In front of the former railway workshops are rail trucks loaded with equipment for mines in north of South Australia (2014).

First buildings at Islington erected 1883 despite demands that the workshops be built at Port Adelaide. Over the following years more buildings added as works were transferred from the former site on North Terrace. The workshops were important in the development of SA’s railway system and during WWI they also produced munitions. Due to their efficient toolrooms, during WWII they manufactured shells, trench mortar sights, machine-gun carriers, sections of Beaufort bombers & other aircraft, and when necessary, tools, lathes & machines for the workshops. By 1941 there were 3 shifts working 7 days a week on war work. The site transferred 1978 to Australian National, later some workshops were demolished for shopping centre which opened 2014.

“The Government has issued the first notice for erection of workmen's and foremen's cottages at Islington in anticipation of transfer of the railway workshops.” [Port Adelaide News 22 Jan 1881]

“There are improvements going on at the Railway station on North Terrace. The railway workshops or engine sheds have been removed to Islington beyond North Adelaide station, and the old building has been pulled down.” [Burra Record 18 Feb 1881]

“The operative masons and bricklayers working for Messrs. Fry Bros., the contractors for part of the Government workshops at Islington, struck for an increase of wages on Tuesday last. The men had been employed during the past month or two at the rate of ten shillings per day, out of which those of them who live in town had to pay their fares to and from the works, which cost from sixpence to tenpence a day, according to whether they held monthly tickets or not. A number of the men, however, live within a short distance of the works, while others who live at North Adelaide rode to and from the works in the contractors' drays. On Monday during the dinner hour the men held a meeting, at which it was decided to demand an increase of a shilling a day on the ruling wages, and if this were refused, to strike.” [Advertiser3 Nov 1883]

“Messrs. Fry Bros., the contractors for the Government workshops at Islington, refused to accede to the request made by their employes as regards an increase of wages, and recently discharged the whole of the men employed on the works. A number of men have since been engaged at 10s. per day, the contractors paying their fares to and from the works.” [Advertiser 24 Nov 1883]

“The inhabitants of Port Adelaide are still agitating for the removal of the whole of the railway workshops to that town.” [Evening Journal 4 Jan 1889]

“On Friday the barque Warwickshire, tying in the New Dock at Port Adelaide, discharged over 10 tons of machinery intended For the Locomotive Workshops at Islington.” [Register 2 May 1891]

“The locomotive workshops at Islington having been completed the work of transferring the plant and machinery will be commenced in a few days, but it will take some time before the employes are fairly installed in their new quarters. The workshops at North-terrace will be utilised as running sheds for rolling stock until it is necessary to remove them to make way for the proposed new Adelaide Railway station.” [Advertiser 22 Sep 1891]

“Already some 400 mechanics are employed in the shops and in the handsome suite of offices close by are the draftsmen and clerks connected with the department. The building intended for the blacksmiths and boilermakers is completed, and one forge is at work. Foundations for the large steam-hammers have been laid, and in the course of a few weeks a large body of men will be accommodated in this commodious building. The engine-shops and running-shed are already full. . . The cranes in these sheds are a special feature, and by the slightest pressure of a finger one man can lift up to fifty tons and carry it from one end of the shop to another. The carpenters' and carriage-makers' shop is already full of busy men engaged in the construction of rolling-stock.” [Register 9 Jan 1892]

“in December, 1883, the new buildings were occupied by the carriage builders and painters. The space previously monopolized by them at the Adelaide works was converted into fitting shops, and thus a small measure of relief was obtained by the department. In the meantime the traffic on the railways was very considerably increased by the discovery of the Broken Hill mines and by the construction of the overland line to Melbourne, so that in a very short time, even with the increased space at their disposal, the locomotive authorities found themselves so cramped and crowded that they were quite unable to cope with the works they were sailed upon to execute.” [Evening Journal 25 Feb 1892]

“The ground plan of the new works had been designed by Mr. Thow when Islington was first selected as the site. The plans of the new building were prepared in the Engineer-in-Chief's department, under the direction of Mr. Thow; but their details, such as the internal fittings of the buildings, the arrangement of the machinery, the fixing of the engines, end the countless devices to make the works replete with all the most modern appliances were designed and carried out by the present Locomotive Engineer. Mr. T. Roberts. . . A perfect network of rails extends in every direction, the various workshops having several lines running through them. Thus engines, carriages, and wagons are shunted to the exact spot they are to occupy whilst undergoing overhaul and renewal. . . Throughout the works the buildings are of stone, with brick facings. The roofs are of galvanized iron, and are ventilated with louvres. In those buildings which are divided into bays the roofs are supported by iron girders resting on iron pillars. Each bay all through the building is lighted with a double row of skylights extending along the whole of its length. There are, of course, in addition, windows on all the side walls. The end walls are all built on arches, the archways being filled in by immense galvanized-iron doors. Through the centre of each doorway runs a line of rails, the arches being high enough to permit the ingress and egress of the largest sized engines.” [Evening Journal 25 Feb 1892]

“Final operations at the old locomotive shops on North-terrace closed about six weeks or so ago, the foundry men being the last to leave, and now practically every branch of the Locomotive Department at Islington is in thorough working order. . . To cope with an ever-increasing traffic it was absolutely impossible in the circumscribed area at the central Railway Station to provide suitable accommodation for overhauling railway stock and carrying on the very extensive operations of the Locomotive Department.” [Register 8 Jan 1894]

