View allAll Photos Tagged Entitled
From my set entitled “The Air Crew”
www.flickr.com/photos/organize/
In my collection entitled “Uncle Bill Watson”
www.flickr.com/photos/21861018@N00/collections/7215760783...
In my photostream
www.flickr.com/photos/21861018@N00/
Larry was born in Winnipeg, Manitoba, on January 23, 1924. His father was Roy Cuthbert Carter, and his mother was Josephine Stovel. He was one of the best educated of the crew, having achieved his senior matriculation (grade 12). He enjoyed hockey, football and track
Larry enlisted at Windsor, Ontario, on May 20, 1942. His first station was at
#5 Manning Depot in Lachine, Quebec, where he learned military discipline, aviation basics, regulations, history, and navigation. Between courses he engaged in endless drills and weapon-handling exercises.
At #3 Initial Training School, Victoriaville, Quebec, it was found that Larry had the aptitude to be a bomber pilot. He was tested on a LINK flight simulator, which was a grueling test of one’s capabilities.
While attending #11 Elementary Flying Training School at Cap de la Madelaine, Quebec, Larry flew De Havilland Moth and Fairey Fleet training aircraft.
At #5 Special Service Flying School in Brantford, Ontario, Larry trained in Avro Ansons (known as the ‘greenhouse’ because of its wrap-around cockpit).
Larry was awarded his pilot’s badge on January 10, 1943. On October 22, 1943, he embarked from Halifax, and disembarked in Britain on October 30, 1943.
Upon arriving in Britain, he was first stationed at No. 3 Personnel Reception Centre in Bournemouth, Dorset, while waiting for openings to become available at advanced training units.
I’m a little bit sketchy concerning his precise training at 26 Elementary Flying Training School at Theale in Berkshire, RAF Gaydon in Warwickshire, 14 (P) AFU at Ossington in Nottinghamshire and Dallachy, Moray, Scotland.
At 83OTU Peplow, he trained on Wellington bombers, and it was here he was killed on a night training mission, July 22/23, 1944.
The commanding officer at Victoriaville found him to be “… a bright-eyed youngster with excellent Service Spirit. [He is ] very anxious to make good as any part of aircrew. Working very hard. [He] is keen, well-disciplined and should do well as captain of an aircraft”
Larry’s body was recovered from the sea east of Afonwen Junction, Caernarvonshire, on August 4, 1944, and he was buried at Blacon cemetery in Chester, on August 4, 1944
A cultural event entitled “Follow Georgia” featuring an exhibition of work by contemporary Georgian artist Ms. Tamara Kvesitadze and a music performance by ethno-jazz band “Shin” was held on the sidelines of the Assemblies of WIPO Member States, which met from October 2-11, 2017.
Ms. Tamara Kvesitadze’s works take roots in antiquity and mythology as well as in surrealism, which successfully combine art and construction. The music of the Shin smoothly combines Georgian folk melodies with jazz, which is the sound of Georgia’s musical encounter with the world.
WIPO co-organized the event with the Government of Georgia to mark the 25th Anniversary of the National Intellectual Property Center of Georgia – SAKPATENTI.
Copyright: WIPO. Photo: Violaine Martin. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 IGO License.
Islamabad, September 2, 2015 – Over 400 college and university students from Islamabad and Rawalpindi gathered in the National Library of Pakistan this morning for a seminar entitled, “Engaging Pakistani Youth in Anti-Narcotics Efforts: Building Generations and Societies.” The program educated students on their roles in combatting drug abuse in Pakistan. The Pakistan-U.S. Alumni Network (PUAN) and the Ministry of Interior and Narcotics Control jointly organized the U.S. Embassy-funded event.
U.S. Embassy Acting Deputy Chief of Mission Jeffrey Sexton urged the students to look for opportunities to volunteer and to serve their communities. “As we have learned so well today, to affect change you need strong communities. Communities unite people behind common causes. Communities call people to action. You are proof that youth with a vision can make a difference in Pakistan,” he told the young audience.
Director of the U.S. Embassy’s International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Section (INL) Ramon “Chico” Negron discussed INL’s support for drug rehabilitation programs across Pakistan and comprehensive drug awareness campaigns in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Sindh province. “We all share responsibility for raising awareness about the dangers of illegal drug use,” Negron stressed.
Minister of State for Interior and Narcotics Control Muhammad Baligh-ur-Rehman also addressed the students. The close coordination between the Ministry of Interior and Narcotics Control, PUAN, and the U.S. Embassy demonstrated the shared commitment of the United States and Pakistan to combatting the corrosive effects of the illegal drug trade.
Pakistan has one of the largest U.S.-alumni communities in the world, with more than 15,000 students and professionals who have participated in U.S. government-sponsored exchange programs. PUAN organizes events across Pakistan through 12 regional chapters, including community service projects, leadership training, roundtable discussions, and community engagement activities. Find out more about PUAN at www.facebook.com/pakalumni.
Journal
“BIRDS IN PARADISE”
By
Merryjoy Yamanaka
My work is entitled “Bird in Paradise”. My motivation was the tropical island setting in Saipan and its beautiful birds. As I started to draw the bird, I realized that it looked like the symbols represented in the old NMC Logo. I integrated different symbols as the Latte stone, Plumeria flower (our local symbolic flower), Hibiscus (ylang-ylang), coconut trees, beetle nuts (representing tradition and culture), and the fish (represents livelihood) in Saipan.
I expanded the basic idea by incorporate all the symbols that represent Saipan. My looking at many media sources like the phone book, calendars, menus and magazines; I discovered how many different pictures and symbols reminds one of the islands. I never realized how many different pictures and symbols give representation to the island.
My design incorporated the pictures and symbols of the island which I cut and pasted into the final artwork used in my project. I changed some of the shapes to fit into one mosaic that ties together my theme of Bird in Paradise which is the focal point of my design.
I used different kinds of pencils (6) to darken and give texture to different areas. Efforts focused on given the illusion of negative artwork by contrasting black and white areas and the range of shades of these two colors.
The design was aimed at showing and telling via beautiful pictures our island’s paradise setting. On the right side is the beach with coconut trees and the “Latte Stones” surrounded by grass on a sunny beach. In contrasting black and white, clouds float above the setting. On the left side, a large sun explodes with waves of black and white sunlight. Sunrays magnify the contrast of the birds, ocean and flowers. The flowers float in the sunray and below are ocean waves that carry them gently. But by contrast, I made large waves curling around the flowers as they pass out on the tide.
The Hibiscus is in the lower center floating on a school of fish. These fish represent the local tradition of fishing supporting our beautiful flowers which balances against the Plumeria above falling from the sky.
Design is original and unique which combines easily recognizable and picturesque symbols. The design incorporates a rhythm that each individual pictures flows into the other by simple contrasting colors and texture. The design is balanced and well proportioned to create a mosaic of action telling an island story. Culture, tradition, environment are ties together in artwork telling a local story. All the objects in the drawings are inspirational in causing the observer to journey and experience the Bird of Paradise.
An exhibition entitled “Furthering Intellectual Property in Colombia” was held on the sidelines of the Assemblies of WIPO Member States, which met from October 2-11, 2017.
It explored intellectual property (IP) rights protection in Colombia, the development of its national IP system and the country’s continuous efforts to foster innovation and creativity. WIPO co-organized the event with the Government of Colombia.
Copyright: WIPO. Photo: Violaine Martin. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 IGO License.
An exhibition entitled “Contemporary Mexican Design with a Vision towards the Future” was held on the sidelines of the Assemblies of WIPO Member States, which met from October 2-11, 2017.
The exhibition featured the work of young designers who capture the fine tapestry of cultural pluralism of Mexico, and who bind together the exquisite substance of identity, traditions and crafts with excellence in contemporary shapes, materials and functionality. WIPO co-organized the event with the Government of Mexico.
Copyright: WIPO. Photo: Violaine Martin. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 IGO License.
19th century set of picture blocks entitled The New Pictorial Alphabet of Birds on Blocks, in a wooden box with a sliding lid. Altogether there are 35 rectangular wooden blocks, with a colour printed illustration on one side, mainly of birds, and the letter of the alphabet printed on the other in capitals. Made by W Peacock, London.
The illustrations are; albatross, bustard, cockatoo, duck, eagle, fowls, goose, hornbill, indian adjatant, jay, kingfisher, lark, magpie, nightingale, ostrich, peacock, quail, robin, swan, turkey, umbrella bird, vulture, woodpecker, an anonymous bird for x and z, and a yellowhammer. There are also 5 blocks with the alphabet split between them on the back, with illustrations of a race, a butterfly, hoop, going home and the ride and 2 blocks with numbers on illustrated with pigs and a goat ride, and 2 blocks with words on illustrated with a Newfoundland dog and feeding chickens.
HMCMS: CRH1972.5.7
DPABRV05
School of Pharmacy, Hajvery University has organized a very knowledge worthy and successful one day scientific conference entitled “International Conference on Pharmaceutics and Neuropharmacology” on 24th April 2013 in collaboration with Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, UK and Pakistan Pharmacist Association. Funding body for this entire event was PPQP, National Talent Pool, Ministry of Education and Training, Government of Pakistan. In this conference, Hajvery University has brought together not only pharmacist community of Pakistan but also doctors. It has provided a platform to them to interact with each other for amelioration of health status of people. Two international and twenty national speakers has shared their original research work and their personal experiences with audience. International speakers from university of Cambridge, UK (Dr. Sohail Ejaz) and University of Eastern Philipine (Prof. Dr. Gerry Armor Camer) and national speakers from Hajvery University Lahore, University of Punjab Lahore, UVAS Lahore, University of Lahore, Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Center Lahore, University of South Asia Lahore, Lahore College for Women University Lahore, Bhauddin Zakria University Multan and Islamia University Bahawalpur have presented their papers which is a record number of presenters, presenting their research work in a single day conference. A handsome number of participants from medical and health field have attended and highly appreciated the event management and Hajvery University in their remarks. This was an enormous International Conference in which Pharmaceutical industries were invited for the exhibition to promote their products and new research inventions which has contributed towards the awareness of community. Hajvery University (HU) is one of the leading Universities in Pakistan. HU is Chartered by Govt. Of Pakistan, Accredited by Higher Education Commission of Pakistan (HEC) and rated W category. HU is a progressive, Student Centric University, focused on offering rigorous, market driven courses in Business, Fashion, Engineering, Computer sciences, Textile Design, Media Studies, Economics, Commerce, Pharmacy & English For details: Web: www.hup.edu.pk, UAN: 042-111-777-007 Email: info@hup.edu.pk
"Oh how we love pumpkin season. You did know this gourd-ish squash has its own season, right? Winter, Spring, Summer, Pumpkin.... We anxiously anticipate it every year."
~Trader Joe's Fearless Flyer, October 2010
** i finally completed my gourd entitled, *Autumn Leaves*, i was happy with the outcome & was the last of 7 gourds that i have been working on in the month of january. Thanks so much for your beautiful words on my other photo i posted of this gourd, i truly appreciate your feed back. Have a beautiful & heavenly day!
+++ DISCLAIMER +++
Nothing you see here is real, even though the conversion or the presented background story might be based on historical facts. BEWARE!
Some background:
As early as 1985 there was a study entitled Maritime Patrol Aircraft for the 90s (MPA 90) for the German Bundeswehr, which aimed to replace the Breguet Atlantic with the P-3C Update 4. The study was carried out by the Lockheed California Company and the MBB transport and commercial aircraft division (today Airbus Deutschland, with locations in Hamburg and Bremen) together with the BWB. In 1997, Lockheed Martin offered Germany and Italy a “Orion 2000” or “P-3C Plus” as a replacement for the Breguet Atlantic BR 1150. Both countries established a management team at the Federal Office of Defense Technology and Procurement in Koblenz and signed an MPA Definition MoU on October 21, 1999. Between 2007 and 2015, Germany was supposed to receive 10 aircraft, Italy 14. On July 26, 2002, Lockheed Martin offered a P-3C with revised wings, Allison T56 engines and modern avionics. However, the program was stopped, and alternatives were searched. Among others, Airbus was eager to response and proposed in 2001 a dedicated ASW/maritime patrol aircraft based on the A320 short-/medium-range airliner, even though the development of such an aircraft would certainly take several years and it would not be ready for service before 2010.
In the meantime, in 2003, the Netherlands offered its thirteen P-3C Update 2.5, which had originally been delivered between 1982 and 1984, for sale, and Germany became interested. On October 31 of the same year, both countries signed a memorandum of understanding for the sale of 10 aircraft. It was later decided that Germany would receive eight aircraft and Portugal the remaining five. With this solution, even though only a temporary stopgap for the German naval forces, Airbus’ proposal waned from attention – but only temporarily, since things did not unfold as planned.
The contract with the Netherlands was signed on November 15, 2004, and provided for Germany to supply eight P-3Cs, spare parts, a flight simulator, and other materials at a cost of 271 million euros. For a further 24 million euros, the Dutch armed forces trained the ground and flight personnel of the Marineflieger Geschwader (Marine Aviation Squadron/MFG) 3 “Graf Zeppelin” from Nordholz air base directly in the Netherlands. The Dutch reconnaissance aircraft were supposed to be responsible for long-range maritime surveillance and reconnaissance above and under water for the German Navy for the next twenty years, while a potent and up-to-date successor would be developed domestically or together with European partners. The Luftwaffe officially received the first P-3C on May 18, 2006.
While the P-3C had been bought and delivered, the procurement program for a potential successor was launched, since it was clear that the used P-3Cs would have only a limited lifetime left on their airframes and that maintenance would escalate over time. The potential P-3 successor became the project “Magellan”, which could trace back its origins to 2001. Magellan had been proposed by Airbus after the global market with turboprop-powered maritime patrol and anti-submarine warfare aircraft had been analyzed in the late Nineties and a huge global market opportunity had been discovered – including the demand of the German Luftwaffe and its naval air arm, the Marineflieger. Another driving factor behind the project was that similar aircraft produced abroad did not fully meet European – and most specifically German – requirements, so that the development of a purpose-built indigenous aircraft became a highly attractive option, also fueled by political pressure to support the European aircraft industry. Consequently, the German Ministry of Defense submitted the domestic development of the Magellan maritime patrol aircraft as part of its April 2001 – March 2006 Five-Year Defense Plan. In October 2003, following its earlier proposal and with the P-3C deal with the Netherlands, Airbus Industries received prime contractor status and Magellan started to take shape.
