchants were situated near the river, below the Castle. The earliest known charter was dated 1175 in the reign of Henry II, giving the townspeople some control over their town. In 1216 King John granted Newcastle a mayor[8] and also allowed the formation of guilds (known as Mysteries). These were cartels formed within different trades, which restricted trade to guild members. There were initially twelve guilds. Coal was being exported from Newcastle by 1250, and by 1350 the burgesses received a royal licence to export coal. This licence to export coal was jealously guarded by the Newcastle burgesses, and they tried to prevent any one else on the Tyne from exporting coal except through Newcastle. The burgesses similarly tried to prevent fish from being sold anywhere else on the Tyne except Newcastle. This led to conflicts with Gateshead and South Shields.

 

In 1265, the town was granted permission to impose a 'Wall Tax' or Murage, to pay for the construction of a fortified wall to enclose the town and protect it from Scottish invaders. The town walls were not completed until early in the 14th century. They were two miles (3 km) long, 9 feet (2.7 m) thick and 25 feet (7.6 m) high. They had six main gates, as well as some smaller gates, and had 17 towers. The land within the walls was divided almost equally by the Lort Burn, which flowed southwards and joined the Tyne to the east of the Castle. The town began to expand north of the Castle and west of the Lort Burn with various markets being set up within the walls.

 

In 1400 Henry IV granted a new charter, creating a County corporate which separated the town, but not the Castle, from the county of Northumberland and recognised it as a "county of itself" with a right to have a sheriff of its own. The burgesses were now allowed to choose six aldermen who, with the mayor would be justices of the peace. The mayor and sheriff were allowed to hold borough courts in the Guildhall.

 

Religious houses

During the Middle Ages a number of religious houses were established within the walls: the first of these was the Benedictine nunnery of St Bartholomew founded in 1086 near the present-day Nun Street. Both David I of Scotland and Henry I of England were benefactors of the religious house. Nothing of the nunnery remains now.

 

The friary of Blackfriars, Newcastle (Dominican) was established in 1239. These were also known as the Preaching Friars or Shod Friars, because they wore sandals, as opposed to other orders. The friary was situated in the present-day Friars Street. In 1280 the order was granted royal permission to make a postern in the town walls to communicate with their gardens outside the walls. On 19 June 1334, Edward Balliol, claimant to be King of Scotland, did homage to King Edward III, on behalf of the kingdom of Scotland, in the church of the friary. Much of the original buildings of the friary still exist, mainly because, after the Dissolution of the Monasteries the friary of Blackfriars was rented out by the corporation to nine of the local trade guilds.

 

The friary of Whitefriars (Carmelite) was established in 1262. The order was originally housed on the Wall Knoll in Pandon, but in 1307 it took over the buildings of another order, which went out of existence, the Friars of the Sac. The land, which had originally been given by Robert the Bruce, was situated in the present-day Hanover Square, behind the Central station. Nothing of the friary remains now.

 

The friary of Austinfriars (Augustinian) was established in 1290. The friary was on the site where the Holy Jesus Hospital was built in 1682. The friary was traditionally the lodging place of English kings whenever they visited or passed through Newcastle. In 1503 Princess Margaret, eldest daughter of Henry VII of England, stayed two days at the friary on her way to join her new husband James IV of Scotland.

 

The friary of Greyfriars (Franciscans) was established in 1274. The friary was in the present-day area between Pilgrim Street, Grey Street, Market Street and High Chare. Nothing of the original buildings remains.

 

The friary of the Order of the Holy Trinity, also known as the Trinitarians, was established in 1360. The order devoted a third of its income to buying back captives of the Saracens, during the Crusades. Their house was on the Wall Knoll, in Pandon, to the east of the city, but within the walls. Wall Knoll had previously been occupied by the White Friars until they moved to new premises in 1307.

 

All of the above religious houses were closed in about 1540, when Henry VIII dissolved the monasteries.

 

An important street running through Newcastle at the time was Pilgrim Street, running northwards inside the walls and leading to the Pilgrim Gate on the north wall. The street still exists today as arguably Newcastle's main shopping street.

 

Tudor period

The Scottish border wars continued for much of the 16th century, so that during that time, Newcastle was often threatened with invasion by the Scots, but also remained important as a border stronghold against them.

 

During the Reformation begun by Henry VIII in 1536, the five Newcastle friaries and the single nunnery were dissolved and the land was sold to the Corporation and to rich merchants. At this time there were fewer than 60 inmates of the religious houses in Newcastle. The convent of Blackfriars was leased to nine craft guilds to be used as their headquarters. This probably explains why it is the only one of the religious houses whose building survives to the present day. The priories at Tynemouth and Durham were also dissolved, thus ending the long-running rivalry between Newcastle and the church for control of trade on the Tyne. A little later, the property of the nunnery of St Bartholomew and of Grey Friars were bought by Robert Anderson, who had the buildings demolished to build his grand Newe House (also known as Anderson Place).

 

With the gradual decline of the Scottish border wars the town walls were allowed to decline as well as the castle. By 1547, about 10,000 people were living in Newcastle. At the beginning of the 16th century exports of wool from Newcastle were more than twice the value of exports of coal, but during the century coal exports continued to increase.

 

Under Edward VI, John Dudley, Duke of Northumberland, sponsored an act allowing Newcastle to annexe Gateshead as its suburb. The main reason for this was to allow the Newcastle Hostmen, who controlled the export of Tyne coal, to get their hands on the Gateshead coal mines, previously controlled by the Bishop of Durham. However, when Mary I came to power, Dudley met his downfall and the decision was reversed. The Reformation allowed private access to coal mines previously owned by Tynemouth and Durham priories and as a result coal exports increase dramatically, from 15,000 tons in 1500 to 35,000 tons in 1565, and to 400,000 tons in 1625.

 

The plague visited Newcastle four times during the 16th century, in 1579 when 2,000 people died, in 1589 when 1700 died, in 1595 and finally in 1597.

 

In 1600 Elizabeth I granted Newcastle a charter for an exclusive body of electors, the right to elect the mayor and burgesses. The charter also gave the Hostmen exclusive rights to load coal at any point on the Tyne. The Hostmen developed as an exclusive group within the Merchant Adventurers who had been incorporated by a charter in 1547.

 

Stuart period

In 1636 there was a serious outbreak of bubonic plague in Newcastle. There had been several previous outbreaks of the disease over the years, but this was the most serious. It is thought to have arrived from the Netherlands via ships that were trading between the Tyne and that country. It first appeared in the lower part of the town near the docks but gradually spread to all parts of the town. As the disease gained hold the authorities took measures to control it by boarding up any properties that contained infected persons, meaning that whole families were locked up together with the infected family members. Other infected persons were put in huts outside the town walls and left to die. Plague pits were dug next to the town's four churches and outside the town walls to receive the bodies in mass burials. Over the course of the outbreak 5,631 deaths were recorded out of an estimated population of 12,000, a death rate of 47%.

 

In 1637 Charles I tried to raise money by doubling the 'voluntary' tax on coal in return for allowing the Newcastle Hostmen to regulate production and fix prices. This caused outrage amongst the London importers and the East Anglian shippers. Both groups decided to boycott Tyne coal and as a result forced Charles to reverse his decision in 1638.

 

In 1640 during the Second Bishops' War, the Scots successfully invaded Newcastle. The occupying army demanded £850 per day from the Corporation to billet the Scottish troops. Trade from the Tyne ground to a halt during the occupation. The Scots left in 1641 after receiving a Parliamentary pardon and a £4,000,000 loan from the town.

 

In 1642 the English Civil War began. King Charles realised the value of the Tyne coal trade and therefore garrisoned Newcastle. A Royalist was appointed as governor. At that time, Newcastle and King's Lynn were the only important seaports to support the crown. In 1644 Parliament blockaded the Tyne to prevent the king from receiving revenue from the Tyne coal trade. Coal exports fell from 450,000 to 3,000 tons and London suffered a hard winter without fuel. Parliament encouraged the coal trade from the Wear to try to replace that lost from Newcastle but that was not enough to make up for the lost Tyneside tonnage.

 

In 1644 the Scots crossed the border. Newcastle strengthened its defences in preparation. The Scottish army, with 40,000 troops, besieged Newcastle for three months until the garrison of 1,500 surrendered. During the siege, the Scots bombarded the walls with their artillery, situated in Gateshead and Castle Leazes. The Scottish commander threatened to destroy the steeple of St Nicholas's Church by gunfire if the mayor, Sir John Marley, did not surrender the town. The mayor responded by placing Scottish prisoners that they had captured in the steeple, so saving it from destruction. The town walls were finally breached by a combination of artillery and sapping. In gratitude for this defence, Charles gave Newcastle the motto 'Fortiter Defendit Triumphans' to be added to its coat of arms. The Scottish army occupied Northumberland and Durham for two years. The coal taxes had to pay for the Scottish occupation. In 1645 Charles surrendered to the Scots and was imprisoned in Newcastle for nine months. After the Civil War the coal trade on the Tyne soon picked up and exceeded its pre-war levels.

 

A new Guildhall was completed on the Sandhill next to the river in 1655, replacing an earlier facility damaged by fire in 1639, and became the meeting place of Newcastle Town Council. In 1681 the Hospital of the Holy Jesus was built partly on the site of the Austin Friars. The Guildhall and Holy Jesus Hospital still exist.

 

Charles II tried to impose a charter on Newcastle to give the king the right to appoint the mayor, sheriff, recorder and town clerk. Charles died before the charter came into effect. In 1685, James II tried to replace Corporation members with named Catholics. However, James' mandate was suspended in 1689 after the Glorious Revolution welcoming William of Orange. In 1689, after the fall of James II, the people of Newcastle tore down his bronze equestrian statue in Sandhill and tossed it into the Tyne. The bronze was later used to make bells for All Saints Church.

 

In 1689 the Lort Burn was covered over. At this time it was an open sewer. The channel followed by the Lort Burn became the present day Dean Street. At that time, the centre of Newcastle was still the Sandhill area, with many merchants living along the Close or on the Side. The path of the main road through Newcastle ran from the single Tyne bridge, through Sandhill to the Side, a narrow street which climbed steeply on the north-east side of the castle hill until it reached the higher ground alongside St Nicholas' Church. As Newcastle developed, the Side became lined with buildings with projecting upper stories, so that the main street through Newcastle was a narrow, congested, steep thoroughfare.

 

In 1701 the Keelmen's Hospital was built in the Sandgate area of the city, using funds provided by the keelmen. The building still stands today.

 

Eighteenth century

In the 18th century, Newcastle was the country's largest print centre after London, Oxford and Cambridge, and the Literary and Philosophical Society of 1793, with its erudite debates and large stock of books in several languages predated the London Library by half a century.

