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Vittala Temple
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As the epicenter of Hampi’s attractions, Vittala Temple is the most extravagant architectural showpiece of Hampi. No amount of words can explain this spectacle. The temple is built in the form of a sprawling campus with compound wall and gateway towers. There are many halls, pavilions and temples located inside this campus.
Vittala, after whom the temple is known, is a form of lord Vishnu. This aspect of Vishnu was worshiped in this part of the country as their cult deity by the cattle herds.
The temple was originally built in the 15th century AD. Many successive kings have enhanced the temple campus during their regimes to the present form. Yon can even see the remains of a township called Vittalapura that existed around this temple complex. The highlight of Vittala temple is its impressive pillared halls and the stone chariot. The halls are carved with an overwhelming array of sculptures on the giant granite pillars. The stone chariot located inside the campus is almost an iconic structure of Hampi.
One typically accesses the campus through the eastern entrance tower, next to which the ticket counter is located. On entering through this massive tower, the first thing draws your attention would be a series of compact platforms along the central axis of the campus. At the end of these platforms stands the Stone Chariot. This is in fact a shrine built in the form of a temple chariot. An image of Garuda (the eagle god) was originally enshrined within its sanctum. Garuda, according to the Hindu mythology, is the vehicle of lord Vishnu. Thus the Garuda shrine facing the temple’s sanctum is symbolic.
It may appear (and sometimes even referred to) as a monolithic structure. In reality this stone shrine was built with many giant granite blocks. The joints are smartly hidden in the carvings and other decorative features that adorn the Stone Chariot. The chariot is built on a rectangular platform of a feet or so high. All around this base platform is carved with mythical battle scenes. Though the chariot is not resting on it, the four giant wheels attached mimic the real life ones complete with the axis shafts & the brakes. A series of concentric floral motifs decorate the wheels. It appears from the marks on the platform, where the wheels rest, the wheels were free to move around the axis.
You can still see the remains of the painting on the carvings of the chariot. Probably because it was relatively protected from the natural wearing elements, the undercarriage of the chariot spots one of the best preserved specimens of this kind of paintings. It is believed the whole of the Vittala Temple’s sculptures were once beautifully painted in similar fashion using the minerals as medium.
In front of the chariot two elephants are positioned as if they are pulling the chariot. In fact these elephants where brought from elsewhere and positioned here at a later stage. Originally two horses were carved in that position. The tails and the rear legs of the horses can be still seen just behind these elephant sculptures. A broken stone ladder once gave access to the sanctum is kept between the elephants. You can still spot the marks on the floor and the doorsill where once the ladder stood.
On leaving the Stone Chariot you reach the main hall in front of the Vittala temple. This hall though partially damaged is still awe inspiring. Facing the Stone Chariot, a series of steps flanged by elephant balustrades gives access to this elevated open hall called the Maha-Mantapa (the great hall). The balustrades on the east and west porch of this hall is more dramatic with giant lion Yalis fighting the relatively dwarf elephants. The Maha-Mantapa stands on a highly ornate platform. This fluted platform is carved with a series of floral motifs. The lowermost of it is a chain of horses, its trainers and the traders.
The Maha-Mantapa contains four open halls within. The south, north and the east ones are still intact. The central western hall is collapsed, probably due to the arson that followed the fall of the capital.
The main highlight of the Maha-Mantapa is its richly carved giant monolithic pillars. The outermost of the pillars are popularly called the musical pillars. These slender and short pilasters carved out of the giant pillars emit musical tones when tapped. Probably these do not belong to any of the standard musical notes, but the musical tone of the vibes earned it’s the name. Unmindful curiosity of the visitors has damaged many of these pilasters and tapping on it is banned for the sake of preservation.
The eastern hall which is called the musicians hall is notable for sculptures of musicians on the pillars. Each of the pillars surrounding this hall is sculptured with musicians, drummers and dancers.
The southern hall is dominated with the rampant mythical creatures called Yalis. The capitals of each of the pillars branches into heavily ornate corbels with terminating with lotus buds.
The northern hall is surrounded with a series of pillars with the Narasimha (the man-lion incarnation of Vishnu) themes. The most notable ones are that of Narasimha slaying Hiranyakashipu on his lap. Prahlada is seen sitting at the base in a praying posture.
The ceilings of the halls too are of interest with the lotus like carving at the centre.
Further west is a closed hall with two porches on either side. Further ahead is the sanctum.
The inner sanctum is devoid of any idol. A narrow and unlit passageway encircles the inner sanctum. A few steps on either sides of the sanctum’s main door give access to this passage. The outer wall of the sanctum that one can only sees from this passageway is richly decorated with the Kumbha-Pankajas (the motifs where lotus flower flows out of a pot)
Mischief (?) by the architects. A image of a bull and elephant with a shared head. The left portion is complete as a bull and the right as an elephant!
The other attractions include the Goddess’s shrine in the northwest, the 100-pillared hall at the southwest, the Kalayna Mantapa (the ceremonial marriage hall) in the southeast and the pillared cloisters all around the enclosure wall.
Hampi
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The city of Hampi bears exceptional testimony to the vanished civilization of the kingdom of Vijayanagar, which reached its apogee under the reign of Krishna Deva Raya (1509-30). It offers an outstanding example of a type of structure that illustrates a significant historical situation: that of the kingdoms of South India which, menaced by the Muslims, were occasionally allied with the Portuguese of Goa.
The austere, grandiose site of Hampi was the last capital of the last great Hindu Kingdom of Vijayanagar. Its fabulously rich princes built Dravidian temples and palaces which won the admiration of travellers between the 14th and 16th centuries. Conquered by the Deccan Muslim confederacy in 1565, the city was pillaged over a period of six months before being abandoned.
As the final capital of the last of the great kingdom of South India, that of the Vijayanagar, Hampi, enriched by the cotton and the spice trade was one of the most beautiful cities of the medieval world. Its palaces and Dravidian temples were much admired by travellers, be they Arab (Abdul Razaak), Portuguese (Domingo Paes) or Italian (Nicolò dei Conti).
Conquered by the Muslims after the battle of Talikota in 1565, it was plundered over six months and then abandoned. Imposing monumental vestiges, partially disengaged and reclaimed, make of Hampi today one of the most striking ruins of the world.
The temples of Ramachandra (1513) and Hazara Rama (1520), with their sophisticated structure, where each supporting element is scanned by bundles of pilasters or colonnettes which project from the richly sculpted walls, may be counted among the most extraordinary constructions of India. In one of the interior courtyards of the temple of Vitthala, a small monument of a chariot which two elephants, sculpted in the round, struggle to drag along is one of the unusual creations, the favourite of tourists today as well as travellers of the past.
Besides the temples, the impressive complex of civil, princely or public buildings (elephant stables, Queen's Bath, Lotus Mahal, bazaars, markets) are enclosed in the massive fortifications which, however, were unable to repulse the assault of the five sultans of Deccan in 1565.
Opening scene
It is late in the 22nd Century. United Planet cruiser C57D a year out from Earth base on the way to Altair for a special mission. Commander J.J Adams (Leslie Neilsen) orders the crew to the deceleration booths as the ship drops from light speed to normal space.
Adams orders pilot Jerry Farman (Jack Kelly) to lay in a course for the fourth planet. The captain then briefs the crew that they are at their destination, and that they are to look for survivors from the Bellerophon expedition 20 years earlier.
As they orbit the planet looking for signs of life, the ship is scanned by a radar facility some 20 square miles in area. Morbius (Walter Pigeon) contacts the ship from the planet asking why the ship is here. Morbius goes on to explain he requires nothing, no rescue is required and he can't guarantee the safety of the ship or its crew.
Adams confirms that Morbius was a member of the original crew, but is puzzled at the cryptic warning Morbius realizes the ship is going to land regardless, and gives the pilot coordinates in a desert region of the planet. The ship lands and security details deploy. Within minutes a high speed dust cloud approaches the ship. Adams realizes it is a vehicle, and as it arrives the driver is discovered to be a robot (Robby). Robby welcomes the crew to Altair 4 and invites members of the crew to Morbious residence.
Adams, Farman and Doc Ostrow (Warren Stevens) arrive at the residence and are greeted by Morbius. They sit down to a meal prepared by Robbys food synthesizer and Morbius shows the visitors Robbys other abilities, including his unwavering obedience. Morbius then gives Robby a blaster with orders to shoot Adams. Robby refuses and goes into a mechanical mind lock, disabling him till the order is changed.
Morbius then shows the men the defense system of the house (A series of steel shutters). When questioned, Morbius admits that the Belleraphon crew is dead, Morbius and his wife being the only original survivors. Morbius's wife has also died, but months after the others and from natural causes. Morbius goes on to explain many of the crew were torn limb from limb by a strange creature or force living on the planet. The Belleraphon herself was destroyed when the final three surviving members tried to take off for Earth.
Adams wonders why this force has remained dormant all these years and never attacked Morbius. As discussions continue, a young woman Altaira (Anne Francis) introduces herself as Morbius daughter. Farman takes an immediate interest in Altaira, and begins to flirt with her . Altaira then shows the men her ability to control wild animals by petting a wild tiger. During this display the ship checks in on the safety of the away party. Adams explains he will need to check in with Earth for further orders and begins preparations for sending a signal. Because of the power needed the ship will be disabled for up to 10 days. Morbius is mortified by this extended period and offers Robby's services in building the communication facility
The next day Robby arrives at ship as the crew unloads the engine to power the transmitter. To lighten the tense moment the commander instructs the crane driver to pick up Cookie (Earl Holliman) and move him out of the way. Quinn interrupts the practical joke to report that the assembly is complete and they can transmit in the morning.
Meanwhile Cookie goes looking for Robby and organizes for the robot to synthesize some bourbon. Robby takes a sample and tells Cookie he can have 60 gallons ready the next morning for him.
Farman continues to court Altair by teaching her how to kiss, and the health benefits of kissing. Adams interrupts the exercise, and is clearly annoyed with a mix of jealous. He then explains to Altair that the clothes she wears are inappropriate around his crew. Altair tries to argue till Adams looses patience and order Altair to leave the area.
That night, Altair, still furious, explains to her father what occurred. Altair takes Adams advice to heart and orders Robby to run up a less revealing dress. Meanwhile back at the ship two security guards think they hear breathing in the darkness but see nothing.
Inside the ship, one of the crew half asleep sees the inner hatch opened and some material moved around. Next morning the Captain holds court on the events of the night before. Quinn advises the captain that most of the missing and damaged equipment can be replaced except for the Clystron monitor. Angry the Capt and Doc go back to Morbius to confront him about what has occurred.
Morbius is unavailable, so the two men settle in to wait. Outside Adams sees Altair swimming and goes to speak to her. Thinking she is naked, Adams becomes flustered and unsettled till he realizes she wants him to see her new dress. Altair asks why Adams wont kiss her like everyone else has. He gives in and plants one on her. Behind them a tiger emerges from the forest and attacks Altair, Adams reacts by shooting it. Altair is badly troubled by the incident, the tiger had been her friend, but she can't understand why acted as if she was an enemy.
Returning to the house, Doc and Adams accidently open Morbius office. They find a series of strange drawings but no sign of Morbius. He appears through a secret door and is outraged at the intrusion. Adams explains the damage done to the ship the previous night and his concern that Morbius was behind the attack.
Morbius admits it is time for explanations. He goes on to tell them about a race of creatures that lived on the planet called the Krell. In the past they had visited Earth, which explains why there are Earth animals on the planet. Morbius believes the Krell civilization collapsed in a single night, right on the verge of their greatest discovery. Today 2000 centuries later, nothing of their cities exists above ground.
Morbius then takes them on a tour of the Krell underground installation. Morbius first shows them a device for projecting their knowledge; he explains how he began to piece together information. Then an education device that projects images formed in the mind. Finally he explains what the Krell were expected to do, and how much lower human intelligence is in comparison.
Doc tries the intelligence tester but is confused when it does not register as high as Morbius. Morbius then explains it can also boost intelligence, and that the captain of the Belleraphon died using it. Morbius himself was badly injured but when he recovered his IQ had doubled.
Adams questions why all the equipment looks brand new. It is explained that all the machines left on the planet are self repairing and Morbius takes them on a tour of the rest of the installation. First they inspect a giant air vent that leads to the core of the planet. There are 400 other such shafts in the area and 9200 thermal reactors spread through the facilities 8000 cubic miles.
Later that night the crew has completed the security arrangements and tests the force field fence. Cookie asks permission to go outside the fence. He meets Robby who gives him the 60 gallons of bourbon. Outside, something hits the fence and shorts it out. The security team checks the breach but finds nothing. A series of foot like depressions begin forming leading to the ship. Something unseen enters the ship. A scream echos through the compound.
Back at the Morbius residence he argues that only he should be allowed to control the flow of Krell technology back to Earth. In the middle of the discussion, Adams is paged and told that the Chief Quinn has been murdered. Adams breaks of his discussions and heads back to the ship.
Later that night Doc finds the footprints and makes a cast. The foot makes no evolutionary sense. It seems to have elements of a four footed and biped creature; also it seems a predator and herbivore. Adams questions Cookie who was with the robot during the test and decides the robot was not responsible.
The next day at the funeral for Chief Morbius again warns him of impending doom facing the ship and crew. Adams considers this a challenge and spends the day fortifying the position around the ship. After testing the weapons and satisfied all that could be done has, the radar station suddenly reports movement in the distance moving slowly towards the ship.
No one sees anything despite the weapons being under radar fire control. The controller confirms a direct hit, but the object is still moving towards the ship. Suddenly something hits the force field fence, and a huge monster appears outlined in the energy flux. The crew open fire, but seem to do little good. A number of men move forward but a quickly killed.
Morbious wakes hearing the screams of Altair. Shes had a dream mimicking the attack that has just occurred. As Morbious is waking the creature in the force field disappears. Doc theories that the creature is made of some sort of energy, renewing itself second by second.
Adams takes Doc in the tractor to visit Morbius intending to evacuate him from the planet. He leaves orders for the ship to be readied for lift off. If he and Doc dont get back, the ship is to leave without them. They also want to try and break into Morbious office and take the brain booster test.
They are met at the door by Robby, who disarms them. Altair appears and countermands the orders given to Robby by her father. Seeing a chance Doc sneaks into the office. Altair argues with Adams about trying to make Morbius return home, she ultimately declares her love for him.
Robby appears carrying the injured Doc. Struggling to speak and heavy pain, Doc explains that the Krell succeeded in their great experiment. However they forgot about the sub conscious monsters they would release. Monsters from the id.
Morbius sees the dead body of Doc, and makes a series of ugly comments. His daughter reminds him that Doc is dead. Morbius lack of care convinces Altair she is better off going with Adams. Morbius tries to talk Adams out of taking Altair.
Adams demands an explanation of the id. Morbius realizes he is the source of the creature killing everyone. The machine the Krell built was able to release his inner beast, the sub conscious monster dwelling deep inside his ancestral mind.
Robby interrupts the debate to report something approaching the house. Morbius triggers the defensive shields of the house, which the creature begins to destroy. Morbius then orders Robby to destroy the creature, however Robby short circuits. Adams explained that it was useless; Robby knew it was Morbius self.
Adams, Altair and Morbius retreat to the Krell lab and sealed themselves in by sealing a special indestructible door. Adams convinces Morbius that he is really the monster, and that Morbius can not actually control his subconscious desires.
The group watch as the creature beings the slow process of burning through the door. Panicked Morbius implores Altair to say it is not so. Suddenly the full realization comes, and he understands that he could endanger or even kill Altair.
As the creature breaks through Morbius rushes forward and denies its existence. Suddenly the creature disappears but Morbius is mortally wounded. With his dying breath he instructs Adams to trigger a self destruct mechanism linked to the reactors of the great machine. The ship and crew have 24 hours to get as far away from the planet as possible
The next day we see the ship deep in space. Robby and Altair are onboard watching as the planet brightens and is destroyed. Adams assures Altair that her fathers memory will shine like a beacon.