To save cost and development time, the Magellan ASW aircraft was not a completely new design. Like many former ASW aircraft (e. g. the Lockheed P-3, the BAe Nimrod, and the recent Boeing P-8) it was based on the airframe of an existing airliner. In Magellan’s case it was the new Airbus A318, which shared many components with the rest of the short/medium range A320 airliner family, including body components, cockpit windows, outer wings, horizontal stabilizer, and other systems. Internal shared parts included the auxiliary power unit, cockpit panels, flight control system computer, anti-collision lights, and gear control unit. This reportedly saved US$ 3.3 billion during the aircraft’s development until 2019.
To adapt the civil airliner to its new and specialized military role, many modifications were made. The most obvious change was a switch of powerplants, from a pair of high-bypass turbofans under the wings to four smaller engines in separate underwing nacelles. This required a thorough yet invisible modification of the wings’ internal structure, which allowed two extra hardpoints for the additional engines, and this also made the wings more stress-resistant for frequent low-/medium altitude operations. An increased use of composite materials helped to limit the resulting gain in structural weight.
The four-engine design adopted for the Magellan resulted in a flight profile with better maneuverability and stability at low-speed, low-altitude flight and allowed the aircraft to continue its mission in the event of a single and even a two-engine failure. As well as greater operational survivability, the high-bypass engines provided for quiet, fuel-efficient operation. Compared with the P-3 or the Breguet Atlantic, the Magellan also had, thanks to its jet propulsion, reduced transit times in comparison to turboprop-powered competitors, and the turbofans were quieter, making it more difficult for submerged submarines to detect the aircraft above them acoustically.
Propulsion came from four Pratt & Whitney PW1000Gs, a new high-bypass geared turbofan engine (also called the GTF = geared turbofan). The gearbox between the fan and the low-pressure spool allowed each to spin at its optimal speed, allowing a higher bypass ratio for a better propulsive efficiency. Pratt & Whitney claimed the engine was 16% more fuel efficient than the previous generation, and up to 75% quieter. Additionally, response to throttle input could be improved, resulting in a higher agility especially at lower speed.
The first variant to enter service was the PW1100G for the Airbus A320neo in January 2016. The engine had teething problems after its introduction, extending to grounded aircraft and inflight failures, but this was solved soon afterwards. The Magellan was the first military aircraft to use the new GTF engine type operationally. In the Magellan, the modified engines (designated PW1700M) with only two instead of three low pressure compression stages) provided a thrust of 15.000 lb (67 kN) each, so that the four GTF engines of the Magellan offered a little more thrust than the commercial airliners’ powerplants. In flight and on long-range patrol missions, one pair of engines would frequently be shut down to save fuel and reduce the noise profile even further, and the geared fans could be automatically set at diffefent ratios so that the frequencies generated from one engine would overlay and reduce the noise profile from the other one. This system was usspoed to be so effective that the audio signature of the Magellan would resemble strong wind and not man-made sound.
From the start the Magellan was equipped with many newly developed technologies and features, particularly in terms of its avionics and mission systems. One such key feature was the use of a fly-by-optics flight control system, which essentially replaced standard metal wiring with optical fiber cables. This also had the beneficial effect of decreasing electro-magnetic disturbances to the sensors on-board in comparison to more common fly-by-wire control systems, and it also helped to make the Magellan harder to detect from the outside.
The Magellan was equipped with various sensors to enable the aircraft to perform its primary purpose of maritime patrol and detecting submarines and surface vessels; these include the AMPaR active electronically scanned array (AESA) radar from Cassidian, a Airbus Defence and Space subsidiary, which used an array consisting of three separate antennas mounted under a mutual nose radome to provide 240-degree coverage at a range of more than 450 km (280 mi). All antennae together consisted of more than 3000 very small transmitter/receiver elements that divided the azimuth range into three overlapping 90° sectors. They could examine their sectors simultaneously and could also simultaneously track many maritime and aviation targets within each sector. The number of targets that can be tracked automatically is 1,000 and the number of targets that can be combated at the same time is around 60. AMPaR (Airborne Maritime Patrol Radar) was able to track surface vessels at sea at a range of 300 km (186 mi) while high-flying aircraft of fighter size could automatically be tracked at >250 km (150 mi). Even sea-skimming missiles could be detected and tracked at >25 km (15 mi). The data obtained is passed on to a command and weapon deployment system. The ASEA radar was furthermore supplemented by an Infrared/Light sensor array with an integrated laser range finder and target designator for surface detection, which allowed passive observation and tracking as well as target illumination for guided weapons, either deployed by the Magellan itself or from another carrier.
Further mission sensors included a magnetic anomaly detector (MAD) embedded into the aircraft's tail (where it replaced the airliner’s APU, which was re-located into the left-wing root area, while a heat exchanger was mounted on the right). Sophisticated acoustic systems were also added for this purpose. Another novelty was the integration of an artificial intelligence (AI) system that directed the TACCO operator to the optimal flight course to track or attack a submarine.
Behind the cockpit, the cabin was separated into three sections, consisting of the ASW operators’ section with workstations and observer places, a rest and general storage area with a small kitchen and four bunk beds for crews working in shifts on long-term missions, and a final section for 5” sonobuoy storage and their manual deployment through a total of four two release shafts, connected with the cabin through air locks. Vertical and oblique cameras were mounted together with the sonobuoy shafts in the lower fuselage and accessible from the cabin through hatches in the floor. The two rear sections could optionally be combined and re-arranged to make room for eventual transport duties, and seats could be installed, too to offer space for up to 28 passengers.
Under the cabin floor, two separate unpressurized bomb bays, one in front of and the other behind the wings, housed the bulk of the aircraft's ASW munitions. The bomb bay was supplemented by a total of eight external hardpoints, two pairs under the inner and outer wings each. Weapons available on the Magellan included torpedoes, mines, and depth charges internally. Air-to-surface missiles (including AGM-84 Harpoon anti-ship missiles, AGM-65 Maverick ASMs and AGM-88 HARM anti-radar missiles), air-to-air missiles (AIM-9 Sidewinder or Iris-T) for self-defense, ECM and chaff/flare dispenser pods, or bombs, including laser-guided precision weapons, were typically carried on the wing pylons externally. The sonobuoy shafts were located behind the rear bomb bay and not connected with it.
Armaments and their deployment were managed by a stores management system, which included a newly developed Universal Stores Control Unit (USCU) capable of accommodating hundreds of different munitions, including future ones and precision weapons. Multiple radar warning receivers provided all-round awareness of missile threats, which were combined with a defensive countermeasure suite. Additional fuel tanks were integrated into the fuselage, too, which extended the A318’s typical airliner range from 5.740 km (3,100 nmi) to 8.000 km (5,000 mi), making patrol missions of 18 hours and more possible without need to refuel.
In June 2007, Airbus rolled out the Magellan prototype (coded 60+10, later re-designated 98+70 and handed over to WTD 71 in Eckernförde for further development work), converted from an existing civil airliner airframe, and now official designated A318 MPA (“Maritime Patrol Aircraft”) to mark the aircraft’s heritage and role. The rollout had been delayed for three months due to the discovery of defective rivets which required remedial repairs to be performed. On 28 September 2007, the Magellan conducted its maiden flight from Hamburg Finkenwerder, where the civil A318 airliners were finally assembled, too; this lasted one hour and ended successfully.
On 31 August 2007, Airbus announced that they would produce four Magellan production airframes for the Bundesluftwaffe, with an option for four more aircraft, with a unit price of US$ 141.5 million for each aircraft and to be delivered in 2012. At that time Airbus officials claimed that the Magellan was a more capable, albeit more expensive, aircraft than the Boeing P-8 Poseidon; in comparison to the P-8, the Magellan had a greater range, a larger bomb bay, and had been optimized for the maritime patrol mission. Beyond Germany, Norway (4 aircraft), Spain (6) and Taiwan (3, with an option for 3 more) also procured the Magellan. Argentina and Chile also showed interest in the type.
Due to development and budgetary problems the delivery of the A318 MPA to the Marineflieger was delayed several times, and the anticipated maintenance problems with the former Dutch P-3Cs in German service escalated. At the end of 2016, the magazine Der Spiegel reported that none of the aircraft were operational as of September 30, 2016, and that one of the aircraft had only completed two and a half hours of flight in 10 years. Total costs could no longer be calculated, and as a result, soon not a single German P-3 was operational for at least several weeks. The situation became so severe that the German Ministry of Defense considered to lease five Boeing P-8A Poseidon as another interim solution, but in late 2019 the first Magellan Airbus was introduced to the re-established MFG 1, which had operated Tornado IDS’ in the maritime strike and reconnaissance role until 1993. At the time of their operational introduction the aircraft had already been updated: SIGINT equipment had been added (outwardly recognizable through slender wingtip pods and an extended spinal fairing in front of the fin) to survey and record radio communication. In this configuration the aircraft were officially designated A318 MPA Phase II.
However, instead of the MFG 1’s former base Jagel the unit now was located at Nordholz, where the P-3 facilities were used to operate the similar-sized A318 MPAs. Operations started only slowly, though, and during early exercises and NATO deployments to Lithuania the first two A318 MPAs (60+11 and 12) reportedly suffered radar, sensor integration, and data transfer problems, leading to more testing. 1./MFG 1 only received full operational status with its four planned initial aircraft in early 2022, and a second squadron with four more aircraft will probably only become operational with MFG 1 in 2027.
[b][u]General characteristics:[/u][/b]
Flight crew: 3
Mission crew: 8 (but operationally up to 12 with working in shifts on long-range missions)
Length: 36,52 m (118 ft 9 in) overall
Wingspan: 33,98 m (111 ft 3¾ in)
Wing area: 122.4 m² (1,318 sq ft)
Wing sweepback: 25°
Tail height: 12,24 m (40 ft 1 in)
Operating empty weight: 44.100 kg (97,100 lb)
Maximum zero-fuel weight (MZFW): 59.100 kg (130,200 lb)
Maximum landing weight (MLW): 62.100 kg (136,800 lb)
Maximum take-off weight (MTOW): 79,700 kg (175,708 lb)
[u]Powerplant[/u]:
4× Pratt & Whitney PW1700M high-bypass geared turbofan engines, 67 kN (15,000 lbf) thrust each
[u]Performance:[/u]
Maximum speed: 996 km/h (619 mph, 538 kn)
Cruise speed: 833 km/h (518 mph, 450 kn)
Range: 8,000 km (5,000 mi, 4,300 nmi)
Combat radius: 2,500 km (1,600 mi, 1,300 nmi) with 4 hours on station for anti-submarine warfare
Service ceiling: 13,520 m (44,360 ft)
[u]Armament:[/u]
2 internal bomb bays with a total of eight stations,
8 external underwing pylons
Total capacity of 9,000 kg (19,842 lb) for torpedoes, mines, depth charges, various
air-to-surface missiles (ASMs), or bombs, plus short-range AAMs for self-defense
[b]The kit and its assembly:[/b]
This fictional Airbus ASW aircraft was spawned by the Kawasaki P-1, an indigenous Japanese P-3 replacement with an unusual four-engine propulsion on a relatively small airframe. I envisioned a European alternative, inspired by the sad state of the Dutch P-3s in German duty – and that made a converted Airbus airframe a natural choice. I eventually settled for the smallest type, the A318, also because it had similar dimensions as the Japanese P-1 and procured an Eastern Express kit when I stumbled upon a priceworthy offer.
As a side information: there were real plans for an A319 ASW derivative, but this build here is unrelated (found out about it much later, after I started work on my model) and only shares the “MPA” suffix. I was not able to find any detail info about it, though.
The alternative/extra engines for my A 318 MPA turned out to be a major challenge. My initial plan to use the four nacelles with pylons from a 1:144 Revell WhiteKnight Two/SpaceShip Two kit set came to naught when I realized that these would be much too small for the A318 airframe. They eventually went into a BAe 146ish conversion of a DC-9 airframe with shoulder-mounted wings that I build a couple of weeks ago, where they looked fine. But the Magellan would require something more substantial, and finding a suitable and affordable alternative took some time and legwork. I eventually found aftermarket engine nacelles from Skyline Models for a 1:200 Hasegawa Boeing 747-200/300, made from IP with resin exhausts. They offered IMHO a good size and shape compromise, with a good level of detail for 1:144, and the quartet was affordable, too, because I did not want to buy a donor kit just for the engines. However, even though the pods look nice and have fine surface details, they do not go together at all: you have either to sand the fan discs into an unnatural oval shape or you have to bridge a massive 1 mm(!) gap on the underside when you force the halves together. The resin tail cones themselves are crisp and look very good, but they do hardly fit into the fan shroud and the pylons’ shape doesn’t match up with then, either. Fits well in style with the A318 kit, though… Did I mention that the Eastern Express A318 kit is a PITA? It has quite nice surface detail, but the bigger the parts the less they go together. Esp. the wing and fuselage halves were a TOTAL mess, the latter could only be closed through force and combining the hull with the wing halves, which have a weird construction on the lower hull – the mold layout was chosen to allow proper detail to be added around the main landing gear wells, but building this is a horror, was a nightmare, with poor fit, massive gaps and dislocations of up to 1 mm!
Talking about trouble: mounting the wacky 747 pods under the Airbus’ wings required even more hardware mods on top of the basic fit problems. The inner pair of engines went closer to the fuselage, to make more space for the outer pair, even though they ended up pretty close to the main landing gear. The A318’s original attachment points under the wings were PSRed away and the inner pair of donor pods was mounted onto the inner flap mechanism fairings. Their pylons had to be modified accordingly, though. The outer pair was mounted at about half distance from the inner engines and the wing tips. Their pylons had to be shortened, due to the low wing depth. Outside of them I added weapon stations from a Dragon 1:144 Tornado IDS, which also provided AGM-88 HARMs and Sidewinders as suitable ordnance.
The rest of modifications were more of a cosmetic kind. The biggest change was a bigger, more bulbous nose radome for the surveillance radar; in this case I used a leftover nose section from an Airfix 1:72 D.H. Venom trainer, mounted and PSRed over the Airbus’s original nose. Not a big modification, but the different nose profile changes the Airbus‘ look significantly to something P-3ish, and it resembled the Japanese P-1 a lot now.