 

In 1715, during the Jacobite rising in favour of the Old Pretender, an army of Jacobite supporters marched on Newcastle. Many of the Northumbrian gentry joined the rebels. The citizens prepared for its arrival by arresting Jacobite supporters and accepting 700 extra recruits into the local militia. The gates of the city were closed against the rebels. This proved enough to delay an attack until reinforcements arrived forcing the rebel army to move across to the west coast. The rebels finally surrendered at Preston.

 

In 1745, during a second Jacobite rising in favour of the Young Pretender, a Scottish army crossed the border led by Bonnie Prince Charlie. Once again Newcastle prepared by arresting Jacobite supporters and inducting 800 volunteers into the local militia. The town walls were strengthened, most of the gates were blocked up and some 200 cannon were deployed. 20,000 regulars were billeted on the Town Moor. These preparations were enough to force the rebel army to travel south via the west coast. They were eventually defeated at Culloden in 1746.

 

Newcastle's actions during the 1715 rising in resisting the rebels and declaring for George I, in contrast to the rest of the region, is the most likely source of the nickname 'Geordie', applied to people from Tyneside, or more accurately Newcastle. Another theory, however, is that the name 'Geordie' came from the inventor of the Geordie lamp, George Stephenson. It was a type of safety lamp used in mining, but was not invented until 1815. Apparently the term 'German Geordie' was in common use during the 18th century.

 

The city's first hospital, Newcastle Infirmary opened in 1753; it was funded by public subscription. A lying-in hospital was established in Newcastle in 1760. The city's first public hospital for mentally ill patients, Wardens Close Lunatic Hospital was opened in October 1767.

 

In 1771 a flood swept away much of the bridge at Newcastle. The bridge had been built in 1250 and repaired after a flood in 1339. The bridge supported various houses and three towers and an old chapel. A blue stone was placed in the middle of the bridge to mark the boundary between Newcastle and the Palatinate of Durham. A temporary wooden bridge had to be built, and this remained in use until 1781, when a new stone bridge was completed. The new bridge consisted of nine arches. In 1801, because of the pressure of traffic, the bridge had to be widened.

 

A permanent military presence was established in the city with the completion of Fenham Barracks in 1806. The facilities at the Castle for holding assizes, which had been condemned for their inconvenience and unhealthiness, were replaced when the Moot Hall opened in August 1812.

 

Victorian period

Present-day Newcastle owes much of its architecture to the work of the builder Richard Grainger, aided by architects John Dobson, Thomas Oliver, John and Benjamin Green and others. In 1834 Grainger won a competition to produce a new plan for central Newcastle. He put this plan into effect using the above architects as well as architects employed in his own office. Grainger and Oliver had already built Leazes Terrace, Leazes Crescent and Leazes Place between 1829 and 1834. Grainger and Dobson had also built the Royal Arcade at the foot of Pilgrim Street between 1830 and 1832. The most ambitious project covered 12 acres 12 acres (49,000 m2) in central Newcastle, on the site of Newe House (also called Anderson Place). Grainger built three new thoroughfares, Grey Street, Grainger Street and Clayton Street with many connecting streets, as well as the Central Exchange and the Grainger Market. John Wardle and George Walker, working in Grainger's office, designed Clayton Street, Grainger Street and most of Grey Street. Dobson designed the Grainger Market and much of the east side of Grey Street. John and Benjamin Green designed the Theatre Royal at the top of Grey Street, where Grainger placed the column of Grey's Monument as a focus for the whole scheme. Grey Street is considered to be one of the finest streets in the country, with its elegant curve. Unfortunately most of old Eldon Square was demolished in the 1960s in the name of progress. The Royal Arcade met a similar fate.

 

In 1849 a new bridge was built across the river at Newcastle. This was the High Level Bridge, designed by Robert Stephenson, and slightly up river from the existing bridge. The bridge was designed to carry road and rail traffic across the Tyne Gorge on two decks with rail traffic on the upper deck and road traffic on the lower. The new bridge meant that traffic could pass through Newcastle without having to negotiate the steep, narrow Side, as had been necessary for centuries. The bridge was opened by Queen Victoria, who one year later opened the new Central Station, designed by John Dobson. Trains were now able to cross the river, directly into the centre of Newcastle and carry on up to Scotland. The Army Riding School was also completed in 1849.

 

In 1854 a large fire started on the Gateshead quayside and an explosion caused it to spread across the river to the Newcastle quayside. A huge conflagration amongst the narrow alleys, or 'chares', destroyed the homes of 800 families as well as many business premises. The narrow alleys that had been destroyed were replaced by streets containing blocks of modern offices.

 

In 1863 the Town Hall in St Nicholas Square replaced the Guildhall as the meeting place of Newcastle Town Council.

 

In 1876 the low level bridge was replaced by a new bridge known as the Swing Bridge, so called because the bridge was able to swing horizontally on a central axis and allow ships to pass on either side. This meant that for the first time sizeable ships could pass up-river beyond Newcastle. The bridge was built and paid for by William Armstrong, a local arms manufacturer, who needed to have warships access his Elswick arms factory to fit armaments to them. The Swing Bridge's rotating mechanism is adapted from the cannon mounts developed in Armstrong's arms works. In 1882 the Elswick works began to build ships as well as to arm them. The Barrack Road drill hall was completed in 1890.

 

Industrialisation

In the 19th century, shipbuilding and heavy engineering were central to the city's prosperity; and the city was a powerhouse of the Industrial Revolution. Newcastle's development as a major city owed most to its central role in the production and export of coal. The phrase "taking coals to Newcastle" was first recorded in 1538; it proverbially denotes bringing a particular commodity to a place that has more than enough of it already.

 

Innovation in Newcastle and surrounding areas included the following:

 

George Stephenson developed a miner's safety lamp at the same time that Humphry Davy developed a rival design. The lamp made possible the opening up of ever deeper mines to provide the coal that powered the industrial revolution.

George and his son Robert Stephenson were hugely influential figures in the development of the early railways. George developed Blücher, a locomotive working at Killingworth colliery in 1814, whilst Robert was instrumental in the design of Rocket, a revolutionary design that was the forerunner of modern locomotives. Both men were involved in planning and building railway lines, all over this country and abroad.

 

Joseph Swan demonstrated a working electric light bulb about a year before Thomas Edison did the same in the USA. This led to a dispute as to who had actually invented the light bulb. Eventually the two rivals agreed to form a mutual company between them, the Edison and Swan Electric Light Company, known as Ediswan.

 

Charles Algernon Parsons invented the steam turbine, for marine use and for power generation. He used Turbinia, a small, turbine-powered ship, to demonstrate the speed that a steam turbine could generate. Turbinia literally ran rings around the British Fleet at a review at Spithead in 1897.

 

William Armstrong invented a hydraulic crane that was installed in dockyards up and down the country. He then began to design light, accurate field guns for the British army. These were a vast improvement on the existing guns that were then in use.

 

The following major industries developed in Newcastle or its surrounding area:

 

Glassmaking

A small glass industry existed in Newcastle from the mid-15th century. In 1615 restrictions were put on the use of wood for manufacturing glass. It was found that glass could be manufactured using the local coal, and so a glassmaking industry grew up on Tyneside. Huguenot glassmakers came over from France as refugees from persecution and set up glasshouses in the Skinnerburn area of Newcastle. Eventually, glass production moved to the Ouseburn area of Newcastle. In 1684 the Dagnia family, Sephardic Jewish emigrants from Altare, arrived in Newcastle from Stourbridge and established glasshouses along the Close, to manufacture high quality flint glass. The glass manufacturers used sand ballast from the boats arriving in the river as the main raw material. The glassware was then exported in collier brigs. The period from 1730 to 1785 was the highpoint of Newcastle glass manufacture, when the local glassmakers produced the 'Newcastle Light Baluster'. The glassmaking industry still exists in the west end of the city with local Artist and Glassmaker Jane Charles carrying on over four hundred years of hot glass blowing in Newcastle upon Tyne.

 

Locomotive manufacture

In 1823 George Stephenson and his son Robert established the world's first locomotive factory near Forth Street in Newcastle. Here they built locomotives for the Stockton and Darlington Railway and the Liverpool and Manchester Railway, as well as many others. It was here that the famous locomotive Rocket was designed and manufactured in preparation for the Rainhill Trials. Apart from building locomotives for the British market, the Newcastle works also produced locomotives for Europe and America. The Forth Street works continued to build locomotives until 1960.

 

Shipbuilding

In 1296 a wooden, 135 ft (41 m) long galley was constructed at the mouth of the Lort Burn in Newcastle, as part of a twenty-ship order from the king. The ship cost £205, and is the earliest record of shipbuilding in Newcastle. However the rise of the Tyne as a shipbuilding area was due to the need for collier brigs for the coal export trade. These wooden sailing ships were usually built locally, establishing local expertise in building ships. As ships changed from wood to steel, and from sail to steam, the local shipbuilding industry changed to build the new ships. Although shipbuilding was carried out up and down both sides of the river, the two main areas for building ships in Newcastle were Elswick, to the west, and Walker, to the east. By 1800 Tyneside was the third largest producer of ships in Britain. Unfortunately, after the Second World War, lack of modernisation and competition from abroad gradually caused the local industry to decline and die.

 

Armaments

In 1847 William Armstrong established a huge factory in Elswick, west of Newcastle. This was initially used to produce hydraulic cranes but subsequently began also to produce guns for both the army and the navy. After the Swing Bridge was built in 1876 allowing ships to pass up river, warships could have their armaments fitted alongside the Elswick works. Armstrong's company took over its industrial rival, Joseph Whitworth of Manchester in 1897.

 

Steam turbines

Charles Algernon Parsons invented the steam turbine and, in 1889, founded his own company C. A. Parsons and Company in Heaton, Newcastle to make steam turbines. Shortly after this, he realised that steam turbines could be used to propel ships and, in 1897, he founded a second company, Parsons Marine Steam Turbine Company in Wallsend. It is there that he designed and manufactured Turbinia. Parsons turbines were initially used in warships but soon came to be used in merchant and passenger vessels, including the liner Mauretania which held the blue riband for the Atlantic crossing until 1929. Parsons' company in Heaton began to make turbo-generators for power stations and supplied power stations all over the world. The Heaton works, reduced in size, remains as part of the Siemens AG industrial giant.