Never explain yourself, Your real friends don't need it, & your enemies won't believe it.. #Good_Morning 💙
think about all of the times you have almost gotten hit by a car from listening to loud music and laugh
go through old emails before you have to be at the clinic in an hour
think about how no one at the clinic knows what email is
decide that is probably for the best
because email is depressing
and then think about how it is not your place to decide what is best for marginalized people, ever
you told me about the time you slept with someone you didn't really know
and then woke up the next day and found out they were a neo-nazi
and that made you sound hardcore, or open minded, maybe
but that just sort of terrified me
i read email
i saw the indian man who owns the liquor store feeding pigeons this morning
and i also saw him hit a homeless man with a broom handle one time
feed birds hit people
at zwane clinic i am playing a show for little kids on friday and it is my last day there
how do you say goodbye to little kids in a foreign language
how do you tell them that you are not going to see them again
how do you leave when you know no one else is coming to take your place
and now that they know the alphabet and about how fifty xhosa words are spelled
who is going to teach them about sentence structure and also more vocabulary
who is going to teach them what adjectives are
adjectives are so important
how the fuck am i supposed to walk away from that
i am not qualified to explain to anyone what adjectives are
truth be told i don't know if anyone could possibly explain the relevance of adjectives
i am not qualified
i am not a teacher
but there are no other teachers
there are no teachers
there are no teachers
there are no teachers
so i am automatically the most qualified willing person
what makes my life remotely more significant than their literacy
you said, you teach kids about hiv through music
i said yeah
you said that was awesome and i could tell you thought i did that just so i could tell people about it because there are a lot of people like that here there are a lot of white people like that here
and so i left the conversation
i want you to touch my hair
i want you to receive the nobel peace prize for wanting to write me a letter but not knowing what to say or how to say it
i think that is probably happening to someone i know in the world right now
i also want you to get enough sleep so i am going to not bother you from now on
wooden planks surrounding the roommate who woke me up last night
because he was touching himself at two am on a saturday
this made me laugh in the morning
i woke up and ate a huge apple and drank a huge thing of water and a piece of bread
in the morning i did not look at his face or say good morning i just washed my clothes in the bathroom sink and then i hung them up on the fence to dry and they were dry in like seven minutes
and then he said good morning and i was like, "good morning"
and then he was like, "what are you up to today?"
and i was like, "uh, i'm going to study and then go to langa"
and i did not ask what he was going to do because i have never seen him do anything but watch televsion or now, masturbate
which was probably rude of me but it was already weird
and i stared at the prescription pills under his bed
that was weird but important
i can't decide in these situations if i should show these things to anyone else and then i always do because i have low self esteem and this is why i do this and this is why i do this
the way he wrote that made me think about how i feel about actually sticking with this project for a year
and i wonder why i did that
because half way through i decided it was very contrived and also quite boring
but that was okay with me because i think i am sort of contrived
and it's probably not so bad, to be contrived
because that is close to being average
and if you are average then at least you are not below average
and also then you are probably down to earth
so i considered stopping and oh, i don't know
jody gave me back my book at the bar
"a cocksucking smooch with not public speaking skills," we laughed about that for awhile
and he laughed and laughed and the bar guy told me he didn't like my american accent and that there were no accents allowed at this bar
and jody was drunk so he told him to fuck off, was he xhosa or khoi khoi? then he wasn't from here either
and then i said, ha ha
and we left and went to the park where someone spray painted "tic generation"
and i was so relaxed i felt like i was in the thirteenth noun class of a traditionally unwritten language
thirteenth noun class i was not gendered because there are fifteen genders and i was either singular or plural so i fit every single noun
read email from victoria about watching her baby videos
and her saying that she had to turn them off because her mom looked so beautiful in them
and she misses her so much and her mom listening to the pixies and the smiths and taking pictures in the 1960's and being full of fire and seeking independence
and missing her mom and wanting to ask her a million questions
and then feel body parts singularly of themselves, o my
with love, from the northern hemi
with love, from the southern hemi
and i wanted to spray paint over somebody's eyelids
little red x's or just a sentence like,
let yourself feel things
please let yourself feel
there is nothing about feeling to be afraid of
it is a microcosm of a cardboard puzzle of a canyon with blooming trees and plants
and clean water
let yourself feel things and eventually you will be ok
This image is part of explaining how f stops work going from 1.4 to f16. You will get a feel for how the image is effected.
These bands tell me what’s inside the genes of the plants I’m growing, isn’t it awesome?
I’m going to try to explain it (just to practice my written english):
I cut one leaf of each one of “my plants”, and put them inside different tubes. Then I grind and “cook” the leaf with some liquids, following a simple recipe, to extract the DNA. At the end (less than 1 hour with 40 samples and I’m still quite slow), I obtain a white gelatinous stuff in tubes, the DNA of each leaf.
Then I place a drop of this DNA (0,2 μL, nothing!!) that belongs to each leaf in small PCR-tubes with a “reaction mix” that contains an enzyme able to make DNA copies (borrowed from a bacteria that lives in hot spots), and something called “primers”, let's explain what they are:
As everybody knows, DNA is a double helix. In order to make a copy, both strands have to be separated (e.g. by heating), and then the enzyme copy every single strand in a way that it results in a new double helix, with the old strand used as a mold and a 'brand new strand'.
But the enzyme can’t just start copying a strand without a small amount of 'double helix sequence' already conformed, that’s why we need the primers. They are short sequences of “single strand” that complements (and therefore binds to) a specific region in the genome (the one you want to gossip). As they bind, they conform a short double strand at this point, and once the enzyme has this “starting point” is able to makes copies and copies and copies of that precise DNA region.
It’s necessary to heat and cool the reaction mix for every copy-cycle, so I place the tubes (with the DNA, the enzyme, the primers and the molecules the enzyme needs to build the DNA sequence) in a machine that heats&cools the tubes in cycles. In 2,5 hours (40 cycles) I get a few drops (20 µl) with thousands of copies of the sequence chosen by the primers and amplified by the enzyme.
The next step is to find out what’s inside the gene I’m interested in, and the easiest way to do it is: look at the size!! If the amplified sequence has the right size, there’s nothing weird in that plant, it’s “wildtype”. But we work with mutant plants bearing insertions on the genes that makes them useless to do their job (this is, to build proteins). So, if the sequence is too long (or just if there’s just not amplified sequence because the enzyme can’t copy a very long sequence) that means an insertion inside, hence this plant is a “knockout” for this gene. In other words, this gene doesn’t work in this plant.
How do I find out the length? easy: I pour the liquid with the amplified sequence inside a gel (each sample inside a different well) and apply an electric field. The DNA starts literally running towards the + electrode (because the DNA molecule has negative charge), but the bigger the fragment the slower it will move, due to the density of the gel. After less than half an hour, fragments with different lengths form bands at different levels. This is the moment to take a beautiful picture.
My goal now is to get a single plant with 2 knockout genes. In order to obtain the "double mutant", we cross 2 plants, each one with a single mutation, and wait for the seeds to grow… but, who knows which one of the children inherited both mutations? just cutting a single leaf and looking at the length of these amplified sequences.
You can see the result in the b/w picture with rows of bands over my lab-book. Each row belongs to a leaf (of a single plant), and each band to an amplified sequence. Depending of the position of the bands, I know the length of the sequence and therefore what’s happening inside of "her" DNA.
And everything in one single morning, definitely awesome!
PS. Thanks to my reviewers for helping me so much!!
Bangkok (English pronunciation: /ˈbæŋkɒk/) is the capital and most populous city of Thailand. It is known in Thai as Krung Thep Maha Nakhon (กรุงเทพมหานคร, pronounced [krūŋ tʰêːp mahǎː nákʰɔ̄ːn] or simply Krung Thep. The city occupies 1,568.7 square kilometres (605.7 sq mi) in the Chao Phraya River delta in Central Thailand, and has a population of over 8 million, or 12.6 percent of the country's population. Over 14 million people (22.2 percent) live within the surrounding Bangkok Metropolitan Region, making Bangkok an extreme primate city, significantly dwarfing Thailand's other urban centres in terms of importance.
Bangkok traces its roots to a small trading post during the Ayutthaya Kingdom in the 15th century, which eventually grew and became the site of two capital cities: Thonburi in 1768 and Rattanakosin in 1782. Bangkok was at the heart of the modernization of Siam - later renamed Thailand - during the late 19th century, as the country faced pressures from the West. The city was at the centre of Thailand's political struggles throughout the 20th century, as the country abolished absolute monarchy, adopted constitutional rule and underwent numerous coups and several uprisings. The city grew rapidly during the 1960s through the 1980s and now exerts a significant impact on Thailand's politics, economy, education, media and modern society.
The Asian investment boom in the 1980s and 1990s led many multinational corporations to locate their regional headquarters in Bangkok. The city is now a major regional force in finance and business. It is an international hub for transport and health care, and has emerged as a regional centre for the arts, fashion and entertainment. The city is well known for its vibrant street life and cultural landmarks, as well as its notorious red-light districts. The historic Grand Palace and Buddhist temples including Wat Arun and Wat Pho stand in contrast with other tourist attractions such as the nightlife scenes of Khaosan Road and Patpong. Bangkok is among the world's top tourist destinations. It is named the most visited city in MasterCard's Global Destination Cities Index, and was named "World's Best City" for four consecutive years by Travel + Leisure magazine.
Bangkok's rapid growth amidst little urban planning and regulation has resulted in a haphazard cityscape and inadequate infrastructure systems. Limited roads, despite an extensive expressway network, together with substantial private car usage, have led to chronic and crippling traffic congestion, which caused severe air pollution in the 1990s. The city has since turned to public transport in an attempt to solve this major problem. Five rapid transit lines are now in operation, with more systems under construction or planned by the national government and the Bangkok Metropolitan Administration.
HISTORY
The history of Bangkok dates at least back to the early 15th century, when it was a village on the west bank of the Chao Phraya River, under the rule of Ayutthaya. Because of its strategic location near the mouth of the river, the town gradually increased in importance. Bangkok initially served as a customs outpost with forts on both sides of the river, and became the site of a siege in 1688 in which the French were expelled from Siam. After the fall of Ayutthaya to the Burmese Empire in 1767, the newly declared King Taksin established his capital at the town, which became the base of the Thonburi Kingdom. In 1782, King Phutthayotfa Chulalok (Rama I) succeeded Taksin, moved the capital to the eastern bank's Rattanakosin Island, thus founding the Rattanakosin Kingdom. The City Pillar was erected on 21 April, which is regarded as the date of foundation of the present city.
Bangkok's economy gradually expanded through busy international trade, first with China, then with Western merchants returning in the early-to-mid 19th century. As the capital, Bangkok was the centre of Siam's modernization as it faced pressure from Western powers in the late 19th century. The reigns of Kings Mongkut (Rama IV, 1851–68) and Chulalongkorn (Rama V, 1868–1910) saw the introduction of the steam engine, printing press, rail transport and utilities infrastructure in the city, as well as formal education and healthcare. Bangkok became the centre stage for power struggles between the military and political elite as the country abolished absolute monarchy in 1932. It was subject to Japanese occupation and Allied bombing during World War II, but rapidly grew in the post-war period as a result of United States developmental aid and government-sponsored investment. Bangkok's role as an American military R&R destination boosted its tourism industry as well as firmly establishing it as a sex tourism destination. Disproportionate urban development led to increasing income inequalities and unprecedented migration from rural areas into Bangkok; its population surged from 1.8 to 3 million in the 1960s. Following the United States' withdrawal from Vietnam in 1973, Japanese businesses took over as leaders in investment, and the expansion of export-oriented manufacturing led to growth of the financial market in Bangkok. Rapid growth of the city continued through the 1980s and early 1990s, until it was stalled by the 1997 Asian financial crisis. By then, many public and social issues had emerged, among them the strain on infrastructure reflected in the city's notorious traffic jams. Bangkok's role as the nation's political stage continues to be seen in strings of popular protests, from the student uprisings in 1973 and 1976, anti-military demonstrations in 1992, and successive anti-government demonstrations by the "Yellow Shirt", "Red Shirt" and "Light blue Shirt" movements from 2008 onwards.
Administration of the city was first formalized by King Chulalongkorn in 1906, with the establishment of Monthon Krung Thep Phra Maha Nakhon (มณฑลกรุงเทพพระมหานคร) as a national subdivision. In 1915 the monthon was split into several provinces, the administrative boundaries of which have since further changed. The city in its current form was created in 1972 with the formation of the Bangkok Metropolitan Administration (BMA), following the merger of Phra Nakhon Province on the eastern bank of the Chao Phraya and Thonburi Province on the west during the previous year.
NAME
The etymology of the name Bangkok (บางกอก, pronounced in Thai as [bāːŋ kɔ̀ːk] is not absolutely clear. Bang is a Thai word meaning "a village situated on a stream", and the name might have been derived from Bang Ko (บางเกาะ), ko meaning "island", a reference to the area's landscape which was carved by rivers and canals. Another theory suggests that it is shortened from Bang Makok (บางมะกอก), makok being the name of Elaeocarpus hygrophilus, a plant bearing olive-like fruit.[a] This is supported by the fact that Wat Arun, a historic temple in the area, used to be named Wat Makok. Officially, however, the town was known as Thonburi Si Mahasamut (ธนบุรีศรีมหาสมุทร, from Pali and Sanskrit, literally "city of treasures gracing the ocean") or Thonburi, according to Ayutthaya chronicles. Bangkok was likely a colloquial name, albeit one widely adopted by foreign visitors, whose continued use of the name finally resulted in it being officially adopted with the creation of the Bangkok Metropolitan Administration.
When King Rama I established his new capital on the river's eastern bank, the city inherited Ayutthaya's ceremonial name, of which there were many variants, including Krung Thep Thawarawadi Si Ayutthaya (กรุงเทพทวารวดีศรีอยุธยา) and Krung Thep Maha Nakhon Si Ayutthaya (กรุงเทพมหานครศรีอยุธยา). Edmund Roberts, visiting the city as envoy of the United States in 1833, noted that the city, since becoming capital, was known as Sia-Yut'hia, and this is the name used in international treaties of the period. Today, the city is known in Thai as Krung Thep Maha Nakhon (กรุงเทพมหานคร) or simply as Krung Thep (กรุงเทพฯ). Its full ceremonial name, which came into use during the reign of King Mongkut, reads as follows:
Krungthepmahanakhon Amonrattanakosin Mahintharayutthaya Mahadilokphop Noppharatratchathaniburirom Udomratchaniwetmahasathan Amonphimanawatansathit Sakkathattiyawitsanukamprasit
กรุงเทพมหานคร อมรรัตนโกสินทร์ มหินทรายุธยา มหาดิลกภพ นพรัตนราชธานีบูรีรมย์ อุดมราชนิเวศน์มหาสถาน อมรพิมานอวตารสถิต สักกะทัตติยวิษณุกรรมประสิทธิ์
The name, composed of Pali and Sanskrit root words, translates as:
City of angels, great city of immortals, magnificent city of the nine gems, seat of the king, city of royal palaces, home of gods incarnate, erected by Vishvakarman at Indra's behest.
The name is listed in Guinness World Records as the world's longest place name, at 168 letters. Thai school children are taught the full name, although few can explain its meaning as many of the words are archaic, and known to few. Most Thais who recall the full name do so because of its use in a popular song, "Krung Thep Maha Nakhon" (1989) by Asanee–Wasan and will often recount it by singing it, much as an English speaker might sing the alphabet song to recite the alphabet. The entirety of the lyrics is just the name of the city repeated over and over.
GOVERNMENT
The city of Bangkok is locally governed by the Bangkok Metropolitan Administration (BMA). Although its boundaries are at the provincial (changwat) level, unlike the other 76 provinces Bangkok is a special administrative area whose governor is directly elected to serve a four-year term. The governor, together with four appointed deputies, form the executive body, who implement policies through the BMA civil service headed by the Permanent Secretary for the BMA. In separate elections, each district elects one or more city councillors, who form the Bangkok Metropolitan Council. The council is the BMA's legislative body, and has power over municipal ordinances and the city's budget. However, after the coup of 2014 all local elections have been cancelled and the council has been appointed by government on September 15 2014. The current Bangkok Governor is Police General Aswin Kwanmuang, who was appointed by the military government on October 26 following the suspension of the last elected governor M.R. Sukhumbhand Paribatra.
Bangkok is subdivided into fifty districts (khet, equivalent to amphoe in the other provinces), which are further subdivided into 169 subdistricts (khwaeng, equivalent to tambon). Each district is managed by a district director appointed by the governor. District councils, elected to four-year terms, serve as advisory bodies to their respective district directors.
The BMA is divided into sixteen departments, each overseeing different aspects of the administration's responsibilities. Most of these responsibilities concern the city's infrastructure, and include city planning, building control, transportation, drainage, waste management and city beautification, as well as education, medical and rescue services. Many of these services are provided jointly with other agencies. The BMA has the authority to implement local ordinances, although civil law enforcement falls under the jurisdiction of the Metropolitan Police Bureau.
The seal of the city shows Hindu god Indra riding in the clouds on Airavata, a divine white elephant known in Thai as Erawan. In his hand Indra holds his weapon, the vajra.[19] The seal is based on a painting done by Prince Naris. The tree symbol of Bangkok is Ficus benjamina. The official city slogan, adopted in 2012, reads:
As built by deities, the administrative center, dazzling palaces and temples, the capital of Thailand
กรุงเทพฯ ดุจเทพสร้าง เมืองศูนย์กลางการปกครอง วัดวังงามเรืองรอง เมืองหลวงของประเทศไทย
As the capital of Thailand, Bangkok is the seat of all branches of the national government. The Government House, Parliament House and Supreme, Administrative and Constitutional Courts are all located within the city. Bangkok is the site of the Grand Palace and Chitralada Villa, respectively the official and de facto residence of the king. Most government ministries also have headquarters and offices in the capital.
GEOGRAPHY
The Bangkok city proper covers an area of 1,568.737 square kilometres, ranking 69th among the other 76 provinces of Thailand. Of this, about 700 square kilometres form the built-up urban area. It is ranked 73rd in the world in terms of land area by City Mayors. The city's urban sprawl reaches into parts of the six other provinces it borders, namely, in clockwise order from northwest: Nonthaburi, Pathum Thani, Chachoengsao, Samut Prakan, Samut Sakhon and Nakhon Pathom. With the exception of Chachoengsao, these provinces, together with Bangkok, form the greater Bangkok Metropolitan Region.