“At least one member of the South Australian contingent at present in South Africa was employed in the Railway Department, and a large number of the volunteers for the second unit are workers in the shops at Islington. Therefore the men engaged there felt that the Patriotic Fund which was started to render assistance in. the case of injured soldiers and bereaved families had a special claim upon their sympathies. Subscriptions were taken up, and the effort resulted in £51 being raised. . . The visitors at once proceeded to the fitting shop, in which about 700 men and youths from all branches of the Islington Department were assembled, and for an hour the feelings of patriotism which had been pent up in the hearts of the men were allowed to assert themselves. Never were the National Anthem and other patriotic songs rendered more vigorously. . . The Locomotive Band accompanied the singing, and the brass instruments and the voices of men and boys vied with each other in a great outburst of patriotism.” [Register 25 Dec 1899]

“a visit to the Islington workshops for the purpose of inspecting the special train which has been undergoing renovation in preparation for the Royal visitors. . . The train consisted of an engine, number 43 of the "M" type, four carriages of uniform exterior design, and a brake-van. The engine, which had just left the paintshop, was embellished suitably for the occasion. On the front the-coat of arms of the Duke of Cornwall was surmounted by representations of flags, and on each of the side-plates the Royal coat of arms was placed, while on either side of the driver's screen the Prince of Wales' plumes were depicted. The Royal purple and red are conspicuous in the adornments.” [Advertiser 5 Jul 1901]

“The Government have decided that the whole of the men employed at the Islington workshops are to work full time instead of five days a week as at present. The new order will come into force this week.” [Advertiser 17 Mar 1915]

“During the recruiting demonstration at the Islington Workshops. . . it was announced that the Islington establishment would be prepared to manufacture munitions. . . the Imperial Government will welcome the manufacture of certain munitions in Australia. Drawings of an 18-lb. shell, have reached us, and have been handed to the Railways Commissioner, who will have sample shells turned out at Islington.” [Register 20 Jul 1915]

“The ceremony of presenting the Defence Department with a motor ambulance, subscribed for by workmen employed at the Islington Railway Workshops, was performed at the yards during the lunch hour on Thursday. . . The workmen recognised that it was their duty to perform the obligations which devolved on them by other men going to the front to fight their battles. They could not all go to the front, but the least they could do was to help the gallant men in the firing line.” [Register 15 Oct 1915]

“an impressive ceremony in the boiler shop at Islington during the lunch hour on Tuesday, when a handsome roll of honor, containing the names of 62 men from the shop who had volunteered and gone to the front, was unveiled by the Chief Mechanical Engineer (Mr. B. F. Rushton). . . The Railway Department proposed to place a roll of honor in each, of the workshops at Islington, so that those who were eligible and had not enlisted might be reminded of their duty. . . Twenty-five per cent, of the staff at the Islington workshops had volunteered for the front. . . Four of the 63 employes whose names figure on the roll of honor—Sergeants C. J. Backman, A. E. Phillips, F. Causer, and Paul—have made the supreme sacrifice by laying down their lives.” [Advertiser 2 Aug 1916]

“Islington. . . There has been a clearing out of old material, which had become unserviceable, at the loco Workshops. Between 80 and 90 tons of scrapiron was sent to Melbourne yesterday, and a parcel of about 10 tons of scrap steel was dispatched to-day.” [Observer 24 Feb 1917]

“Four members of the South Australian branch of the Coachmakers Employes' Federation are to leave Adelaide to-day to proceed to England as munition workers. . . Mr. E. J. Monck, carriagebuilder, has been in the service of the railway workshops, Islington for over 30 years. . . Mr. B. Brundritt and Mr. H. Howard have been employed en the carriage and waggon, building departments at Islington, and have been in the service for some years. . . Like Mr. Monck they are anxious to work on aeroplanes.” [Daily Herald 13 Jun 1917]

“In pursuance of the policy of making the rolling stuck more in keeping with modern requirements, the Railways Department is about to put into commission 20 new brake vans, which will be a distinct contrast to the old ‘blue vans’, or dog-boxes, as they have been termed, now in use. Ten of these new vans have already been completed at the Islington workshops, and will be made available almost immediately. Sleeping accommodation and conveniences for cooking have been, provided, so that on long journeys the vans may be used as living quarters. . . These vans are to be placed on both broad and narrow gauge lines.” [Advertiser 6 May 1925]

“By the end of the year defence work will be playing an important part in the activities of the Islington Railway workshops. . . The largest addition is a tool shop which is being constructed at the east end of the yards, well away from the remainder of the plant. When the building is finished it will be equipped with machinery for the manufacture of milling cutters and other delicate machine parts, which will be sent to Lithgow, New South Wales, to assist in the production of Bren machine guns. . . Some of the older workshops at Islington are being altered in preparation for the beginning of work on the construction of aeroplane parts. No details of what is being planned are available. . . In the meantime, the workshops are filling a contract for the manufacture of nine armored cars. . . At present, however, the busiest section of the workshops is the construction shed, in which the new vice-regal [rail]car is being built in time for the arrival of the Duke and Duchess of Kent.. . . Built of welded steel, it will be 79 feet long and nearly 10 feet wide, and will weigh 56 tons. It will have sleeping accommodation for ten people. At the rear there will be an observation lounge. Next to that will be a ladies' lounge, and then the Governor's suite.” [Advertiser 22 Aug 1939]

“A Shell Annexe has been established at Islington railway workshops, and is now nearing completion.” [Advertiser 6 Feb 1940]

“the tool-making annexe at the Government Railway Workshops at Islington is, in common with Government munition factories in Victoria and New South Wales, working 12-hour shifts. Established with the object of manufacturing the tools and gauges essential in the mass production of munitions.” [News 30 May 1940]

“The managerial staff at the Islington Railway Workshops, already busy with Islington’s own contributions to defence work, has been drawn upon for advice on interior lay-out and equipment of the Hendon factory.” [News 27 Jun 1940]

“Islington workshops. . . There are now 4,000 employes there — more than double the normal number — and about 2,200 to 2,300 of them are engaged on defence work, including munitions and Bristol Beaufort bombers.” [News 3 Feb 1941]