 

Pottery

In 1762 the Maling pottery was founded in Sunderland by French Huguenots, but transferred to Newcastle in 1817. A factory was built in the Ouseburn area of the city. The factory was rebuilt twice, finally occupying a 14-acre (57,000 m2) site that was claimed to be the biggest pottery in the world and which had its own railway station. The pottery pioneered use of machines in making potteries as opposed to hand production. In the 1890s the company went up-market and employed in-house designers. The period up to the Second World War was the most profitable with a constant stream of new designs being introduced. However, after the war, production gradually declined and the company closed in 1963.

 

Expansion of the city

Newcastle was one of the boroughs reformed by the Municipal Corporations Act 1835: the reformed municipal borough included the parishes of Byker, Elswick, Heaton, Jesmond, Newcastle All Saints, Newcastle St Andrew, Newcastle St John, Newcastle St Nicholas, and Westgate. The urban districts of Benwell and Fenham and Walker were added in 1904. In 1935, Newcastle gained Kenton and parts of the parishes of West Brunton, East Denton, Fawdon, Longbenton. The most recent expansion in Newcastle's boundaries took place under the Local Government Act 1972 on 1 April 1974, when Newcastle became a metropolitan borough, also including the urban districts of Gosforth and Newburn, and the parishes of Brunswick, Dinnington, Hazlerigg, North Gosforth and Woolsington from the Castle Ward Rural District, and the village of Westerhope.

 

Meanwhile Northumberland County Council was formed under the Local Government Act 1888 and benefited from a dedicated meeting place when County Hall was completed in the Castle Garth area of Newcastle in 1910. Following the Local Government Act 1972 County Hall relocated to Morpeth in April 1981.

 

Twentieth century

In 1925 work began on a new high-level road bridge to span the Tyne Gorge between Newcastle and Gateshead. The capacity of the existing High-Level Bridge and Swing Bridge were being strained to the limit, and an additional bridge had been discussed for a long time. The contract was awarded to the Dorman Long Company and the bridge was finally opened by King George V in 1928. The road deck was 84 feet (26 m) above the river and was supported by a 531 feet (162 m) steel arch. The new Tyne Bridge quickly became a symbol for Newcastle and Tyneside, and remains so today.

 

During the Second World War, Newcastle was largely spared the horrors inflicted upon other British cities bombed during the Blitz. Although the armaments factories and shipyards along the River Tyne were targeted by the Luftwaffe, they largely escaped unscathed. Manors goods yard and railway terminal, to the east of the city centre, and the suburbs of Jesmond and Heaton suffered bombing during 1941. There were 141 deaths and 587 injuries, a relatively small figure compared to the casualties in other industrial centres of Britain.

 

In 1963 the city gained its own university, the University of Newcastle upon Tyne, by act of parliament. A School of Medicine and Surgery had been established in Newcastle in 1834. This eventually developed into a college of medicine attached to Durham University. A college of physical science was also founded and became Armstrong College in 1904. In 1934 the two colleges merged to become King's College, Durham. This remained as part of Durham University until the new university was created in 1963. In 1992 the city gained its second university when Newcastle Polytechnic was granted university status as Northumbria University.

 

Newcastle City Council moved to the new Newcastle Civic Centre in 1968.

 

As heavy industries declined in the second half of the 20th century, large sections of the city centre were demolished along with many areas of slum housing. The leading political figure in the city during the 1960s was T. Dan Smith who oversaw a massive building programme of highrise housing estates and authorised the demolition of a quarter of the Georgian Grainger Town to make way for Eldon Square Shopping Centre. Smith's control in Newcastle collapsed when it was exposed that he had used public contracts to advantage himself and his business associates and for a time Newcastle became a byword for civic corruption as depicted in the films Get Carter and Stormy Monday and in the television series Our Friends in the North. However, much of the historic Grainger Town area survived and was, for the most part, fully restored in the late 1990s. Northumberland Street, initially the A1, was gradually closed to traffic from the 1970s and completely pedestrianised by 1998.

 

In 1978 a new rapid transport system, the Metro, was built, linking the Tyneside area. The system opened in August 1980. A new bridge was built to carry the Metro across the river between Gateshead and Newcastle. This was the Queen Elizabeth II Bridge, commonly known as the Metro Bridge. Eventually the Metro system was extended to reach Newcastle Airport in 1991, and in 2002 the Metro system was extended to the nearby city of Sunderland.

 

As the 20th century progressed, trade on the Newcastle and Gateshead quaysides gradually declined, until by the 1980s both sides of the river were looking rather derelict. Shipping company offices had closed along with offices of firms related to shipping. There were also derelict warehouses lining the riverbank. Local government produced a master plan to re-develop the Newcastle quayside and this was begun in the 1990s. New offices, restaurants, bars and residential accommodation were built and the area has changed in the space of a few years into a vibrant area, partially returning the focus of Newcastle to the riverside, where it was in medieval times.

 

The Gateshead Millennium Bridge, a foot and cycle bridge, 26 feet (7.9 m) wide and 413 feet (126 m) long, was completed in 2001. The road deck is in the form of a curve and is supported by a steel arch. To allow ships to pass, the whole structure, both arch and road-deck, rotates on huge bearings at either end so that the road deck is lifted. The bridge can be said to open and shut like a human eye. It is an important addition to the re-developed quayside area, providing a vital link between the Newcastle and Gateshead quaysides.

 

Recent developments

Today the city is a vibrant centre for office and retail employment, but just a short distance away there are impoverished inner-city housing estates, in areas originally built to provide affordable housing for employees of the shipyards and other heavy industries that lined the River Tyne. In the 2010s Newcastle City Council began implementing plans to regenerate these depressed areas, such as those along the Ouseburn Valley.

The European Union should respond to the current refugee crisis with "generosity, solidarity and responsibility", said Felipe VI of Spain when addressing the plenary on Wednesday at noon."I would like that in the coming years, Spain continues contributing with its passion and ideas to Europe's success", said Martin Schulz, President of the European Parliament, at his welcome statement.

 

Read our whole article here:

www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/news-room/content/20151007...

 

This photo is free to use under Creative Commons licenses and must be credited: "© European Union 2015 - European Parliament".

(Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives CreativeCommons licenses creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

For bigger HR files please contact: webcom-flickr(AT)europarl.europa.eu

 

Pawnee chief wearing a headdress of eaglefeathers

The Nittany Lion breaks through the campaign total banner to symbolize that the total will continue climbing until the official conclusion of the Greater Penn State campaign on June 30, 2022.

Divided reverse. Letter generously translated by uwing50, authored somewhere in the vicitnity of the Vosges on 31.7.16 and addressed to a Frau Hermine Oberndorfer in München.

 

Five 'trophy' French Prisonniers de Guerre are photographed with their Bavarian guards somewhere in the vicinity of the Vosges Mountains.

 

The granite mountains of the Vosges range lie on the eastern side of the Department of Vosges within the province of Lorraine. In 1914 a small area of the north-eastern corner of the current Vosges department was incorporated in the annexed province of Alsace-Lorraine. The 1914 border between Imperial Germany and France lay across the rounded peaks of the mountains from the Ballon d'Alsace in the south to the Mont Donon in the northern end of the mountain range.

 

The passionate desire of the French to “rescue” the annexed Alsace resulted in the very first skirmishes of the war to take place between the French and German Armies high up in the mountains on the 1914 Franco-German border.

 

In spite of the treacherous terrain the French and German Armies battled for possession of the peaks from the autumn of 1914 into 1915. As the situation of deadlock developed both sides dug in, literally constructing trenches and strong-points hewn out of the rock. The Front Lines stabilized on the rounded peaks east of the border where views of the Rhine Plain or lines of communication through the mountain passes and valleys could be protected.

In the mid 1860s a villa called Bowood was built on a generous plot on the corner of Meyrick Rd and Bath Rd. It was demolished to make way for the Imperial Hotel that opened in 1887 at a cost of over £10,000.

The hotel closed in the mid 1960s and was replaced by the Roundhouse Hotel, the first major hotel built in Bournemouth for 30 years, that opened in 1969.

The design was a brave one and very cutting edge, a bold move for a generally conservative Bournemouth.

Known as the Roundhouse Hotel when it opened it has also been known as the Crest Hotel, the Crest Motor Hotel and the Forte Posthouse before becoming the Roundhouse Hotel once again.

 

When it opened the hotel boasted The Cave Bar on its lower floor, later Little Peters, Liquids and now the Wave restaurant and bar.

     

A [ VERY ] POTTED HISTORY OF BOURNEMOUTH...............

 

1810 - 1835

The founding of the town of Bournemouth is officially commemorated as the being 1810 the year that Captain Lewis Tregonwell and his wife Henrietta purchased a plot of land on the west bank of the Bourne stream upon which to build a large detached house that would serve as their new holiday home. The land was purchased from Sir George Tapps, Lord of the Manor of Christchurch, who became the largest landowner after what had been common land was effectively privatised in the Christchurch Inclosure Act 1802 and the subsequent Awards of 1805.

 

At that time the area was a remote one that lay mid way between Christchurch and Poole, themselves not the large towns they are today, on what was virtually uninhabited heathland. The house, known as the ''Mansion', was completed in 1812 with the Tregonwells purchasing further land to increase the size of their estate upon which they built a few cottages for staff members and several more to let, mainly to family, friends and associates.

Although the Tregonwells eventually rented out their Mansion, their estate, referred to as 'Bourne Tregonwell' remained all but unknown to the outside world and was somewhere they spent much of their time.

Their original holiday home still exists as part of the Royal Exeter Hotel that stands opposite the Bournemouth International Centre [ B.I.C ] on Exeter Rd.

Lewis Tregonwell died in 1832 a few short years before the next important stage in the development of Bournemouth.

 

1835 - 1870

In 1835 Sir George Tapps died and his son Sir George Gervis inherited his father's land, much of which lay to the east of the Bourne stream and set about creating a new development that he called his 'Marine Village', a seaside resort aimed at attracting paying guests. Early buildings included the Bath Hotel, later enlarged as the Royal Bath Hotel, the Westover Villas, a row of large detached houses or villas on generous plots that lined what is now Westover Rd, the Belle Vue Boarding House that fronted todays Pier Approach and some public baths that stood where, what was popularly known as the Imax building, was later built..

The new development wasn't a resort as we would understand it now, offering beach holidays, but more of a health resort with much being made of the area's mild micro climate and the health giving properties of the masses of pine trees that would also offer protection from the more extreme vagaries of the British weather.

Over the coming years more and more villas were built, spreading out from the banks of the Bourne stream which in turn attracted those that were needed to build the new properties and those that provided services to the well heeled residents of the fledgling town such as domestic staff, gardeners and food, grocery and household goods suppliers.

By 1856 there was a need to amalgamate the growing development and so Parliament passed the Bournemouth Improvement Act that set the town's first boundary as being within a 1 mile radius of what is today Pier Approach. it also provided for a team of Commissioners, essentially the town's first Council, charged with the power to raise funds via property rates to pay for things like highway improvements, drainage, sewers and street cleaning.