PARKS AND GREEN ZONES
Bangkok has several parks, although these amount to a per-capita total park area of only 1.82 square metres in the city proper. Total green space for the entire city is moderate, at 11.8 square metres per person; however, in the more densely built-up areas of the city these numbers are as low as 1.73 and 0.72 square metres per person. More recent numbers claim that there is only 3.3 m2 of green space per person, compared to an average of 39 m2 in other cities across Asia. Bangkokians thus have 10 times less green space than is standard in the region's urban areas. Green belt areas include about 700 square kilometres of rice paddies and orchards in the eastern and western edges of the city proper, although their primary purpose is to serve as flood detention basins rather than to limit urban expansion. Bang Kachao, a 20-square-kilometre conservation area in an oxbow of the Chao Phraya, lies just across the southern riverbank districts, in Samut Prakan Province. A master development plan has been proposed to increase total park area to 4 square metres per person.
Bangkok's largest parks include the centrally located Lumphini Park near the Si Lom – Sathon business district with an area of 57.6 hectares, the 80-hectare Suanluang Rama IX in the east of the city, and the Chatuchak–Queen Sirikit–Wachirabenchathat park complex in northern Bangkok, which has a combined area of 92 hectares.
DEMOGRAPHY
The city of Bangkok has a population of 8,280,925 according to the 2010 census, or 12.6 percent of the national population. However, there are only 5,692,284 registered residents, belonging to 2,672,423 households. A large number of Bangkok's daytime population commutes from surrounding provinces in the Bangkok Metropolitan Region, the total population of which is 14,565,547. Bangkok is a cosmopolitan city; the census showed that it is home to 81,570 Japanese and 55,893 Chinese nationals, as well as 117,071 expatriates from other Asian countries, 48,341 from Europe, 23,418 from the Americas, 5,289 from Australia and 3,022 from Africa. Immigrants from neighbouring countries include 303,595 Burmese, 63,438 Cambodians and 18,126 Lao.
Although it has been Thailand's largest population centre since its establishment as capital city in 1782, Bangkok grew only slightly throughout the 18th and early 19th centuries. British diplomat John Crawfurd, visiting in 1822, estimated its population at no more than 50,000. As a result of Western medicine brought by missionaries as well as increased immigration from both within Siam and overseas, Bangkok's population gradually increased as the city modernized in the late 19th century. This growth became even more pronounced in the 1930s, following the discovery of antibiotics. Although family planning and birth control was introduced in the 1960s, the lowered birth rate was more than offset by increased migration from the provinces as economic expansion accelerated. Only in the 1990s have Bangkok's population growth rates decreased, following the national rate. Thailand had long since become highly centralized around the capital. In 1980, Bangkok's population was fifty-one times that of Hat Yai and Songkhla, the second-largest urban centre, making it the world's most prominent primate city.
The majority of Bangkok's population are of Thai ethnicity,[d] although details on the city's ethnic make-up are unavailable, as the national census does not document race.[e] Bangkok's cultural pluralism dates back to the early days of its foundation; several ethnic communities were formed by immigrants and forced settlers including the Khmer, Northern Thai, Lao, Vietnamese, Tavoyan, Mon and Malay. Most prominent were the Chinese, who played major roles in the city's trade and became the majority of Bangkok's population - estimates include up to three-fourths in 1828 and almost half in the 1950s. However, Chinese immigration was restricted from the 1930s and effectively ceased after the Chinese Revolution in 1949. Their prominence subsequently declined as most of younger generations of Thai Chinese have integrated and adopted a Thai identity. Bangkok is still nevertheless home to a large Chinese community, with the greatest concentration in Yaowarat, Bangkok's Chinatown. The majority (91 percent) of the city's population is Buddhist. Other religions include Islam (4.7%), Christianity (2.0%), Hinduism (0.5%), Sikhism (0.1%) and Confucianism (0.1%).
Apart from Yaowarat, Bangkok also has several other distinct ethnic neighbourhoods. The Indian community is centred in Phahurat, where the Gurdwara Siri Guru Singh Sabha, founded in 1933, is located. Ban Khrua on Saen Saep Canal is home to descendants of the Cham who settled in the late 18th century. Although the Portuguese who settled during the Thonburi period have ceased to exist as a distinct community, their past is reflected in Santa Kruz Church, on the west bank of the river. Likewise, the Assumption Cathedral on Charoen Krung Road is among many European-style buildings in the Old Farang Quarter, where European diplomats and merchants lived during the late 19th to early 20th centuries. Nearby, the Haroon Mosque is the centre of a Muslim community. Newer expatriate communities exist along Sukhumvit Road, including the Japanese community near Soi Phrom Phong and Soi Thong Lo, and the Arab and North African neighbourhood along Soi Nana. Sukhumvit Plaza, a mall on Soi Sukhumvit 12, is popularly known as Korea Town.
ECONOMY
Bangkok is the economic centre of Thailand, and the heart of the country's investment and development. In 2010, the city had an economic output of 3.142 trillion baht (98.34 billion US dollars), contributing 29.1 percent of the gross domestic product (GDP). This amounted to a per-capita GDP value of ฿456,911 ($14,301), almost three times the national average of ฿160,556 ($5,025). The Bangkok Metropolitan Region had a combined output of ฿4.773tn ($149.39bn), or 44.2 percent of GDP. Bangkok's economy ranks as the sixth among Asian cities in terms of per-capita GDP, after Singapore, Hong Kong, Tokyo, Osaka–Kobe and Seoul.
Wholesale and retail trade is the largest sector in the city's economy, contributing 24.0 percent of Bangkok's gross provincial product. It is followed by manufacturing (14.3%); real estate, renting and business activities (12.4%); transport and communications (11.6%); and financial intermediation (11.1%). Bangkok alone accounts for 48.4 percent of Thailand's service sector, which in turn constitutes 49.0 percent of GDP. When the Bangkok Metropolitan Region is considered, manufacturing is the most significant contributor at 28.2 percent of the gross regional product, reflecting the density of industry in the Bangkok's neighbouring provinces. The automotive industry based around Greater Bangkok is the largest production hub in Southeast Asia. Tourism is also a significant contributor to Bangkok's economy, generating ฿427.5bn ($13.38bn) in revenue in 2010.
The Stock Exchange of Thailand (SET) is located on Ratchadaphisek Road in inner Bangkok. The SET, together with the Market for Alternative Investment (mai) has 648 listed companies as of the end of 2011, with a combined market capitalization of 8.485 trillion baht ($267.64bn). Due to the large amount of foreign representation, Thailand has for several years been a mainstay of the Southeast Asian economy and a centre of Asian business. The Globalization and World Cities Research Network ranks Bangkok as an "Alpha−" world city, and it is ranked 59th in Z/Yen's Global Financial Centres Index 11.
Bangkok is home to the headquarters of all of Thailand's major commercial banks and financial institutions, as well as the country's largest companies. A large number of multinational corporations base their regional headquarters in Bangkok due to the lower cost of the workforce and firm operations relative to other major Asian business centres. Seventeen Thai companies are listed on the Forbes 2000, all of which are based in the capital, including PTT, the only Fortune Global 500 company in Thailand.
Income inequality is a major issue in Bangkok, especially between relatively unskilled lower-income immigrants from rural provinces and neighbouring countries, and middle-class professionals and business elites. Although absolute poverty rates are low - only 0.64 percent of Bangkok's registered residents were living under the poverty line in 2010, compared to a national average of 7.75 - economic disparity is still substantial. The city has a Gini coefficient of 0.48, indicating a high level of inequality.
CULTURE
The culture of Bangkok reflects its position as Thailand's centre of wealth and modernisation. The city has long been the portal of entry of Western concepts and material goods, which have been adopted and blended with Thai values to various degrees by its residents. This is most evident in the lifestyles of the expanding middle class. Conspicuous consumption serves as a display of economic and social status, and shopping centres are popular weekend hangouts. Ownership of electronics and consumer products such as mobile phones is ubiquitous. This has been accompanied by a degree of secularism, as religion's role in everyday life has rather diminished. Although such trends have spread to other urban centres, and, to a degree, the countryside, Bangkok remains at the forefront of social change.
A distinct feature of Bangkok is the ubiquity of street vendors selling goods ranging from food items to clothing and accessories. It has been estimated that the city may have over 100,000 hawkers. While the BMA has authorised the practice in 287 sites, the majority of activity in another 407 sites takes place illegally. Although they take up pavement space and block pedestrian traffic, many of the city's residents depend on these vendors for their meals, and the BMA's efforts to curb their numbers have largely been unsuccessful.
In 2015, however, the BMA, with support from the National Council for Peace and Order (Thailand's ruling military junta), began cracking down on street vendors in a bid to reclaim public space. Many famous market neighbourhoods were affected, including Khlong Thom, Saphan Lek, and the flower market at Pak Khlong Talat. Nearly 15,000 vendors were evicted from 39 public areas in 2016. While some applauded the efforts to focus on pedestrian rights, others have expressed concern that gentrification would lead to the loss of the city's character and adverse changes to people's way of life.
FESTIVALS AND EVENTS
The residents of Bangkok celebrate many of Thailand's annual festivals. During Songkran on 13–15 April, traditional rituals as well as water fights take place throughout the city. Loi Krathong, usually in November, is accompanied by the Golden Mount Fair. New Year celebrations take place at many venues, the most prominent being the plaza in front of CentralWorld. Observances related to the royal family are held primarily in Bangkok. Wreaths are laid at King Chulalongkorn's equestrian statue in the Royal Plaza on 23 October, which is King Chulalongkorn Memorial Day. The present king's and queen's birthdays, respectively on 5 December and 12 August, are marked as Thailand's national Father's Day and national Mother's Day. These national holidays are celebrated by royal audiences on the day's eve, in which the king or queen gives a speech, and public gatherings on the day of the observance. The king's birthday is also marked by the Royal Guards' parade.
Sanam Luang is the site of the Thai Kite, Sport and Music Festival, usually held in March, and the Royal Ploughing Ceremony which takes place in May. The Red Cross Fair at the beginning of April is held at Suan Amporn and the Royal Plaza, and features numerous booths offering goods, games and exhibits. The Chinese New Year (January–February) and Vegetarian Festival (September–October) are celebrated widely by the Chinese community, especially in Yaowarat.
TRANSPORT
Although Bangkok's canals historically served as a major mode of transport, they have long since been surpassed in importance by land traffic. Charoen Krung Road, the first to be built by Western techniques, was completed in 1864. Since then, the road network has vastly expanded to accommodate the sprawling city. A complex elevated expressway network helps bring traffic into and out of the city centre, but Bangkok's rapid growth has put a large strain on infrastructure, and traffic jams have plagued the city since the 1990s. Although rail transport was introduced in 1893 and electric trams served the city from 1894 to 1968, it was only in 1999 that Bangkok's first rapid transit system began operation. Older public transport systems include an extensive bus network and boat services which still operate on the Chao Phraya and two canals. Taxis appear in the form of cars, motorcycles, and "tuk-tuk" auto rickshaws.
Bangkok is connected to the rest of the country through the national highway and rail networks, as well as by domestic flights to and from the city's two international airports. Its centuries-old maritime transport of goods is still conducted through Khlong Toei Port.
The BMA is largely responsible for overseeing the construction and maintenance of the road network and transport systems through its Public Works Department and Traffic and Transportation Department. However, many separate government agencies are also in charge of the individual systems, and much of transport-related policy planning and funding is contributed to by the national government.
ROADS
Road-based transport is the primary mode of travel in Bangkok. Due to the city's organic development, its streets do not follow an organized grid structure. Forty-eight major roads link the different areas of the city, branching into smaller streets and lanes (soi) which serve local neighbourhoods. Eleven bridges over the Chao Phraya link the two sides of the city, while several expressway and motorway routes bring traffic into and out of the city centre and link with nearby provinces.
Bangkok's rapid growth in the 1980s resulted in sharp increases in vehicle ownership and traffic demand, which have since continued - in 2006 there were 3,943,211 in-use vehicles in Bangkok, of which 37.6 percent were private cars and 32.9 percent were motorcycles. These increases, in the face of limited carrying capacity, caused severe traffic congestion evident by the early 1990s. The extent of the problem is such that the Thai Traffic Police has a unit of officers trained in basic midwifery in order to assist deliveries which do not reach hospital in time. While Bangkok's limited road surface area (8 percent, compared to 20–30 percent in most Western cities) is often cited as a major cause of its traffic jams, other factors, including high vehicle ownership rate relative to income level, inadequate public transport systems, and lack of transportation demand management, also play a role. Efforts to alleviate the problem have included the construction of intersection bypasses and an extensive system of elevated highways, as well as the creation of several new rapid transit systems. The city's overall traffic conditions, however, remain bad.
Traffic has been the main source of air pollution in Bangkok, which reached serious levels in the 1990s. However, efforts to improve air quality by improving fuel quality and enforcing emission standards, among others, have been largely successful. Atmospheric particulate matter levels dropped from 81 micrograms per cubic metre in 1997 to 43 in 2007.
Although the BMA has created thirty signed bicycle routes along several roads totalling 230 kilometres, cycling is still largely impractical, especially in the city centre. Most of these bicycle lanes share the pavement with pedestrians. Poor surface maintenance, encroachment by hawkers and street vendors, and a hostile environment for cyclists and pedestrians, make cycling and walking unpopular methods of getting around in Bangkok.
BUSES AND TAXIS
Bangkok has an extensive bus network providing local transit services within the Greater Bangkok area. The Bangkok Mass Transit Authority (BMTA) operates a monopoly on bus services, with substantial concessions granted to private operators. Buses, minibus vans, and song thaeo operate on a total of 470 routes throughout the region. A separate bus rapid transit system owned by the BMA has been in operation since 2010. Known simply as the BRT, the system currently consists of a single line running from the business district at Sathon to Ratchaphruek on the western side of the city. The Transport Co., Ltd. is the BMTA's long-distance counterpart, with services to all provinces operating out of Bangkok.
Taxis are ubiquitous in Bangkok, and are a popular form of transport. As of August 2012, there are 106,050 cars, 58,276 motorcycles and 8,996 tuk-tuk motorized tricycles cumulatively registered for use as taxis. Meters have been required for car taxis since 1992, while tuk-tuk fares are usually negotiated. Motorcycle taxis operate from regulated ranks, with either fixed or negotiable fares, and are usually employed for relatively short journeys.
Despite their popularity, taxis have gained a bad reputation for often refusing passengers when the requested route is not to the driver's convenience. Motorcycle taxis were previously unregulated, and subject to extortion by organized crime gangs. Since 2003, registration has been required for motorcycle taxi ranks, and drivers now wear distinctive numbered vests designating their district of registration and where they are allowed to accept passengers.
RAIL SYSTEMS
Bangkok is the location of Hua Lamphong Railway Station, the main terminus of the national rail network operated by the State Railway of Thailand (SRT). In addition to long-distance services, the SRT also operates a few daily commuter trains running from and to the outskirts of the city during the rush hour.
Bangkok is currently served by three rapid transit systems: the BTS Skytrain, the underground MRT and the elevated Airport Rail Link. Although proposals for the development of rapid transit in Bangkok had been made since 1975, it was only in 1999 that the BTS finally began operation.
The BTS consists of two lines, Sukhumvit and Silom, with thirty stations along 30.95 kilometres. The MRT opened for use in July 2004, and currently consists of two line, the Blue Line and Purple Line. The Airport Rail Link, opened in August 2010, connects the city centre to Suvarnabhumi Airport to the east. Its eight stations span a distance of 28 kilometres.
Although initial passenger numbers were low and their service area remains limited to the inner city, these systems have become indispensable to many commuters. The BTS reported an average of 600,000 daily trips in 2012, while the MRT had 240,000 passenger trips per day.
As of 2016, construction work is ongoing to extend BTS and MRT, as well as several additional transit lines, including the Light Red grade-separated commuter rail line. The entire Mass Rapid Transit Master Plan in Bangkok Metropolitan Region consists of eight main lines and four feeder lines totalling 508 kilometres to be completed by 2029. In addition to rapid transit and heavy rail lines, there have been proposals for several monorail systems.
WATER TRANSPORT
Although much diminished from its past prominence, water-based transport still plays an important role in Bangkok and the immediate upstream and downstream provinces. Several water buses serve commuters daily. The Chao Phraya Express Boat serves thirty-four stops along the river, carrying an average of 35,586 passengers per day in 2010, while the smaller Khlong Saen Saep boat service serves twenty-seven stops on Saen Saep Canal with 57,557 daily passengers. Long-tail boats operate on fifteen regular routes on the Chao Phraya, and passenger ferries at thirty-two river crossings served an average of 136,927 daily passengers in 2010.
Bangkok Port, popularly known by its location as Khlong Toei Port, was Thailand's main international port from its opening in 1947 until it was superseded by the deep-sea Laem Chabang Port in 1991. It is primarily a cargo port, though its inland location limits access to ships of 12,000 deadweight tonnes or less. The port handled 11,936,855 tonnes of cargo in the first eight months of the 2010 fiscal year, about 22 percent the total of the country's international ports.