The windscreen itself, while quite clear, had to be forced into its opening, and due to its poor fit and some gaps I PSRed it over and later used aftermarket decals to create the windscreen. Other graft-ons included a MAD boom carved from sprue material, a dorsal antenna bulge (from an Airfix A-4B kit) behind the cockpit and a pair of optical sensor turrets under the chin, somewhat B-52Gish. Under the lower rear fuselage, I added a pair of bulges for the sonobuoy launch tubes and cameras, leftover optional parts form/for a Heller Saab S32C’s camera nose. Fin and wing tips were slightly clipped, and I added scratched sensor fairings (sprue material), what considerably changes the aircraft’s look away from an airliner, and I also added a low spinal fairing (styrene profile) at the fin’s base. Finally, some blade antennae made from 0.5mm styrene sheet were mounted around the hull and small scoops for the relocated APU and heat exchangers were added.
[b]Painting and markings:[/b]
As usual, a tricky choice. The German P-3Cs did not carry a special camouflage – they simply retained the former Dutch Navy livery in all-over Light Gull Grey (FS 36440), which I found too boring to apply on the whiffy ASW Airbus. Due to the aircraft’s sheer size, I refrained from a tactical paint scheme like the rather murky three-tone wraparound Norm ’87 scheme from the Marineflieger Tornados or any of its (though interesting) development patterns or derivatives. Instead, I rather took inspiration from the Luftwaffe’s MedEvac/MRT Airbus A310s, which were painted RAL 7001 (Silbergrau, Revell 374) overall. This shade of grey comes close to FS 36375 but is colder.
For an aircraft that would not only operate at high altitude and to conceal it from above I found a uniform RAL 7001 livery too bright, so that I decided to paint the upper surfaces in a slightly darker tone, RAL 7000 (Fehgrau, Revell 57), which is, as a coincidence, the tone of most Bundesmarine surface vessels’ superstructures since 1956: a cold blue-grey tone somewhere between FS 36320 and 35237. Together with a straight and low waterline this resulted in a rather low-viz-ish livery, augmented by relatively few and small markings and stencils.
The landing gear was painted white, the walkway/Corroguard areas on the wings received a slightly different shade of grey (RAL 7005 Mausgrau, Revell 47) than the basic camouflage, and I added a slightly darker anti-glare panel (RAL 7012, Basaltgrau, Revell 77) in front of the windscreen. The nose radome and other di-electric fairings were painted in a yet another slightly brownish shade of grey (RAL 7030, Steingrau, Revell 75), to create some more variety. Some light post-panel shading was done, and to emphasize the engraved panel lines I also applied a light black ink washing.
Windscreen, windows, and doors were created with decals, partly aftermarket, partly OOB. The cabin windows’ number was reduced to reflect the aircraft’s dedicated military role. Tactical markings were few and rather lustreless. German markings and codes were procured from appropriate generic material from TL Modellbau and Peddinghaus Decals, the small MFG 1 badges came from an Italeri Marineflieger Tornado kit (with subdued Norm ’87 markings). Stencils and walkway markings on the wings came from the OOB sheet.
Finally, everything was sealed with matt acrylic varnish from a rattle can, with a light sheen instead of pure matt.
The result looks simple in its all-grey livery but getting there – esp. with the poor-fitting Eastern Express Airbus A318 as basis and the even worse donor engines – was a long and tough fight. But despite the troubles, the model of this fictional Kawasaki P-1 alternative from Europe looks pretty convincing and the four-engine layout worked well, despite the relatively compact airframe.
´
Ceremony of Glen Cinema Memorial entitled Rattle Little Mother at Dunn Square Paisley.
Location Of Names On Rattle Little Mother, Glen Cinema Memorial
Front “ To The Children Of The Glen Cinema “
Left Panel as you face front of memorial which faces in the direction of the Piazza “ Elizabeth Leonard - Samuel McBlane - Sarah McCafferty - Robert McConnell - Nellie McCran - Minnie McCran - Edward McEnhill - Margaret McEnhill - James McEnhill - Denis McGarrity - Robert McGirr - Jeanie McGrattan - Mary McWattie - Margaret Morrow - Robert Niven - Georgina Peacock - Tom Perkins - John Pinkerton - William Pinkerton - Alexander Telfer - William Rae - Thomas Renfrew - George Scott - William Spears - Jane Stevenson - Robert Wingate.
Back of Memorial which faces Paisley Town Hall “ James Gielty - John Gielty - Norman Gillies - John Goodwin - Henry Green - Mary Green - Archibald Grogan - Annie Hamilton - George Hammond “ 31 December 1929 “ Elizabeth Hart - Peter Houston - Thomas Howard - Julia Irvine - William Irvine - Thomas Jackson - James Johnston - George Kennedy - Helen Kilkie - Thomas Kilkie.
Right panel as you face front of memorial which faces towards Forbes Place “ Robert Adams - Robert Alexander - John Bell - William Black - Hugh Blue - John Bowes - David Boyd - Caroline Brain - Lily Buchanan - John Cairns - Daniel Corbett - Elizabeth Corrigan - Agnes Coyle - Robert Craig - Francis Curran - Elizabeth Dempster - Leah Dixon - Mary Dolan - George Elliott - Henry Elliott - Bessie Finlay - Enso Fiori - Janet Fitch - William Fitch - James Gatherer - Margaret Gibson.
N.B All lettering in gold except from “ 31 December 1929 “ on rear of memorial which is in black, both sides contain 26 names whilst there is 19 names on the bac
Four brothers Billy, 17, Charlie 15, Rafferty 13, and Laurie 12 make up The Entitled Sons. The band name is a cheeky reference to how they felt some TV viewers would describe their upbringing after seeing them on their mum, Sarah Beeny's, latest TV show.
Debuting their first song "Break" on the TV show in the local pub near Bruton, it was only a few days later that they found themselves in the iTunes top 10, ahead of the likes of Ed Sheeran, Elton John, Dua Lipa and Years & Years.
This statue, entitled Chief Tecumseh, is a part of a series of wooden carvings designed by Peter Wolf Toth called "Trail of the Whispering Giants." It is located in a small park at 1st and Hart Streets.
For more information please refer to these two websites, which are the primary sources for most of my Whispering Giant statue information: www.dcschumaker.com/statues.htm
A cultural event entitled “ASEAN @ 50 – Intellectual Property, Innovation and Development” featuring innovations from the bloc’s ten member countries and musical and dance performances was held on the sidelines of the Assemblies of WIPO Member States, which met from October 2-11, 2017. WIPO co-organized the event with the Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) to mark the Organization’s 50th anniversary.
Copyright: WIPO. Photo: Violaine Martin. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 IGO License.
From my set entitled “False Lamium”
www.flickr.com/photos/21861018@N00/sets/72157607213707592/
In my collection entitled “The Garden”
www.flickr.com/photos/21861018@N00/collections/7215760718...
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_Archangel
Lamiastrum galeobdolon, commonly known as Yellow Archangel, is a widespread wildflower in Europe, and has been introduced elsewhere as a garden plant. It displays the zygomorphic flower morphology, opposite leaves, and square stem typical of the mint family, Lamiaceae. The flowers are soft yellow and borne in axial clusters, with a prominent 'hood' (the dorsal lobe of the corolla) similar to that of Lamium. It works well as a ground cover because it spreads easily. Caution must be taken when planting due to its invasiveness. The leaves often have variegation, showing as silver patches arranged as a wide semicircle.
New Deal mural entitled "Indians Cede the Land" painted by George Melville Smith in 1940. The mural was removed from the old post office in 1970 and held in storage by a Paul Carlson. After his death, his family returned the mural to the City who is now having it restored at Parma Conservation in Chicago. It was in really bad shape due to way it was basically ripped off the wall--lot of paint was lost. The right side has been "over painted" to restore the original image.
History of the mural and removal:
Technical panel entitled "On-Site Insight! Technical SEO Advice from the
Pros", including presentations from:
Aaron Kahlow - Top 10 Technical SEO Recommendations
moderated by Sean McMahon
copyright © 2009 sean dreilinger
view susan moskwa - on-site insight! technical seo advice from the pros - sempdx searchfest 2009 - _MG_9356 on a black background.
School of Pharmacy, Hajvery University has organized a very knowledge worthy and successful one day scientific conference entitled “International Conference on Pharmaceutics and Neuropharmacology” on 24th April 2013 in collaboration with Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, UK and Pakistan Pharmacist Association. Funding body for this entire event was PPQP, National Talent Pool, Ministry of Education and Training, Government of Pakistan. In this conference, Hajvery University has brought together not only pharmacist community of Pakistan but also doctors. It has provided a platform to them to interact with each other for amelioration of health status of people. Two international and twenty national speakers has shared their original research work and their personal experiences with audience. International speakers from university of Cambridge, UK (Dr. Sohail Ejaz) and University of Eastern Philipine (Prof. Dr. Gerry Armor Camer) and national speakers from Hajvery University Lahore, University of Punjab Lahore, UVAS Lahore, University of Lahore, Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Center Lahore, University of South Asia Lahore, Lahore College for Women University Lahore, Bhauddin Zakria University Multan and Islamia University Bahawalpur have presented their papers which is a record number of presenters, presenting their research work in a single day conference. A handsome number of participants from medical and health field have attended and highly appreciated the event management and Hajvery University in their remarks. This was an enormous International Conference in which Pharmaceutical industries were invited for the exhibition to promote their products and new research inventions which has contributed towards the awareness of community. Hajvery University (HU) is one of the leading Universities in Pakistan. HU is Chartered by Govt. Of Pakistan, Accredited by Higher Education Commission of Pakistan (HEC) and rated W category. HU is a progressive, Student Centric University, focused on offering rigorous, market driven courses in Business, Fashion, Engineering, Computer sciences, Textile Design, Media Studies, Economics, Commerce, Pharmacy & English For details: Web: www.hup.edu.pk, UAN: 042-111-777-007 Email: info@hup.edu.pk
Peter Lynch installation at ROM entitled, 'Buffalo Days" at TIFF © Linda Dawn Hammond / IndyFoto.com '11. Royal Ontario Museum , Toronto, Sept.13, 2011.
Sound- Daniel Pellerin
Ceremony of Glen Cinema Memorial entitled Rattle Little Mother at Dunn Square Paisley.
Location Of Names On Rattle Little Mother, Glen Cinema Memorial
Front “ To The Children Of The Glen Cinema “
Left Panel as you face front of memorial which faces in the direction of the Piazza “ Elizabeth Leonard - Samuel McBlane - Sarah McCafferty - Robert McConnell - Nellie McCran - Minnie McCran - Edward McEnhill - Margaret McEnhill - James McEnhill - Denis McGarrity - Robert McGirr - Jeanie McGrattan - Mary McWattie - Margaret Morrow - Robert Niven - Georgina Peacock - Tom Perkins - John Pinkerton - William Pinkerton - Alexander Telfer - William Rae - Thomas Renfrew - George Scott - William Spears - Jane Stevenson - Robert Wingate.
Back of Memorial which faces Paisley Town Hall “ James Gielty - John Gielty - Norman Gillies - John Goodwin - Henry Green - Mary Green - Archibald Grogan - Annie Hamilton - George Hammond “ 31 December 1929 “ Elizabeth Hart - Peter Houston - Thomas Howard - Julia Irvine - William Irvine - Thomas Jackson - James Johnston - George Kennedy - Helen Kilkie - Thomas Kilkie.
Right panel as you face front of memorial which faces towards Forbes Place “ Robert Adams - Robert Alexander - John Bell - William Black - Hugh Blue - John Bowes - David Boyd - Caroline Brain - Lily Buchanan - John Cairns - Daniel Corbett - Elizabeth Corrigan - Agnes Coyle - Robert Craig - Francis Curran - Elizabeth Dempster - Leah Dixon - Mary Dolan - George Elliott - Henry Elliott - Bessie Finlay - Enso Fiori - Janet Fitch - William Fitch - James Gatherer - Margaret Gibson.
N.B All lettering in gold except from “ 31 December 1929 “ on rear of memorial which is in black, both sides contain 26 names whilst there is 19 names on the bac
Mural entitled "Landscape" painted in 1940 by Milford Zornes. This mural was stored in the basement for many years until it was discovered around 1987, restored and rehung. Mr. Zornes also painted a mural for the Claremont CA post office. Thanks to the Postmaster for taking the picture.
Image used with permission of the USPS.
From my set entitled “False Lamium”
www.flickr.com/photos/21861018@N00/sets/72157607213707592/
In my collection entitled “The Garden”
www.flickr.com/photos/21861018@N00/collections/7215760718...
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_Archangel
Lamiastrum galeobdolon, commonly known as Yellow Archangel, is a widespread wildflower in Europe, and has been introduced elsewhere as a garden plant. It displays the zygomorphic flower morphology, opposite leaves, and square stem typical of the mint family, Lamiaceae. The flowers are soft yellow and borne in axial clusters, with a prominent 'hood' (the dorsal lobe of the corolla) similar to that of Lamium. It works well as a ground cover because it spreads easily. Caution must be taken when planting due to its invasiveness. The leaves often have variegation, showing as silver patches arranged as a wide semicircle.
Through this photographic portfolio entitled “LIQUID SUBURBS” we want to focus on the theme of suburbs understood as both physical spaces and metaphorical dimensions. In the peripheries, in modern times, we have associated in negative terms what Bauman defines as “forced individualism”, as the liberation from any possible social bond and consequent solitary management of “risk”, uncertainty and the fears that derive from it. In a “liquid” society, life, particularly in the suburbs, seems to settle down and flatten itself in an eternal arid present of future prospects, similar to quicksand, amidst increasingly heavy and immobilizing doubts and perplexities, anchored to certainties linked to a past that is not it exists more and instead persists with nostalgia in the memories of flexible men, weakening them transformative capacity of reality. To adapt to continuous change and the structural risks of the second modernity, man has preferred to abandon the thought of introspection by adopting a mentality of “survival” that feeds on a “fast” thought typical of machines. A thought that does not allow for any deep reflection of one's own experiences, which does not provide the possibility of authentically taking care of one's self and which is shown through the construction, reflected by the architecture of the suburbs (as highlighted in the portfolio), of a “patchwork” Composed of many small and fragile fragments, often devoid of ties and connections, which are unable to give meaning and significance to the existential path of the individual as well as of the family nucleus and consequently of the non-community itself.
15 December 2022 - Leinster House
PRESS RELEASE & REPORT
The Joint Committee on Gender Equality has today, Thursday December 15th, published its final report entitled Unfinished Democracy: Achieving Gender Equality.
This report is based on the work carried out by the Oireachtas Committee over 2022.