The town continued to grow within the 1 mile boundary and also led to development outside it including artisan / working class areas at Springbourne and Winton.

In 1870 the railway came to town but it was seen by many as a necessary evil and something to be kept as far away from the town centre as possible and so the station was located at the very edge of the 1 mile boundary on the opposite side of Holdenhurst Rd to the present Central Station. This arrival of the railway combined with cheaper rail fares and the creation by Parliament of the first Bank Holidays would lead to the next phase in the development of Bournemouth turning it from a sleepy seaside resort favoured by the wealthy upper classes many of whom were suffering poor health, into the large, bustling holiday destination that we know and love today. Bring it on!

 

1870 - PRESENT DAY

In 1871 the town's population was just under six thousand but by 1891 it had increased almost ten fold to just under sixty thousand. Most of the new citizens were new comers to the area drawn by the opportunities the fast expanding new town could offer.

In 1876 Springbourne and Boscombe became part of Bournemouth when the town boundaries were extended for the first time with a further six following including Westbourne in 1884, Pokesdown, Southbourne, Winton and Moordown in 1901, Malmesbury Park, Charminster and Strouden Park in 1914, Kinson and Holdenhurst in 1931.

The final area incorporated into the town was Hengistbury Head in 1932 which was purchased from H. Gordon Selfridge founder of the Selfridges department store chain and took the town to it's present size.

Today Bournemouth is home to more than 160,000 people and has grown at a phenomenal rate in the past two hundred years since the Tregonwells purchased that first eight and a half acres of land back in 1810.

The town is still a popular holiday destination and has had to work hard to compete against the rise of the foreign holiday and the unpredictability of the British weather by trying to attract visitors year round. Short weekend breaks, the conference trade, the annual airshow and a thriving night time economy all play their part in attracting day trippers and holiday makers, the life blood of the town's tourism industry.

Sadly Bournemouth is also a victim of it's own success and has almost reached bursting point with space for new homes very much at a premium. Many older, larger properties are being demolished to make way for more, smaller properties, many of them blocks of flats which are squeezed into every available space.

The last of the green belt clings desperately by it's finger tips to the north, rightly or wrongly the town planners and Councillors come under attack for their stewardship of the town and any resemblance to a slow paced seaside resort of old has long gone.

The pressures of modern life, traffic levels, the drinking culture and even the current economic climate all take their toll on the quality of life in the town but it's not all doom and gloom.

Bournemouth is still a great place with much to be proud of such as it's wonderful sandy beaches, cliffs, pleasure gardens, parks, some of it's buildings both old and new, oh, and it's history of course.

  

RECOMMENDED FURTHER READING.

 

'Bournemouth 1810 - 1910' by Mate and Riddle [ the full text is available as a pdf file on the internet if you have a hunt around for it.]

 

'The Story of Bournemouth' by David S Young. Published in 1957 it occasionally turns up on E Bay and Amazon around the £10 mark.

 

'A History of Bournemouth' by Elizabeth Edwards. ISBN 0 85033 412 8. Turns up on E Bay and Amazon fairly regularly for under a tenner.

 

'The Book of Bournemouth' by David and Rita Popham ISBN 0 86023 219 0

 

All titles also available at local libraries.

     

Benefactors and beneficiaries enjoy celebrating the impact of philanthropy at the annual Generosity & Gratitude Celebration, hosted by the Development Office at Penn State Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center and Penn State College of Medicine.

PictionID:54492590 - Catalog:Atlas 109F - Title:Atlas 109F - Filename:19631218_109F_1738.JPG - - ---- Images from the Convair/General Dynamics Astronautics Atlas Negative Collection. The processing, cataloging and digitization of these images has been made possible by a generous National Historical Publications and Records grant from the National Archives and Records Administration---Please Tag these images so that the information can be permanently stored with the digital file.---Repository: San Diego Air and Space Museum

Rita is her name. 'Awedduck' her flickr game. I call her 'funnygirl'. She lives in beautiful Montana & eats cowboys for breakfast.! She's an inspiration of good will, generosity of spirit, hilarious smart off-the-cuff humour, loyalty to friendship and original photography. But don't tell her I told you or she'll get big headed. Or is that pig headed? She's really sick right now. They keep changing her diagnosis and it's all become a big pain in the you know what. Positive energy coming her way is a real plus and flickr wishes keep her spirits up no end. Go give her one. But beware. It could make your day, as well as hers :)

You missed the last 3 meetings, Rita. Get back in there before all progress is lost :)))

 

rita / aweduck

 

View On Black large

 

explore #62. Thanks everyone. For your get well wishes for Rita & great feedback on the pic. And giant-sized special thanks to all you generous souls who visited Rita. I know she was deeply touched by your messages of love & careing.

Maerten van Heemskerck, 1498-1574, active in Haarlem and Rome

Thetis receives from Vulcan the shield for Achilles, around 1540

The sea goddess Thetis by Vulcan requested weapons for her son Achilles. Vulcan and his Cyclops fulfilled this request generously, in grateful remembrance that Thetis accommodated and nursed him, after being pushed by his mother cruelly from Olympus. This image and its counterpart (inventory number 6395 GG) as well as a now in Prague situated middle part originally formed part of a triptych. Both panels are severely curtailed below, so you have to imagine the composition as a full-length one.

 

Maerten van Heemskerck, 1498-1574, tätig in Haarlem und Rom

Thetis empfängt von Vulkan den Schild für Achill, um 1540

Die Meeresgöttin Thetis erbat von Vulkan Waffen für ihren Sohn Achilles. Vulkan mit seinen Zyklopen erfüllte diese Bitte großzügig, in dankbarer Erinnerung daran, dass Thetis ihn aufnahm und pflegte, nachdem er von seiner Mutter grausam vom Olymp gestoßen worden war. Dieses Bild und sein Gegenstück (Inventar-Nummer GG 6395) sowie ein jetzt in Prag befindlicher Mittelteil bildeten ursprünglich ein Triptychon. Beide Tafeln sind unten erheblich beschnitten, so dass man sich die Komposition ganzfigurig vorstellen muss.

 

Austria Kunsthistorisches Museum

Federal Museum

Logo KHM

Regulatory authority (ies)/organs to the Federal Ministry for Education, Science and Culture

Founded 17 October 1891

Headquartered Castle Ring (Burgring), Vienna 1, Austria

Management Sabine Haag

www.khm.at website

Main building of the Kunsthistorisches Museum at Maria-Theresa-Square

The Kunsthistorisches Museum (KHM abbreviated) is an art museum in Vienna. It is one of the largest and most important museums in the world. It was opened in 1891 and 2012 visited of 1.351.940 million people.

The museum

The Kunsthistorisches Museum is with its opposite sister building, the Natural History Museum (Naturhistorisches Museum), the most important historicist large buildings of the Ringstrasse time. Together they stand around the Maria Theresa square, on which also the Maria Theresa monument stands. This course spans the former glacis between today's ring road and 2-line, and is forming a historical landmark that also belongs to World Heritage Site Historic Centre of Vienna.

History

Archduke Leopold Wilhelm in his Gallery

The Museum came from the collections of the Habsburgs, especially from the portrait and armor collections of Ferdinand of Tyrol, the collection of Emperor Rudolf II (most of which, however scattered) and the art collection of Archduke Leopold Wilhelm into existence. Already In 1833 asked Joseph Arneth, curator (and later director) of the Imperial Coins and Antiquities Cabinet, bringing together all the imperial collections in a single building.

Architectural History

The contract to build the museum in the city had been given in 1858 by Emperor Franz Joseph. Subsequently, many designs were submitted for the ring road zone. Plans by August Sicard von Sicardsburg and Eduard van der Null planned to build two museum buildings in the immediate aftermath of the Imperial Palace on the left and right of the Heroes' Square (Heldenplatz). The architect Ludwig Förster planned museum buildings between the Schwarzenberg Square and the City Park, Martin Ritter von Kink favored buildings at the corner Währinger street/Scots ring (Schottenring), Peter Joseph, the area Bellariastraße, Moritz von Loehr the south side of the Opera ring, and Ludwig Zettl the southeast side of the Grain market (Getreidemarkt).

From 1867, a competition was announced for the museums, and thereby set their current position - at the request of the Emperor, the museum should not be too close to the Imperial Palace, but arise beyond the ring road. The architect Carl von Hasenauer participated in this competition and was able the at that time in Zürich operating Gottfried Semper to encourage to work together. The two museum buildings should be built here in the sense of the style of the Italian Renaissance. The plans got the benevolence of the imperial family. In April 1869, there was an audience of Joseph Semper with the Emperor Franz Joseph and an oral contract was concluded, in July 1870 was issued the written order to Semper and Hasenauer.

Crucial for the success of Semper and Hasenauer against the projects of other architects were among others Semper's vision of a large building complex called "Imperial Forum", in which the museums would have been a part of. Not least by the death of Semper in 1879 came the Imperial Forum not as planned for execution, the two museums were built, however.

Construction of the two museums began without ceremony on 27 November 1871 instead. Semper subsequently moved to Vienna. From the beginning on, there were considerable personal differences between him and Hasenauer, who finally in 1877 took over sole construction management. 1874, the scaffolds were placed up to the attic and the first floor completed, in 1878, the first windows installed, in 1879, the Attica and the balustrade finished, and from 1880 to 1881 the dome and the Tabernacle built. The dome is topped with a bronze statue of Pallas Athena by Johannes Benk.

The lighting and air conditioning concept with double glazing of the ceilings made ​​the renunciation of artificial light (especially at that time, as gas light) possible, but this resulted due to seasonal variations depending on daylight to different opening times.

Dome hall

Entrance (by clicking on the link at the end of the side you can see all the pictures here indicated!)

Grand staircase

Hall

Empire

The Kunsthistorisches Museum was on 17 October 1891 officially opened by Emperor Franz Joseph I. Since 22 October 1891, the museum is accessible to the public. Two years earlier, on 3 November 1889, the collection of arms, Arms and Armour today, had their doors open. On 1 January 1890 the library service resumed its operations. The merger and listing of other collections of the Highest Imperial Family from the Upper and Lower Belvedere, the Hofburg Palace and Ambras in Tyrol needs another two years.

1891, the Court museum was organized in seven collections with three directorates:

Directorate of coins, medals and antiquities collection

The Egyptian Collection

The Antique Collection

The coins and medals collection

Management of the collection of weapons, art and industrial objects

Weapons collection

Collection of industrial art objects

Directorate of Art Gallery and Restaurieranstalt (Restoration Office)

Collection of watercolors, drawings, sketches, etc.