AIRPORTS
Bangkok is one of Asia's busiest air transport hubs. Two commercial airports serve the city, the older Don Mueang International Airport and the new Bangkok International Airport, commonly known as Suvarnabhumi. Suvarnabhumi, which replaced Don Mueang as Bangkok's main airport at its opening in 2006, served 52,808,013 passengers in 2015, making it the world's 20th busiest airport by passenger volume. This amount of traffic is already over its designed capacity of 45 million passengers. Don Mueang reopened for domestic flights in 2007, and resumed international services focusing on low-cost carriers in October 2012. Suvarnabhumi is undergoing expansion to increase its capacity to 60 million, which is expected to be completed by 2016.
HEALTH AND EDUCATION
EDUCATION
Bangkok has long been the centre of modern education in Thailand. The first schools in the country were established here in the later 19th century, and there are now 1,351 schools in the city. The city is home to the country's five oldest universities, Chulalongkorn, Thammasat, Kasetsart, Mahidol and Silpakorn, founded between 1917 and 1943. The city has since continued its dominance, especially in higher education; the majority of the country's universities, both public and private, are located in Bangkok or the Metropolitan Region. Chulalongkorn and Mahidol are the only Thai universities to appear in the top 500 of the QS World University Rankings. King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, also located in Bangkok, is the only Thai university in the top 400 of the 2012–13 Times Higher Education World University Rankings.
Over the past few decades the general trend of pursuing a university degree has prompted the founding of new universities to meet the needs of Thai students. Bangkok became not only a place where immigrants and provincial Thais go for job opportunities, but also for a chance to receive a university degree. Ramkhamhaeng University emerged in 1971 as Thailand's first open university; it now has the highest enrolment in the country. The demand for higher education has led to the founding of many other universities and colleges, both public and private. While many universities have been established in major provinces, the Greater Bangkok region remains home to the greater majority of institutions, and the city's tertiary education scene remains over-populated with non-Bangkokians. The situation is not limited to higher education, either. In the 1960s, 60 to 70 percent of 10- to 19-year-olds who were in school had migrated to Bangkok for secondary education. This was due to both a lack of secondary schools in the provinces and perceived higher standards of education in the capital. Although this discrepancy has since largely abated, tens of thousands of students still compete for places in Bangkok's leading schools. Education has long been a prime factor in the centralization of Bangkok and will play a vital role in the government's efforts to decentralize the country.
HEALTHCARE
Much of Thailand's medical resources are disproportionately concentrated in the capital. In 2000, Bangkok had 39.6 percent of the country's doctors and a physician-to-population ratio of 1:794, compared to a median of 1:5,667 among all provinces. The city is home to 42 public hospitals, five of which are university hospitals, as well as 98 private hospitals and 4,063 registered clinics. The BMA operates nine public hospitals through its Medical Service Department, and its Health Department provides primary care through sixty-eight community health centres. Thailand's universal healthcare system is implemented through public hospitals and health centres as well as participating private providers.
Research-oriented medical school affiliates such as Siriraj, King Chulalongkorn Memorial and Ramathibodi Hospitals are among the largest in the country, and act as tertiary care centres, receiving referrals from distant parts of the country. Lately, especially in the private sector, there has been much growth in medical tourism, with hospitals such as Bumrungrad and Bangkok Hospital, among others, providing services specifically catering to foreigners. An estimated 200,000 medical tourists visited Thailand in 2011, making Bangkok the most popular global destination for medical tourism.
CRIME AND SAFETY
Bangkok has a relatively moderate crime rate when compared to urban counterparts around the world.[119] Traffic accidents are a major hazard, while natural disasters are rare. Intermittent episodes of political unrest and occasional terrorist attacks have resulted in losses of life.
Although the crime threat in Bangkok is relatively low, non-confrontational crimes of opportunity such as pick-pocketing, purse-snatching, and credit card fraud occur with frequency. Bangkok's growth since the 1960s has been followed by increasing crime rates partly driven by urbanisation, migration, unemployment and poverty. By the late 1980s, Bangkok's crime rates were about four times that of the rest of the country. The police have long been preoccupied with street crimes ranging from housebreaking to assault and murder. The 1990s saw the emergence of vehicle theft and organized crime, particularly by foreign gangs. Drug trafficking, especially that of ya ba methamphetamine pills, is also chronic.
According to police statistics, the most common complaint received by the Metropolitan Police Bureau in 2010 was housebreaking, with 12,347 cases. This was followed by 5,504 cases of motorcycle thefts, 3,694 cases of assault and 2,836 cases of embezzlement. Serious offences included 183 murders, 81 gang robberies, 265 robberies, 1 kidnapping and 9 arson cases. Offences against the state were by far more common, and included 54,068 drug-related cases, 17,239 cases involving prostitution and 8,634 related to gambling. The Thailand Crime Victim Survey conducted by the Office of Justice Affairs of the Ministry of Justice found that 2.7 percent of surveyed households reported a member being victim of a crime in 2007. Of these, 96.1 percent were crimes against property, 2.6 percent were crimes against life and body, and 1.4 percent were information-related crimes.
Political demonstrations and protests are common in Bangkok. While most events since 1992 had been peaceful, the series of protests alternately staged by the Yellow Shirts and Red Shirts since 2006 have often turned violent. Red Shirt demonstrations during March–May 2010 ended in a crackdown in which 92 were killed, including armed and unarmed protesters, security forces, civilians and journalists. Terrorist incidents have also occurred in Bangkok, most notably the 2015 Bangkok bombing at the Erawan shrine, and also a series of bombings on the 2006–07 New Year's Eve.
WIKIPEDIA
wow so many things i come across when making a charger muscle car :-s
so i was ready to build a muscle car when i came up with this 4wd idea for small scale trucks and cars. would be nice on a el camino ;) soon on mocpages.
with working/spinning engine parts as well!
this photo explains how the simple 4wd mechanism works and how it moves some engine parts as well...
I could see the tower of a church from the main road. I saw it from a good two miles away, towering over the mature trees of a wood.
It must be one heck of a church I thought, turning down the lane leading to it, to find the lane lead to Worstead.
Worstead: that explained it. A village so associated with wool, a type of woolen cloth is named after it.
Beside the church is the market square, lined with fine buildings, and to the west, St Mary. A huge cathedral of a church. After snapping the village, I walk to the porch on the south side and go in, smiling.
I was met by a warden who saw the look of delight on my face, and took me on a grand tour. How lucky was I?
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In the reign of Edward the Confessor, the lordship of this town belonged to the abbot of St. Bennet of Holm, with 2 carucates and an half of land, 8 villains, 30 borderers, 2 carucates in demean, 3 among the tenants, 8 acres of meadow, paunage for 16 swine, a mill, and 3 socmen, valued at 60s. and at the survey at 4l.
There were 2 churches with 28 acres, valued therein, and was for the provision of the monks.
At the survey, Robert, an officer of the cross-bow-men, held it of the abbot; it was one leuca long, and half a leuca broad and a perch, and paid 18d. gelt. St. Bennet's abbey held also in the said town, in King Edward's time, a carucate of land, with 2 villains, 10 borderers, one carucate in demean, and 2 among the tenants and 2 acres of meadow, &c. valued at 40s. (fn. 1)
Odo, son of Robert, the cross-bowman, assumed, according to the custom of that age, the name of Warsted, from this his town and lordship; he held it of the abbot by one knight's fee, being the gift of King Canute to the abbey on his foundation of it. (fn. 2)
This Odo. and Robert his son, gave lands to the abbey, and the mill at Bordestede. He was father of Peter, whose son Philip held one fee in the 20th of Henry III.
Nicholas son of Philip de Wursted, gave to the abbot all his lands here by deed, dated in the 2d of Edward I. Henry being then abbot.
Richard de Worstede was also a son of Odo, and had by Margaret his wife, daughter of Robert de Manteby, Sir Robert de Worstede, who died sans issue.—This Sir Robert and Sir John de Worstede, were witnesses to a deed of confirmation, of Jeffrey, son of Bartholomew de Glanvile, to Bromholm priory.
The temporalities of the abbot in 1428, were 3l. 12s. ob. q. This came at the Dissolution, to the see of Norwich; and in the 3d and 4th of Philip and Mary, was farmed of the Bishop, at 41s. and 3d. per ann. by Bertram Themilthorp.
The prior of Pentney had a lordship, granted to that house by John de Worstede, containing a messuage, a carucate of land, a mill, 50s. rent, 10 acres of wood, with the whole pond of Worstede and Crowbeck, and the whole alder carr, regranted by Simon the prior, to John for life.
In the year 1328, the temporalities of this prory were valued at 8l. 10s. 4d.—On the Dissolution, May 22, in the 36th of Henry VIII. it was granted to John Spencer.
The prior also of Hempton had a manor, valued with a mill, &c. at 4l. 8s. 11d. which on the Dissolution was granted as above, to John Spencer. Leonard Spencer and Catherina his wife, sold both these lordships to Robert Paston, and Thomas Thimblethorp, with their appertenances in Sloley, Westwick, &c. on June 3, in the 8th of Elizabeth; and after they are said to be aliened to — Utber, and so to — Mitson.
Matthew de Gunton had a manor here which he granted to William, son of William de Stalham, on his marriage with Isabel his daughter, being 49s. 3d. rent. This came to Sir Jeffrey Wythe, by his marriage with the daughter and heir of Sir William Stalham.
In the 9th of Edward II. Nicholas de Salicibus or of the Willows, and Elen his wife, conveyed to Jeffrey Wythe, and Isabel his wife, the 5th part of 28 messuages, 114 acres of land, 5 of turbary, with 27s. and 8d. rent here, in Dilham and Smalburgh, settled on Isabel; and Wynesia, widow of Sir Oliver Wythe, released to William Dunning of this town, all her right of dower in this town, and Westwick.
After this it came to Sir William Calthorp, by the marriage of Amy, daughter and heir of Sir John Wythe, and was sold by Edward Calthorp, Esq. of Kirby Cane, December 8, in the 21st of Henry VIII. to Leonard Spencer of Blofield, Gent. for 40l. in hand paid, and 40 marks more on full assurance being made. John Spencer was lord in the 2d of Edward VI. and Leonard Spencer in 1572.
Erpingham and Gaines's manor in Irstede, held by John Gross, Esq. at his death in 1408, which he left to his widow Margaret, extended into this town. John Skarburgh, Gent. had a prœcipe to deliver it to Miles Bayspoole, Gent. in the first of James I.
Before this, in the 17th of Elizabeth, William Chytham conveyed it to William Tymberley. The Grosses were early enfeoffed of a lordship under the abbot of Holm. Reginald le Gross was lord in the reign of Henry III. and had a charter for a weekly mercate on Friday.
Sir Oliver de Ingham held here and in Ingham, a knight's fee of Robert de Tateshale, in the first of Edward I. This came afterwards by the heiress of Ingham to the Stapletons; and in the 2d of Richard II. Sir Roger Boys, &c. trustees, aliened to the prior of the Holy Trinity of Ingham, a messuage, with 84 acres of land, 3 of meadow, one of pasture, in Worstede and Scothow, by license.
Thomas Moore, &c. aliened to the said convent, in the 16th of that King, 8 messuages, 221 acres of land, 22 of meadow, 4 of moor, and the rent of 11s. 11d. per ann. in this town, Ingham, Walcot, &c. held of the honour of Eye.
In the 3d of Henry IV. the prior's manor, late Sir Oliver de Ingham's, was held of Sir Constantine Clifton, of the barony of Tateshale.
The prior of Bromholm had also a lordship. In the 3d of Henry IV. the heirs of William Smalburgh held here and in Barton, &c. half a fee of the prior, with William Sywardby, and they of the Earl of Suffolk, as part of the honour of Eye, in 1428. The temporalities of this monastery were 104s. 2d. ob.
After the Dissolution, on May 26, in the 6th year of Edward VI. it was granted to Henry Grey Duke of Suffolk.
William Gillet, son and heir of William, had a messuage, a garden, 100 acres of land, 6 of meadow, 20 of pasture, and 2 of wood, called Fenn's and Skitt's, in the 23d of Elizabeth. John Kempt aliened it September 1, in the 7th of King James I. to Edmund Themilthorpe.
Thomas Seive of Worsted, had land here by the marriage of Margarel, one of the daughters of Sir James de Ilketeshale, Knt. of Suffolk, in the reign of Henry VI. she dying about the 30th of that King, left 3 daughters and coheirs; Cecilia, married to John Ovy, who left his lands here by will, in 1472, to Thomas his son, &c. by Emme his wife. Jane, a daughter and coheir of Seive, married William Smith; and Margaret, the 3d, Thomas Jeffrey.
The tenths were 14l. 10s. ob. q Deducted 1l. 19s. 1d. ob.
The town is seated in a flat country, and has a weekly mercate on Saturday
Worsted stuffs are said to have taken that name from their being first manufactured here. I find them mentioned in the 2d year of Edward III. and the weavers and workers were then by parliament enjoined to work them up to a better assise than they had done; and an enquiry was to be made after the behaviour of Robert P - - - the alnager for these stuffs.
Many privileges were after granted to the workers of them, Ao. 1 Richard II. &c. the merchants came into England, as appears in the 37th of Edward III. to purchase them.
The Church is dedicated to St. Mary, has a nave, 2 isles, and a chancel covered with lead, and a square tower with 6 bells, and was a rectory in the patronage of the family of De Worstede.
Sir Robert de Worsted, son of Richard de Worstede, gave by deed, (fn. 3) sans date, to the priory of Norwich, the patronage of this church, about the beginning of the reign of King Henry III. to which Sir John de Wirstede, Bartholomew de Reedham, Eustace de Berningham, &c. were witnesses; and by another deed, he gave to them the chapel of St. Andrew, in this town: witnesses, Sir G. de Bocland, John de Wirstede, Jordan de Soukeville, then an itinerant justice in Norfolk, which was confirmed by Pandulf Bishop of Norwich.
He also gave them lands with certain villains, the abbot of Holm also confirmed it.
Sir Reginald le Gross quitclaimed all his right in the aforesaid church and chapel, to Simon the prior, and the convent of Norwich.
Thomas de Blundevile Bishop of Norwich, also confirmed to them the said church, to take place on the decease of John de Wurchestede, and Adam de Wurchestede, who then held it in 1226; and in 1256, on the 8th of the calends of August, a vicarage was settled on the appropriation of the said church to the monks of Norwich, when a manse or house was given to the vicar, with an acre of land, by the chapel of St. Andrew with all the altarage of the church, (except the tithes of the mills) and the rents of assise belonging to the said chapel, and the oblations thereof; but if the oblations and profits of the said chapel exceeded 5 marks, the remainder was to go to the prior and convent, and the vicar was to repair the said chapel, and to find all ornaments, &c.
The vicar was also to have tithe of flax, hemp, and all other small tithes, it was appropriated to the prior's table, and to the cellarer of the priory; but after this, in the first of April following, it was appropriated entirely to the prior's table, and the church of Hemlington in Norfolk, appropriated to him instead of this.
In the reign of Edward I. there belonged to the appropriated rectory, a house, with 27 acres and a rood of land, and the church was valued at 25 marks, the vicarage at 5l. Peter-pence, 12d. and the portion of Kerbrook preceptory was 3s.—The prior had also a manor, Edward I. in his 35th year granting him free warren.
Vicars.
1256, Warin de Festorton, instituted vicar, presented by the prior and convent of Norwich.
John occurs vicar in 1299.
1304, Edmund Johnes, vicar.
Peter de Reynham, vicar.
1346, William de Aldeby.
1353, Oliver de Wytton.
1355, Roger de Felthorp.
1357, John de Massingham.
1365, John de Kynneburle; in his time, Ao. 2d of Richard II. the chancel of this church was new built; the prior granted 13 oaks out of Plumsted wood, and timber also out of St. Leonard's wood; and the expenses in money were 24l. 4l. 4d.
1386, Edmund Martyn, vicar.
On the dissolution of the priory, the manor belonging to it, with the rectory, and the patronage of the vicarage, were granted to the dean and chapter of Norwich; and the vicarage is valued at 10l. per ann.
Mr. Henry Aldred, vicar.
In 1603, William Fleming, vicar, returned 296 communicants 1730.
1660, Edmund Wharton, (fn. 4) occurs vicar.
Mr. William Berney.
Richard Oram, by the dean and chapter of Norwich.
1762, Ephr. Megoe.
On a gravestone in the chancel,
Hic lapis in pannis Spicer tenet ossa Johannis Qui Quadringentesimo pius XL et iii - - - - Anno.
Hic jacet D'ns. Johs. Yop. quo'da' Rector. Ecclie de Boton.
¶Sir Robert Camownde, priest, was buried in 1482, in the chapel of St. John, of this church, and wills that all the said chapel be paved with marbyll stone, and to the gravestone of John Ovy, with his goods. (fn. 5) —Richard Watls buried in St. John Baptist's chapel 1509, and I will have a prest to sing and pray 6 years in the church except the Fryday in ev'ry week, in the chapel of St. Andrew of Worsted. Agnes Watts, his widow, buried in the said chapel, 1529, and benefactrix to the guilds of our Lady and St. Thomas, and to the repair of St. Andrew's chapel, and gives meadow land to find two lamps in the church for ever, if the King's laws will permit, otherwise to be sold and to buy cattle for that purpose.
Here was also St. John Baptist's guild. In the church were these arms; Gules, on a fess, argent, three flowers, azure, between three popinjays, borne by—prior of Norwich. Argent, a cross, sable, the priory arms. Calthorp and Stapleton.
www.british-history.ac.uk/topographical-hist-norfolk/vol1...