Chaired by Ivana Bacik TD, the cross-party Committee held a range of hearings to consider the comprehensive recommendations produced by the Citizens’ Assembly on Gender Equality.
The Committee took the view that the 45 Assembly recommendations should be seen as a blueprint for achieving a gender equal Ireland, and so the focus of its deliberations was on how best to secure their implementation.
In particular, the Committee has developed a precise wording of the text for amending Articles 40.1 and 41 of the Constitution, and it calls on the Government to hold the necessary referendum in 2023.
The proposed changes to Article 40.1 would reflect the Assembly’s wish to see constitutional recognition for the principle of gender equality; and for principles of equality and non-discrimination.
The proposed changes to Article 41 would remove the sexist language currently in the text referring exclusively to women and mothers as having a ‘life’ and ‘duties’ within the home.
Instead, the proposed changes would insert gender-neutral language to ensure that the role of care is recognised, valued and supported by the State.
The proposed changes would also ensure a more inclusive definition of ‘family’ beyond the family based upon marriage.
Apart from constitutional change, the report also sets out comprehensive recommendations on a range of other gender equality measures; on childcare, care and social protection; on measures to address Domestic, Sexual and Gender Based Violence (DSGBV); on the role that education can play in challenging gendered norms and stereotypes; on the impact of pay and workplace conditions on gender equality; on how to achieve gender equality in leadership, politics and public life; and on how the gender equality principle can be protected through law and policy.
Speaking at the launch of the report, Committee Cathaoirleach Deputy Ivana Bacik expressed thanks to all who had engaged with the work of the Committee, saying:
“The aim of this report is to provide an action plan for change towards a truly gender equal Ireland, with meaningful timelines for implementation.
“We acknowledge that the implementation of some Assembly recommendations is already underway, and we now call on the Government to ensure the timely implementation of all of our recommended actions.
“In particular, we want to see a referendum held in 2023 to give effect to Assembly recommendations 1-3 on constitutional change; and we call on the Government to begin the preparatory work necessary for the holding of such a referendum.”
“We look forward to the implementation of our recommendations, and to the achievement of a truly gender equal society. As the Assembly has stated, ‘gender equality is a matter of human rights, justice, and fairness. It must underpin all of our interactions as a society."
“Until gender equality is achieved, our democracy will remain unfinished.”
Some of the key recommendations for government action in the report:
• Hold a constitutional referendum in 2023 to give effect to the Citizens’ Assembly recommendations on constitutional change, on the basis of the wording proposed by the Committee.
• Commission a 'cost of care' review that calculates the financial cost of unpaid care and examines the societal value of unpaid care.
• Move from a model of privatised care provision towards a publicly funded, accessible and regulated model of quality, affordable early years education and childcare.
• Ensure that the State takes over full responsibility for the remuneration of employees in the early years and childcare sector.
• Develop and establish a National Planning Unit for Care, to foster better linkages and co-ordination on care policies across all relevant Government Departments.
• Establish a Statutory Child Maintenance Agency to keep child maintenance out of the courts where possible.
• Ensure that action on the Third National Strategy on DSGBV begins immediately, pending the establishment of the new Statutory National Agency.
• Reinstate the Irish Sentencing Information System and ensure improved data systems within the criminal justice system to provide visibility on sentencing levels in DSGBV cases.
• Mandate the Electoral Commission to review A national gender quota strategy every five years.
• Initiate a process towards the introduction of a universal pension system.
• Institute a more generalised pilot Universal Basic Income (UBI) scheme based on the ‘participation income’ approach.
Read the report and its recommendations in full here.
Handout photo of a painting entitled 'Outskirts of a town with bridge and figures', dated 1909, by Adolf Hitler, which is to be auctioned today - along with 12 other works - at Mullock's Auctioneers at Ludlow Racecourse in Shropshire. It is expected to fetch £600 to £800. PRESS ASSOCIATION Photo. Issue date: Thursday April 23, 2009. The collection will form part of a historical documents, autographs and ephemera sale by specialist auctioneer Mullock's at Ludlow Racecourse in Shropshire. See PA story SALE Hitler. Photo credit should read: Mullock's Auctioneers/PA Wire
A cultural event entitled “Follow Georgia” featuring an exhibition of work by contemporary Georgian artist Ms. Tamara Kvesitadze and a music performance by ethno-jazz band “Shin”. Georgian artist Ms. Tamara Kvesitadze and a music performance by ethno-jazz band “Shin” was held on the sidelines of the Assemblies of WIPO Member States, which met from October 2-11, 2017.
Ms. Tamara Kvesitadze’s works take roots in antiquity and mythology as well as in surrealism, which successfully combine art and construction. The music of the Shin smoothly combines Georgian folk melodies with jazz, which is the sound of Georgia’s musical encounter with the world.
WIPO co-organized the event with the Government of Georgia to mark the 25th Anniversary of the National Intellectual Property Center of Georgia – SAKPATENTI.
Copyright: WIPO. Photo: Violaine Martin. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 IGO License.
School of Pharmacy, Hajvery University has organized a very knowledge worthy and successful one day scientific conference entitled “International Conference on Pharmaceutics and Neuropharmacology” on 24th April 2013 in collaboration with Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, UK and Pakistan Pharmacist Association. Funding body for this entire event was PPQP, National Talent Pool, Ministry of Education and Training, Government of Pakistan. In this conference, Hajvery University has brought together not only pharmacist community of Pakistan but also doctors. It has provided a platform to them to interact with each other for amelioration of health status of people. Two international and twenty national speakers has shared their original research work and their personal experiences with audience. International speakers from university of Cambridge, UK (Dr. Sohail Ejaz) and University of Eastern Philipine (Prof. Dr. Gerry Armor Camer) and national speakers from Hajvery University Lahore, University of Punjab Lahore, UVAS Lahore, University of Lahore, Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Center Lahore, University of South Asia Lahore, Lahore College for Women University Lahore, Bhauddin Zakria University Multan and Islamia University Bahawalpur have presented their papers which is a record number of presenters, presenting their research work in a single day conference. A handsome number of participants from medical and health field have attended and highly appreciated the event management and Hajvery University in their remarks. This was an enormous International Conference in which Pharmaceutical industries were invited for the exhibition to promote their products and new research inventions which has contributed towards the awareness of community. Hajvery University (HU) is one of the leading Universities in Pakistan. HU is Chartered by Govt. Of Pakistan, Accredited by Higher Education Commission of Pakistan (HEC) and rated W category. HU is a progressive, Student Centric University, focused on offering rigorous, market driven courses in Business, Fashion, Engineering, Computer sciences, Textile Design, Media Studies, Economics, Commerce, Pharmacy & English For details: Web: www.hup.edu.pk, UAN: 042-111-777-007 Email: info@hup.edu.pk
Sybil: “Yes, it is! The house was yours, too. You’re entitled to your share.”
Elliot: “I hated that house. Do you really think I want money off a house my dad built? ‘Cause if you do, you don’t know me at all. We’ve discussed this before…”
Sybil (quickly): “And you were too stubborn to take that money! (snorts) It’s just money, Elliot. Well, I’ve got plenty of it. I could give…”
Elliot (interrupting): “Don’t… you… dare. Don’t you think you can buy me like some… like some thing in the store! I’m already living here for free. How useless do you think that makes me feel? I ain’t with you ‘cause of your money, ‘kay?”
Sybil (defensively): “I never said that!”
Elliot: “I’m gonna contribute to any expenses as soon as I get money from the tour, don’t you worry…”
Sybil: “I’ve got too much money and you don’t have enough. It would make sense. I’m not with you to make money off you! I don’t want it!”
Elliot (shouts at Sybil’s face): “Of course you do! That’s what you all want! That’s what they want! Money, money, money, money, money, money! Let’s do this, so we can get more money! Let’s not give money to the poor or the blind or the old or anyone who really needs it, let’s just put it into our pockets so it feels good and bursts out! That’s the kinda talk I’ve been listening to ALL DAY! I’ve had enough!”
Sybil: “Elliot…” (tries to grab him for a hug with a smile on)
Elliot (calms down but prevents Sybil from grabbing him): “All I wanted was to do a record and go on tour and do that at my own pace… They’re making me do everything at once. (takes a deep breath) Why do I feel like I’ve just sold my soul to the devil? This is exactly what I wanted to avoid. I should’ve read the contract more carefully and with glasses on. I was too excited about it to not jump the opportunity like a fool. They promised to give me space, but that wasn’t written down, so they ain't gonna keep their word anyway… That lawyer I had check the contract was just thinking about the money he was gonna get, too. What is it about me that makes me this gold mine in their eyes anyway? I just don’t get it.”
Sybil (gives him an intense stare): “Elliot, you’re my rock – an uncut one. And I love you for who you are now, not for who anyone wants you to be tomorrow.”
From my set entitled “The Flight Crew”
www.flickr.com/photos/21861018@N00/sets/72157607477197733/
In my collection entitled “Uncle Bill Watson”
www.flickr.com/photos/21861018@N00/collections/7215760783...
In my photostream
www.flickr.com/photos/21861018@N00/
Bob was born in Seattle Washington to John Andrew Johnson and Annie Ione Brown, and was raised in Kapuskasing, Ontario. He went to high school for one year, and then studied drafting at technical school. He joined the Boy Scouts. Bob worked as a clerk at the Dominion Store in 1941-42, and as a showcard painter at Farbs Clothing store from 1942-43. His hobbies included bowling, basketball, swimming and sketching.
Bob enlisted at North Bay, Ontario, then undertook pre-aircrew education at St. John’s Technical School in Brandon, Manitoba, where he studied English, math, aircraft recognition and signals. After graduation, he entered the service at 32 Manning Depot, Brandon, Manitoba. His second posting was at #3 Wireless School in Winnipeg, Manitoba. From Winnipeg he was posted to #17 Service Flying Training School at Souris, Manitoba. His next stop was #1 Air Gunner Ground Training School in Quebec City, after which he attended #3 Bomber and Gunner Training School at MacDonald, Manitoba. His final Canadian posting was at #3 Air Gunner Training School at Three Rivers (Trois Rivieres), Quebec.
Upon landing in Britain, he was stationed at #3 Personnel Receiving Centre in Bournemouth, Dorset where he awaited further posting. He arrived at #83 Operations Training Unit, Peplow, Shropshire, on May 23, 1944. On a night training mission, on July 22/23, Bob was killed when the Wellington bomber in which he practicing gunner duties ditched in the Irish Sea
The recruitment interviewing officer marked Bob as a ‘slight lad, but [who] seems sincere in his desire for aircrew”. He was also noted as a “malleable type of chap who is quite willing to accept guidance and instruction. He would have preferred a chance to fly as pilot but accepts selection as air gunner gracefully and impresses one as good material for training in that trade. Keen, alert well-motivated, Likes guns and has no fear of fighting”.
The education kit entitled “Riskland: the fun way to learn how to prevent disasters” is the outcome of a joint initiative between the International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (ISDR) and the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF). This product was developed at the end of 2002 by the ISDR Regional Unit for Latin America and the Caribbean, in cooperation with UNICEF Regional Office for Latin America and the Caribbean (UNICEF-TACRO). Initially, it was addressed for countries in the LAC region and was originally produced in Spanish, English and Portuguese.
Riesgolandia, aprendamos jugando cómo prevenir desastres tiene la intención de poner a disposición de la comunidad educativa y a los niños y las niñas de América Latina y el Caribe una herramienta innovadora e interactiva para la reducción del riesgo de desastres.
Book on Allama Mashriqi & Mahatma Gandhi
at BookExpo America 2014
The book entitled Mahatma Gandhi & My Grandfather, Allama Mashriqi: A Groundbreaking Narrative of India's Partition by Nasim Yousaf, a grandson of Allama Mashriqi, was exhibited at BookExpo America, one of the largest book fairs in the world. The fair was from May 28-31, 2014 at the Javits Center in New York City.
BookExpo America is a massive event for the book publishing industry and draws a large number of visitors from around the world. According to the BookExpo web site, the event "combines the largest selection of English language titles on the planet and is the largest gathering of booksellers, librarians,...retailers, and industry professionals in North America, making it the #1 place to experience the latest technology trends, discover new titles..." On the last day of the event, BookExpo is open to the general public and "book fans from around the world can gather to discover new books, meet authors..." Literary agents and publishers from various countries also come to the show to secure distribution, licensing, publishing, and translation rights.
The book Mahatma Gandhi & My Grandfather, Allama Mashriqi was exhibited at BookExpo in May, 2014. The work is the latest offering from Mr. Nasim Yousaf, a well-known scholar and historian who has been conducting extensive research on South Asian history since 1996. He has thus far written twelve books and countless articles and has also compiled a digital version of the rare and historic Al-Islah newspaper (official newspaper of the Khaksar Tehrik). In his book on Mahatma Gandhi and Allama Mashriqi, Mr. Yousaf contrasts the role of the two South Asian leaders in India's independence, bringing to light many revealing insights along the way.
Excerpt from Book Description
"Allama Mashriqi and Mahatma Gandhi shared many similarities — both men left their professions behind and dedicated their lives to liberating India from British rule. Both adopted a life of simplicity and began their grassroots campaigns in the streets and villages of the country. Both were nominated for the Nobel Prize (Mashriqi for his monumental work, Tazkirah, and Gandhi for his non-violence) and shared a common objective of achieving independence for the nation. Yet despite all their similarities, they could not reach agreement on Mashriqi's The Constitution of Free India, 1946 A.C. nor were they able to work together to achieve a united, independent India. Why? The answers are contained in this book.
In Mahatma Gandhi and My Grandfather, Allama Mashriqi, Mr. Yousaf brings together nearly 17 years of exhaustive research of historical documents as well as firsthand knowledge and insights gained from Allama Mashriqi's wife, sons, daughters, and the Khaksars, who were part of the freedom movement and witnessed the division of India. He takes the reader through a riveting journey as he brings to light a fresh new analysis of the freedom of British India."
As the first scholarly study on these two personalities, the work (printed and published in the USA) is an excellent read not only for people interested in South Asian studies, but also for all book lovers around the world.
Class! Let's take our Urbex Manual page 180, chapter 13, entitled: "Face Your Fears". Anything noteworthy about that chapter? Yes, Tommy? It has an open ending, very good Tommy! Meaning we don't know the outcome. Yet.