Restoration Office

Library

Very soon the room the Court Museum (Hofmuseum) for the imperial collections was offering became too narrow. To provide temporary help, an exhibition of ancient artifacts from Ephesus in the Theseus Temple was designed. However, additional space had to be rented in the Lower Belvedere.

1914, after the assassination of Franz Ferdinand, heir to the throne, his "Estensische Sammlung (Collection)" passed to the administration of the Court Museum. This collection, which emerged from the art collection of the house of d'Este and world travel collection of Franz Ferdinand, was placed in the New Imperial Palace since 1908. For these stocks, the present collection of old musical instruments and the Museum of Ethnology emerged.

The First World War went by, apart from the oppressive economic situation without loss. The Court museum remained during the five years of war regularly open to the public.

Until 1919 the K.K. Art Historical Court Museum was under the authority of the Oberstkämmereramt (head chamberlain office) and belonged to the House of Habsburg-Lorraine. The officials and employees were part of the royal household.

First Republic

The transition from monarchy to republic, in the museum took place in complete tranquility. On 19 November 1918 the two imperial museums on Maria Theresa Square were placed under the state protection of the young Republic of German Austria. Threatening to the stocks of the museum were the claims raised in the following weeks and months of the "successor states" of the monarchy as well as Italy and Belgium on Austrian art collection. In fact, it came on 12th February 1919 to the violent removal of 62 paintings by armed Italian units. This "art theft" left a long time trauma among curators and art historians.

It was not until the Treaty of Saint-Germain on 10 September 1919, providing in Article 195 and 196 the settlement of rights in the cultural field by negotiations. The claims of Belgium, Czechoslovakia, and Italy again could mostly being averted in this way. Only Hungary, which presented the greatest demands by far, was met by more than ten years of negotiation in 147 cases.

On 3 April 1919 was the expropriation of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine by law and the acquisition of its property, including the "Collections of the Imperial House", by the Republic. On 18 June 1920 the then provisional administration of the former imperial museums and collections of Este and the secular and clergy treasury passed to the State Office of Internal Affairs and Education, since 10 November 1920, the Federal Ministry of the Interior and Education. A few days later it was renamed the Art History Court Museum in the "Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna State", 1921 "Kunsthistorisches Museum" . Of 1st January 1921 the employees of the museum staff passed to the state of the Republic.

Through the acquisition of the former imperial collections owned by the state, the museum found itself in a complete new situation. In order to meet the changed circumstances in the museum area, designed Hans Tietze in 1919 the "Vienna Museum program". It provided a close cooperation between the individual museums to focus at different houses on main collections. So dominated exchange, sales and equalizing the acquisition policy in the interwar period. Thus resulting until today still valid collection trends. Also pointing the way was the relocation of the weapons collection from 1934 in its present premises in the New Castle, where since 1916 the collection of ancient musical instruments was placed.

With the change of the imperial collections in the ownership of the Republic the reorganization of the internal organization went hand in hand, too. Thus the museum was divided in 1919 into the

Egyptian and Near Eastern Collection (with the Oriental coins)

Collection of Classical Antiquities

Collection of Ancient Coins

Collection of modern Coins and Medals

Weapons collection

Collection of Sculptures and Crafts with the Collection of Ancient Musical Instruments

Picture gallery

The Museum 1938-1945

Count Philipp Ludwig Wenzel Sinzendorf according to Rigaud. Clarisse 1948 by Baroness de Rothschildt "dedicated" to the memory of Baron Alphonse de Rothschildt; restituted to the Rothschilds in 1999, and in 1999 donated by Bettina Looram Rothschild, the last Austrian heiress.

With the "Anschluss" of Austria to the German Reich all Jewish art collections such as the Rothschilds were forcibly "Aryanised". Collections were either "paid" or simply distributed by the Gestapo at the museums. This resulted in a significant increase in stocks. But the KHM was not the only museum that benefited from the linearization. Systematically looted Jewish property was sold to museums, collections or in pawnshops throughout the German Reich.

After the war, the museum struggled to reimburse the "Aryanised" art to the owners or their heirs. They forced the Rothschild family to leave the most important part of their own collection to the museum and called this "dedications", or "donations". As a reason, was the export law stated, which does not allow owners to bring certain works of art out of the country. Similar methods were used with other former owners. Only on the basis of international diplomatic and media pressure, to a large extent from the United States, the Austrian government decided to make a change in the law (Art Restitution Act of 1998, the so-called Lex Rothschild). The art objects were the Rothschild family refunded only in the 1990s.

The Kunsthistorisches Museum operates on the basis of the federal law on the restitution of art objects from the 4th December 1998 (Federal Law Gazette I, 181 /1998) extensive provenance research. Even before this decree was carried out in-house provenance research at the initiative of the then archive director Herbert Haupt. To this end was submitted in 1998 by him in collaboration with Lydia Grobl a comprehensive presentation of the facts about the changes in the inventory levels of the Kunsthistorisches Museum during the Nazi era and in the years leading up to the State Treaty of 1955, an important basis for further research provenance.

The two historians Susanne Hehenberger and Monika Löscher are since 1st April 2009 as provenance researchers at the Kunsthistorisches Museum on behalf of the Commission for Provenance Research operating and they deal with the investigation period from 1933 to the recent past.

The museum today

Today the museum is as a federal museum, with 1st January 1999 released to the full legal capacity - it was thus the first of the state museums of Austria, implementing the far-reaching self-financing. It is by far the most visited museum in Austria with 1.3 million visitors (2007).

The Kunsthistorisches Museum is under the name Kunsthistorisches Museum and Museum of Ethnology and the Austrian Theatre Museum with company number 182081t since 11 June 1999 as a research institution under public law of the Federal virtue of the Federal Museums Act, Federal Law Gazette I/115/1998 and the Museum of Procedure of the Kunsthistorisches Museum and Museum of Ethnology and the Austrian Theatre Museum, 3 January 2001, BGBl II 2/ 2001, in force since 1 January 2001, registered.

In fiscal 2008, the turnover was 37.185 million EUR and total assets amounted to EUR 22.204 million. In 2008 an average of 410 workers were employed.

Management

1919-1923: Gustav Glück as the first chairman of the College of science officials

1924-1933: Hermann Julius Hermann 1924-1925 as the first chairman of the College of the scientific officers in 1925 as first director

1933: Arpad Weixlgärtner first director

1934-1938: Alfred Stix first director

1938-1945: Fritz Dworschak 1938 as acting head, from 1938 as a chief, in 1941 as first director

1945-1949: August von Loehr 1945-1948 as executive director of the State Art Collections, in 1949 as general director of the historical collections of the Federation

1945-1949: Alfred Stix 1945-1948 as executive director of the State Art Collections, in 1949 as general director of art historical collections of the Federation

1949-1950: Hans Demel as administrative director

1950: Karl Wisoko-Meytsky as general director of art and historical collections of the Federation

1951-1952: Fritz Eichler as administrative director

1953-1954: Ernst H. Buschbeck as administrative director

1955-1966: Vincent Oberhammer 1955-1959 as administrative director, from 1959 as first director

1967: Edward Holzmair as managing director

1968-1972: Erwin Auer first director

1973-1981: Friderike Klauner first director

1982-1990: Hermann Fillitz first director

1990: George Kugler as interim first director

1990-2008: Wilfried Seipel as general director

Since 2009: Sabine Haag as general director

Collections

To the Kunsthistorisches Museum also belon the collections of the New Castle, the Austrian Theatre Museum in Palais Lobkowitz, the Museum of Ethnology and the Wagenburg (wagon fortress) in an outbuilding of Schönbrunn Palace. A branch office is also Ambras in Innsbruck.

Kunsthistorisches Museum (main building)

Picture Gallery

Egyptian and Near Eastern Collection

Collection of Classical Antiquities

Vienna Chamber of Art

Numismatic Collection

Library

New Castle

Ephesus Museum

Collection of Ancient Musical Instruments

Arms and Armour

Archive

Hofburg

The imperial crown in the Treasury

Imperial Treasury of Vienna

Insignia of the Austrian Hereditary Homage

Insignia of imperial Austria

Insignia of the Holy Roman Empire

Burgundian Inheritance and the Order of the Golden Fleece

Habsburg-Lorraine Household Treasure

Ecclesiastical Treasury

Schönbrunn Palace

Imperial Carriage Museum Vienna

Armory in Ambras Castle

Ambras Castle

Collections of Ambras Castle

Major exhibits

Among the most important exhibits of the Art Gallery rank inter alia:

Jan van Eyck: Cardinal Niccolò Albergati, 1438

Martin Schongauer: Holy Family, 1475-80

Albrecht Dürer : Trinity Altar, 1509-16

Portrait Johann Kleeberger, 1526

Parmigianino: Self Portrait in Convex Mirror, 1523/24

Giuseppe Arcimboldo: Summer 1563

Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio: Madonna of the Rosary 1606/ 07

Caravaggio: Madonna of the Rosary (1606-1607)

Titian: Nymph and Shepherd to 1570-75

Portrait of Jacopo de Strada, 1567/68

Raffaello Santi: Madonna of the Meadow, 1505 /06

Lorenzo Lotto: Portrait of a young man against white curtain, 1508

Peter Paul Rubens: The altar of St. Ildefonso, 1630-32

The Little Fur, about 1638

Jan Vermeer: The Art of Painting, 1665/66

Pieter Bruegel the Elder: Fight between Carnival and Lent, 1559

Kids, 1560

Tower of Babel, 1563

Christ Carrying the Cross, 1564

Gloomy Day (Early Spring), 1565

Return of the Herd (Autumn), 1565

Hunters in the Snow (Winter) 1565

Bauer and bird thief, 1568

Peasant Wedding, 1568/69

Peasant Dance, 1568/69

Paul's conversion (Conversion of St Paul), 1567

Cabinet of Curiosities:

Saliera from Benvenuto Cellini 1539-1543

Egyptian-Oriental Collection:

Mastaba of Ka Ni Nisut

Collection of Classical Antiquities:

Gemma Augustea

Treasure of Nagyszentmiklós

Gallery: Major exhibits

de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunsthistorisches_Museum

© Andrew Newson

This lovely lady was on her way to work at Sainsburys but spared us time to give us directions and pose for a portrait.

generosity begins...upon a people caring for all people...

H.E. Garchen Rinpoche, 87, leading the 2024 Kilaya drubchen at the Garchen Buddhist Institute, in Chino Valley, AZ.

 

I've had the great privilege to learn and work with Rinpoche in a few different capacities over the last 27 years.