“South Australia's advance to the forefront of munitions-producing States was made possible primarily by the foresight of the Butler Government, which laid the foundations upon which the Playford Government has built so vigorously and soundly. As a matter of fact it was the insistence and foresight of the Government in providing such a wonderful tool shop at the Islington Railway Workshops that provided the first solid basis. The tool shop still remains an object of surprise and admiration for visiting experts who see the value of its modern equipment and the efficiency and skill of its tradesmen.” [News 4 Mar 1941]

“At the Islington workshops of the South Australian Railways Department there are working, in times of peace, about 1,750 people. Today there are 4,300; no fewer than 2,700 are engaged upon war production. . . making aeroplane parts, machine tools, and gauges, shells, machine-gun carriers. . . they are looking after the tooling of the new Commonwealth smallarms ammunition factories in South Australia. . . When Islington wants a machine to do a special job and hasn't got it, it makes it. . . In its tool room it has 370 men working. They may be making trench mortar sights, tools for Islington itself, or for other armament works, working to fine limits of accuracy. . . On war work, Islington is working three shifts a day, seven days a week.” [News 5 Aug 1941]

“Islington also operated another workshop for machining and sub-assembly for centre plane and wing sections of Beaufort bombers.” [The Mail 16 Aug 1941]

“More than half of Australia's gun-carrier production is being accomplished by workmen at Islington Railway Workshops.” [News 3 Dec 1941]

“sturdy little gun carriers are roaring and bucking their way to the forefront in a mechanised war. At Islington Railway Workshops these khaki-green structures take life as they are passed from the stage of plain slabs of steel to the finished, vibrant machine ready for action. Recently the 500th machine moved off the construction line at Islington.” [The Mail 6 Dec 1941]

“the fact that Islington Railway Workshops had an efficient tool room at the outbreak of war was one of the main reasons why South Australia became a munitions area.” [News 2 Apr 1942]

“workshops at Islington have annexes devoted directly to armaments and the tools of munitions side by side with the increased volume of railway output and maintenance. The employes at Islington include many engaged on aircraft wings and other parts; there are hundreds of women, too, and more will be hired as soon as they can be trained. . . Islington has long since passed its thousandth Bren carrier.” [Advertiser 23 Jul 1942]

“South Australia had contributed splendidly to the war-time development of the Australian aircraft industry. Mr. Makin said. The centre plane and wings for each of 700 Beaufort aircraft were produced by the Railways Department at Islington, as well as similar components for more than 350 Beaufighters, before that project was ended recently. The workshop was now producing centre sections and other components for Lincoln aircraft. This work would continue until about June.” [News 25 Oct 1945]

“production during the war years, Islington Railway Workshop is now well on the way back to turning out up-to-date rolling stock for the State's railways.” [Advertiser 15 Feb 1946]

“An honor roll bearing the names of employes at the Islington railway workshops who enlisted in the world Wars, was unveiled by His Excellency the Governor (Sir Willoughby Norrie) yesterday. Sir Willoughby Norrie said there were 382 names of men who enlisted in the first war and 622 names in the last war, making a total of 984 men, 50 of whom did not return. There were more than 4.000 ex-servicemen in the South Australian Railways today.” [Advertiser 4 May 1951]

“The first of 12 fast new diesel railcars for Adelaide suburban lines is expected to be running by the end of March. The Railways Commissioner (Mr. J. A. Fargher) said yesterday that all 12 were expected to be completed at Islington workshops by the end of next year.” [Advertiser 21 Dec 1954]

“The roomette sleeping cars on the Overland express were the best in the world, the British general secretary, of the Amalgamated Engineering Union (Mr. Ben Gardner) said in Adelaide yesterday. He visited the Islington railway workshops and was impressed with the spaciousness of the plant.” [Advertiser 21 Dec 1954]

The BMW i8, first introduced as the BMW Concept Vision Efficient Dynamics, is a plug-in hybrid sports car developed by BMW. The 2015 model year BMW i8 has a 7.1 kWh lithium-ion battery pack that delivers an all-electric range of 37 km (23 mi) under the New European Driving Cycle (NEDC).[5] Under the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) cycle, the range in EV mode is 24 km (15 mi) with a small amount of gasoline consumption.

The BMW i8 can go from 0–100 km/h (0 to 60 mph) in 4.4 seconds and has a top speed of 250 km/h (155 mph). The BMW i8 has a fuel efficiency of 2.1 L/100 km (134.5 mpg-imp; 112.0 mpg-US) under the NEDC test with carbon emissions of 49 g/km. EPA rated the i8 combined fuel economy at 76 equivalent (MPG-equivalent) (3.1 L gasoline equivalent/100 km; 91 mpg-imp gasoline equivalent).

The initial turbodiesel concept car was unveiled at the 2009 International Motor Show Germany. The production version of the BMW i8 was unveiled at the 2013 Frankfurt Motor Show. The i8 was released in Germany in June 2014. Deliveries to retail customers in the U.S. began in August 2014. Global cumulative sales totaled almost 4,500 units through June 2015.

History

The i8 is part of BMW's "Project i" and it is being marketed as a new brand, BMW i, sold separately from BMW or Mini. The BMW i3, launched for retail customers in Europe in the fourth quarter of 2013, was the first model of the i brand available in the market, and it was followed by the i8, released in Germany in June 2014 as a 2015 model year. Other i models are expected to follow.

The initial turbodiesel concept car was unveiled at the 2009 International Motor Show Germany, In 2010, BMW announced the mass production of the Concept Vision Efficient Dynamics in Leipzig beginning in 2013 as the BMW i8. The BMW i8 gasoline-powered concept car destined for production was unveiled at the 2011 Frankfurt Motor Show. The production version of the BMW i8 was unveiled at the 2013 International Motor Show Germany. The following are the concept and pre-production models developed by BMW that precedeed the production version.