Meet Delbrassine NV, a former factory of tubes and all things metal. It has a smashing score of 12 on the Richter Scale of life threatening venues. Some say it's far more safer to roam the RATP metro lines at rush hour - blindfolded - than to enter the gates of Delbrassine. The reason: dopeheads. Not the average next-door-junkies but the steaming, pushing, devastating type of guys. Sick & venal. Always in search of that very last untouched blood vessel on one of their ankles. Ten years of intravenous consumption pays a toll on one's epidermis.
Summer 2008. We were in the neighborhood. I had a few talks with some of the explorers from that region, discussing this plant. It all boiled down to one simple conclusion: don't go there. Just don't.
With all those warnings still fresh, we scouted the area but couldn't see anyone. It was fenced off pretty well, but at the right side we found a small passage to enter the site. El Caminito Del Rey Drogadicto.
Once inside things looked pretty safe. We unpacked our gear and split up. Stef and me went right, Telefunker went left. I switched lenses, pulled out my tripod and started making shots.
All of a sudden, just after a mere 10 minutes, Mr. Telefunker comes back in our part of the factory. Has he finished shooting already? Can't be. He approaches me. Very close. He's so close I start feeling uncomfortable. His head is next to mine. And then he whispers in my ear. "There's a guy sitting right behind you, at 5 meters".
I gently turn around and see a huge pile of junk and trash and undefinable stuff. A junkie is sitting right in the middle of it, ready to shoot himself up. Or us. Sweet mother of Jesus. My brain is in high-speed mode, analyzing the situation. He's surrounded by thousands of tinfoil papers, bended spoons and used needles. He's one with the environment. And all that time I wasn't aware of his presence! I can't believe it. He looks up. We have eye contact. This is one of those moments where you can taste the adrenaline rushing through your veins. Silence. An awkward silence. Eye-contact. Who makes a move first? What could possibly happen? A junkie, Tommy, anything can happen! Three guys, all Nikon. Picking up a random needle is enough to score a couple of thousand euro's on photo gear. The hit of his life.
This awkward silence/ eye contact thing is taking way too long. I make a move, and mumble to the others to pack our gear and get the hell out of this hellhole. While doing so, the guy gets up. And leaves...
We never saw him again. We took some more shots, and left the place.
The book is finished. I know the end of chapter 13.
St Mary’s is the island’s parish church and the most active. It is open daily from 11am to 4pm for visits and private prayer.
The church is the oldest building on the island and includes sections from the Saxon period, most notably the Saxon arch.
The church is home to a magnificent elm sculpture carved by Fenwick Lawson, entitled The Journey. It depicts hooded monks carrying St Cuthbert’s coffin when they left the island in 875. Two twentieth century windows celebrate Aidan and Cuthbert.
Lindisfarne, also called Holy Island, is a tidal island off the northeast coast of England, which constitutes the civil parish of Holy Island in Northumberland. Holy Island has a recorded history from the 6th century AD; it was an important centre of Celtic Christianity under Saints Aidan of Lindisfarne, Cuthbert, Eadfrith of Lindisfarne and Eadberht of Lindisfarne. After the Viking invasions and the Norman conquest of England, a priory was re-established. A small castle was built on the island in 1550.
The north-east of England was largely not settled by Roman civilians apart from the Tyne valley and Hadrian's Wall. The area had been little affected during the centuries of nominal Roman occupation. The countryside had been subject to raids from both Scots and Picts and was "not one to attract early Germanic settlement". The Anglian King Ida (reigned from 547) started the sea-borne settlement of the coast, establishing an urbis regia (meaning "royal settlement") at Bamburgh across the bay from Lindisfarne. The conquest was not straightforward, however. The Historia Brittonum recounts how, in the 6th century, Urien, prince of Rheged, with a coalition of North Brittonic kingdoms, besieged Angles led by Theodric of Bernicia on the island for three days and nights, until internal power struggles led to the Britons' defeat.
The monastery of Lindisfarne was founded around 634 by Irish monk Saint Aidan, who had been sent from Iona off the west coast of Scotland to Northumbria at the request of King Oswald. The priory was founded before the end of 634 and Aidan remained there until his death in 651. The priory remained the only seat of a bishopric in Northumbria for nearly thirty years. Finan (bishop 651–661) built a timber church "suitable for a bishop's seat". St Bede, however, was critical of the fact that the church was not built of stone but only of hewn oak thatched with reeds. A later bishop, Eadbert, removed the thatch and covered both walls and roof in lead. An abbot, who could be the bishop, was elected by the brethren and led the community. Bede comments on this:
And let no one be surprised that, though we have said above that in this island of Lindisfarne, small as it is, there is found the seat of a bishop, now we say also that it is the home of an abbot and monks; for it actually is so. For one and the same dwelling-place of the servants of God holds both; and indeed all are monks. Aidan, who was the first bishop of this place, was a monk and always lived according to monastic rule together with all his followers. Hence all the bishops of that place up to the present time exercise their episcopal functions in such a way that the abbot, who they themselves have chosen by the advice of the brethren, rules the monastery; and all the priests, deacons, singers and readers and other ecclesiastical grades, together with the bishop himself, keep the monastic rule in all things.
Lindisfarne became the base for Christian evangelism in the North of England, and also sent a successful mission to Mercia. Monks from the Irish community of Iona settled on the island. Northumbria's patron saint, Saint Cuthbert, was a monk and later abbot of the monastery, and his miracles and life are recorded by the Venerable Bede. Cuthbert later became Bishop of Lindisfarne. An anonymous life of Cuthbert written at Lindisfarne is the oldest extant piece of English historical writing. From its reference to "Aldfrith, who now reigns peacefully", it is considered to date to between 685 and 704. Cuthbert was buried here, his remains later translated to Durham Cathedral (along with the relics of Saint Eadfrith of Lindisfarne). Eadberht of Lindisfarne, the next bishop (and later saint), was buried in the place from which Cuthbert's body was exhumed earlier the same year.
Cuthbert's body was carried with the monks, eventually settling in Chester-le-Street before a final move to Durham. The saint's shrine was the major pilgrimage centre for much of the region until its despoliation by Henry VIII's commissioners in 1539 or 1540. The grave was preserved, however, and when opened in 1827 yielded a number of artefacts dating back to Lindisfarne. The innermost of three coffins was of incised wood, the only decorated wood to survive from the period. It shows Jesus surrounded by the Four Evangelists. Within the coffin was a pectoral cross measuring 6.4 centimetres (2.5 in) across, made of gold and mounted with garnets and intricate designs; a comb, made of elephant ivory, was also found, an item that would have been exceedingly rare and expensive in Northern England, as well as an embossed, silver-covered travelling altar, all of which were contemporary with the original burial on the island. The most impressive find within the coffins was a gospel (known as the St Cuthbert Gospel or Stonyhurst Gospel from its association with Stonyhurst College): the manuscript, a relatively early and likely original one, was bound with embossed leather. When the body was placed in the shrine in 1104, other items were removed: a paten, scissors and a chalice of gold and onyx.
Following Finian's death, Colman became Bishop of Lindisfarne. Up to this point the Northumbrian (and latterly Mercian) churches had looked to Lindisfarne as the mother church. There were significant liturgical and theological differences with the fledgling Roman party based at Canterbury. According to Stenton: "There is no trace of any intercourse between these bishops [the Mercians] and the see of Canterbury". The Synod of Whitby in 663 changed this, as allegiance switched southwards to Canterbury and then to Rome. Colman departed his see for Iona, and Lindisfarne no longer held its previous importance.
In 735, the northern ecclesiastical province of England was established, with the archbishopric at York. There were only three bishops under York: Hexham, Lindisfarne and Whithorn, whereas Canterbury had the 12 envisaged by St Augustine. The Diocese of York roughly encompassed the counties of Yorkshire and Lancashire. Hexham covered County Durham and the southern part of Northumberland up to the River Coquet, and eastwards into the Pennines. Whithorn covered most of Dumfries and Galloway region west of Dumfries itself. The remainder, Cumbria, northern Northumbria, Lothian and much of the Kingdom of Strathclyde formed the diocese of Lindisfarne.
In 737, Saint Ceolwulf of Northumbria abdicated as King of Northumbria and entered the priory at Lindisfarne. He died in 764 and was buried alongside Cuthbert. In 830, his body was moved to Norham-upon-Tweed, and later his head was translated to Durham Cathedral.
Lindisfarne Gospels
Main article: Lindisfarne Gospels
At some point in the early 8th century the illuminated manuscript known as the Lindisfarne Gospels, an illustrated Latin copy of the Gospels of Matthew, Mark, Luke and John, was made, probably at Lindisfarne. The artist was possibly Eadfrith, who later became Bishop of Lindisfarne. It is also speculated that a team of illuminators and calligraphers (monks of Lindisfarne Priory) worked on the text, but if so, their identities are unknown. Some time in the second half of the 10th century, a monk named Aldred added an Anglo-Saxon (Old English) gloss to the Latin text, producing the earliest surviving Old English copies of the Gospels. Aldred attributed the original to Eadfrith (bishop 698–721). The Gospels were written with a good hand, but it is the illustrations, done in an insular style containing a fusion of Celtic, Germanic and Roman elements, that are considered to be of the most value. According to Aldred, Eadfrith's successor Æthelwald was responsible for pressing and binding the book, before it was covered with a fine metal case made by a hermit known as Billfrith. The Lindisfarne Gospels now reside in the British Library in London, a location which has caused some controversy amongst some Northumbrians. In 1971, professor Suzanne Kaufman of Rockford, Illinois presented a facsimile copy of the Gospels to the clergy of the island.
In 793, a Viking raid on Lindisfarne caused much consternation throughout the Christian west, and is now often taken as the beginning of the Viking Age. There had been some other Viking raids, but according to English Heritage this one was particularly significant, because "it attacked the sacred heart of the Northumbrian kingdom, desecrating 'the very place where the Christian religion began in our nation'". The D and E versions of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle record:
Her wæron reðe forebecna cumene ofer Norðhymbra land, ⁊ þæt folc earmlic bregdon, þæt wæron ormete þodenas ⁊ ligrescas, ⁊ fyrenne dracan wæron gesewene on þam lifte fleogende. Þam tacnum sona fyligde mycel hunger, ⁊ litel æfter þam, þæs ilcan geares on .vi. Idus Ianuarii, earmlice hæþenra manna hergunc adilegode Godes cyrican in Lindisfarnaee þurh hreaflac ⁊ mansliht.
("In this year fierce, foreboding omens came over the land of the Northumbrians, and the wretched people shook; there were excessive whirlwinds, lightning, and fiery dragons were seen flying in the sky. These signs were followed by great famine, and a little after those, that same year on 6th ides of January, the ravaging of wretched heathen men destroyed God's church at Lindisfarne.")
The generally accepted date for the Viking raid on Lindisfarne is 8 June; Michael Swanton writes: "vi id Ianr, presumably [is] an error for vi id Iun (8 June) which is the date given by the Annals of Lindisfarne (p. 505), when better sailing weather would favour coastal raids."
Alcuin, a Northumbrian scholar in Charlemagne's court at the time, wrote: "Never before has such terror appeared in Britain as we have now suffered from a pagan race ... The heathens poured out the blood of saints around the altar, and trampled on the bodies of saints in the temple of God, like dung in the streets."
During the attack many of the monks were killed, or captured and enslaved. As the English population became more settled, they seemed to have turned their back on the sea. Many monasteries were established on islands, peninsulas, river mouths and cliffs, as isolated communities were less susceptible to interference and the politics of the heartland. These preliminary raids, despite their brutal nature, were not followed up. The main body of the raiders passed north around Scotland. The 9th century invasions came not from Norway, but from the Danes from around the entrance to the Baltic. The first Danish raids into England were in the Isle of Sheppey, Kent during 835 and from there their influence spread north. During this period religious art continued to flourish on Lindisfarne, and the Liber Vitae of Durham began in the priory. By 866, the Danes were in York, and in 873 the army was moving into Northumberland. With the collapse of the Northumbrian kingdom, the monks of Lindisfarne fled the island in 875 taking with them St Cuthbert's bones (which are now buried at the cathedral in Durham), who during his life had been prior and bishop of Lindisfarne; his body was buried on the island in the year 698.
Prior to the 9th century, Lindisfarne Priory had, in common with other such establishments, held large tracts of land which were managed directly or leased to farmers with a life interest only. Following the Danish occupation, land was increasingly owned by individuals, and could be bought, sold and inherited. Following the Battle of Corbridge in 914 Ragnald seized the land giving some to his followers Scula and Onlafbal.
William of St Calais, the first Norman Bishop of Durham, endowed his new Benedictine monastery at Durham with land and property in Northumberland, including Holy Island and much of the surrounding mainland. Durham Priory re-established a monastic house on the island in 1093, as a cell of Durham, administered from Norham. The standing remains date from this time (whereas the site of the original priory is now occupied by the parish church).
Monastic records from the 14th to the 16th century provide evidence of an already well-established fishing economy on the island. Both line fishing and net fishing were practised, inshore in shallow waters and in the deep water offshore, using a variety of vessels: contemporary accounts differentiate between small 'cobles' and larger 'boats', as well as singling out certain specialised vessels (such as a 'herynger', sold for £2 in 1404). As well as supplying food for the monastic community, the island's fisheries (together with those of nearby Farne) provided the mother house at Durham with fish, on a regular (sometimes weekly) basis. Fish caught included cod, haddock, herring, salmon, porpoise and mullet, among others. Shellfish of various types were also fished for, with lobster nets and oyster dredges being mentioned in the accounts. Fish surplus to the needs of the monastery was traded, but subject to a tithe. There is also evidence that the monks operated a lime kiln on the island.
In 1462, during the Wars of the Roses, Margaret of Anjou made an abortive attempt to seize the Northumbrian castles. Following a storm at sea 400 troops had to seek shelter on Holy Island, where they surrendered to the Yorkists.
The Benedictine monastery continued until its suppression in 1536 under Henry VIII, after which the buildings surrounding the church were used as a naval storehouse. In 1613 ownership of the island (and other land in the area formerly pertaining to Durham Priory) was transferred to the Crown.
An early scholarly description of the priory was compiled by Dr Henry George Charles Clarke (presumed son of Admiral Sir Erasmus Gower) in 1838 during his term as president of the Berwickshire Naturalists' Club. Dr Clarke surmised that this Norman priory was unique in that the centre aisle had a vault of stone. Of the six arches, Dr Clarke stated "as if the architect had not previously calculated the space to be occupied by his arcade. The effect here has been to produce a horse-shoe instead of a semicircular arch, from its being of the same height, but lesser span, than the others. This arch is very rare, even in Norman buildings". The Lindisfarne Priory (ruin) is a grade I listed building, List Entry Number 1042304. Other parts of the priory are a Scheduled ancient monument, List Entry Number 1011650. The latter are described as "the site of the pre-Conquest monastery of Lindisfarne and the Benedictine cell of Durham Cathedral that succeeded it in the 11th century".