Under Westland Row bridge, a homeless man shares his bread with the pigeons

Cardinal Seán P. O’Malley ordained five men to the Priesthood on Saturday, May 25, 2013, at the Cathedral of the Holy Cross, Boston.

 

Cardinal Seán said, “The priesthood is a gift from Christ. We are grateful for the generosity these men have given to the Lord’s call to service. They will join their brother priests, dedicated religious women and men and the faithful ministering in our parishes, working to build strong faith communities. We pray that these newly ordained priests inspire the current generation of young men to consider the possibility of a vocation and, as they are called, to join those in formation at our seminaries.”

  

The priests ordained are:

  

Father John Augustine Cassani

 

One of the three sons of Richard and Mary Ellen (Pumphrey) Cassani, Father Cassani was born on June 7, 1980. A son of St. Jerome Parish in North Weymouth, he is an alumnus of Xaverian Brothers High School in Westwood and graduated from Holy Cross in Worcester in 2002. Father Cassani completed his seminary studies at St. John’s in Brighton and spent his deacon year working at Sacred Heart Parish in East Boston. Before seminary, he was a financial analyst for South Shore Savings Bank in Weymouth. Father Cassani will celebrate his first Mass at his home parish of St. Jerome’s in Weymouth on May 26 at 11:30 a.m. He will also be the homilist.

  

Father Thomas Keith Macdonald

 

An alumnus of Rome’s Pontifical North American College and a native of Westford, Father Macdonald is one of the three children (one sister, one brother) of Thomas and Kathleen (Verfaillie) Macdonald. He was born on July 9, 1984. This avid hiker is a fan of reading Catholic writers G.K. Chesterton and Joseph Pieper. Father Macdonald, a son of St. Catherine of Alexandria Parish, Westford, graduated from local schools before attending UMass Amherst. Father Macdonald spent his deacon year at St. Paul Parish in Cambridge. Father Macdonald will celebrate his first Mass at St. Mary Star of the Sea Parish in Beverly on May 26 at 10:30 a.m. The homilist will be Bishop Arthur Kennedy.

  

Father Jacques Antoine McGuffie

 

A native of Port-au-Prince, Haiti, where he was born on June 18, 1946 to the late Dickens and Leonie (Jean-Philippe) McGuffie, Father McGuffie is one of 7 children — five sisters and one brother. He attended high school at Lycée Alexandre Pétion in Port-au-Prince. He received his BA from Northeastern University in Boston and his MBA from Boston University. Before entering and completing his seminary studies at Blessed John XXIII Seminary in Weston, he worked for the Massachussetts Department of Social Services. Father McGuffie spent his deacon year at St. Catherine of Alexandria in Westford. He will celebrate his first Mass on May 26 at 10:00 a.m. at St. Patrick Church in Roxbury; Father Walter J. Waldron will be the homilist.

  

Father Gerald Alfred Souza

 

This son of St. Kateri Tekakwitha Parish in Plymouth was born Nov. 3, 1985 to Paul and Donna (Urquhart) Souza. He has one brother. Father Souza attended Sacred Heart School in Kingston for elementary and high school. Father Souza attended St. Charles Borromeo Seminary in Philadelphia for the first three years of college, before graduation from Franciscan University in Steubenville, Ohio in 2008. He completed his seminary formation at St. John’s in Brighton. His deacon assignment was spent at St. Mary Parish in Lynn.

 

Father Souza’s first Mass will be at St. Kateri Tekakwitha Parish on May 26 at 2:00 p.m. He will be the homilist as well.

  

Father Christopher William Wallace

 

One of two sons of William and Kathleen (Moran) Wallace, Father Wallace was born Jan. 19, 1983. This native of Our Lady of Good Counsel in Methuen, attended local schools before matriculating at Merrimack College in North Andover. Father Wallace completed his seminary studies at St. John’s and spent his deacon year at St. Joseph Parish in Needham. He is an avid Boston sports fan and also supports the Archdiocesan Serra Club for encouraging vocations. Father Wallace will celebrate his first Mass at St. Theresa Church in Methuen on May 26 at 10:30 a.m.

 

(Photo credit: George Martell/The Pilot Media Group) Posted under a Creative Commons No-Deriv Attribution license.

amidst the world...is the freedom of sharing blessings...for free...

Daniel Koper was kind enough to gift me this figure, so I put it at the head of the line with regards to "things that I need to look at". It was a generous gift from a very generous guy, so thanks again - I hope that once this COVID stuff is out of the way I'll find my way out to your neck of the woods again.

 

So here we go - Lightning Collection MMPR Yellow.

 

I occasionally dabble into Hasbro non-Transformer action figures, typically when it's a new line and I'm curious. It's a good thing that I'm not a hardcore collector because 2020 has been a piss poor year in the GTA for this sort of thing. That's another reason why I appreciate this gift - if I was looking for one, I'd probably be crawling on the ceiling by on with annoyance.

 

While there have been two characters to don the MMPR Yellow suit (or at least I think it's just two), this figure is for none other than the OG herself, Trini Kwan, who also was the first female to take over a male Sentai character role.

 

As this is a Hasbro product, I again take a deep breath when looking at it, and try not to be overly critical. They serve a different purpose than what I'm used to, they're definitely more mass marketed than my usual stuff, and for what it's worth, I can see why people like them.

 

My only other Lightning is female (surprise) and is none other than Kimberly, the MMPR Pink Ranger.

 

The Lightning female body (I'm going to guess that they're all the same, seeing how Hasbro usually works) is a definite improvement over the Legends one. Though not quite as sturdy as the GI Joe body (a material choice thing), it is more robust in that there are butterfly joints, allowing for lateral arm movement such that the arms can actually come together and spread out further, something very helpful if you're trying to get your Rangers to pull off ALL their gang signs.

 

The MMPR Yellow Ranger comes with the figure, an unhelmeted head, Blade Blaster, Power Daggers, energy effects for said daggers, and two martial arts posing hands.

 

Articulation is the same as Kim, having ankles, double jointed knees, thigh rotation, hips, mid torso ball joint, shoulders with lateral movement, single jointed elbow, wrists, and head. It'll get the general job done, just don't expect any nuanced posing.

 

Paint is minimal and mainly consist of the diamonds on the outfit, non yellow parts of the helmet, the Morpher, the Trini sculpt, and of course, the paint on the weapons. Paint work isn't going to win any awards, but for most part the larger details are not bad. It's just that the amount of paint itself is on the low side.

 

Build quality, well those annoyingly weak joints are back. I guess if you're a hardcore collector of this line you're probably used to this by now, but for me I have to be particularly gentle, though credit is given to the fact the knee wasn't warped out the gate. Otherwise, if you follow the usual "give the figure a hot water bath prior to playing" guidelines, it should. QC isn't bad, and is about what I expect from this line.

 

Of course, when it comes to these figures, the real difference between them is the unhelmeted head. If you don't remember, Kim was a disaster. The general shape wasn't bad, but the paint work on the head made her look like some sort of drug addled gremlin.

 

Trini is somewhat of a particularly sensitive sculpt. For those not in the know, the actress who played her died a after she left the show. So, she's not exactly around to critique her head. Also, kudos to Hasbro for going through the necessary hoops to get this one done. I mean, they could have stuck with Aisha and fans probably would have grudgingly accepted it.

 

Anyway back to the point - Hasbro didn't screw it up. The head isn't exactly photo accurate, but it's not bad and is a complete 180 from the Kim disaster. At the very least, the face is cleanly painted with a neutral expression - hair is decently detailed as well.

 

I can only imagine the hate mail Hasbro would be getting if they made a bad Trini head.

 

So that was a quick look at the Lightning MMPR Yellow figure. It serves it's purpose of filling out the Lightning ranks, mercifully having an unhelmeted sculpt that I'd actually consider displaying once in a while.

 

Is this it for me and Lightning? Well.. no. There's a few more female Rangers I'm eager to add to the collection, namely Kat (MMPR Pink 2.0) and Jenn (Time Force Pink) but those are quite a ways away, especially in this COVID reality of ours.

 

Thanks for reading!

A generous Copal 1 lens board for my Symmar 210mm lens. The board will fit directly into my Graflex Super Graphic and as a sub board to my Cherry wood CAMBO lens board. The Figured Curly Oak is two pieces book matched and glued. You should get one.

Photo credit: Tony Coash

  

Mother’s Day is an occasion to honor strong and devoted women in our lives. This year it was also a cause for celebration at the Jay Heritage Center as they announced their receipt of an exceptional collection of 19th century daguerrotypes of Jay women and their family members who lived in Rye at the historic 1838 Mansion. The gift was applauded on Saturday, May 12 with a gathering of Jay descendants and members of the Jay Heritage Center Board of Trustees. Westchester's Deputy County Executive, Kevin Plunkett presented Jay Heritage Center President, Suzanne Clary with a Proclamation from County Executive Rob Astorino commending her non-profit's organization for their work in preservation and education. Also on hand were Senator Suzi Oppenheimer and NY State Assemblyman George Latimer.

 

The highlight of the new collection is a never before seen mother and daughter portrait circa 1848 of Mrs. John Clarkson Jay (nee Laura Prime, daughter of NY banker Nathaniel Prime) and her eldest child Laura at 16 years old. Yet another charming vignette dated 1850 shows 2 of the youngest daughters, Alice and Sarah, in gingham dresses at age 4 and 2. These rare and luminous treasures were generously donated by architectural historian and preservationist, Anne Andrus Grady of Lexington, Massachusetts in memory of her aunt, Miriam Jay Wurts Andrus, a direct descendant of John Jay. Mrs. Andrus was born in New York City, the only child of Edith Maud Benedict and Pierre Jay Wurts. A 1931 graduate of Vassar College, she also attended Columbia University, and Johns Hopkins University where she studied international relations. During her lifetime she was known as an accomplished photographer as well as a civic activist and noted philanthropist. Her range of volunteer efforts benefited many academic and cultural institutions like the League of Women Voters, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, the Center Stage Theatre in Baltimore and Vassar College to name just a few. Mrs. Andrus’ niece, Anne Andrus Grady has distinguished herself as well as an outstanding champion of historic preservation in Massachusetts. She has authored numerous Historic Structure Reports and National Historic Landmark nominations, advising on the preservation of many of that state’s most prominent buildings such as Boston’s Old South Meeting House. Her work of 3 decades culminated in a Lifetime Achievement Award from the Massachusetts Historical Commission in 2010. She is delighted that the Jay daguerrotypes will be conserved and find a permanent home in Rye where they can be studied and interpreted.