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As a measure of how civilised East Anglia is, it is a simple and cheap matter to explore the region by train and bicycle. There is a flat rate of nine pounds a day for unlimited travel between stations in Suffolk, Norfolk and East Cambridgeshire. You can take a bike on any train for a pound, although in reality conductors rarely charge for this service. This practice dates back to pre-privatisation days, and Anglia Railways and One Trains have continued to honour it, for which I am mightily grateful. The Suffolk and Norfolk Churches sites would not be so extensive without it.
I left Ipswich at twenty to eight. It was a thinly bright April morning, the sun without power beyond dazzling through the haze in the eastern sky. I was glad of my jacket, but also glad I had sun glasses with me - it was going to be a perfect day for a bike ride.
As the train plodded through Ipswich's monotonous northern suburbs, I examined the ordnance survey map. I flicked through Pevsner and Mortlock, as industrial units gave way to green fields, copses and the winding Gipping. Restless, I gazed out the window. A swan awoke on a lake near Needham Market, stretching itself and beating its wings into life. Crows raided a skip on rubble near the Stowmarket paint factory. Then we were really in the countryside, rushing headlong through the sleepy fields beyond Haughley and Mendelsham. Near Finningham, a large female deer cowered silently in the hedge, not ten metres from the track. A few minutes later, and a wise old hare huddled in a furrow, flat-eared, patient.
The train pulled into the gathering surprise of Norwich. I hauled my bike a couple of platforms over to the Sheringham line. Other people out for the day got on, including a couple dressed in vintage railway costumes. I assumed they were bound for the steam line at Sheringham. Again, the monotony of another city's suburbs petered out into agricultural business, this time in bright sunshine, and so it was that just after nine o'clock we arrived at Worstead station. I was the only person to get off. "See you later" called the conductor cheerily as I rode off of the platform into the lane, and of course he was right. There is only one train that shuttles back and forth along this line all day, and he was in charge of it.
I cycled from the station up into the village, a distance of about two miles. I didn't pass anyone, and here in the large village there was nobody about, just a fat cat lazily rolling in the village square. The sun was cutting the haze, the sky wide and blue. It was like being in France.
The church is absolutely enormous, and hemmed in a tight little graveyard. My resolution to take more distant shots went right out the window. Like Salle, and Southwold in Suffolk, St Mary was all built in one go, pretty much. This happened in the late 14th century. As at Salle, it is reflective of a large number of bequests from different people over a short period rather than anyone fabulously rich doing it on their own, and the money, of course, came from wool. Worstead is still the name of a fabric today.
I said it was pretty much built at one go, but there was still plenty of money about in the 15th century to raise the clerestory and install a hammerbeam roof. This seems to have been such an ambitious project that flying buttresses had to be installed on top of the aisles to hold the top of the nave up, an expedient measure that has left the building both interesting and beautiful.
Inside, I feared another Happisburgh, but it was gorgeous. Stepping out of the sunlight into the slight chill of a vast open space, I wandered around feasting on this stunningly lovely building.
As regular users of the sites will know, I don't always warm to big churches, but St Mary is so pretty inside that it is hard not to love it. This is partly helped by the removal of all pews and benches from the aisle. Those that remain in the body of the church are lovely 18th century box pews, quite out of keeping with the medieval nature of the rest of the building, but quirky and oddly delightful. The great tower arch is elegant, and is thrown into relief by the towering font cover. The ringing gallery under the tower is dated 1501, and is reminiscent of the one at Cawston. The tower screen below it takes the breath away, and you find yourself looking around to see where it could have come from. In fact, it is almost certainly a work of the Victorians, but it is pretty well perfect. The paintings in the dado are apparently copies of windows by Sir Joshua Reynolds at New College, Oxford.
Worstead is rightly famous for its screen, but this is more because of its height, elegance and completeness than it is its authenticity. The figures on the dado have been repainted so recklessly that it is rather hard to see who some of them were ever meant to be. As at Woolpit in Suffolk, the Victorians appear to have repainted them more with an eye to enthusiasm than accuracy. I stood there, fantasising, making up stories, until, alongside familiar figures like St Peter, St James and St Matthew, I had identified St Lassitude, the patron Saint of a quiet night in, depicted reading his book. Other Saints, identified by their symbols, include St Quirinus with his hamster, and St Obligamus with his golden pineapple. Or so it seemed to me.
Not much less odd are the two figures on the extreme right. The Victorians do not appear to have repainted them. The first shows a man holding three nails, and is probably St William of Norwich, more familiar from the screen at Loddon. The second shows a figure crucified, arms tied to the spans. This may be the infamous Uncumber, the bearded lady of early medieval mythology - she grew a beard to fend off unwanted suitors, although you can't help thinking there'd be a niche market for that kind of thing somewhere on the internet. Later, she was crucified, probably upside down. This figure is probably a woman, so nothing seems to fit better, although she isn't bearded as far as I could see. Situated on the extreme right, she is reflected by a crucified Christ as the Man of Sorrows on the extreme left.
Across the top rail, a dedicatory inscription winds, mysterious and beautiful.
Either side of the chancel arch and screen, the two aisle chapels are both in use, which is unusual and lovely. Both have small screens, each with just four figures. That on the north side is particularly lovely, and is where the blessed sacrament is reserved. The four figures are St Peter, St Bartholomew, St John the Baptist and St John the Divine. At least three of these are also on the rood screen, suggesting that either the images there are wholly Victorian, or these aisle screens came originally from elsewhere.
The south aisle chapel is simpler - it is here you enter the church through the priest door. The screen features another St Bartholomew, along with St Lawrence, St Philip and a Bishop.
St Mary is a building to wander around in, a place to enjoy for its great beauty rather than to interrogate for its medieval authenticity. As you turn corners, vistas open up; the view from the font to the south door, for example, or that back to the west from the chancel. All perfect, all stunning. The high church nature of the modern furnishings chimes perfectly with these architectural treats. And there are other significant medieval survivals - a fine brass of a Catholic priest, scraps of wall painting beside the chancel arch, and so on.
As at other churches in this benefice, the war memorial is complemented by photographs of all those commemorated. What a splendid idea, and what a labour of love. Also in common with other churches around here, St Mary has a second hand bookstall. As I explored the Worstead area, I found myself buying more and more of them, until by the time I got back to Ipswich station that evening, my rucksack was laden down with a dozen or more.
Simon Knott, April 2005
Social Bookmarking is a really simple tool that can offer your Extension audience a great deal of value. It's also a great place to get started with eExtension.
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Ok here it is. I took one image of the model using the strobes . I had the camera on Auto bracket mode , so the dark frame was taken immediately after that, before the flashes could recharge. The dark frame is for the outside detail coming in through the cracks in the door and the first shot is for the model only. LAter.. I had the model walk out and took a bunch of different exposures of the barn by itself. I used photomatix Image blending to compile them. Strobes were used in that image as well but were moved to different places for each frame to ensure an even distribution. later in photoshop I used the pen tool to vector out the model and created a mask ( Bottom Right) since the hair was really difficult, I chopped it off with the pen tool mask and duplicated the original (1) picture, placed it on top and set the blend mode to either overlay or multiply... whatever one leaves lighter (hair) detail and makes darker areas transparent. Thats how I got the hair edges so finite. A separate mask was also used to get the outside detail from the second image and place it on top of layer 3 so that it appears that My camera has that kind of dynamic range. :) YEah.. I cheated :) other than that, I used the basic retouching like skin smoothing and some toning using curves. whole thing took about an hour and a half.
Link to final img
www.flickr.com/photos/40889933@N07/4879681429/in/photostr...
MY STORY & EXPLANATION OF THE ABOVE SERIES OF PICTURES INCLUDING 1 THROUGH 6 SETS OF PICTURES:
(The above are some pictures of the statue Marie Rose Ferron Miraculously Bowing to the Sacred Heart of Jesus. mine is supposed to be standing straight up at 8 inches away from fence and at 39 1/2 inches tall like the 2 right pictures, but started mysteriously, and Miraculously Bowing (Like the left picture & far right pic that was just starting to rebow again) & restanding straight back up since 20 July 2006! View all 5-6 sets to get a clearer picture of what is happening)
My husband and son bought for my "HOLY FAMILY" Garden 2 statues 3 days before MOTHER's Day in MAY 2005. One was of ST. FRANCIS (whom we would find out much later that my cousin MARIE ROSE FERRON joined his 3RD ORDER OF ST. FRANCIS in MAY 1929) and the other was ST. GABRIEL, the MESSENGER. I misplaced the name tag for St. Gabriel so I didn't know for quite a while that this statue was ST. GABRIEL, THE ARCHANGEL, THE MESSENGER! I had since THANKSGIVING 2000 had several profound MIRACLES by now, with my newfound cousin- ST. SR. MARIE ROSE FERRON, Stigmatist, Mystic, Bi-Locator, Intercedor & Victim Soul for Providence Diocese of Woonsocket, Providence Co., Rhode Island, U.S.A., and decided to rename ST. GABRIEL after my cousins- ST. SR. MARIE ROSE FERRON & my other cousin BL. MARIE-STE-CECILE DE ROME (DINA BELANGER) asking whatever ARCHANGEL he/she was, to share it's statue with them, to honor all in the HOLY FAMILY Garden while I blessed them, til I could actually afford to get their actual statues. ST. FRANCIS, would share his statue with my cousin BL. ANDRE BESSETTE. ST. FRANCIS/BL. ANDRE BESSETTE was immediately put in the HOLY FAMILY Garden in MAY 2005 & stayed there ever since, but MARIE ROSE FERRON/ST.GABRIEL/MARIE-STE-CECILE-DE-ROME would be placed in my living room for it's first year. For MOTHER's Day in MAY 2006, my husband & son would work more on my HOLY FAMILY garden giving me a new statue & waterfall, so I rearranged the garden, placing MARIE ROSE FERRON opposite corner from the SACRED HEART OF JESUS (whom I found out much later, that MARIE ROSE FERRON had a deep DEVOTION to SACRED HEART OF JESUS). She stood straight up and her head was 8 inches away from the fence. On 20 JULY 2006, on the 101ST ANNIVERSARY of MARIE ROSE FERRON's sister- CORINne's BIRTHday, at 11:00 AM, we found the statue MARIE ROSE FERRON profoundly and MIRACULOUSLY BOWING & PRAYING to her SACRED HEART OF JESUS from 8 INCHES away from fence to 24 INCHES away from fence! Her pursey lips had CHANGED to a beautiful SMILE, and her PRAYING hands had moved close to her chin!! She was no longer standing straight up but leaning forward she BOWED at her knees and ankles and back to her JESUS! She BOWED & PRAYED to her JESUS for 8 DAYS til the 28TH JULY 2006, then RESTOOD STRAIGHT BACK UP at 8 INCHES away from fence again!! At first, we didn't know what was happening, so we contacted experts, and looked for other people with this statue to see if there was some logical reason. We were told by experts, that this can't happen as what she is made of is a resin, that they use for boats & boats wouldn't float. Besides they said, if it were to "Melt" which resin doesn't do, but even so, if it was to, it wouldn't restand back up straight and perfectly! To top it off, there was no damages! Others who had this statue, said theirs were standing straight up and had never bowed! Soon, ROSE would since then continue to BOW & RESTAND PRAYING before her JESUS over & over again but never had she reached the 24 inches mark that she first did. That is until this 08 JULY 2007 when she changed again, and was found LEANING on MOTHER MARY and BOWING so profoundly, that she couldn't no longer stand up by herself! She had TURNED to & LEANED on MOTHER MARY while still BOWING 26 INCHES to her SACRED HEART of JESUS! She had continued to bow, 26 inches, 27 1/2 inches, 29 inches, 30 inches & reached a full 36 inches which is almost as much as she is tall (39 1/2 inches)! We would learn much later, after her first bow, that 20 JULY was also another special day to Rose as she suffered the pains of a ABORTION for her dear friend ALICE Guerin, a mother of 15 kids, (later she would become ROSE's PERSECUTOR) who's BABY HAD DIED and it took 8 DAYS for the ABORTION! Alice & MARIE ROSE FERRON (who suffered for Alice) suffered a ABORTION from 20 July - 28th July just like Rose's statue THAT BOWED FOR THE EXACT SAME AMOUNT of DAYS 20 JULY - 28TH JULY! This story gets even stranger as the 28th JULY was also special to ROSE as it was the ANNIVERSARY for a MASS & PRAYER to be said in her house by FATHER Leonard of Montreal, PQ.,in which his MASSES at ROSE's would be stopped on 09 OCTOBER of that same year, out of JEALOUSness, by another FATHER! This MASS, would be the start of PERSECUTION by the clergy to ROSE. and the cycle would be completed on 09 OCTOBER of that year where FATHER LEONARD was DENIED to say MASS at ROSE'S. This day is special to me, because it was the ANNIVERSARY of my ABORTION of my PEEWASU- "LITTLE ONE". My daughter, CORIN, (like Rose's sister CORINne) would be pregnant this year that Rose would start bowing & she would have a son named GABRIEL. (this name is not a familiar name to my family so we were surprised to learn she would name him this, and it wouldn't be til later that we learned the statues true name was GABRIEL! Our Gabriel, would FIGHT FOR HIS LIFE for 56 days, but sadly lost his battle on his cousin BL. ANDRE BESSETTE'S BURIAL ANNIVERSARY DAY- 12 JANUARY 2007. He had a hole in his HEART & Cdh. Other MIRACLES started happening in the HOLY FAMILY garden as the red rose bush Coleen MARY nest to ROSE & MAMMA MARY started in June 2006 blooming rare HEART SHAPED ROSE PEDALS. A few even grew a 3-d HEART inside the HEART shaped rose pedal, and another grew a 3-d CROSS inside of it! St. MICHAEL, the PROTECTOR ARCHANGEL, in Septemeber 2006 had changed colors! His skin tone turned GREEN (I would find out later, that in the ancient times- green was St. Michaels color & was very special to him) & his beige wings had turned BABY Blue like MAMMA MARY'S favorite color! His white gown turned a yellowish orange! I asked a expert on color mixing, if these things were possible, and they told me that the base colors for certain colors that I had mentioned, is possible, but NOT the skin turning Green & the gown Yellowish orange! She had no explanation at all for that & said that was impossible! I finally told the woman what was happening here, and she said what amazed her was that Rose bowed a year later after we had gotten her, so if she had had a weak point in her, it should have showed before that, and that she would expect the St. MICHAEL statue to fade like from red to pink, not totally change to a different, vibrant color! Also, she said, it is very bizarre, as she has no explantion for it suddenly changing colors after it being like 4-6 years old! The experts of the Rose bush inquiry said that Coleen Mary doesn't bloom, HEART shaped rose pedals never mind 3-d HEARTS & CROSSES inside of them! Another bizarre piece of information I would learn this year and last month, was that Rose started bowing profoundly in JULY which is very sacred & Meaningful to Rose as it is the MONTH OF PRECIOUS BLOOD! You see, Rose was BORN 24 MAY 1902 in a STABLE (like her JESUS) at feeding time, when her MOTHER hemorridged. She was the 10th child out of 15 of Jean Baptiste Ferron & Rose "Delima" Syclimore (Mathieu). Rose's Mother Delima, when BIRTHing her 1st BABY- Jean Baptiste Antone "Anatole" MAY 15, 1889 (another very special day to Rose as she would die on the 11 MAY & be BURIED MAY 15TH 1936 on her brother Anatole's BIRTHday!!) , had secretely made a PROMISE to MAMMA MARY, by saying that she would DEDICATE EACH OF HER FUTURE CHILDREN to EACH OF THE HOLY MYSTERIES of the most HOLY ROSARY PRAYER of MOTHER MARY's. Anatole was dedicated to the 1st Mystery, and ROSE being the 10TH BABY was dedicated to the 10TH MYSTERY of the HOLY ROSARY PRAYER- CHRIST'S CRUCIFICTION! For those of you who don't know, Rose would litterally fullfill this very promise given MAY 15, 1889 and revealed to the public 01 MAY 1929 from MOTHER Ferron to MOTHER MARY, as Rose was 1 out of 150 known STIMATICS in the WORLD, & she was 1 out of 30 to have ALL 5 of JESUS'S WOUNDS! The numbers get even more spectacular when you learn that ROSE would suffer even more as she suffered & shared in CHRIST'S PASSION for her beloved PROVIDENCE DIOCESE & for the return of 61 EXCOMMUNICATED, REBELLIOUS SENTINELLISTS & JESUS would grant that MIRACULOUS RETURN of the 61 on 2 different dates; 23 FEBRUARY 1929, SUN., ALL BUT 4 RETURNED/SUBMITTED/REPENTED TO BSP. and MAY 17, 1929 (Again the MAY MONTH)- PHYDIME J. HEMOND, of St. Annes last to repent! This Miracle was such on a grand scale itself, as it had been unheard of for so many to rebel, be excommunicated & actually return back to their beloved Church! Rose's united suffering and PRAYERS with her SACRED HEART OF JESUS hadn't gone unnoticed by her Jesus, as her prayers had been answered! So all these factors are adding up now, to mean a very special MESSAGE from GOD via his WILL, his ANGELS, & his HOLY FAMILY! A skeptic, who came to see my Bowing Rose, had made the comment that Rose had to be bowing because at her ankles it is smaller than the rest of the body, which would be a great conclusion except, it couldn't explain how she will RESTAND straight back up without even damage never mind the fact that RESIN DOESN'T MELT nor MELT & RESHAPE BACK TO PERFECT FORM! One FATHER whom I told about some of the MIRACLES had stated with skeptism, that this can't be of GOD because he BELIEVES GOD ONLY WORKS ORDINARY INSTEAD OF EXTRAORDINARY. This broke my HEART to see such LIMITATIONS PUT ON GOD! God only works in ORDINARY ways not extraordinary? How I cried for this FATHER! God has always worked ORDINARY AND EXTRAORDINARY, the Bible, GODS PRECIOUS WORD, has proven this over & over again! I suppose you could compare this thought to when JESUS, the MESSIAH had come over 2,000 years ago, when many thought the very same thoughts & denied Jesus as the Messiah, because he wouldn't come here BORN of the 'poor" & like Judas thought, that he would come to FIGHT & REBEL by the Sword rather than PEACEful walking & talking & example! Judas