Recent work by archeologists was continuing in 2019, for the fourth year. Artifacts recovered included a rare board game piece, copper-alloy rings and Anglo-Saxon coins from both Northumbria and Wessex. The discovery of a cemetery led to finding commemorative markers "unique to the 8th and 9th centuries". The group also found evidence of an early medieval building, "which seems to have been constructed on top of an even earlier industrial oven" which was used to make copper or glass.
Northumberland is a ceremonial county in North East England, bordering Scotland. It is bordered by the Scottish Borders to the north, the North Sea to the east, Tyne and Wear and County Durham to the south, and Cumbria to the west. The town of Blyth is the largest settlement.
The county has an area of 5,013 km2 (1,936 sq mi) and a population of 320,274, making it the least-densely populated county in England. The south-east contains the largest towns: Blyth (37,339), Cramlington (27,683), Ashington (27,670), and Morpeth (14,304), which is the administrative centre. The remainder of the county is rural, and the largest towns are Berwick-upon-Tweed (12,043) in the far north and Hexham (13,097) in the west. For local government purposes the county is a unitary authority area. The county historically included the parts of Tyne and Wear north of the River Tyne.
The west of Northumberland contains part of the Cheviot Hills and North Pennines, while to the east the land becomes flatter before reaching the coast. The Cheviot (815 m (2,674 ft)), after which the range of hills is named, is the county's highest point. The county contains the source of the River North Tyne and much of the South Tyne; near Hexham they combine to form the Tyne, which exits into Tyne and Wear shortly downstream. The other major rivers in Northumberland are, from south to north, the Blyth, Coquet, Aln, Wansbeck and Tweed, the last of which forms part of the Scottish border. The county contains Northumberland National Park and two national landscapes: the Northumberland Coast and part of the North Pennines.
Much of the county's history has been defined by its position on a border. In the Roman era most of the county lay north of Hadrian's Wall, and the region was contested between England and Scotland into the Early Modern era, leading to the construction of many castles, peel towers and bastle houses, and the early modern fortifications at Berwick-upon-Tweed. Northumberland is also associated with Celtic Christianity, particularly the tidal island of Lindisfarne. During the Industrial Revolution the area had significant coal mining, shipbuilding, and armaments industries.
Northumberland, England's northernmost county, is a land where Roman occupiers once guarded a walled frontier, Anglian invaders fought with Celtic natives, and Norman lords built castles to suppress rebellion and defend a contested border with Scotland. The present-day county is a vestige of an independent kingdom that once stretched from Edinburgh to the Humber, hence its name, meaning literally 'north of the Humber'. Reflecting its tumultuous past, Northumberland has more castles than any other county in England, and the greatest number of recognised battle sites. Once an economically important region that supplied much of the coal that powered the industrial revolution, Northumberland is now a primarily rural county with a small and gradually shrinking population.
As attested by many instances of rock art, the Northumberland region has a rich prehistory. Archeologists have studied a Mesolithic structure at Howick, which dates to 7500 BC and was identified as Britain's oldest house until it lost this title in 2010 when the discovery of the even older Star Carr house in North Yorkshire was announced, which dates to 8770 BC. They have also found tools, ornaments, building structures and cairns dating to the bronze and iron ages, when the area was occupied by Brythonic Celtic peoples who had migrated from continental Europe, most likely the Votadini whose territory stretched from Edinburgh and the Firth of Forth to Northumberland. It is not clear where the boundary between the Votadini and the other large tribe, the Brigantes, was, although it probably frequently shifted as a result of wars and as smaller tribes and communities changed allegiances. Unlike neighbouring tribes, Votadini farms were surrounded by large walls, banks and ditches and the people made offerings of fine metal objects, but never wore massive armlets. There are also at least three very large hillforts in their territory (Yeavering Bell, Eildon Hill and Traprain Law, the latter two now in Scotland), each was located on the top of a prominent hill or mountain. The hillforts may have been used for over a thousand years by this time as places of refuge and as places for meetings for political and religious ceremonies. Duddo Five Stones in North Northumberland and the Goatstones near Hadrian's Wall are stone circles dating from the Bronze Age.
When Gnaeus Julius Agricola was appointed Roman governor of Britain in 78 AD, most of northern Britain was still controlled by native British tribes. During his governorship Agricola extended Roman control north of Eboracum (York) and into what is now Scotland. Roman settlements, garrisons and roads were established throughout the Northumberland region.
The northern frontier of the Roman occupation fluctuated between Pons Aelius (now Newcastle) and the Forth. Hadrian's Wall was completed by about 130 AD, to define and defend the northern boundary of Roman Britain. By 142, the Romans had completed the Antonine Wall, a more northerly defensive border lying between the Forth and Clyde. However, by 164 they abandoned the Antonine Wall to consolidate defences at Hadrian's Wall.
Two important Roman roads in the region were the Stanegate and Dere Street, the latter extending through the Cheviot Hills to locations well north of the Tweed. Located at the intersection of these two roads, Coria (Corbridge), a Roman supply-base, was the most northerly large town in the Roman Empire. The Roman forts of Vercovicium (Housesteads) on Hadrian's Wall, and Vindolanda (Chesterholm) built to guard the Stanegate, had extensive civil settlements surrounding them.
The Celtic peoples living in the region between the Tyne and the Forth were known to the Romans as the Votadini. When not under direct Roman rule, they functioned as a friendly client kingdom, a somewhat porous buffer against the more warlike Picts to the north.
The gradual Roman withdrawal from Britain in the 5th century led to a poorly documented age of conflict and chaos as different peoples contested territories in northern Britain.
Nearly 2000-year-old Roman boxing gloves were uncovered at Vindolanda in 2017 by the Vidolanda Trust experts led by Dr Andrew Birley. According to the Guardian, being similar in style and function to the full-hand modern boxing gloves, these two gloves found at Vindolanda look like leather bands date back to 120 AD. It is suggested that based on their difference from gladiator gloves warriors using this type of gloves had no purpose to kill each other. These gloves were probably used in a sport for promoting fighting skills. The gloves are currently displayed at Vindolanda's museum.
Conquests by Anglian invaders led to the establishment of the kingdoms of Deira and Bernicia. The first Anglian settlement was effected in 547 by Ida, who, accompanied by his six sons, pushed through the narrow strip of territory between the Cheviots and the sea, and set up a fortress at Bamburgh, which became the royal seat of the Bernician kings. About the end of the 6th century Bernicia was first united with the rival kingdom of Deira under the rule of Æthelfrith of Northumbria, and the district between the Humber and the Forth became known as the kingdom of Northumbria.
After Æthelfrith was killed in battle around 616, Edwin of Deira became king of Northumbria. Æthelfrith's son Oswald fled northwest to the Gaelic kingdom of Dál Riata where he was converted to Christianity by the monks of Iona. Meanwhile, Paulinus, the first bishop of York, converted King Edwin to Roman Christianity and began an extensive program of conversion and baptism. By his time the kingdom must have reached the west coast, as Edwin is said to have conquered the islands of Anglesey and Man. Under Edwin the Northumbrian kingdom became the chief power in Britain. However, when Cadwallon ap Cadfan defeated Edwin at Hatfield Chase in 633, Northumbria was divided into the former kingdoms of Bernicia and Deira and Christianity suffered a temporary decline.
In 634, Oswald defeated Cadwallon ap Cadfan at the Battle of Heavenfield, resulting in the re-unification of Northumbria. Oswald re-established Christianity in the kingdom and assigned a bishopric at Hexham, where Wilfrid erected a famous early English church. Reunification was followed by a period of Northumbrian expansion into Pictish territory and growing dominance over the Celtic kingdoms of Dál Riata and Strathclyde to the west. Northumbrian encroachments were abruptly curtailed in 685, when Ecgfrith suffered complete defeat by a Pictish force at the Battle of Nechtansmere.
When Saint Aidan came at the request of Oswald to preach to the Northumbrians he chose the island of Lindisfarne as the site of his church and monastery, and made it the head of the diocese which he founded in 635. For some years the see continued in peace, numbering among its bishops Saint Cuthbert, but in 793 Vikings landed on the island and burnt the settlement, killing many of the monks. The survivors, however, rebuilt the church and continued to live there until 883, when, through fear of a second invasion of the Danes, they fled inland, taking with them the body of Cuthbert and other holy relics.
Against this background, the monasteries of Northumbria developed some remarkably influential cultural products. Cædmon, a monk at Whitby Abbey, authored one of the earliest surviving examples of Old English poetry some time before 680. The Lindisfarne Gospels, an early example of insular art, is attributed to Eadfrith, the bishop of Lindisfarne from 698 to 721. Stenton (1971, p. 191) describes the book as follows.
In mere script it is no more than an admirable example of a noble style, and the figure drawing of its illustrations, though probably based on classical models, has more than a touch of naïveté. Its unique importance is due to the beauty and astonishing intricacy of its decoration. The nature of its ornament connects it very closely with a group of Irish manuscripts of which the Book of Kells is the most famous.
Bede's writing, at the Northumbrian monasteries at Wearmouth and Jarrow, gained him a reputation as the most learned scholar of his age. His work is notable for both its breadth (encompassing history, theology, science and literature) and quality, exemplified by the rigorous use of citation. Bede's most famous work is Ecclesiastical History of the English People, which is regarded as a highly influential early model of historical scholarship.
The kingdom of Northumbria ceased to exist in 927, when it was incorporated into England as an earldom by Athelstan, the first king of a united England[citation needed].. In 937, Athelstan's victory over a combined Norse-Celtic force in the battle of Brunanburh secured England's control of its northern territory.
The Scottish king Indulf captured Edinburgh in 954, which thenceforth remained in possession of the Scots. His successors made repeated attempts to extend their territory southwards. Malcolm II was finally successful, when, in 1018, he annihilated the Northumbrian army at Carham on the Tweed, and Eadulf the earl of Northumbria ceded all his territory to the north of that river as the price of peace. Henceforth Lothian, consisting of the former region of Northumbria between the Forth and the Tweed, remained in possession of the Scottish kings.
The term Northumberland was first recorded in its contracted modern sense in 1065 in an entry in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle relating to a rebellion against Tostig Godwinson.
The vigorous resistance of Northumbria to William the Conqueror was punished by ruthless harrying, mostly south of the River Tees. As recounted by the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle:
A.D. 1068. This year King William gave Earl Robert the earldom over Northumberland; but the landsmen attacked him in the town of Durham, and slew him, and nine hundred men with him. Soon afterwards Edgar Etheling came with all the Northumbrians to York; and the townsmen made a treaty with him: but King William came from the South unawares on them with a large army, and put them to flight, and slew on the spot those who could not escape; which were many hundred men; and plundered the town. St. Peter's minster he made a profanation, and all other places also he despoiled and trampled upon; and the ethelling went back again to Scotland.
The Normans rebuilt the Anglian monasteries of Lindisfarne, Hexham and Tynemouth, and founded Norman abbeys at Newminster (1139), Alnwick (1147), Brinkburn (1180), Hulne, and Blanchland. Castles were built at Newcastle (1080), Alnwick (1096), Bamburgh (1131), Harbottle (1157), Prudhoe (1172), Warkworth (1205), Chillingham, Ford (1287), Dunstanburgh (1313), Morpeth, Langley (1350), Wark on Tweed and Norham (1121), the latter an enclave of the palatine bishops of Durham.
Northumberland county is not mentioned in the Domesday Survey, but the account of the issues of the county, as rendered by Odard the sheriff, is entered in the Great Roll of the Exchequer for 1131.
In 1237, Scotland renounced claims to Northumberland county in the Treaty of York.
During the reign of Edward I (1272–1307), the county of Northumberland was the district between the Tees and the Tweed, and had within it several scattered liberties subject to other powers: Durham, Sadberge, Bedlingtonshire, and Norhamshire belonging to the bishop of Durham; Hexhamshire to the archbishop of York; Tynedale to the king of Scotland; Emildon to the earl of Lancaster; and Redesdale to Gilbert de Umfraville, Earl of Angus. These franchises were exempt from the ordinary jurisdiction of the shire. Over time, some were incorporated within the county: Tynedale in 1495; Hexhamshire in 1572; and Norhamshire, Islandshire and Bedlingtonshire by the Counties (Detached Parts) Act 1844.
The county court for Northumberland was held at different times at Newcastle, Alnwick and Morpeth, until by statute of 1549 it was ordered that the court should thenceforth be held in the town and castle of Alnwick. Under the same statute the sheriffs of Northumberland, who had been in the habit of appropriating the issues of the county to their private use, were required thereafter to deliver in their accounts to the Exchequer in the same manner as the sheriffs of other counties.
From the Norman Conquest until the union of England and Scotland under James I and VI, Northumberland was the scene of perpetual inroads and devastations by the Scots. Norham, Alnwick and Wark were captured by David I of Scotland in the wars of Stephen's reign. In 1174, during his invasion of Northumbria, William I of Scotland, also known as William the Lion, was captured by a party of about four hundred mounted knights, led by Ranulf de Glanvill. This incident became known as the Battle of Alnwick. In 1295, Robert de Ros and the earls of Athol and Menteith ravaged Redesdale, Coquetdale and Tynedale. In 1314 the county was ravaged by king Robert Bruce. And so dire was the Scottish threat in 1382, that by special enactment the earl of Northumberland was ordered to remain on his estates to protect the border. In 1388, Henry Percy was taken prisoner and 1500 of his men slain at the battle of Otterburn, immortalised in the ballad of Chevy Chase.
Alnwick, Bamburgh and Dunstanburgh were garrisoned for the Lancastrian cause in 1462, but after the Yorkist victories of Hexham and Hedgley Moor in 1464, Alnwick and Dunstanburgh surrendered, and Bamburgh was taken by storm.
In September 1513, King James IV of Scotland was killed at the Battle of Flodden on Branxton Moor.
Roman Catholic support in Northumberland for Mary, Queen of Scots, led to the Rising of the North in 1569.
After uniting the English and Scottish thrones, James VI and I sharply curbed the lawlessness of the border reivers and brought relative peace to the region. There were Church of Scotland congregations in Northumberland in the 17th and 18th centuries.