 

The Andrus Collection is composed of 8 leather cased daguerreotype plates several of which are hand-tinted. For the Jay Heritage Center, a gift with this most meaningful provenance, including plates produced in the studios of well known New York Daguerrians, Rufus Anson and Jeremiah Gurney, opens the door to new educational programming about America’s “New Art” as photography was then dubbed. This magical method of capturing images on silvered copper plates was introduced in the United States by none other than Samuel F. B. Morse. Morse, who was a colleague of John Jay’s eldest son, Peter Augustus Jay, first brought the daguerrotype process back to America in 1839. Morse’s earliest students included Gurney, as well as a young man named Edward Anthony. Anthony produced popular steroviews during the Civil War and also branched out into the photographic supplies business, creating many of the decorative book-like cases in which Gurney’s and other Daguerrians’ photos were sealed. (Coincidentally Anthony’s granddaughter married John Clarkson Jay III in 1903.)

 

An opening reception and exhibit on the Andrus collection is scheduled for this fall at the 1838 Jay Mansion accompanied by a series of lectures on early American photography.

 

###

 

Jay Heritage Center

210 Boston Post Road

Rye, NY 10580

(914) 698-9275

Email: jayheritagecenter@gmail.com

www.jayheritagecenter.org

  

Follow and like us on:

 

Twitter @jayheritage

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YouTube www.youtube.com/channel/UChWImnsJrBAi2Xzjn8vR54w

www.jayheritagecenter.org

www.instagram.com/jayheritagecenter/

  

A National Historic Landmark since 1993

Member of the African American Heritage Trail of Westchester County since 2004

Member of the Hudson River Valley National Heritage Area since 2009

On NY State's Path Through History (2013)

Taken for Macro Mondays.

3/21/2011: Theme: Generosity.

Letter generously translated by xiphophilos.

 

"Champagne, King Heinrich-August Camp, 24 June 1918

 

Dedicated to his dear Sergeant and comrade Artur Grabowicz

in memory of

his faithful and grateful

Feldwebel and comrade

Paul Grimm from

Mylau in the Vogtl(and) [Saxony]."

Taste of Generosity was held at the Nicollet Island Pavilion on Wednesday, September 12, 2018. This fundraising event included a live and silent auction, dining, and plenty of socializing with wonderful supporters and volunteers!

Letter on reverse (below) generously transcribed by xiphophilos: authored in Minden sometime around 22.10.1914 and addressed to a Herr Ernst Oeldke in Karnap/Rheinland. Einheitsstempel: Landst. Inf. Ersatz-Bataillon No.10 Minden. Postage cancelled at Minden on 22.10.1914. Photogr. E. Zenker, Minden.

 

Three infantrymen from 10. Landsturm Infanterie Ersatz Bataillon des VII. A.K. 'Minden' (VII 10), shortly after returning to the fulltime military after a lengthy hiatus as civilians. The men have been issued dark coloured 'Joppe' tunics, oilcloth caps and in one case - an armband, as temporary uniforms until supplies of model 1907/10 Feldgrau uniforms became available.

 

I could try and repair this photo but the reality is there just isn't enough hours in the day for me right now, so I'm posting it as is. Apologies.

 

___________________________________________

Notes:

 

10. Ldst.-I.-Ers.-Btl. des VII. A.K. Minden (VII. 10). Aufgestellt am 12.10.1914 durch Stellv. Gen.Kdo. VII. A.K.

 

60 WRD/MIN ART CRITIC // KASSEL // 095

 

Marcel Prins

 

If Duchamp had been a bit more generous with

his not insubstantial sense of humor, his readymades

might have looked a bit more like those of

Marcel Prins. If Brancusi had had a sense of

humor at all, then his totemic combinations of

raw materials and potent shapes might have as

well. The Dutch artist Prins assembles whale

bones, wood bits, walking sticks, wire baskets

and empty wine cases into sculptures that look

and act like naughty descendants of the modern

masters. In that, they come by their witty sense of

play and excellent sense of form honestly. Prins

appreciates a perfect wooden ostrich egg as

seriously as anyone, but he has the contemporary

gumption to balance it not atop a marble plinth

but instead on a shaky stack of oddly shaped

timber. As for his sculpture of a cow who has run

out of milk, it might just be one of the more

inventive uses of a cut-up broom stick, wood

floor slats, a chair back, a metal coffee table base

and a little stool. Picasso’s bicycle seat bull would

have given it a second look.

 

~ Lori Waxman 7/14/12 5:14 PM

  

Wäre Duchamps mit seinem nicht unwesentlichen Sinn

für Humor etwas freizügiger umgegangen, dann hätten

seine Readymades wohl ein wenig mehr denjenigen

von Marcel Prins geglichen. Hätte Brancusi überhaupt

irgendwelchen Sinn für Humor besessen, dann könnte

das auch für dessen totemistische Kombinationen aus

rohem Material und kraftvollen Formen gelten. Der

niederländische Künstler Prins fügt Walknochen,

Holzstücke, Spazierstöcke, Drahtkörbe und leere

Weinkisten zu Skulpturen zusammen, die wie freche

Nachkommen der modernen Meister aussehen und

sich auch so verhalten. Durch ihren witzigen Sinn fürs

Spielerische und ausgestattet mit einer exzellenten

Formensprache sind sie ehrlich. Prins weiß ein

perfektes Straußenei aus Holz genauso zu würdigen,

wie jeder andere auch, doch er verfügt über den

zeitgenössischen Grips, ein solches nicht auf einem

Sockel aus Marmor zu platzieren, sondern auf einem

wackeligen Stapel seltsam geformten Bauholzes. Für

seine Skulptur einer Kuh, die keine Milch mehr gibt,

reicht ihm die einfallsreichere Verwendung eines

zugeschnittenen Besenstiels, Leisten für einen

Holzboden, eine Stuhllehne, die Platte eines

metallenen Kaffeehaustisches und ein kleiner Hocker.

Picassos Stierkopf aus Fahrradsattel und Lenker würde

da gleich ein zweites Mal hinschauen.

___________________________________________________

 

Dear Marcel Prins,

 

Thank you kindly for participating in the “60 wrd/min art critic” at dOCUMENTA (13). Attached please find a copy of your review, in the original English and with a German translation. Your review will be published this coming week in the Hessische/Niedersächsische Allgemeine (HNA) — all reviews appear online, plus a few in print — and will remain on display throughout dOCUMENTA (13) in our office.

(Online Link: www.mydocumenta.de/documenta-13/koepfe/lori-waxmann-kriti...)

  

Sincerely,

Lori Waxman

60 wrd/min art critic

60wrdmin.org

 

Little cutie handing out dolls to her less privileged peers.

Letter on reverse (below) generously translated by xiphophilos: authored in Uphusen on 9.10.1914 and addressed to Herr Dietrich Kehlenbeck in Dreye. Postage cancelled at Mahndorf on 9.10.1914.

 

A Landsturm infantryman from the 33rd Infanterie Brigade in full marching order. His wife has sent this photograph to a friend or relative advising her that she cannot visit on Sunday because Hermann is home on leave.

 

________________________________________________________________________

Notes:

 

IX Armee-korps (Preußen). Bezirkskommandos: Bremen / Bremerhaven.

 

1. Ldst.-I.-Ers.-Btl. Bremen (IX. 30)

 

2. Ldst.-I.-Ers.-Btl. Bremen (IX. 31)

Letter on reverse (below) generously translated by xiphophilos: authored in Berlin on 18.5.1918.

 

"Dear wife,

 

Today I am sending you another postcard of our platoon. Wherever I made a +, these men have been wounded. 2 men are dead, 1 missing, 5 wounded, and 5 men are still playing along, but they are now in reserve. The company has only 60 men left.

 

Many regards, Hermann".

 

___________________________________________

Notes:

 

Reserve-Infanterie-Regiment Nr. 202 (+MG.-Zug)

 

Aufgestellt in Berlin (R.Stb., I. v. Ers.-Btl./G.Gren.R.Nr. 1, II. v. Ers.-Btl./G.Gren.R.Nr. 2, III. v. Ers.-Btl./G.Gren.R.Nr. 4)

Unterstellung:43. Res.Div.

Kommandeur:Generalmajor z. D. Schneider (Kommandant Truppen-

übungsplatz Zossen)

 

I.:Major a. D. v.

Zollikofer-Altenklingen

II.:Hauptmann d. Res. Gravenstein (G.Gren.R.Nr. 2) gef.: 16.9.18

III.:Major v. Oidtman (G.Gren.R.Nr. 4) gef.: 26.10.14

 

Verluste: 89 Offz., 3236 Uffz. und Mannschaften.

Waterview, Bicentennial Park

Generously studded with cheddar and grated parmesan, cheese bread is one of my favourite treats. The hint of thyme, scallions, and cayenne added a little extra kick. This is a fantastic bread for sandwiches.

 

Recipe from Dan Lepard's column at The Guardian.

Sherborne School Archives, Sherborne School, Abbey Road, Sherborne, Dorset, UK, DT9 3AP oldshirburnian.org.uk/school-archives/

 

The Biology Laboratory was built on top of the Physics Laboratory in 1937, the generous gift of Alexander Hamelin Trelawny-Ross (Old Shirburnian). It was reported that 'the medical students are now delivered out of darkness into light in a place of their own, free from eviction.'

 

The Biology Laboratory was designed by Arnold Mitchell (1863-1944) and completed in 1937.

 

Arnold Mitchell may have received the commission for his work at Sherborne School through Sir Thomas Devitt (1839-1923), the uncle of Arnold Mitchell's wife, Edith Mary Devitt (1868-1955), who sent his four sons to Sherborne School (Arthur, Howson, Herbert and Philip).

 

In 1944, A.H. Trelawny-Ross stated that before the war Arnold Mitchell drew up free of charge a scheme for a Speech Room at Sherborne School which was to be ‘the most impressive thing in Sherborne after the Abbey.’ It was to be 80 feet high and would seat at least 800, with everyone able to see the stage. It was to have been built on a site near the Gymnasium (now the dining hall) and would have cost about £40,000.

 

Mitchell's works included The Sundial Cottage in Lyme Regis (1903), a Royal Villa and Golf Pavilion at Ostend for King Leopold of Belgium (1903), University College School in Hampstead (1907), the Combination Room at Gonville and Caius College at Cambridge University (1908), the Agricultural Schools at Cambridge University (later the Zoological Laboratories) (1910), a sanatorium for Harrow School (1921), the Thomas Cook building (1925), the Mayfair Hotel (1926), Biology Laboratory at Sherborne School (1937). Arnold Mitchell also designed Lott's building bricks for children (a forerunner of Lego).