BMW Vision EfficientDynamics (2009)

BMW Vision EfficientDynamics concept car is a plug-in hybrid with a three cylinder turbodiesel engine. Additionally, there are two electric motors with 139 horsepower. It allows an acceleration to 100 km/h (62 mph) in 4.8 seconds and an electronically limited top speed of 250 km/h (160 mph).

According to BMW, the average fuel consumption in the EU test cycle (KV01) is 3.76 liters/100 kilometers, (75.1 mpg imp), and has a carbon dioxide emission rating of 99 grams per kilometer (1,3 l/100 km and 33g CO2/km ; EU-PHEV ECE-R101). The estimated all-electric range is 50 km (31 mi), and the 24-liter petrol tank extends the total vehicle range to up to 700 km (430 mi). The lightweight chassis is made mainly from aluminum. The windshield, top, doors and fenders are made from polycarbonate glass, with the body having a drag coefficient of 0.26.

The designers in charge of the BMW Vision EfficientDynamics Concept were Mario Majdandzic, Exterior Design and Jochen Paesen, Interior Design.

The vehicle was unveiled in 2009 International Motor Show Germany, followed by Auto China 2010.

BMW i8 Concept (2011)

BMW i8 Concept plug-in hybrid electric vehicle includes an electric motor located in the front axle powering the front wheels rated 96 kW (131 PS; 129 hp) and 250 N·m (184 lb·ft), a turbocharged 1.5-liter 3-cylinder gasoline engine driving rear wheels rated 164 kW (223 PS; 220 hp) and 300 N·m (221 lb·ft) of torque, with combined output of 260 kW (354 PS; 349 hp) and 550 N·m (406 lb·ft), a 7.2 kWh (26 MJ) lithium-ion battery pack that allows an all-electric range of 35 km (22 mi). All four wheels provide regenerative braking. The location of the battery pack in the energy tunnel gives the vehicle a low centre of gravity, enhancing its dynamics. Its top speed is electronically limited to 250 km/h (160 mph) and is expected to go from 0 to 100 km/h (0 to 60 mph) in 4.6 seconds. Under normal driving conditions the i8 is expected to deliver 80 mpg-US (2.9 L/100 km; 96 mpg-imp) under the European cycle. A full charge of the battery will take less than 2 hours using 220V. The positioning of the motor and engine over the axles results in optimum 50/50 weight distribution.

The vehicle was unveiled at the 2011 International Motor Show Germany, followed by CENTER 548 in New York City, 42nd Tokyo Motor Show 2011, 82nd Geneva Motor Show 2012, BMW i Born Electric Tour at the Palazzo delle Esposizioni at Via Nazionale 194 in Rome, Auto Shanghai 2013.

This concept car was featured in the film Mission: Impossible – Ghost Protocol.

BMW i8 Concept Spyder (2012)

The BMW i8 Concept Spyder included a slightly shorter wheelbase and overall length over the BMW i8 Concept, carbon-fibre-reinforced plastic (CFRP) Life module, drive modules made primarily from aluminium components, interlocking of surfaces and lines, 8.8-inch (22.4 cm) screen display, off-white outer layer, orange tone naturally tanned leather upholstery.

The vehicle was unveiled in Auto China 2012 in Beijing and won Concept Car of the Year, followed by 83rd Geneva International Motor Show 2013.

The designer of the BMW i8 Concept Spyder was Richard Kim.

BMW i8 coupe prototype (2013)

The design of the BMW i8 coupe prototype was based on the BMW i8 Concept. The BMW i8 prototype has an average fuel efficiency of less than 2.5 L/100 km (113.0 mpg-imp; 94.1 mpg-US) under the New European Driving Cycle with carbon emissions of less than 59 g/km. The i8 with its carbon-fiber-reinforced plastic (CFRP) passenger cell lightweight, aerodynamically optimized body, and BMW eDrive technology offers the dynamic performance of a sports car, with an expected 0–100 km (0–60 mi) sprint time of less than 4.5 seconds using both power sources. The plug-in hybrid system of the BMW i8 comprises a three-cylinder, 1.5-liter BMW TwinPower turbo gasoline engine combined with BMW eDrive technology used in the BMW i3 and develops maximum power of 170 kW (230 hp). The BMW i8 is the first BMW production model to be powered by a three-cylinder gasoline engine and the resulting specific output of 115 kW (154 hp) per liter of displacement is on a par with high-performance sports car engines and is the highest of any engine produced by the BMW Group.

The BMW i8's second power source is a hybrid synchronous electric motor specially developed and produced by the BMW Group for BMW i. The electric motor develops maximum power of 131 hp (96 kW) and produces its maximum torque of around 320 N·m (240 lbf·ft) from standstill. Typical of an electric motor, responsive power is instantly available when starting and this continues into the higher load ranges. As well as providing a power boost to assist the gasoline engine during acceleration, the electric motor can also power the vehicle by itself. Top speed in electric mode is approximately 120 km/h (75 mph), with a maximum driving range of up to 35 km (22 mi). Linear acceleration is maintained even at higher speeds since the interplay between the two power sources efficiently absorbs any power flow interruptions when shifting gears. The BMW i8 has an electronically controlled top speed of 250 km (160 mi), which can be reached and maintained when the vehicle operates solely on the gasoline engine. The model-specific version of the high-voltage 7.2 lithium-ion battery has a liquid cooling system and can be recharged at a conventional household power socket, at a BMW i Wallbox or at a public charging station. In the US a full recharge takes approximately 3.5 hours from a conventional 120V, 12 amp household circuit or approximately 1.5 hours from a 220V Level 2 charger.