During the Civil War of the 17th century, Newcastle was garrisoned for the king by the earl of Newcastle, but in 1644 it was captured by the Scots under the earl of Leven, and in 1646 Charles I was led there a captive under the charge of David Leslie.
Many of the chief Northumberland families were ruined in the Jacobite rebellion of 1715.
The mineral resources of the area appear to have been exploited to some extent from remote times. It is certain that coal was used by the Romans in Northumberland, and some coal ornaments found at Angerton have been attributed to the 7th century. In a 13th-century grant to Newminster Abbey a road for the conveyance of sea coal from the shore about Blyth is mentioned, and the Blyth coal field was worked throughout the 14th and 15th centuries. The coal trade on the Tyne did not exist to any extent before the 13th century, but from that period it developed rapidly, and Newcastle acquired the monopoly of the river shipping and coal trade. Lead was exported from Newcastle in the 12th century, probably from Hexhamshire, the lead mines of which were very prosperous throughout the 16th and 17th centuries. In a charter from Richard I to Hugh de Puiset creating him earl of Northumberland, mines of silver and iron are mentioned. A salt pan is mentioned at Warkworth in the 12th century; in the 13th century the salt industry flourished at the mouth of the river Blyth, and in the 15th century formed the principal occupation of the inhabitants of North and South Shields. In the reign of Elizabeth I, glass factories were set up at Newcastle by foreign refugees, and the industry spread rapidly along the Tyne. Tanning, both of leather and of nets, was largely practised in the 13th century, and the salmon fisheries in the Tyne were famous in the reign of Henry I.
John Smeaton designed the Coldstream Bridge and a bridge at Hexham.
Stephenson's Rocket
Invention of the steam turbine by Charles Algernon Parsons
Northumberland is a ceremonial county in North East England, bordering Scotland. It is bordered by the Scottish Borders to the north, the North Sea to the east, Tyne and Wear and County Durham to the south, and Cumbria to the west. The town of Blyth is the largest settlement.
The county has an area of 5,013 km2 (1,936 sq mi) and a population of 320,274, making it the least-densely populated county in England. The south-east contains the largest towns: Blyth (37,339), Cramlington (27,683), Ashington (27,670), and Morpeth (14,304), which is the administrative centre. The remainder of the county is rural, and the largest towns are Berwick-upon-Tweed (12,043) in the far north and Hexham (13,097) in the west. For local government purposes the county is a unitary authority area. The county historically included the parts of Tyne and Wear north of the River Tyne.
The west of Northumberland contains part of the Cheviot Hills and North Pennines, while to the east the land becomes flatter before reaching the coast. The Cheviot (815 m (2,674 ft)), after which the range of hills is named, is the county's highest point. The county contains the source of the River North Tyne and much of the South Tyne; near Hexham they combine to form the Tyne, which exits into Tyne and Wear shortly downstream. The other major rivers in Northumberland are, from south to north, the Blyth, Coquet, Aln, Wansbeck and Tweed, the last of which forms part of the Scottish border. The county contains Northumberland National Park and two national landscapes: the Northumberland Coast and part of the North Pennines.
Much of the county's history has been defined by its position on a border. In the Roman era most of the county lay north of Hadrian's Wall, and the region was contested between England and Scotland into the Early Modern era, leading to the construction of many castles, peel towers and bastle houses, and the early modern fortifications at Berwick-upon-Tweed. Northumberland is also associated with Celtic Christianity, particularly the tidal island of Lindisfarne. During the Industrial Revolution the area had significant coal mining, shipbuilding, and armaments industries.
Northumberland, England's northernmost county, is a land where Roman occupiers once guarded a walled frontier, Anglian invaders fought with Celtic natives, and Norman lords built castles to suppress rebellion and defend a contested border with Scotland. The present-day county is a vestige of an independent kingdom that once stretched from Edinburgh to the Humber, hence its name, meaning literally 'north of the Humber'. Reflecting its tumultuous past, Northumberland has more castles than any other county in England, and the greatest number of recognised battle sites. Once an economically important region that supplied much of the coal that powered the industrial revolution, Northumberland is now a primarily rural county with a small and gradually shrinking population.
As attested by many instances of rock art, the Northumberland region has a rich prehistory. Archeologists have studied a Mesolithic structure at Howick, which dates to 7500 BC and was identified as Britain's oldest house until it lost this title in 2010 when the discovery of the even older Star Carr house in North Yorkshire was announced, which dates to 8770 BC. They have also found tools, ornaments, building structures and cairns dating to the bronze and iron ages, when the area was occupied by Brythonic Celtic peoples who had migrated from continental Europe, most likely the Votadini whose territory stretched from Edinburgh and the Firth of Forth to Northumberland. It is not clear where the boundary between the Votadini and the other large tribe, the Brigantes, was, although it probably frequently shifted as a result of wars and as smaller tribes and communities changed allegiances. Unlike neighbouring tribes, Votadini farms were surrounded by large walls, banks and ditches and the people made offerings of fine metal objects, but never wore massive armlets. There are also at least three very large hillforts in their territory (Yeavering Bell, Eildon Hill and Traprain Law, the latter two now in Scotland), each was located on the top of a prominent hill or mountain. The hillforts may have been used for over a thousand years by this time as places of refuge and as places for meetings for political and religious ceremonies. Duddo Five Stones in North Northumberland and the Goatstones near Hadrian's Wall are stone circles dating from the Bronze Age.
When Gnaeus Julius Agricola was appointed Roman governor of Britain in 78 AD, most of northern Britain was still controlled by native British tribes. During his governorship Agricola extended Roman control north of Eboracum (York) and into what is now Scotland. Roman settlements, garrisons and roads were established throughout the Northumberland region.
The northern frontier of the Roman occupation fluctuated between Pons Aelius (now Newcastle) and the Forth. Hadrian's Wall was completed by about 130 AD, to define and defend the northern boundary of Roman Britain. By 142, the Romans had completed the Antonine Wall, a more northerly defensive border lying between the Forth and Clyde. However, by 164 they abandoned the Antonine Wall to consolidate defences at Hadrian's Wall.
Two important Roman roads in the region were the Stanegate and Dere Street, the latter extending through the Cheviot Hills to locations well north of the Tweed. Located at the intersection of these two roads, Coria (Corbridge), a Roman supply-base, was the most northerly large town in the Roman Empire. The Roman forts of Vercovicium (Housesteads) on Hadrian's Wall, and Vindolanda (Chesterholm) built to guard the Stanegate, had extensive civil settlements surrounding them.
The Celtic peoples living in the region between the Tyne and the Forth were known to the Romans as the Votadini. When not under direct Roman rule, they functioned as a friendly client kingdom, a somewhat porous buffer against the more warlike Picts to the north.
The gradual Roman withdrawal from Britain in the 5th century led to a poorly documented age of conflict and chaos as different peoples contested territories in northern Britain.
Nearly 2000-year-old Roman boxing gloves were uncovered at Vindolanda in 2017 by the Vidolanda Trust experts led by Dr Andrew Birley. According to the Guardian, being similar in style and function to the full-hand modern boxing gloves, these two gloves found at Vindolanda look like leather bands date back to 120 AD. It is suggested that based on their difference from gladiator gloves warriors using this type of gloves had no purpose to kill each other. These gloves were probably used in a sport for promoting fighting skills. The gloves are currently displayed at Vindolanda's museum.
Conquests by Anglian invaders led to the establishment of the kingdoms of Deira and Bernicia. The first Anglian settlement was effected in 547 by Ida, who, accompanied by his six sons, pushed through the narrow strip of territory between the Cheviots and the sea, and set up a fortress at Bamburgh, which became the royal seat of the Bernician kings. About the end of the 6th century Bernicia was first united with the rival kingdom of Deira under the rule of Æthelfrith of Northumbria, and the district between the Humber and the Forth became known as the kingdom of Northumbria.
After Æthelfrith was killed in battle around 616, Edwin of Deira became king of Northumbria. Æthelfrith's son Oswald fled northwest to the Gaelic kingdom of Dál Riata where he was converted to Christianity by the monks of Iona. Meanwhile, Paulinus, the first bishop of York, converted King Edwin to Roman Christianity and began an extensive program of conversion and baptism. By his time the kingdom must have reached the west coast, as Edwin is said to have conquered the islands of Anglesey and Man. Under Edwin the Northumbrian kingdom became the chief power in Britain. However, when Cadwallon ap Cadfan defeated Edwin at Hatfield Chase in 633, Northumbria was divided into the former kingdoms of Bernicia and Deira and Christianity suffered a temporary decline.
In 634, Oswald defeated Cadwallon ap Cadfan at the Battle of Heavenfield, resulting in the re-unification of Northumbria. Oswald re-established Christianity in the kingdom and assigned a bishopric at Hexham, where Wilfrid erected a famous early English church. Reunification was followed by a period of Northumbrian expansion into Pictish territory and growing dominance over the Celtic kingdoms of Dál Riata and Strathclyde to the west. Northumbrian encroachments were abruptly curtailed in 685, when Ecgfrith suffered complete defeat by a Pictish force at the Battle of Nechtansmere.
When Saint Aidan came at the request of Oswald to preach to the Northumbrians he chose the island of Lindisfarne as the site of his church and monastery, and made it the head of the diocese which he founded in 635. For some years the see continued in peace, numbering among its bishops Saint Cuthbert, but in 793 Vikings landed on the island and burnt the settlement, killing many of the monks. The survivors, however, rebuilt the church and continued to live there until 883, when, through fear of a second invasion of the Danes, they fled inland, taking with them the body of Cuthbert and other holy relics.
Against this background, the monasteries of Northumbria developed some remarkably influential cultural products. Cædmon, a monk at Whitby Abbey, authored one of the earliest surviving examples of Old English poetry some time before 680. The Lindisfarne Gospels, an early example of insular art, is attributed to Eadfrith, the bishop of Lindisfarne from 698 to 721. Stenton (1971, p. 191) describes the book as follows.
In mere script it is no more than an admirable example of a noble style, and the figure drawing of its illustrations, though probably based on classical models, has more than a touch of naïveté. Its unique importance is due to the beauty and astonishing intricacy of its decoration. The nature of its ornament connects it very closely with a group of Irish manuscripts of which the Book of Kells is the most famous.
Bede's writing, at the Northumbrian monasteries at Wearmouth and Jarrow, gained him a reputation as the most learned scholar of his age. His work is notable for both its breadth (encompassing history, theology, science and literature) and quality, exemplified by the rigorous use of citation. Bede's most famous work is Ecclesiastical History of the English People, which is regarded as a highly influential early model of historical scholarship.
The kingdom of Northumbria ceased to exist in 927, when it was incorporated into England as an earldom by Athelstan, the first king of a united England[citation needed].. In 937, Athelstan's victory over a combined Norse-Celtic force in the battle of Brunanburh secured England's control of its northern territory.
The Scottish king Indulf captured Edinburgh in 954, which thenceforth remained in possession of the Scots. His successors made repeated attempts to extend their territory southwards. Malcolm II was finally successful, when, in 1018, he annihilated the Northumbrian army at Carham on the Tweed, and Eadulf the earl of Northumbria ceded all his territory to the north of that river as the price of peace. Henceforth Lothian, consisting of the former region of Northumbria between the Forth and the Tweed, remained in possession of the Scottish kings.
The term Northumberland was first recorded in its contracted modern sense in 1065 in an entry in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle relating to a rebellion against Tostig Godwinson.
The vigorous resistance of Northumbria to William the Conqueror was punished by ruthless harrying, mostly south of the River Tees. As recounted by the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle:
A.D. 1068. This year King William gave Earl Robert the earldom over Northumberland; but the landsmen attacked him in the town of Durham, and slew him, and nine hundred men with him. Soon afterwards Edgar Etheling came with all the Northumbrians to York; and the townsmen made a treaty with him: but King William came from the South unawares on them with a large army, and put them to flight, and slew on the spot those who could not escape; which were many hundred men; and plundered the town. St. Peter's minster he made a profanation, and all other places also he despoiled and trampled upon; and the ethelling went back again to Scotland.
The Normans rebuilt the Anglian monasteries of Lindisfarne, Hexham and Tynemouth, and founded Norman abbeys at Newminster (1139), Alnwick (1147), Brinkburn (1180), Hulne, and Blanchland. Castles were built at Newcastle (1080), Alnwick (1096), Bamburgh (1131), Harbottle (1157), Prudhoe (1172), Warkworth (1205), Chillingham, Ford (1287), Dunstanburgh (1313), Morpeth, Langley (1350), Wark on Tweed and Norham (1121), the latter an enclave of the palatine bishops of Durham.
Northumberland county is not mentioned in the Domesday Survey, but the account of the issues of the county, as rendered by Odard the sheriff, is entered in the Great Roll of the Exchequer for 1131.
In 1237, Scotland renounced claims to Northumberland county in the Treaty of York.
During the reign of Edward I (1272–1307), the county of Northumberland was the district between the Tees and the Tweed, and had within it several scattered liberties subject to other powers: Durham, Sadberge, Bedlingtonshire, and Norhamshire belonging to the bishop of Durham; Hexhamshire to the archbishop of York; Tynedale to the king of Scotland; Emildon to the earl of Lancaster; and Redesdale to Gilbert de Umfraville, Earl of Angus. These franchises were exempt from the ordinary jurisdiction of the shire. Over time, some were incorporated within the county: Tynedale in 1495; Hexhamshire in 1572; and Norhamshire, Islandshire and Bedlingtonshire by the Counties (Detached Parts) Act 1844.
The county court for Northumberland was held at different times at Newcastle, Alnwick and Morpeth, until by statute of 1549 it was ordered that the court should thenceforth be held in the town and castle of Alnwick. Under the same statute the sheriffs of Northumberland, who had been in the habit of appropriating the issues of the county to their private use, were required thereafter to deliver in their accounts to the Exchequer in the same manner as the sheriffs of other counties.
From the Norman Conquest until the union of England and Scotland under James I and VI, Northumberland was the scene of perpetual inroads and devastations by the Scots. Norham, Alnwick and Wark were captured by David I of Scotland in the wars of Stephen's reign. In 1174, during his invasion of Northumbria, William I of Scotland, also known as William the Lion, was captured by a party of about four hundred mounted knights, led by Ranulf de Glanvill. This incident became known as the Battle of Alnwick. In 1295, Robert de Ros and the earls of Athol and Menteith ravaged Redesdale, Coquetdale and Tynedale. In 1314 the county was ravaged by king Robert Bruce. And so dire was the Scottish threat in 1382, that by special enactment the earl of Northumberland was ordered to remain on his estates to protect the border. In 1388, Henry Percy was taken prisoner and 1500 of his men slain at the battle of Otterburn, immortalised in the ballad of Chevy Chase.