 

Report in The Shirburnian, April 1937 on the new Biological Laboratory at Sherborne School by Henry Cecil Waring Davis, B.Sc., Scholar of University College, London. Assistant Master at Sherborne School 1928-1967:

'Until this term those of us who were so fortunate as to be studying the Science of Life have had but scant laboratory accommodation. It is true that the chemists lent us, as it were, one of their laboratories, and that we were never allowed to feel other than at home there when it was free. But apart from the facts that it was not free often enough, and that one laboratory is not being enough to hold the impedimenta of two Sciences, this place of work was not satisfactory as a biological laboratory. A biologist probing his cadavers, or searching for their ultimate units under the microscope, desires three things: a table to sit at, a sink, and a window beyond the table facing the sky. Although the conjunction can be arranged for a strictly limited number of people in most rooms, only a special room will provide for, say, a dozen people at once.

 

In the last few years the number of scientist in the School has greatly increased, and as the biological side shared in the general expansion, its members were divided into three sets. One of these sets could still use our old quarters, but there was no suitable accommodation for the other two. They were put to work in a room which was formerly a glorified cupboard called “the battery room,” but which now, for timetable purposes, was dignified by the name of “Lab X.” Here as many as fifteen biologist have been working, where two would have been uncomfortable. Last term these conditions proved impossible, and we often carried our microscopes, wash-bottles, and other paraphernalia through the rain to Mr Ellison’s form-room, set them up on the window-sills and stood on the desks to use them.

 

A year ago, at the Old Shirburnian dinner in January, 1936, the Headmaster made a public statement of the difficulties under which this part of the School’s life was being carried on. A few months later we heard that the Governors had accepted the gift of a Biological Laboratory, fully furnished, from an anonymous donor [Alexander Hamelin Trelawny-Ross]. This news cheered us enormously.

 

The new building was to be erected above the Physics Laboratory, which meant that it would be forty feet long and twenty-four feet wide. Some time, and a great deal of trouble, was spent in drawing up the plans. We are indebted to Professor Dean, O.S., Professor of Pathology at Cambridge University, for the interest he took in the project and for his help and advice; he very kindly entertained an emissary at Cambridge, and arranged tours of the Pathological Laboratories and (by the permission of Professor Gardiner) the Zoological Laboratories. The distinguished architect, Arnold Mitchell, Esq., used his art with notable success in meeting the technical requirements of the room; now that his drawings have been given substance it can be seen that he has also provided a room of great charm, and an exterior which, despite its modern conception, harmonises with the old building below, and much improves the appearance of this block. All the furniture and fittings were installed by Messrs. Baird & Tatlock.

 

The long sides of the room face west and east, and their long, low windows cheerfully let in the sun, early and late, over broad sills. One end of the room is arranged for lectures, but the whole of both sides, and the other end, is devoted to practical work. There is accommodation for over twenty boys, in either case.

 

At the beginning of this term the laboratory was taken into use, and is proving an ideal place in which to pursue either the theoretical or technical aspects of the subject.

 

The very real thanks, not only of the scientific specialists, but of all those who take an interest and pride in the proper equipment of Sherborne School, are due to the donor of this magnificent gift, which is one of the most important additions to the School buildings of recent years.'

 

See: Clare Sherriff, 'Arnold Mitchell (1863-1944): Fecundity and Versatility in an Early Twentieth-Century Architect', Architectural History, Vol. 55 (2012), pp.199-235 www.jstor.org/stable/43489720?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents

 

The Sundial in Lyme Regis was purchased by Old Shirburnian, Edward Archdall Ffooks and an account of the building can be found in E.C. Ffooks, 'The Family of Ffooks of Sherborne in the County of Dorset' (Privately printed, 1958), pp.121-122:

'At about this time my father [Edward Archdall Ffooks (1859-1832), attended Sherborne School 1870-74; solicitor; JP; Clerk of the Peace; Under Sheriff for Dorset; Governor of Sherborne School 1906-32] made perhaps the most popular of his investments – the purchase of a small house at Lyme Regis facing the sea which in winter gales sometimes even sprayed its windows; it was called “The Sundial”. It has been built by an architect, a Mr Arnold Mitchell [Arnold Bidlake Mitchell (1863-1944)], but unfortunately for him though luckily for our family, after its completion it was found that because of her health his wife [Edith Mary Devitt (1868-1955)], for whom it had been expressly designed, could not live in Lyme, so that it was sold.

Built principally of “Ham-Hill” stone on a very small square site dug out of the cliff-side, it obtained its accommodation by having four stories not counting the basement, the latter most interesting to us children for this part housed in winter the bathing raft the first of its kind in Lyme’s summer seas as well as deck-chairs and the dungeons of a minute coal cellar and smaller wine cellar.

On the outside face between the bag windows of the first and second floor was the carved sundial and motto “Horas non numero nisi serenas” and its lead-paned windows were what must have been some of “Crittals” earliest and most solid productions.

A narrow staircase with lead-covered treads installed for bathers wound upwards past the drawing room which filled the whole of the front of the first floor though measuring only some fourteen feet in length but having as did some of the other rooms delightful plasterwork, with fishes, dolphins and the like round the fireplace and on the dados and cornices.

Upstairs again past the best bedroom, the size of the main room below, a bathroom and the other small but necessary room, up to another front bedroom occupied generally by children with a miniature room at the back as there was also behind the drawing room on the first floor. Even here the fun did not stop, for one could climb still higher to the flat lead roof and yet again by fixing iron climbing steps to the base of the flagpole.

When the family was not in residence, which was at most during the summer holidays or at Easter and occasional weekends, the house was let furnished and with its cook-caretaker; first “Harriett” a delightful little soul taken over with the house, and later our own “Selway”, Miss Selway, the most faithful of family friends. I am sure that this house gave as much delight or more than most of the other houses of Lyme.'

 

If you have any additional information about this image, or if you use one of our images then we would love to hear from you. Please leave a comment below or contact us via the Sherborne School Archives website: oldshirburnian.org.uk/school-archives/contact-the-school-...

Hemakuta Hill

----------------

 

This is not one of the tallest hills in Hampi. But this hilltop and its slops offer a splendid view of the sprawling ruins site.

 

This hill is sprinkled generously with a large number of temples, archways and pavilions. The whole of the hill was fortified with tall wide stonewalls, the ruined remains of which can be still be seen. Once you have reached (about 15 minutes climb) the top, it’s almost a flat expanse of rocky sheet with occasional ups and downs.

 

Hemakuta Hill is one among the best places in Hampi to see the sunrise and sunset; and not as tedious to reach the top say compared to the Matanga Hill nearby. Good news for the ones who find it difficult for a steep climb.

 

Myth have it that it’s on this hill that Lord Siva (the god of destruction) did penance before marrying a local girl Pampa. Siva was impressed by her dedication for him and consent to marry her. On this it rained gold on this hill. Hema in Sanskrit language means gold. The name of the hill thus connects with this legend.

 

Also this is the place where Siva burnt Kama (the god of lust) with his third (fire) eye. In helping Pampa to marry Shiva, Kama distracted Shiva from his penance. This attracted the wrath of Siva and eventually killed Kama by fire. Later Rathi (goddess of passion and Kama’s wife) pleaded for the life of Kama. Siva brought him back to life but only in character not as a physical being.

 

Hence a number of temples in this area are dedicated to Lord Siva, the major one being the Virupaksha temple at the north of this hill. This place packed with the largest number of pre Vijayanagara temples.

 

Hampi

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The city of Hampi bears exceptional testimony to the vanished civilization of the kingdom of Vijayanagar, which reached its apogee under the reign of Krishna Deva Raya (1509-30). It offers an outstanding example of a type of structure that illustrates a significant historical situation: that of the kingdoms of South India which, menaced by the Muslims, were occasionally allied with the Portuguese of Goa.

 

The austere, grandiose site of Hampi was the last capital of the last great Hindu Kingdom of Vijayanagar. Its fabulously rich princes built Dravidian temples and palaces which won the admiration of travellers between the 14th and 16th centuries. Conquered by the Deccan Muslim confederacy in 1565, the city was pillaged over a period of six months before being abandoned.

As the final capital of the last of the great kingdom of South India, that of the Vijayanagar, Hampi, enriched by the cotton and the spice trade was one of the most beautiful cities of the medieval world. Its palaces and Dravidian temples were much admired by travellers, be they Arab (Abdul Razaak), Portuguese (Domingo Paes) or Italian (Nicolò dei Conti).

 

Conquered by the Muslims after the battle of Talikota in 1565, it was plundered over six months and then abandoned. Imposing monumental vestiges, partially disengaged and reclaimed, make of Hampi today one of the most striking ruins of the world.

The temples of Ramachandra (1513) and Hazara Rama (1520), with their sophisticated structure, where each supporting element is scanned by bundles of pilasters or colonnettes which project from the richly sculpted walls, may be counted among the most extraordinary constructions of India. In one of the interior courtyards of the temple of Vitthala, a small monument of a chariot which two elephants, sculpted in the round, struggle to drag along is one of the unusual creations, the favourite of tourists today as well as travellers of the past.

 

Besides the temples, the impressive complex of civil, princely or public buildings (elephant stables, Queen's Bath, Lotus Mahal, bazaars, markets) are enclosed in the massive fortifications which, however, were unable to repulse the assault of the five sultans of Deccan in 1565.

Generous support from donors like ECHO allows UNRWA to maintain services and humanitarian assistance for Palestine refugees in Syria. The cash assistance programme is an important tool in helping refugees maintain their dignity and strengthen their resilience as they face a fourth winter of armed conflict in Syria. Alliance Food Distribution Centre, Damascus. November 2014. ©UNRWA/Taghrid Mohammad.

This fourth CreativeMornings/Bogotá event was generously hosted by Casa LABLOOM.

 

Ana Sánchez was our speaker.

 

The event was sponsored by Brot Bakery and Café and SocialColectivo.

 

Photos by Adriana Mosquera AMOSS Photography.

 

The video, soon on Vimeo, was filmed by Alberto Durán ( (ToolKit)).

  

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bogota@creativemornings.com

 

CreativeMornings/Bogotá

www.creativemornings.com

Taken for the Macro Mondays group

 

Generosity comes in many forms, the most obvious that comes to mind of course is monetary. Obviously this isn't always possible for everyone to delve into their pockets and find some spare change, but for me generosity can be found in simple language.

 

Words, that's all you need, a compliment or a thank you. A recognition for something or a simple hello or good morning.

 

Communication is the most powerful tool we own, use it don't abuse it.

 

Oooh get me on a Monday morning ;)

 

Excellent Free House

The Schutpad klompenpad was a very generous one where fences were concerned. This is the last fence from that walk :)

 

HFF, and thanks for half a million total views!!

Generous portions of lettuce and tomato with thick bacon, plus potato salad and ice tea. Pickle Patch Deli, San Andreas, Calaveras County, California.