The driver can also select several driving modes: SPORT, COMFORT and ECO PRO. Using the gear selector, the driver can either select position D for automated gear selection or can switch to SPORT mode. SPORT mode offers manual gear selection and at the same time switches to very sporty drive and suspension settings. In SPORT mode, the engine and electric motor deliver extra performance, accelerator response is faster and the power boost from the electric motor is maximized. And to keep the battery topped up, SPORT mode also activates maximum energy recuperation during overrun and braking as the electric motor’s generator function, which recharges the battery using kinetic energy, switches to a more powerful setting. The Driving Experience Control switch on the center console offers a choice of two settings. On starting, COMFORT mode is activated, which offers a balance between sporty performance and fuel efficiency, with unrestricted access to all convenience functions. Alternatively, the ECO PRO mode can be engaged, which, on the BMW i8 as on other models, supports an efficiency-optimized driving style. On this mode the powertrain controller coordinates the cooperation between the gasoline engine and the electric motor for maximum fuel economy. On deceleration, the intelligent energy management system automatically decides, in line with the driving situation and vehicle status, whether to recuperate braking energy or to coast with the powertrain disengaged. At the same time, ECO PRO mode also programs electrical convenience functions such as the air conditioning, seat heating and heated mirrors to operate at minimum power consumption, but without compromising safety. The maximum driving range of the BMW i8 on a full fuel tank and with a fully charged battery is more than 500 km (310 mi) in COMFORT mode, which can be increased by up to 20% in ECO PRO mode. The BMW i8’s ECO PRO mode can also be used during all-electric operation. The vehicle is then powered solely by the electric motor. Only if the battery charge drops below a given level, or under sudden intense throttle application such as kickdown, is the internal combustion engine automatically activated.

The vehicle was unveiled in BMW Group's Miramas test track in France.

Production version

The production BMW i8 was designed by Benoit Jacob. The production version was unveiled at the 2013 International Motor Show Germany, followed by 2013 Les Voiles de Saint-Tropez. It features butterfly doors, head-up display, rear-view cameras and partially false engine noise. Series production of customer vehicles began in April 2014. It is the first production car with laser headlights, reaching further than LED lights.

The i8 has a low vehicle weight of 1,485 kg (3,274 lb) (DIN kerb weight) and a low drag coefficient (Cd) of 0.26. In all-electric mode the BMW i8 has a top speed of 120 km/h (75 mph). In Sport mode the i8 delivers a mid-range acceleration from 80 to 120 km/h (50 to 75 mph) in 2.6 seconds. The electronically controlled top speed is 250 km/h (160 mph).

Range and fuel economy[edit]

The production i8 has a 7.1 kWh lithium-ion battery pack with a usable capacity of 5.2 kWh and intelligent energy management that delivers an all-electric range of 37 km (23 mi) under the NEDC cycle. Under the EPA cycle, the range in EV mode is 15 mi (24 km), with a gasoline consumption of 0.1 gallons per 100 mi, and as a result, EPA's all-electric range is zero. The total range is 330 mi (530 km).

The production version has a fuel efficiency of 2.1 L/100 km (134.5 mpg-imp; 112.0 mpg-US) under the NEDC test with carbon emissions of 49 g/km.[5] Under EPA cycle, the i8 combined fuel economy in EV mode was rated 76 equivalent (MPG-equivalent) (3.1 L gasoline equivalent/100 km; 91 mpg-imp gasoline equivalent), with an energy consumption of 43 kW-hrs/100 mi and gasoline consumption of 0.1 gal-US/100 mi. The combined fuel economy when running only with gasoline is 28 mpg-US (8.4 L/100 km; 34 mpg-imp), 28 mpg-US (8.4 L/100 km; 34 mpg-imp) for city driving, and 29 mpg-US (8.1 L/100 km; 35 mpg-imp) in highway.

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's 2014 edition of the "Light-Duty Automotive Technology, Carbon Dioxide Emissions, and Fuel Economy Trends" introduced utility factors for plug-in hybrids to represent the percentage of miles that will be driven using electricity by an average driver, in electric only or blended modes. The BMW i8 has a utility factor in EV mode of 37%, compared with 83% for the BMW i3 REx, 66% for the Chevrolet Volt, 65% for the Cadillac ELR, 45% for the Ford Energi models, 43% for the McLaren P1, 39% for the Porsche Panamera S E-Hybrid, and 29% for the Toyota Prius PHV.

[Text from Wikipedia]

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMW_i8

This Lego miniland-scale BMW i8 has been created for Flickr LUGNuts' 94th Build Challenge, - "Appease the Elves Summer Automobile Build-off (Part 2)", - a design challenge combining the resources of LUGNuts, TheLegoCarBlog (TLCB) and Head Turnerz.

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Sony A7RII Spring Wildflowers Fine Art Joshua Tree National Park! Dr. Elliot McGucken Fine Art Landscape Photography! Sony A7R 2 & Sony 16-35mm Vario-Tessar T FE F4 ZA OSS E-Mount Lens!

An important thing to remember is that even though pixel sizes keep getting smaller and smaller, the technology is advancing, so the smaller pixels are more efficient at collecting light. For instance, the Sony A7rII is back-illuminated which allows more photons to hit the sensor. Semiconductor technology is always advancing, so the brilliant engineers are always improving the signal/noise ratio. Far higher pixel counts, as well as better dynamic ranger, are thus not only possible, but the future!

Yes I have a Ph.D. in physics! I worked on phototranistors and photodiodes as well as an artificial retina for the blind. :)

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And all the best on Your Epic Hero's Odyssey!

The new Lightroom rocks!

Beautiful magnificent clouds!