Alnwick, Bamburgh and Dunstanburgh were garrisoned for the Lancastrian cause in 1462, but after the Yorkist victories of Hexham and Hedgley Moor in 1464, Alnwick and Dunstanburgh surrendered, and Bamburgh was taken by storm.
In September 1513, King James IV of Scotland was killed at the Battle of Flodden on Branxton Moor.
Roman Catholic support in Northumberland for Mary, Queen of Scots, led to the Rising of the North in 1569.
After uniting the English and Scottish thrones, James VI and I sharply curbed the lawlessness of the border reivers and brought relative peace to the region. There were Church of Scotland congregations in Northumberland in the 17th and 18th centuries.
During the Civil War of the 17th century, Newcastle was garrisoned for the king by the earl of Newcastle, but in 1644 it was captured by the Scots under the earl of Leven, and in 1646 Charles I was led there a captive under the charge of David Leslie.
Many of the chief Northumberland families were ruined in the Jacobite rebellion of 1715.
The mineral resources of the area appear to have been exploited to some extent from remote times. It is certain that coal was used by the Romans in Northumberland, and some coal ornaments found at Angerton have been attributed to the 7th century. In a 13th-century grant to Newminster Abbey a road for the conveyance of sea coal from the shore about Blyth is mentioned, and the Blyth coal field was worked throughout the 14th and 15th centuries. The coal trade on the Tyne did not exist to any extent before the 13th century, but from that period it developed rapidly, and Newcastle acquired the monopoly of the river shipping and coal trade. Lead was exported from Newcastle in the 12th century, probably from Hexhamshire, the lead mines of which were very prosperous throughout the 16th and 17th centuries. In a charter from Richard I to Hugh de Puiset creating him earl of Northumberland, mines of silver and iron are mentioned. A salt pan is mentioned at Warkworth in the 12th century; in the 13th century the salt industry flourished at the mouth of the river Blyth, and in the 15th century formed the principal occupation of the inhabitants of North and South Shields. In the reign of Elizabeth I, glass factories were set up at Newcastle by foreign refugees, and the industry spread rapidly along the Tyne. Tanning, both of leather and of nets, was largely practised in the 13th century, and the salmon fisheries in the Tyne were famous in the reign of Henry I.
John Smeaton designed the Coldstream Bridge and a bridge at Hexham.
Stephenson's Rocket
Invention of the steam turbine by Charles Algernon Parsons
Description: 'Photograph (Cinematograph Film) entitled 'With Captain Scott [Royal Navy] to the South Pole (British Antarctic Expedition)'. Group of men at side of vessel by Herbert Ponting (1870-1935).
Date: c.1911
Our Catalogue Reference: COPY 1/562/114
This image shows a single frame from the very short (3-4 frame) sections of nitrate film stock accessioned at The National Archives from Herbert Ponting's footage of the Antarctic. For preservation reasons copies were made of of the original nitrate negatives and these were used to produce modern black and white Kodak prints of the clips which we have scanned for the web. The quality of the resultant images is variable.
Feel free to share it within the spirit of the Commons.
For high quality reproductions of any item from our collection please contact our image library.
From my set entitled “The Flight Crew”
www.flickr.com/photos/21861018@N00/sets/72157607477197733/
In my collection entitled “Uncle Bill Watson”
www.flickr.com/photos/21861018@N00/collections/7215760783...
In my photostream
www.flickr.com/photos/21861018@N00/
My Uncle Bill Watson was born on March 3, 1922 in Grand Valley, Ontario. His mother was Lily Selma Watson, and his father was William Henry Watson. Before enlisting, he worked as a pharmacist’s apprentice in Mount Dennis, Ontario. He attended a Lorne Scots training program at Niagara-on-the-Lake from July to September, 1941
Bill attended #4 Wireless School in Guelph, Ontario, after which he entered service at No. 1 Manning Depot at the CNE grounds in Toronto. Upon leaving basic training, Bill attended #6 Initial Training School at the former normal school in St. James Square, Toronto. He received his officer’s commission after attending #4 Air Observation School in London Ontario (Crumlin)
Bill was chosen to become a navigator which attests to his high marks at Initial Training School. From January 3-16, 1944, Bill was posted at #1Y Depot in Halifax, and he attended #2 Air Gunner Training School in Lachine Quebec from January 16, 1944 to February 11, 1944.
Bill embarked from Halifax on March 5, 1994, and arrived at Greenoch, Scotland on March 14, 1944. From March 15, 1944 to April 18, 1944, Bill was stationed at #3 Personnel Receiving Centre in Bournemouth, Dorset where he awaited advanced postings. From April 18, 1944 to May 24, 1944, he was located at 9 Observer Aircraft Flying Unit, Llandwrog, Wales.
From May 24, 1944 until his death on July 23, 1944, Bill was part of #83 Operational Training Unit at Peplow, Shropshire. He was killed on a night training mission, when his Wellington bomber ditched in the Irish Sea, and he was buried at Blacon Cemetery, Chester on August 11, 1944
Entitled THE GATEWAY TO SOHO (1973)
Designed by Forrest Meyers and cost $2000
Corner of Houston St & Broadway
A cultural event entitled “Follow Georgia” featuring an exhibition of work by contemporary Georgian artist Ms. Tamara Kvesitadze and a music performance by ethno-jazz band “Shin” was held on the sidelines of the Assemblies of WIPO Member States, which met from October 2-11, 2017.
Ms. Tamara Kvesitadze’s works take roots in antiquity and mythology as well as in surrealism, which successfully combine art and construction. The music of the Shin smoothly combines Georgian folk melodies with jazz, which is the sound of Georgia’s musical encounter with the world.
WIPO co-organized the event with the Government of Georgia to mark the 25th Anniversary of the National Intellectual Property Center of Georgia – SAKPATENTI.
Copyright: WIPO. Photo: Violaine Martin. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 IGO License.
These are the pieces from my first solo show, entitled “The Ghost of the You Haunted Me..." held at Rotofugi Gallery in Chicago, IL on Sept 7, 2012.
This body of work is the culmination of many of the elements found in my custom toy work within my Forest of Sorrows narrative and I have strived to create a cohesive storyline that ties together many of the concepts and themes seen over the past couple of years.
In this story, when people pass onto the next life, those with unfinished business are taken to the Silva Dolorosa (The Forest of Sorrows) to begin a life anew, where the choices and decisions they make will determine how their lives turn out.
At the end of days as one’s life ebbs away, the Flederkanichen creatures arrive to shepherd these souls, manifested as a seed, and carry them to the Silva Dolorosa. Upon arriving, they drop the soul seeds down into the depths of the forest where the Saplings catch them, plant them in their heads waiting for them to bloom again, at which point they will plant them on the forest floor in the perfect place, so that the souls can begin their new lives.
On one particular day, with one particular soul seed dropped by the Flederkanichen, a big gust of wind blew the seed out of the hand of the Sapling assigned to it and it hit the ground, breaking the cardinal rule of the forest. It was at this moment that Locket, the geist girl was reborn in this limbo, confused and bewildered as to where she was. Frightened, she runs deep into the forest to discover who she was in her previous life, and what she was to become in the next.
Concurrently, at the moment at which Locket was born, the last guardian of the forest, the Hollow Knight, was awakened from deep slumber, tasked with ensuring the sanctity of the Silva and all of its denizens. He sets off on a quest to find Locket, only to encounter yet another new visitor to the forest - the ferocious and monstrous Blackwülf, who seems to be racing the Hollow Knight in a quest to reach Locket first.
This is the story of death, understanding, rebirth and redemption. I hope that the pieces I have created for this show will help to give an insight into this story that I have been telling.
Photos taken by Kirby Kerr.
Please contact rotofugi.com for availability.
This year, Osage Artist and Fashion Designer, Dante Biss-Grayson, is showcasing his work during the 100th year anniversary of the Santa Fe Indian Market at the La Fonda Hotel from his Sky-Eagle Collection in partnership with Sovereign Santa Fe Art Expo.
The show is entitled New Native Fashion: Empower by the Sky-Eagle Collection & Sovereign Santa Fe and will benefit The Coalition to Stop Violence Against Native Women. (CSVANW) nonprofit. www.csvanw.org
Amber Midthunder, star of the new movie "Prey" a prequel to the "Predator" movie, was slated to walk the runway with Biss-Grayson's New Native Fashion: EMPOWER, he designed a “NARU” look to play homage to the recent runaway hit where Amber plays NARU. Native American Badass! Makeup Artist, Indigenous Eyecon @calijem on Instagram worked her magic on @aeroprey models!
About Dante Biss-Grayson and Sky-Eagle Collection
Artist, Designer, Poet, Writer, Activist
Being half Native American, of the Osage Nation, Dante uses the archetype as an image to guide his artistic process, getting into a trance-like state and letting the work find itself. He adheres to the Zen tradition of simple strokes converging with one idea, leaving on the canvas one decisive expression.
Dante Biss-Grayson’s art is an expression of his experiences as a combat veteran combined with the PTSD those experiences begot him. Having studied art before enlisting, he became reacquainted with painting as a means of confronting and expressing the loss, the absurdity, and the beauty of war. He writes that he “grew up as the apprentice/protégé and son of [artists] Earl Biss and Gina Gray,” surrounded by the radical art of the 1960s/70s-era Institute of American Indian Arts.
Visit www.skyeaglecollection.com for shopping and fashion and more info.
About Sovereign Santa Fe
SSF is a Contemporary Native American Arts exhibition, guest curated by Tony Abeyta showcasing cutting edge indigenous creativity. Sovereign’s mission is to create a platform to highlight ‘NewSchool’ Native American Arts and its elusive relationship between traditional and contemporary. Established to give vibrant Native American artists an on-trend platform to showcase and share their accomplished works and talents.
Organized by FaraHNHeight Fine Art, SSF2022 fosters a community of forward-thinking artists. The exhibition features contemporary paintings, sculptures, and fashion.
SSF2022 is an interactive experience, that allows visitors to view and experience contemporary native artists’ works, including but not limited to: Jonathan Warm Day Coming, Danielle SeeWalker, Isaiah Stewart, Raven Arbuckle, Santiago Rivera, Robyn Tsannajinnie, Micha Wesley, Nizhonniya Austin, Jesse Raine Littlebird, Derayna DeClay, Ivan Lee, Felicia Gabaldon, Elwin Shorthair, Dante Biss-Grayson, Patrick CloudFace Burnham, Dustin Mater, Rick Gendron, Preston Pierre, Randy Barton, Sean Deloria Blackwolf, Jay Smiley, Jeremy Singer, Billy Hensley, etc.
This year, Sovereign Santa Fe is designed as a more intimate yet immersive experience, fewer artists than in years past but larger scale work. Some participating artists will be showcasing their unique contemporary native creativity on larger platforms.
Secretary-General António Guterres addresses the audience during the event entitled “Dag Hammarskjöld Medal Ceremony and Military Gender Advocate of the Year Award”, held on the occasion of the International Day of United Nations Peacekeepers (29 May).
The event is organized by the Department of Peace Operations (DPO) and the Office of Military Affairs (OMA).
UN Photo/Evan Schneider
The Genesis Foundation's 6th Annual Fundraiser lunch entitled “CEOs Share a Smile”.
Saturday, September 4, 2010 at ITC Windsor Hotel, Bangalore
Star Chefs:
Paolo Lanzarotti, Managing Director, SABmiller
Dr Madhusudan V Atre, President & Mg Director, Applied Materials
B J Arun, Founder & Chairman, California Digital
Himanshu Kohli, Founder & Partner, Client Associates
Kanwaljit Singh, Managing Director, Helion Ventures
Parvathy Omnakuttan, GF Brand Ambassador, (Miss India 2008 & 1st runner-up Miss World 2008)
Sajai Singh, Partner, J. Sagar Associates
Rajesh Rao, CEO, Dhruva Interactive
Sandhya Vasudevan, Managing Director, Thomson Reuters
Giridhar G.V Chief Operating Officer, Ernst & Young
Rekha Menon, Executive Director, Accenture
Gopichand Katragadda, Senior General Manager, GE Energy
Principal Coordinator:
Miecckey Bharrucha (Ms)
Genesis Foundation
c/o K & S Partners, 109, Sector 44, Gurgaon 122 003, Haryana, India
miecckey.bharrucha@genesis-foundation.net
Photographer:
Joseph Cairns,
joseph@depthoffield.co.in
A cultural event entitled “ASEAN @ 50 – Intellectual Property, Innovation and Development” featuring innovations from the bloc’s ten member countries and musical and dance performances was held on the sidelines of the Assemblies of WIPO Member States, which met from October 2-11, 2017. WIPO co-organized the event with the Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) to mark the Organization’s 50th anniversary.
Copyright: WIPO. Photo: Violaine Martin. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 IGO License.
ORIGINAL ACEO entitled, "19th CENTURY FISH PEOPLE PORTRAITS No.1" (2008) by award winning American artist/animator Dean A. Kendrick. The piece is a 2.5" x 3.5" ink marker drawing/watercolor painting on heavy weight watercolor paper that is intentionally stained with a coffee wash to give it an older, worn look as if it was found in the leaky attic of an under-kept Victorian mansion.
Who are the Fish People? Where did they come from? Are they a forgotten, de-evolutionary race that flourished in the 19th century United States?
ACEO stands for "Art Cards, Editions and Originals". These popular, collectible cards are exclusively 2.5" x 3.5" in size.
Description: 'Photograph (Cinematograph Film) entitled 'With Captain Scott [Royal Navy] to the South Pole (British Antarctic Expedition)'. 'Two men at side of hut in ice'' by Herbert Ponting (1870-1935).
Date: c.1911
Our Catalogue Reference: COPY 1/562/72
This image shows a single frame from the very short (3-4 frame) sections of nitrate film stock accessioned at The National Archives from Herbert Ponting's footage of the Antarctic. For preservation reasons copies were made of of the original nitrate negatives and these were used to produce modern black and white Kodak prints of the clips which we have scanned for the web. The quality of the resultant images is variable.
Feel free to share it within the spirit of the Commons.
For high quality reproductions of any item from our collection please contact our image library.