even tried to Force Gods hand to Fight, and it backfired, and got him Crucified! Judas's remorse came a bit too late, as his beloved Savior was nailed to the CROSS, and he realized it and killed himself for he betrayed, got him PERSECUTED, beaten & crucified, his SAVIOR. Another skeptic, once said to me, so how do you hear Rose & Andre speak to you- in French or English, and I said to them, in English, and they concluded that I must be not telling the truth because they spoke French. I was shocked at this concluding, not at the skeptism as I most certainly would expect that as I am a very big skeptic in certain matters, but I was shocked at their reasoning, as why wouldn't I hear Rose or Andre in English, as I can't speak French & wouldn't understand a word they said nor remember their words if they spoke to me in French! I couldn't understand, how this skeptic, would conclude her conclusion to I must not be telling the TRUTH based on such a meer factor as I would never understand Rose or Andre otherwise & their message wouldn't have gotten through to me! Why do people put such limitations on God? I can't say, I am not guilty of it myself, as just recently God would teach me this very lesson in July 2007! Since Rose has not bowed since her 1st bow at 24 inches anything more than 24 inches, I had concluded that she couldn't possibly Bow any more than that as this is what my eyes tell me, or she would fall over! Now you are talking about me, whom after a long while of skeptisism of all that has happened in the Holy Family garden, has now concluded this IS of GOD, after I had thoroughly knocked out any other possibilities for reasons this is happening. I have had a year of watching his beautiful miracles, and since 1997 I have witnessed many of his sweet unexplainable miracles! So, now I am a believer, right? Well, again, I had put a limitation, from what my eyes could only see & my simple brain could only fathom, that the statue can't bow more than 24 inches or it will break & fall over when on the 08th JULY 2007-MONTH OF PRECIOUS BLOOD & MONTH ROSE WOULD SUFFER CHRISTS PASSION ALL MONTH, I find Rose BOWING OVER 24 INCHES! Her body changed position, and so my foolish limiting God, had proved me wrong and put me to shame. But did I learn? No, I didn't, as I took pictures in awe of God & what Rose was doing, I again, said to my husband, now I know she can't bow any more than she is, because she can't even stand up on her own and falls over and the only measurement I can give is the measurement to which the base does not lift off the ground! Well, God would teach me again, NOT TO LIMIT GOD as my next measurement of Rose on a later date would show Rose BOWING EVEN MORE!! I stood in awe & took pictures & said, Ray, she can't possibly BOW any more or she will surely break! So again, God would put me in my place, when we found Rose in her next measurement BOWING EVEN MORE! This kept going on, til I finally got GODS' MESSAGE- DON'T PUT LIMITATIONS ON ME! I deeply apologize to God for this thinking and am humbled to my knees while being very grateful for his lessons. Things get even a little more bizarre when we BURIED our Little BABY GABRIEL at ST. JOSEPH'S cemetary 12 JANUARY 2007 (cousin Bl. Andre's BURIAL DAY as well) and found behind him a huge MEMORIAL STONE saying 'PRAY THE ROSARY TO STOP ABORTION" by MSGR. Peter E. BLESSing. I only learned in late AUGUST 2007, that he would be the man who would take over as 'ACTING BISHOP' when Rose's beloved Bishop William A. Hickey had died of a HEART attack for one year ca. til they found a person who could fill his shoes! This MSGR. BLESSING, knew our little ROSE & was involved with her as well! So the MESSAGE of PRAYING the ROSARY TO STOP ABORTION gets even clearer & is more proof that this is the reason why this statue Rose/ST Gabriel- The MESSENGER is BOWING TO SACRED HEART OF JESUS & LEANING ON MAMMA MARY & her ROSARY!! The other thing, is that even before much of all these miracles started adding up, is that when I had read that MAMMA MARY had REVEALED MAMMA FERRON'S secret of her dedicating her BABIES to each MYSTERY to the HOLY ROSARY on 01 MAY 1929, I had decided to make a HEART shaped stone, with the 15 MYSTERIES HOLY ROSARY (FERRON ROSARY) with real birth stones & gold, to make a special dedication in front of Rose's statue & near Mamma Mary! I had planned this when I first read it, and little did I know it would be the very reason that I believe God & The Holy Family is asking us to do! One thing is for sure, God wants us to Pray, Mamma wants us to Pray the Rosary, and the Holy Family wants us to pray to stop Abortion for it is Persecuting, and Pray for the Mother's & Father's as well. God speaks of Jealousy, Persecution, and they are all calling us to be HOLY FAMILY united in Prayer. I praise God for working in EXTRAORDINARY WAYS & ORDINARY and Father, I will do my best, never to put limitations on you again, but if I fall, I pray, you will pick me up and straighten my thoughts out, and I Thank You for that always! I pray I have explained what I have seen, experienced, and learned well enough to you, and pray you will bear with my lackings in expression. With Love & Many Sweet Blessings to You all, Rose
I have a lot of shots to post. I have been very busy, and then there are the photos I helped escape the house-clearance people from Mum's.
So, back to the matter in hand: Ospringe.
Ospringe is one of the most easily identifiable churches in Kent, with its unusual saddleback tower, but it is well seen, as you can see the tower before the turn off to Faversham. It looks fabulous.
Ospringe was a small village, but now is part of the urban sprawl of Faversham as it spreads to the south of the old A2.
You turn down a tight junction, then along a narrow road with cars parked on either side, until you break into open country, and the church is on a bend in the road.
I was last here on winter about a decade ago, it was a bitterly cold day and the planned Christmas Tree festival had been delayed a week due to bad weather the weekend before.
I cam here on the off-chance, and I was met by a volunteer come to clean the church, but no one with a key.
The vicar arrived, and after explaining again about the project, he reluctantly let me in, but warned he would not be here long.
Last time here, i took 7 shots, and none of details, so I made busy with the nifty fifty.....
John Vigar says this is a church hard to gain access too, maybe I have been lucky, but worth seeking out if you're passing.
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A pretty church whose thirteenth century origins seem lost beneath a Victorian veneer – yet inside all become clear. The north wall is thickened to take the rood loft staircase (see also Challock) but there is a medieval stair in the south side too, just to confuse. The font is a lovely twelfth century piece supported by the familiar five columns. Much of the glass is by Thomas Willement and displays his signature TW, which can also be seen in the Alpha emblem in the top of the striking east window. The chancel is a riot of Victoriana of grand design – constructed in several campaigns, the reredos and flooring definitely by different hands. Old photos show that the whole church was once stencilled, but now that the nave is relatively plain, the chancel is once more the focus of attention. The south chapel has a rather nice 19th century roof structure and must once have been a grand family chapel. All in all a lovely church full of interest and one which should be more accessible and better known.
www.kentchurches.info/church.asp?p=Ospringe
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OSPRINGE
LIES the next parish north westward from Sheldwich. It is usually written in antient records Ospringes, and takes its name from the spring or fresh stream which rises in it.
The town of Ospringe, as it is called, is a franchise separate from the hundred of Faversham, having a constable of its own, but the rest of the parish is within the jurisdiction of that hundred.
The borough of Chetham, in this parish, was given to the abbey of Faversham by Richard de Lucy, and confirmed to it by king Henry II. king John, and king Henry III. (fn. 1) It still continues an appendage to the manor of Faversham, at which a borsholder is chosen yearly for this borough, and extends over Beacon farm on the south side of the London road, at the 45th mile stone in Ospringe and Stone, and very little besides. There is another small borough in this parish, called the borough of Brimstone, for which a borsholder is elected annually at the same manor. It extends over the Red Lion inn, in Ospringe-street, and some land, an house and oast behind the bowling-green, northward of it.
The parish of Ospringe is of large extent, being near five miles from north to south, though it is not much more than two miles in breadth. The village, or town of Ospringe, as it was formerly called, and now usually Ospringe-street, stands on the high London road, between the 46th and 47th mile-stone, but the north side of the street, as well as of that road, from the summit of Judde hill, as far eastward as the 47th mile stone, is within Faversham parish, the liberties of which town begin from the rivulet in Ospringe, and extend eastward, including the late Mr. Lypeatt's new-built house. Thus that parish intervenes, and entirely separates from the rest of it that part of Ospringe parish, at the northern boundaries of it, in which are the storekeeper's house, part of the offices, &c. and some of the royal powder mills, and in the town of Faversham, that parish again intervening, there is a small part of Weststreet within this parish. The grand valley, called Newnham bottom, through which the high road leads to Maidstone, lies at the western boundary of the parish, on the summit of the hill eastward of it is Juddehouse, built after a design of Inigo Jones, a fine situation, having a most beautiful prospect eastward, over a most fertile extent of country, to the Boughton hills, and the channel north eastward of it, but the large tract of woodland, of many hundred acres, which reach up close to the gardens at the back of it, render it rather an unhealthy situation. About a quarter of a mile eastward of Ospringe-street is a good house, called from the antient oratory or chapel formerly adjoining to it, but pulled down within these few years, chapelhouse. This oratory was dedicated to St. Nicholas, and erected for a priest to say mass in it, for the safety and good success of passengers, who left their acknowledgments for his pains in it. It belonged lately to Mr. John Simmons, whose son sold it to Isaac Rutton, esq. and he alienated the house to Mr. Neame, the present owner; but on a part of the land adjoining he built an elegant villa, naming it Ospringe Place, in which he now resides.
In Ospringe-street there is a tolerable inn, and the remains of the Maison Dieu on each side of the high road close to the small rivulet which crosses the street. This stream rises at Westbrook, at a small distance southward of the hamlet of Whitehill, at the back of which it runs, and at about a mile and an half distance, passing by Ospringe church, and the mansion of Queen-court, now a respectable farm-house, it turns a mill, erected some years ago for the manufacturing of madder, though now used for the grinding corn, and having crossed Ospringe-street, it turns a gunpowder mill not far from it, occupied by government, but belonging to St. John's college, in Cambridge, and having supplied the storekeeper's gardens, it afterwards turns a corn-mill, close to the west side of Faversham town, after which it supplies the rest of the government mills and works, and runs from thence into Faversham creek, to which it is a very necessary and beneficial back water. There is a nailbourne, or temporary land spring, such as are not unusual in the parts of this county eastward of Sittingborne, which run but once perhaps in several years, their failing and continuance having no certain periods, the breaking forth of them being held by the common people to be a forerunner of scarcity and dearness of corn and victuals. This at Ospringe, when it breaks out, rises about half a mile southward of Whitehill, near Kennaways, in the road to Stalisfield, and joining the above-mentioned rivulet, which it considerably increases, flows with it into Faversham creek. In February, 1674, it began to run, but stopped before Michaelmas. It broke forth in February, 1712, and run with such violence along the high road, that trenches were cut through the lands adjoining to carry the water off, but it stopped again before Michaelmas. It had continued dry till it broke out afresh in 1753, and continued to run till summer 1778, when it stopped, and has continued dry ever since.
About a mile southward of Ospringe-street is the hamlet of Whitehill, mentioned before, situated in the vale through which the rivulet takes its course. There are two houses of some account in it, formerly owned by the family of Drayton, who had resided in this parish for many years. Robert Drayton resided here anno 7 Edward IV. in which year he died, and was buried in the church-yard of Ospringe, being then possessed, as appears by his will, of a house called Smythes, with its lands and appurtenances, at Whitehill. After this family had become extinct here, one of these houses came into the possession of Ruck, and escheated, for want of lawful heirs, to the lord of the manor, and now as such belongs to the earl of Guildford, but Mr. James Foord resides in it. The other, after the Draytons were become extinct here, came into the name of Wreight, one of whom, Henry Wreight, gent. died possessed of it in 1695, and was buried in Faversham church. His son of the same name resided here, and died in 1773, and his grandson Henry Wreight, gent. of Faversham, sold it to John Montresor of Belmont, esq. who now owns it, but John Smith esq. resides in it. About a mile westward on the hill, near Hanslets Fostall and the parsonage, is a new-erected house, called the Oaks, built not many years since, on the scite of an antient one, called Nicholas, formerly belonging to the Draytons, by Mr. John Toker, who resides in it; the woodgrounds in the upland parts of this parish are very extensive, and contain many hundred acres. The soil of this parish, from its large extent, is various, to the north and north-east of the church the lands are level and very fertile, being a fine rich loam, but as they extend southward to the uplands, the soil becomes more and more barren, much of it chalky, and the rest a cludgy red earth, stiff tillage land, and very stony. A fair is held in Ospringe-street on the 29th of May.
¶Much has already been said in the former parts of these volumes, of the different opinions of learned men where the Roman station, called in the second iter of Antonine Durolevum, ought to be placed. Most of the copies of Antonine make the distance from the last station Durobrovis, which is allowed by all to be Rochester, to the station of Durolevum, to be xiii or xvi miles, though the Peutongerian tables make it only vii. If the number xvi is right, no place bids so fair for it as Judde-hill, in this parish, which then would have every probable circumstance in favor of it. The Romans undoubtedly had some strong military post on this hill, on the summit of which there are the remains of a very deep and broad ditch, the south and east sides are still entire, as is a small part of the north side at the eastern corners of it, the remaining part of the north side was filled up not many years since. The west side has nothing left of it; close within the southern part of it is a high mount of earth thrown up to a considerable height above the ground round it, the scite of Judde house, and the gardens are contained within it. The form of it seems to have been a square, with the corners rounded, and to have contained between three and four acres of ground within its area, the common people call it king Stephen's castle, but it is certainly of a much older date. At a small distance from it, on the opposite, or north side of the high road, there are several breast works cast up across the field facing the west. At the bottom of the hill, in the next field to this, are the ruins of Stone chapel, in which numbers of Roman bricks are interspersed among the flints, and in the midst of the south wall of it, there is a separate piece of a Roman building, about a rod in length, and near three feet high, composed of two rows of Roman tiles, of about fourteen inches square each, and on them are laid small stones hewed, but of no regular size or shape, for about a foot high, and then tiles again, and so on alternately.
THIS PARISH is within the ECCLESIASTICAL JURISDICTION of the diocese of Canterbury, and deanry of Ospringe
The church stands within the jurisdiction of the town of Ospringe, about half a mile southward from Ospringe-street. It is dedicated to St. Peter and St. Paul. It is an antient building, consisting of three isles and a chancel. The steeple was formerly at the west end, and was built circular of flints, supposed to be Danish, with a shingled spire on it, of upwards of fifty feet high, in which were four bells; but in ringing them on Oct. 11, 1695, on king William's return from Flanders, it suddenly fell to the ground, providentially no one was hurt by it. There are no remains left of any painted glass in the windows of this church, though there was formerly much in most of them; particularly, in the window of the north isle was once the figure of a mitred bishop, on the rack, with a knife on the table by him, and of another person tied to a tree, and wounded with arrows. In another was a label to the memory of Robert Seton, and of a woman kneeling; and there was not many years ago remaining in the east window, at the end of the south isle, forming a kind of chancel, the effigies of a knight in his tabard of arms, with spurs on his heels, in a kneeling posture, looking up to a crucisix, painted just above him, of which there remained only the lower part. The knight's arms, Azure, three harts heads, caboshed, or, were thrown under him, and at a little distance some part of his crest, An hart's head, attired full, or, with a crown about his neck, azure, and underneath, Pray for the soul of Thomas Hart. This Sir Thomas Hart was possessed of an estate in this parish, which he purchased of Norwood. The Greenstreets, of Selling, lately claimed this chancel, and several of them lie buried in it. There was a chapel, dedicated to St. Thomas, in this church.
In the east part of the church-yard there was once a chapel, said to have been built by Sir John Denton, of Denton, in this parish and Easling, the foundations of which are still visible.
It appears by the Testa de Nevil, taken in the reign of king Henry III. that the church of Ospringe was in the king's gift, and was afterwards given by king John to John de Burgo, who then held it, and that it was worth forty marcs. After which, in the 8th year of Richard II. anno 1384, it was become appropriated to the abbot of Pontiniac, and was valued at 13l. 6s. 8d. at which time there was a vicarage here of his patronage likewise. It afterwards became part of the possessions of the hospital or Maison Dieu, in Ospringestreet, but by what means, or when, I have not found, and it continued so till the escheat of the hospital anno 20 Edward IV. after which, the parsonage appropriate of this church of Ospringe, together with the advowson of the vicarage, was by means of Fisher, bishop of Rochester, obtained of Henry VIII. in manner as has been already mentioned, for St. John's college, in Cambridge, the master and fellows of which are at this time entitled to them, the parsonage being let by them on a beneficial lease; but the advowson of the vicarage they retain in their own hands.