View your artistic mission into photography as an epic odyssey of heroic poetry! Take it from Homer in Homer's Odyssey: "Tell me, O muse, of that ingenious hero who travelled far and wide after he had sacked the famous town of Troy. Many cities did he visit, and many were the nations with whose manners and customs he was acquainted; moreover he suffered much by sea while trying to save his own life and bring his men safely home; but do what he might he could not save his men, for they perished through their own sheer folly in eating the cattle of the Sun-god Hyperion; so the god prevented them from ever reaching home. Tell me, too, about all these things, O daughter of Jove, from whatsoever source you may know them. " --Samuel Butler Translation of Homer's Odyssey

All the best on your Epic Hero's Odyssey from Johnny Ranger McCoy!

Pictured at rest is PU74 HAM, an Irizar i6s Efficient Integral coach new to Pulham, Bourton-on-the-Water, Gloucestershire in September 2024.

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Copyright © P.J. Cook, all rights reserved. It is an offence to copy, use or post this image anywhere else without my permission.

Volvo B13R 4X2 Irizar i6s Efficient de Yuste reforzando a Alsa la ruta Málaga-Valencia (VAC-150: Bacoma).

Quick visual representation of the difference between be efficient and be effective.

Efficient: you have managed your time well, but we don't know if you have achieved your purpose. Effective: you have achieved your purpose, but we don't know how you have managed your time.

These two Officer of the Chicago Police Mounted Unit have, quite appropriately in my view, parked their mounts in the space reserved for "fuel efficient vehicle parking only!"

2916 W. 47th Street.

When it comes to energy efficient design, Boulder County Housing Authority is a leader in the field.

On Tuesday, February 16th, Norrie Boyd, Erin Ganser, Maggie Crosswy, Angel Bond, Geneva Z. Bailey and Aimee Bruhn, along with our local partners, Blue Valley Energy, Farnsworth Group, and Milender White Construction Company, had an opportunity to showcase our expertise to an impressive 20-member foreign delegation. As part of the U.S. Department of Commerce’s Special American Business Internship Training (SABIT) program, the delegation included representatives from Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Ukraine. These industry specialists were seeking information on trends and innovations in energy efficient construction and renewables.

BCHA and our partners hosted a breakfast and technical presentation followed by a tour of Aspinwall, Josephine Commons, and the Kestrel construction site. The delegation’s hands-on enthusiasm began the moment they looked into the geothermal mechanical room at Josephine Commons and continued as they ventured up to the roof to view the building’s solar array. They were also able to visit an apartment in Josephine Commons and were blown away by the quality design (special thanks to resident Kathy Johnston for opening her doors to the group!). Questions were flying and answered with the help of two Russian translators and our own Angel Bond.

The real fun began when the delegation visited the construction site for Kestrel, BCHA’s future 200-unit affordable housing development in Louisville. Construction was in process on the geothermal installation and the delegates watched as geothermal wells were being drilled 400 feet underground.

One of the biggest sources of pride for BCHA is that the geothermal systems we’re installing are literally paying for themselves very quickly (less than 5 years for Josephine Commons, for example) thanks to the energy savings. Our buildings are also proving themselves to be extremely energy-efficient, which further helps us with the affordability of the developments. And we’re getting better and better, incorporating “lessons learned” from each construction project into the next.

After an information-packed half-day with BHCA and our expert partners, participants are better equipped to apply energy efficiency and green building principles to construction projects in their home countries.

Once Iowa Traction (IATR) 50 gets back to the yard. his ethanol cars are immediately emptied onto trucks for their final destination. They'll soon be ready to hand back to the U.P as empties.

Tips for an Efficient Computer t.co/NVClnE1IhP t.co/wzAtEOePRx (via Twitter twitter.com/ProSaverApp/status/799336317951700992)

The BMW i8, first introduced as the BMW Concept Vision Efficient Dynamics, is a plug-in hybrid sports car developed by BMW. The 2015 model year BMW i8 has a 7.1 kWh lithium-ion battery pack that delivers an all-electric range of 37 km (23 mi) under the New European Driving Cycle (NEDC).[5] Under the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) cycle, the range in EV mode is 24 km (15 mi) with a small amount of gasoline consumption.

The BMW i8 can go from 0–100 km/h (0 to 60 mph) in 4.4 seconds and has a top speed of 250 km/h (155 mph). The BMW i8 has a fuel efficiency of 2.1 L/100 km (134.5 mpg-imp; 112.0 mpg-US) under the NEDC test with carbon emissions of 49 g/km. EPA rated the i8 combined fuel economy at 76 equivalent (MPG-equivalent) (3.1 L gasoline equivalent/100 km; 91 mpg-imp gasoline equivalent).

The initial turbodiesel concept car was unveiled at the 2009 International Motor Show Germany. The production version of the BMW i8 was unveiled at the 2013 Frankfurt Motor Show. The i8 was released in Germany in June 2014. Deliveries to retail customers in the U.S. began in August 2014. Global cumulative sales totaled almost 4,500 units through June 2015.

History

The i8 is part of BMW's "Project i" and it is being marketed as a new brand, BMW i, sold separately from BMW or Mini. The BMW i3, launched for retail customers in Europe in the fourth quarter of 2013, was the first model of the i brand available in the market, and it was followed by the i8, released in Germany in June 2014 as a 2015 model year. Other i models are expected to follow.

The initial turbodiesel concept car was unveiled at the 2009 International Motor Show Germany, In 2010, BMW announced the mass production of the Concept Vision Efficient Dynamics in Leipzig beginning in 2013 as the BMW i8. The BMW i8 gasoline-powered concept car destined for production was unveiled at the 2011 Frankfurt Motor Show. The production version of the BMW i8 was unveiled at the 2013 International Motor Show Germany. The following are the concept and pre-production models developed by BMW that precedeed the production version.

BMW Vision EfficientDynamics (2009)

BMW Vision EfficientDynamics concept car is a plug-in hybrid with a three cylinder turbodiesel engine. Additionally, there are two electric motors with 139 horsepower. It allows an acceleration to 100 km/h (62 mph) in 4.8 seconds and an electronically limited top speed of 250 km/h (160 mph).

According to BMW, the average fuel consumption in the EU test cycle (KV01) is 3.76 liters/100 kilometers, (75.1 mpg imp), and has a carbon dioxide emission rating of 99 grams per kilometer (1,3 l/100 km and 33g CO2/km ; EU-PHEV ECE-R101). The estimated all-electric range is 50 km (31 mi), and the 24-liter petrol tank extends the total vehicle range to up to 700 km (430 mi). The lightweight chassis is made mainly from aluminum. The windshield, top, doors and fenders are made from polycarbonate glass, with the body having a drag coefficient of 0.26.

The designers in charge of the BMW Vision EfficientDynamics Concept were Mario Majdandzic, Exterior Design and Jochen Paesen, Interior Design.

The vehicle was unveiled in 2009 International Motor Show Germany, followed by Auto China 2010.

BMW i8 Concept (2011)

BMW i8 Concept plug-in hybrid electric vehicle includes an electric motor located in the front axle powering the front wheels rated 96 kW (131 PS; 129 hp) and 250 N·m (184 lb·ft), a turbocharged 1.5-liter 3-cylinder gasoline engine driving rear wheels rated 164 kW (223 PS; 220 hp) and 300 N·m (221 lb·ft) of torque, with combined output of 260 kW (354 PS; 349 hp) and 550 N·m (406 lb·ft), a 7.2 kWh (26 MJ) lithium-ion battery pack that allows an all-electric range of 35 km (22 mi). All four wheels provide regenerative braking. The location of the battery pack in the energy tunnel gives the vehicle a low centre of gravity, enhancing its dynamics. Its top speed is electronically limited to 250 km/h (160 mph) and is expected to go from 0 to 100 km/h (0 to 60 mph) in 4.6 seconds. Under normal driving conditions the i8 is expected to deliver 80 mpg-US (2.9 L/100 km; 96 mpg-imp) under the European cycle. A full charge of the battery will take less than 2 hours using 220V. The positioning of the motor and engine over the axles results in optimum 50/50 weight distribution.

The vehicle was unveiled at the 2011 International Motor Show Germany, followed by CENTER 548 in New York City, 42nd Tokyo Motor Show 2011, 82nd Geneva Motor Show 2012, BMW i Born Electric Tour at the Palazzo delle Esposizioni at Via Nazionale 194 in Rome, Auto Shanghai 2013.

This concept car was featured in the film Mission: Impossible – Ghost Protocol.

BMW i8 Concept Spyder (2012)

The BMW i8 Concept Spyder included a slightly shorter wheelbase and overall length over the BMW i8 Concept, carbon-fibre-reinforced plastic (CFRP) Life module, drive modules made primarily from aluminium components, interlocking of surfaces and lines, 8.8-inch (22.4 cm) screen display, off-white outer layer, orange tone naturally tanned leather upholstery.

The vehicle was unveiled in Auto China 2012 in Beijing and won Concept Car of the Year, followed by 83rd Geneva International Motor Show 2013.

The designer of the BMW i8 Concept Spyder was Richard Kim.

BMW i8 coupe prototype (2013)

The design of the BMW i8 coupe prototype was based on the BMW i8 Concept. The BMW i8 prototype has an average fuel efficiency of less than 2.5 L/100 km (113.0 mpg-imp; 94.1 mpg-US) under the New European Driving Cycle with carbon emissions of less than 59 g/km. The i8 with its carbon-fiber-reinforced plastic (CFRP) passenger cell lightweight, aerodynamically optimized body, and BMW eDrive technology offers the dynamic performance of a sports car, with an expected 0–100 km (0–60 mi) sprint time of less than 4.5 seconds using both power sources. The plug-in hybrid system of the BMW i8 comprises a three-cylinder, 1.5-liter BMW TwinPower turbo gasoline engine combined with BMW eDrive technology used in the BMW i3 and develops maximum power of 170 kW (230 hp). The BMW i8 is the first BMW production model to be powered by a three-cylinder gasoline engine and the resulting specific output of 115 kW (154 hp) per liter of displacement is on a par with high-performance sports car engines and is the highest of any engine produced by the BMW Group.

The BMW i8's second power source is a hybrid synchronous electric motor specially developed and produced by the BMW Group for BMW i. The electric motor develops maximum power of 131 hp (96 kW) and produces its maximum torque of around 320 N·m (240 lbf·ft) from standstill. Typical of an electric motor, responsive power is instantly available when starting and this continues into the higher load ranges. As well as providing a power boost to assist the gasoline engine during acceleration, the electric motor can also power the vehicle by itself. Top speed in electric mode is approximately 120 km/h (75 mph), with a maximum driving range of up to 35 km (22 mi). Linear acceleration is maintained even at higher speeds since the interplay between the two power sources efficiently absorbs any power flow interruptions when shifting gears. The BMW i8 has an electronically controlled top speed of 250 km (160 mi), which can be reached and maintained when the vehicle operates solely on the gasoline engine. The model-specific version of the high-voltage 7.2 lithium-ion battery has a liquid cooling system and can be recharged at a conventional household power socket, at a BMW i Wallbox or at a public charging station. In the US a full recharge takes approximately 3.5 hours from a conventional 120V, 12 amp household circuit or approximately 1.5 hours from a 220V Level 2 charger.