The lessee of this parsonage, in the reign of queen Elizabeth, was Robert Streynsham, esq. who rebuilt the house and offices belonging to it, and afterwards resided in it. He had been fellow of All Souls college, LL. B. and secretary to the earl of Pembroke. He lies buried in this church, and bore for his arms, Or, a pale dancette, gules. He left two daughters and coheirs, of whom, Audrey, the eldest, carried her interest in it in marriage to Edward Master, esq. eldest son of James Master, esq. of East Langdon, who was first of Sandwich, and afterwards built a seat for himself and his posterity at East Langdon. He was twice married, and had fourteen children; at length worn out with age, he betook himself hither to his eldest son Edward, and dying in 1631, æt. 84, was buried in this church. Edward Master, the son, resided here, and was afterwards knighted, and on his father's death in 1631 removed to that seat, in whose descendants it continued till it was at length alienated to Buller, of Cornwall, whose son sold his interest in to Markham, as he did to Mr. Robert Lyddel, merchant, of London, brother of Sir Henry Lyddel, who in 1751 assigned his interest in it to Ralph Terrey, yeoman, of Knolton, whose son Mr. Michael Terrey, of Ospringe, devised it to his only daughter and heir Olive, who married Nathaniel Marsh, esq. of Boughton Blean, and the heirs of his son Terrey Marsh, esq. late of that parish, are the present lessees of it.
The vicarage of Ospringe is valued in the king's books at ten pounds, and the yearly tenths at one pound.
In 1640 it was valued at sixty pounds, when there were communicants here 226.
The vicarage is endowed with all vicarial tithes, woad only excepted, and also with those of hay, saintfoin, clover, and coppice woods. There are about twenty-seven acres of glebe-land belonging to it. The vicarage-house is situated in the valley, at a small distance eastward from the church, and the parsonagehouse near a mile southward of that.
Ospringe was formerly the head of a rural deanry, of which institution it will be necessary to give some account here.
The office of rural dean was not unknown to our Saxon ancestors, as appears by the laws of king Edward the Confessor; they were called both Archipresbiteri and Decani Temporarii, to distinguish them from the deans of cathedrals, who were Decani Perpetui. Besides these, there were in the greater monasteries, especially those of the Benedictine order, such officers called deans, and there are deans still remaining in several of the colleges of the universities, who take care of the studies and exercises of the youth, and are a check on the morals and behaviour of such as are members under them.
¶The antient exercise of jurisdiction in the church seems to have been instituted in conformity to like subordinations in the state. Thus the dioceses within this realm seem to have been divided into archdeaconries and rural deanries, to make them correspond to the like division of the kingdom into counties and hundreds; hence the former, whose courts were to answer those of the county, had the county usually for their district, and took their title from thence, and the names of the latter from the hundred, or chief place of it, wherein they acted; and as in the state every hundred was at first divided into ten tithings or fribourghs, and every tithing was made up of ten families, both which kept their original names, notwithstanding the increase of villages and people; so in the church the name of deanry continued, notwithstanding the increase of persons and churches, and the districts of them were contracted and enlarged from time to time, at the discretion of the bishop, the rural dean of Ospringe having jurisdiction over the whole deanry of it, consisting of twenty-six parishes. He had a seal of office, which being temporary, it had only the name of the office, and not, as other seals of jurisdiction, the name of the person also, engraved on it. The seal belonging to this deanry had on it, the Virgin Mary crowned, with the sceptre in her left hand, and her child, with a glory round his head, in her right, and round the margin, Sigillu Decani Decanatus de Ospreng. He was in antient times called the dean of the bishop, because appointed by him, and had alone the inspection of the lives and manners of the clergy and people within the district under him, and was to report the same to the bishop; to which end, that he might have a thorough knowledge of the state and condition of his respective deanry, he had a power to convene rural chapters, which were made up of the instituted clergy, or their curates as proxies of them, and the dean as president of them, where the clergy brought information of all irregularities committed within their respective parishes. Those upon ordinary occasions were held at first every three weeks, in imitation of the courts of manors, held from three weeks to three weeks, and afterwards each month, and from thence were called Kalendæ, but their more solemn and principal chapters were assembled once a quarter, where maters of greater import were transacted, and a fuller attendance given. They were at first held in any one church within the district, where the minister of the place was to procure and provide entertainment and procurations for the dean and his immediate officers, and they were afterwards held only in the larger or more eminent parishes. The part of their office of inspecting and reporting the manners of the clergy and people, rendered them necessary attendants on the episcopal synod or general visitation, in which they were the standing representatives of the rest of the clergy within their division, and they were there to deliver information of abuses committed within their knowledge, and consult for the reformation of them; for which they were to have their expences, called from hence synodals, allowed them by those whom they represented, according to the time of their attendance. That part of their office, of being convened to provincial and episcopal synods, was transferred to two proctors, or representatives of the parochial clergy in each diocese; and that of information of scandals and offences, has devolved on the churchwardens of the respective parishes. Besides this another principal part of the duty of a rural dean was to execute all processes of the bishop, or of the officers and ministers under his authority; but by the constitution of the pope's legate, Otho, the archdeacon, in the reign of Henry III. was required to be frequently present at them, who being superior to the rural dean, did in effect take the presidency out of his hands; and these chapters were afterwards often held by the archdeacon's officials, from which may be dated the decay of rural deanries, for the rural dean was not only discouraged by this, but the archdeacon and his official, as might naturally be supposed he would, drew the business usually transacted there to his own visitation, or chapter, as it might be termed. By which intersering of the archdeacon and his officials, it happened that in the age next before the reformation, the jurisdiction of rural deans declined almost to nothing, and at the reformation nothing was done for their restoration by the legislative power, so that they became extinct in most deanries, nor did this of Ospringe survive the earliest decline of them. (fn. 16) Where they still continue, they have only the name and shadow left, and what little remains of this dignity and jurisdiction, de pends greatly on the custom of places, and the pleasure of diocesans.
In the 31st year of Edward I. Richard Christian, dean of Ospringe, being sent to execute some citations of the archbishop at Selling, was set upon by the people there, who placed him with his face to his horse's tail, which they made him hold in his hand for a bridle, in which posture they led him through the village, with songs, shouts, and dances, and afterwards having cut off the tail, ears, and lips of the beast, they threw the dean into the dirt, to his great disgrace; for which, the king directed his writ to the sheriff, to make enquiry by inquisition of a jury concerning it.
Washington, D.C. civil liberties attorney David Rein (right) explains the court martial verdict to defendant Roger Priest’s parents April 27, 1970 at the Washington Navy Yard in a case that stemmed from Priest’s publication of an alternative GI newsletter.
From left to right: stepmother Dorothy Priest; father Roger A. Priest, mother Pauline Priest and Rein.
Priest received probably the lowest penalty short of not guilty when he was convicted of two minor charges, given reprimand, reduction in rank and a bad conduct discharge for his newsletter activities.
Priest worked in the Navy’s Office of Information at the Pentagon when he published his mimeographed alternative GI newsletter and faced charges of up to six years hard labor, forfeiture of pay and grade and a dishonorable discharge.
OM had a print run of 1000 and featured anti-Vietnam War articles and information as well as acting as a “gripe” forum for armed service members.
The court martial at the Washington Navy Yard included charges of soliciting fellow soldiers to desert, urging insubordination and making statements disloyal to the United States
The Navy charges were all based around the issue of free speech in the military and would become nationally publicized at a time when GIs were increasingly resisting the Vietnam War, including refusal of orders to go to Vietnam and refusal of orders to fight for those who shipped out.
Upon appeal, the conviction was reversed and he was granted an honorable discharge.
The following excerpts of Roger Priest’s anti-Vietnam War activities and subsequent court martial are from “His crime was speech” by Dale M. Brumfield posted on the Lessons from History site:
The Defense Department reported that in 1970, almost 245 underground presses published at least one anti-Vietnam edition on America’s military bases.
But it was one fearless sailor working inside the Pentagon, Journalist Seaman Apprentice Roger L. Priest, that pushed hardest against military boundaries and caused the Defense Department the biggest headaches.
Roger Priest entered the Navy in October 1967 and was transferred to the Pentagon’s office of Navy Information in January 1968.
“I was anti-Vietnam before I got into the service,” Priest told Washington Post writer Nicholas von Hoffman. “I thought I could live this lie … and I’m not even killing, I’m just shuffling papers.”
Throughout 1968, Priest became more disgusted with America’s role in Southeast Asia, leading him to create the only underground paper published by someone who actually worked inside the Pentagon. It was published on his own time and with his own funds and was one of the few such papers to use the creator’s real name instead of a pseudonym.
“How many more women and children must be burned before the people of the United States realize the horrendous crime they are committing against a peasant people?” he wrote in his paper he called OM — the Servicemen’s Newsletter before later changing it to Om — the Liberation Newsletter.
1,000 copies of the first mimeographed issue of OM appeared on April 1, 1969. The next morning, within 90 minutes of arriving at his desk, he was abruptly reassigned to the Navy and Marines Exhibit Center at the Washington Navy Yard. “I don’t care if they send me to the North Pole,” Priest told the Washington Post, “I’ll write my stuff on ice cubes if I have to.”
Exercising his First Amendment rights while knowing full well he was placing himself in the U.S. Navy’s crosshairs, Priest published a second edition of OM on May 1, then a third one on June 1, each with a press run of 1,000 copies.
Priest also raised the ire of the Navy when he made an antiwar group the beneficiary of his service life insurance and urged other soldiers to do the same. In his case, if he was killed by the Viet Cong in Southeast Asia, the War Resistor’s League would receive his $10,000 payout.
OM was unapologetically blunt. “Today’s Pigs are tomorrow’s bacon” stated one headline in issue two that described Joint Chiefs Chairman General Earl Wheeler. OM called Secretary of Defense Melvin Laird “People’s enemy no. 1” and “a practicing prostitute and a pimp.”
Other statements appearing in the paper that crossed the Navy included “Our goal is liberation … by any means necessary,” and “Shoot a pig!” A headline in another issue read “Be Free Go Canada,” then listed the addresses of groups in Canada aiding military deserters. The article also explained that “landed immigrant status” was available in Canada to deserters.
On June 12, 1969 Priest was interrogated about OM by the Office of Naval Intelligence (ONI). Three days later, fourteen official charges were lodged against him, including soliciting fellow soldiers to desert, urging insubordination, making statements disloyal to the United States, using “contemptuous words” against South Carolina Representative L. Mendel Rivers, and worse, not stating in the paper that his statements were his own opinions, and not those of the U.S. Navy.
Von Hoffmann wrote on June 25, 1969, that Priest was accused of “everything that’s happened to the Navy except perhaps stealing the [U.S.S.] Pueblo.” Priest also noticed at this time that he was being followed around by civilians in Ford Fairlanes and Plymouth Valiants.
“… This whole thing hinges on free speech, freedom of the press,” Priest told von Hoffman. “They’re not talking about my military behavior … they’re talking about what I do on my own free time, outside of the Navy, in my own apartment … in other words my rights as an American citizen.”
In July, Priest published a special “Best & Worst” issue of OM in conjunction with a defense fund called LINK, “The Servicemen’s Link to Peace.” On July 21, Priest — holding a sign that read “My crime is speech” — led a demonstration of about 100 people in front of the National Archives building. The next day an article 32 pre-court martial investigation convened at the Naval Air Station in Anacostia.
Just over 100 members of the Navy Ceremonial Guard armed with M-1 rifles, live ammo and gas masks stood watch as Navy aviator Commander Norman Mills conducted the proceedings. Priest was represented pro-Bono by Washington Attorney David Rein.
“If I can be put away for a number of years in prison for the mere writing of words — an act so basic to the founding of this country that it finds its basis in the First Amendment of the Constitution — then my crime is speech,” Priest said in his opening statement. “But let me tell you this: OM will go on, for others will take up the pen where I leave off.”
During this trial, the prosecution admitted that approximately 25 naval intelligence agents were assigned to follow and harass Priest (hence the Fairlanes and Valiants). Furthermore, when a letter found in Priest’s trash was introduced as evidence, ONI special agent Robert Howard testified that the Washington DC department of sanitation provided a truck exclusively for trash pickup at Priest’s apartment building.
Attorney Rein said that this activity alone “brought more discredit on the armed services than anything Roger Priest has done.”
A furious DC Mayor Walter Washington promised a “full and complete investigation” of the sanitation department when director, William Roeder was quoted as saying “If the police ask us to do this, we cooperate with them.” He later denied making the statement.
“City Denies Trash Spying” trumpeted the Washington Post in embarrassing contradiction to the testimony of ONI Agent Howard.
Despite the disorganization of the proceedings, Priest was ordered to appear before a general court-martial on charges that he solicited members of the military to desert and commit sedition, and that he published statements “urging insubordination, disloyalty, and refusal of duty by members of the military and naval forces with intent to impair loyalty, morale and discipline.”
The combined charges carried a maximum sentence of 39 years in prison and a dishonorable discharge.
During this time Priest kept a low profile at his Navy job, obeying orders and being careful to not break a single regulation. His strategy was to force the Navy to court-martial him only for OM’s contents, which he created on his own time, and not on some extraneous charge that disguised the political nature of his battle.
Not to be held down, Priest published “The Court-Martial Edition” of OM in October 1969.
In it, OM bestowed the “Green Weenie” award to the “25+” people “assigned to gather information, interrogate, follow and harass” him.
“ONI left no stone unturned or garbage can unmolested, nor did they mind to stoop to entrapment in trying to deny the constitutional rights of free speech and free press to Seaman Roger Priest,” OM declared.
By April, Priest had become a hero to other like-minded servicemen across the country. LINK Director Carl Rogers estimated his organization spent over $17,000 in buttons, posters, postage and travel expenses for Priest’s speaking engagements.
“No group like ours,” Rogers warned, “can begin to counter the resources and the manpower of the Pentagon … to harass and oppress dissenters.” Rogers also reported, however, that the court-martial had backfired on the Pentagon, resulting in about 10,000 reprints of OM (far more than the original press run of 1,000) and 10,000 “OM” buttons distributed in a little over two months.
Priest gained support from the infamous Chicago 7 — Abbie Hoffman, Jerry Rubin, David Dellinger, Tom Hayden, Rennie Davis, John Froines, and Lee Weiner
Priest also gained an unlikely ally when New York Senator Charles Goodell issued a statement September 5 that said in part, “When Roger Priest enlisted in the Navy, he accepted certain well-defined responsibilities as a soldier. He did not, however, forfeit his constitutional rights as a citizen of the United States.”
The court-martial board convicted Priest only on two minor counts of promoting “disloyalty and disaffection among members of the armed forces.” They recommended Priest be reprimanded, reduced to the lowest pay grade and receive a bad conduct discharge, but no jail time.
Thrilled with the outcome, Attorney Rein said he would nonetheless appeal the bad conduct discharge.
On February 11, 1971, a panel of Navy appeals judges reversed that conviction and awarded Priest an honorable discharge, citing the grounds of reversal on a “technical error” by Judge Raymond Perkins where he failed to explain to the court-martial that disloyalty to the Navy or a superior officer was not the same as disloyalty to the United States.
Also, upon review of the case, the reprimand was dropped by Rear Admiral George Koch, commandant of the Washington Naval District.
Priest’s case presented a conundrum regarding military dissent: How does a country impress young men into the army to fight a war they ideologically oppose or even outright despise? Are men so profoundly disaffected reliable soldiers?
An anonymous columnist proposed a somewhat cynical solution off-record to von Hoffman: “You can’t fight imperialist wars [anymore] with conscript armies. You have to use mercenaries.”
For more information and related images, see flic.kr/s/aHsmLuExUi
Photo by Ray Lustig. The image is courtesy of the D.C. Public Library Washington Star Collection © Washington Post.
Diagram showing the different elements of the Jabulani ball, learn about the technology behind this ball here - www.shine2010.co.za/Community/blogs/goodnews/archive/2009...
"The Power of WOMM Workshop" (Word of Mouth Marketing) held at LMC conference in Orlando 2011. Facilitated by Craig Flynn & Brian Bunt, it included some WOMM case studies & concepts as well as group participation in the "5 T's workshop" based on Andy Sernovitz's work (see: www.gaspedal.com). The lecture & workshop were an extension of The Empty Bin (www.theemptybin.com) a marketing and WOMM source for pro lumberyards, the building community, and anyone with an interest in WOMM.
One legend explains how the Milky Way was created by Heracles when he was a baby. His father, Zeus, was fond of his son, who was born of the mortal woman Alcmene. He decided to let the infant Heracles suckle on his divine wife Hera's milk when she was asleep, an act which would endow the baby with godlike qualities. When Hera woke and realized that she was breastfeeding an unknown infant, she pushed him away and the spurting milk became the Milky Way.
will do:
I've been gone for a while because my interest in photography was dormant.
I don't even know where it went, it was probably lost in the mail or something.
anyway, it's back and I have a crapload of stuff to talk about.
I'm sewing more stuff for my etsy so I can save up for a custom boy doll I'm making. he's going to be the doll form of George Harrison and I'm so fricken excited so when I post pictures of my new etsy stuff go buy it, so that little george can come home. no pressure.
I've started using PicMonkey to edit photos.
RIP Picnik.
hope things are going good.
I'm friday on SevenFabulousTeens.
starting soccer on thursday.
it was my dad's birthday today, and it's the agile beast's tomorrow.
so yeah. you haven't missed much.
"just when I knew what I wanted to say, the violent winds blew the wires away.
we were shocked in the suburbs."
-'the month of may'
arcade fire
Jon Magnuson, Executive Director of the nonprofit Cedar Tree Institute in Marquette, Michigan
906-2285494
magnusonx2@charter.net
EarthKeepers II (EK II) Project Coordinator Kyra Fillmore Ziomkowski explains creating 30 interfaith community gardens (2013-2014) across the Upper Peninsula of Michigan that include vegetables and native species plants that encourage and help pollinators like bees and butterflies.
The video was shot on April 5, 2013 at the Big Bay Point Lighthouse Bed and Breakfast in Big Bay, MI during a meeting of EK II representatives.
An Interfaith Energy Conservation and Community Garden Initiative Across the Upper Peninsula of Michigan to Restore Native Plants and Protect the Great Lakes from Toxins like Airborne Mercury in cooperation with the EPA Great Lakes Restoration Initiative, U.S. Forest Service, 10 faith traditions and Native American tribes such as Keweenaw Bay Indian Community
10 faiths: Roman Catholic" "Episcopal" "Jewish" "Lutheran" "Presbyterian" "United Methodist" "Bahá'í" "Unitarian Universalist" "American Friends" "Quaker" "Zen Buddhist" "
EK II website
Nonprofit Cedar Tree Institute
Marquette, MI
Great Lakes Restoration Initiative
Deborah Lamberty
Program Analyst
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Great Lakes National Program Office
Chicago, IL
Lamberty.Deborah@epa.gov
312-886-6681
Pastor Albert Valentine II
Manistique, MI
Manistique Presbyterian Church of the Redeemer
Gould City Community Presbyterian Church
Presbytery of Mackinac
Rev. Christine Bergquist
Bark River United Methodist Church
First UMC of Hermansville
United Methodist Church Marquette District
Rev. Elisabeth Zant
Eden Evangelical Lutheran Church
Munising, MI
Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (ELCA) Northern Great Lakes Synod
Heidi Gould
Marquette, MI
Marquette Unitarian Universalist Congregation
Rev. Pete Andersen
Marquette, MI
ELCA
Helen Grossman
Temple Beth Sholom
Jewish Synagogue
Rev. Stephen Gauger
Calvary Lutheran Church
Rapid River, MI
ELCA
Jan Schultz, Botanist
U.S. Forest Service (USFS)
Eastern Region 9
EK II Technical Advisor for Community Gardens
Milwaukee, WI
USFS
www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/nativegardening
Pollinator photos by Nancy Parker Hill
Rev. David Van Kley, Senior Pastor
Rev. Amanda Kossow, Associate Pastor
Messiah Lutheran Church
Evangelical Lutheran Church in America
Marquette, Michigan
Rev. David Van Kley, Senior Pastor
Rev. Amanda Kossow, Associate Pastor
NMU EK II Student Team
Katelin Bingner
Tom Merkel
Adam Magnuson
EK II social sites
www.youtube.com/EarthKeepersII
www.facebook.com/EarthKeepersII
www.twitter.com/EarthKeeperTeam
pinterest.com/EarthKeepersII/Great-Lakes-Restoration-Init...
pinterest.com/EarthKeepersII/EarthKeepers-II-and-the-EPA-...
Lake Superior Zendo
Zen Buddhist Temple
Marquette, Michigan
Rev. Tesshin Paul Lehmberg
906 226-6407
plehmber@nmu.edu
Dr. Michael Grossman, representing Jewish Temple Beth Sholom in Ishpeming, MI
Helen Grossman, representing Jewish Temple Beth Sholom in Ishpeming, MI
906-475-4009 (hm)
906-475-4127 (wk)
www.templebethsholom-ishpeming.org
www.templebethsholom-ishpeming.org/tikkun
www.templebethsholom-ishpeming.org/aboutus
Wild Rice: 8 videos
www.learningfromtheearth.org/video-interviews/wild-rice-m...
Birch – 2 videos
www.learningfromtheearth.org/video-interviews/paper-birch...
Photos (click on each name or topic to see the respective photo galleries):
www.learningfromtheearth.org/photo-gallery
www.picasaweb.google.com/Yoopernewsman/JonReport?authuser...
www.picasaweb.google.com/100329402090002004302/JonReport?...
“Albert Einstein speculated once that if bees disappeared off the surface of the earth, then humans would have only four years of life left.”
the late Todd Warner, KBIC Natural Resource Director
Links:
Zaagkii Wings and Seeds Project website:
Cedar Tree Institute: Zaagkii Project
www.cedartreeinstitute.org/2010/07/wings-seeds-zaagkii-pr...
www.cedartreeinstitute.org/2009/01/wings-seeds-the-zaagki...
Zaagkii Project Videos on youtube (also uploaded to dozens of internet sites):
KBIC Pollinator Preservation
www.indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/ictarchives/2008/0...
Zaagkii Project Indigenous Plants Help Give New Face to Sand Point on Keweenaw Bay www.indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/ictarchives/2008/0...
Zaagkii Project 2010: U.S. Forest Service & Keweenaw Bay Indian Community Native Plants Greenhouse
www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hoq5xXHDF4E
United States Forest Service sponsored Zaagkii Project featured on Pollinator Live
www.youtube.com/watch?v=8P3DPfxx7Jw
2009 Zaagkii Project Vid #9: Teens Painting Mason Bee Houses in Northern Michigan
www.youtube.com/watch?v=QIIV6jrlT20
2009 Zaagkii Project Vid #8: Marquette, Michigan Teens Build Mason Bee Houses
www.youtube.com/watch?v=c3MBfV7ION8
Zaagkii Project Butterfly Houses: Keweenaw Bay Indian Community, U.S. Forest Service
www.youtube.com/watch?v=hGQScEI9x7Q
2009 Zaagkii Project Vid #6: "The Butterfly Lady" Susan Payant teaches teens about Monarchs
www.youtube.com/watch?v=JlIgsuTFSuM
2009 Zaagkii Project Vid #5: Terracotta half-life, Marquette, MI band supports environment projects
www.youtube.com/watch?v=JqlFCHwW30o
2009 Zaagkii Video #4: Michigan teens meet 150,000 swarming honeybees with beekeeper Jim Hayward
www.youtube.com/watch?v=U2B4MEzM7w4
2009 Zaagkii Video #3: Michigan teens give away mason bee houses, honor supporters
www.youtube.com/watch?v=dqfWeEgDxTY
2009 Zaagkii Project #2: Historic KBIC native plants greenhouse, USFS protects pollinators
www.youtube.com/watch?v=vg8H5nhvzzc
2009 Zaagkii Project #1: Students make bee houses, plant native species plants
www.youtube.com/watch?v=E8jqJAQyXwE
Zaagkii Project Butterfly Houses: Keweenaw Bay Indian Community, U.S. Forest Service:
www.youtube.com/watch?v=hGQScEI9x7Q
Zaagkii Wings & Seeds Project: Northern Michigan teens, KBIC tribal youth protect pollinators
www.youtube.com/watch?v=VoPJOXHt7pI
Zaagkii Project – Northern Michigan University:
www.webb.nmu.edu/Centers/NativeAmericanStudies/SiteSectio...
Native Village stories: Beautiful Layout by Owner Gina Boltz:
Zaagkii Wings and Seeds Project: A Project by Ojibwe Students from the Keweenah Bay Indian Community
www.nativevillage.org/Messages%20from%20the%20People/KBIC...
NMU Students Join Pollinator Protection Initiative
www.nativevillage.org/Messages%20from%20the%20People/KBIC...
KBIC Tribal youth protect pollinators
www.nativevillage.org/Messages%20from%20the%20People/KBIC...
Teens Help with Sweet Nature Project
www.nativevillage.org/Messages%20from%20the%20People/KBIC...
USFS Success Stories:
Restoring Native Plants on the Enchanted Island
www.fs.fed.us/r9/ssrs/story?id=6274
Keweenaw Bay Indian Community Native Plant Greenhouse & Workshop
www.fs.fed.us/r9/ssrs/story?id=5499
Intertribal Nursery Council Annual Meeting a Success
www.fs.fed.us/r9/ssrs/story?id=6276
New Greenhouse for KBIC Restoration
www.fs.fed.us/r9/ssrs/story?id=5336
Zaagkii Wings & Seeds - An Update
www.fs.fed.us/r9/ssrs/story?id=5076
Zaagkii Wings & Seeds Project
www.fs.fed.us/r9/ssrs/story?id=4025
News Stories:
U.P. teens build butterfly houses, grow 26,000 indigenous plants
www.miningjournal.net/page/content.detail/id/519835.html?...
Effort to protect pollinators launched
www.miningjournal.net/page/content.detail/id/512810.html
Marquette Monthly (Sept. 2009):
www.mmnow.com/mm_archive_folder/09/0909/feature.html
As bees die, Keweena Bay Indian Community adults, teens actively protect pollinators
www.nativetimes.com/index.php?option=com_content&view...
Michigan Teens Build Butterfly Houses and Plant 26,000 Native Plants through the Zaagkii Wings and Seeds Project
www.treehugger.com/culture/michigan-teens-build-butterfly...
Examples of numerous Gather.com articles with lots of photos/videos:
Zaagkii Wings and Seeds Project: Northern Michigan teens and KBIC tribal youth are protecting pollinators by building butterfly houses and planting native plants
www.gather.com/viewArticle.action?articleId=281474977550233
Zaagkii Wings & Seeds Project: Protecting Pollinators
www.gather.com/viewArticle.action?articleId=281474977428640
2009 Zaagkii Project #2: Keweenaw Bay Indian Community in 2010 to build first Native American native species plants greenhouse on tribal property in U.S.
www.gather.com/viewArticle.action?articleId=281474978040745
2009 Zaagkii Project #1: Northern Michigan Teens Protect Pollinators with U.S. Forest Service, Keweenaw Bay Indian Community, NMU Center for Native American Studies: Build mason bee houses, butterfly houses, distribute thousands of native species plants
www.gather.com/viewArticle.action?articleId=281474978040729
Zaagkii Project Internet sites – blogs, photos, videos etc.:
ZaagkiiProject on flickr
www.flickr.com/photos/zaagkiiproject
www.flickr.com/people/zaagkiiproject
Zaagkii on youtube:
Zaagkii on bliptv:
Zaagkii on word press:
www.zaagkiiproject.wordpress.com
Zaagkii on Blogger:
www.zaagkiiproject.blogspot.com
Zaagkii on Photobucket:
www.photobucket.com/ZaagkiiProjectWingsSeeds
www.photobucket.com/ZaagkiiProjectWingsSeeds/?start=all
Zaagkii Wings and Seeds Project website:
Cedar Tree Institute: Zaagkii Project
cedartreeinstitute.org/2010/07/wings-seeds-zaagkii-project
cedartreeinstitute.org/2009/01/wings-seeds-the-zaagkii-pr...
Zaagkii Project Videos on youtube (also uploaded to dozens of internet sites):
KBIC Pollinator Preservation
indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/ictarchives/2008/08/15...
Zaagkii Project Indigenous Plants Help Give New Face to Sand Point on Keweenaw Bay indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/ictarchives/2008/09/03...
Zaagkii Project 2010: U.S. Forest Service & Keweenaw Bay Indian Community Native Plants Greenhouse
www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hoq5xXHDF4E
United States Forest Service sponsored Zaagkii Project featured on Pollinator Live
www.youtube.com/watch?v=8P3DPfxx7Jw
2009 Zaagkii Project Vid #9: Teens Painting Mason Bee Houses in Northern Michigan
www.youtube.com/watch?v=QIIV6jrlT20
2009 Zaagkii Project Vid #8: Marquette, Michigan Teens Build Mason Bee Houses
www.youtube.com/watch?v=c3MBfV7ION8
Zaagkii Project Butterfly Houses: Keweenaw Bay Indian Community, U.S. Forest Service
www.youtube.com/watch?v=hGQScEI9x7Q
2009 Zaagkii Project Vid #6: "The Butterfly Lady" Susan Payant teaches teens about Monarchs
www.youtube.com/watch?v=JlIgsuTFSuM
2009 Zaagkii Project Vid #5: Terracotta half-life, Marquette, MI band supports environment projects
www.youtube.com/watch?v=JqlFCHwW30o
2009 Zaagkii Video #4: Michigan teens meet 150,000 swarming honeybees with beekeeper Jim Hayward
www.youtube.com/watch?v=U2B4MEzM7w4
2009 Zaagkii Video #3: Michigan teens give away mason bee houses, honor supporters
www.youtube.com/watch?v=dqfWeEgDxTY
2009 Zaagkii Project #2: Historic KBIC native plants greenhouse, USFS protects pollinators
www.youtube.com/watch?v=vg8H5nhvzzc
2009 Zaagkii Project #1: Students make bee houses, plant native species plants
www.youtube.com/watch?v=E8jqJAQyXwE
Zaagkii Project Butterfly Houses: Keweenaw Bay Indian Community, U.S. Forest Service:
www.youtube.com/watch?v=hGQScEI9x7Q
Zaagkii Wings & Seeds Project: Northern Michigan teens, KBIC tribal youth protect pollinators
www.youtube.com/watch?v=VoPJOXHt7pI
Zaagkii Project – Northern Michigan University:
webb.nmu.edu/Centers/NativeAmericanStudies/SiteSections/A...
Native Village stories: Beautiful Layout by Owner Gina Boltz:
Zaagkii Wings and Seeds Project: A Project by Ojibwe Students from the Keweenah Bay Indian Community
www.nativevillage.org/Messages%20from%20the%20People/KBIC...
NMU Students Join Pollinator Protection Initiative
www.nativevillage.org/Messages%20from%20the%20People/KBIC...
KBIC Tribal youth protect pollinators
www.nativevillage.org/Messages%20from%20the%20People/KBIC...
Teens Help with Sweet Nature Project
www.nativevillage.org/Messages%20from%20the%20People/KBIC...
USFS Success Stories:
Restoring Native Plants on the Enchanted Island
www.fs.fed.us/r9/ssrs/story?id=6274
Keweenaw Bay Indian Community Native Plant Greenhouse & Workshop
www.fs.fed.us/r9/ssrs/story?id=5499
Intertribal Nursery Council Annual Meeting a Success
www.fs.fed.us/r9/ssrs/story?id=6276
New Greenhouse for KBIC Restoration
www.fs.fed.us/r9/ssrs/story?id=5336
Zaagkii Wings & Seeds - An Update
www.fs.fed.us/r9/ssrs/story?id=5076
Zaagkii Wings & Seeds Project
www.fs.fed.us/r9/ssrs/story?id=4025
News Stories:
U.P. teens build butterfly houses, grow 26,000 indigenous plants
www.miningjournal.net/page/content.detail/id/519835.html?...
Effort to protect pollinators launched
www.miningjournal.net/page/content.detail/id/512810.html
Marquette Monthly (Sept. 2009):
mmnow.com/mm_archive_folder/09/0909/feature.html
As bees die, Keweena Bay Indian Community adults, teens actively protect pollinators
nativetimes.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=art...
Michigan Teens Build Butterfly Houses and Plant 26,000 Native Plants through the Zaagkii Wings and Seeds Project
www.treehugger.com/culture/michigan-teens-build-butterfly...
Examples of numerous Gather.com articles with lots of photos/videos:
Zaagkii Wings and Seeds Project: Northern Michigan teens and KBIC tribal youth are protecting pollinators by building butterfly houses and planting native plants
www.gather.com/viewArticle.action?articleId=281474977550233
Zaagkii Wings & Seeds Project: Protecting Pollinators
www.gather.com/viewArticle.action?articleId=281474977428640
2009 Zaagkii Project #2: Keweenaw Bay Indian Community in 2010 to build first Native American native species plants greenhouse on tribal property in U.S.
www.gather.com/viewArticle.action?articleId=281474978040745
2009 Zaagkii Project #1: Northern Michigan Teens Protect Pollinators with U.S. Forest Service, Keweenaw Bay Indian Community, NMU Center for Native American Studies: Build mason bee houses, butterfly houses, distribute thousands of native species plants
www.gather.com/viewArticle.action?articleId=281474978040729
Zaagkii Project Internet sites – blogs, photos, videos etc.:
ZaagkiiProject on flickr
www.flickr.com/photos/zaagkiiproject
www.flickr.com/people/zaagkiiproject
Zaagkii on youtube:
Zaagkii on bliptv:
Zaagkii on word press:
Zaagkii on Blogger:
Zaagkii on Photobucket:
how long "Little Guy" was when he was rescued in 1997 and really was a "little guy" only about 10 inches long. "Little Guy" is a Great Basin rattlesnake (Crotalus oreganus lutosus). Photo of Frank and "Little Guy" at Boise State University Reptile and Amphibian Workshop September 17 - 18, 2016 by Scott..