The driver can also select several driving modes: SPORT, COMFORT and ECO PRO. Using the gear selector, the driver can either select position D for automated gear selection or can switch to SPORT mode. SPORT mode offers manual gear selection and at the same time switches to very sporty drive and suspension settings. In SPORT mode, the engine and electric motor deliver extra performance, accelerator response is faster and the power boost from the electric motor is maximized. And to keep the battery topped up, SPORT mode also activates maximum energy recuperation during overrun and braking as the electric motor’s generator function, which recharges the battery using kinetic energy, switches to a more powerful setting. The Driving Experience Control switch on the center console offers a choice of two settings. On starting, COMFORT mode is activated, which offers a balance between sporty performance and fuel efficiency, with unrestricted access to all convenience functions. Alternatively, the ECO PRO mode can be engaged, which, on the BMW i8 as on other models, supports an efficiency-optimized driving style. On this mode the powertrain controller coordinates the cooperation between the gasoline engine and the electric motor for maximum fuel economy. On deceleration, the intelligent energy management system automatically decides, in line with the driving situation and vehicle status, whether to recuperate braking energy or to coast with the powertrain disengaged. At the same time, ECO PRO mode also programs electrical convenience functions such as the air conditioning, seat heating and heated mirrors to operate at minimum power consumption, but without compromising safety. The maximum driving range of the BMW i8 on a full fuel tank and with a fully charged battery is more than 500 km (310 mi) in COMFORT mode, which can be increased by up to 20% in ECO PRO mode. The BMW i8’s ECO PRO mode can also be used during all-electric operation. The vehicle is then powered solely by the electric motor. Only if the battery charge drops below a given level, or under sudden intense throttle application such as kickdown, is the internal combustion engine automatically activated.

The vehicle was unveiled in BMW Group's Miramas test track in France.

Production version

The production BMW i8 was designed by Benoit Jacob. The production version was unveiled at the 2013 International Motor Show Germany, followed by 2013 Les Voiles de Saint-Tropez. It features butterfly doors, head-up display, rear-view cameras and partially false engine noise. Series production of customer vehicles began in April 2014. It is the first production car with laser headlights, reaching further than LED lights.

The i8 has a low vehicle weight of 1,485 kg (3,274 lb) (DIN kerb weight) and a low drag coefficient (Cd) of 0.26. In all-electric mode the BMW i8 has a top speed of 120 km/h (75 mph). In Sport mode the i8 delivers a mid-range acceleration from 80 to 120 km/h (50 to 75 mph) in 2.6 seconds. The electronically controlled top speed is 250 km/h (160 mph).

Range and fuel economy[edit]

The production i8 has a 7.1 kWh lithium-ion battery pack with a usable capacity of 5.2 kWh and intelligent energy management that delivers an all-electric range of 37 km (23 mi) under the NEDC cycle. Under the EPA cycle, the range in EV mode is 15 mi (24 km), with a gasoline consumption of 0.1 gallons per 100 mi, and as a result, EPA's all-electric range is zero. The total range is 330 mi (530 km).

The production version has a fuel efficiency of 2.1 L/100 km (134.5 mpg-imp; 112.0 mpg-US) under the NEDC test with carbon emissions of 49 g/km.[5] Under EPA cycle, the i8 combined fuel economy in EV mode was rated 76 equivalent (MPG-equivalent) (3.1 L gasoline equivalent/100 km; 91 mpg-imp gasoline equivalent), with an energy consumption of 43 kW-hrs/100 mi and gasoline consumption of 0.1 gal-US/100 mi. The combined fuel economy when running only with gasoline is 28 mpg-US (8.4 L/100 km; 34 mpg-imp), 28 mpg-US (8.4 L/100 km; 34 mpg-imp) for city driving, and 29 mpg-US (8.1 L/100 km; 35 mpg-imp) in highway.

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's 2014 edition of the "Light-Duty Automotive Technology, Carbon Dioxide Emissions, and Fuel Economy Trends" introduced utility factors for plug-in hybrids to represent the percentage of miles that will be driven using electricity by an average driver, in electric only or blended modes. The BMW i8 has a utility factor in EV mode of 37%, compared with 83% for the BMW i3 REx, 66% for the Chevrolet Volt, 65% for the Cadillac ELR, 45% for the Ford Energi models, 43% for the McLaren P1, 39% for the Porsche Panamera S E-Hybrid, and 29% for the Toyota Prius PHV.

[Text from Wikipedia]

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMW_i8

This Lego miniland-scale BMW i8 has been created for Flickr LUGNuts' 94th Build Challenge, - "Appease the Elves Summer Automobile Build-off (Part 2)", - a design challenge combining the resources of LUGNuts, TheLegoCarBlog (TLCB) and Head Turnerz.

Scania K450C B6X2 Irizar i6s Efficient de Bilman Bus cubriendo la VAC-213.

In Oslo we took the efficient and very clean metro to the University at Tøyen to walk in the Botanical Garden, Botanisk hage. Established in 1814 it is the oldest of such gardens in Norway - if you don't count the herbal patches of medieval monasteries. It's delighfully set in rolling hills and well-maintained. A joy to be here in the bright sunshine!

This is Hairy Flower - that's what the original Greek of its name means - or more appropriately today: Shrubby Cinquefoil. I'm not sure it has many 'uses' but it sure is a golden beauty. The scientific name was given in 1898 by the Swedish-born American botanist Per Axel Rydberg (1860-1931), who was to become the curator (1908) of the famous Herbarium of the New York Botanical Garden.

Here Dasiphora is being visited by an industrious small bee; I think it's an Andrena of some sort... Regard the firmly packed pollen on her legs!

In 1982 Mercedes-Benz released the production version of more than a decade's research into developing a compact format, efficient and safe luxury car. The name '190' referred back to the 1950 and 60s versions of 'reduced power output' models of their mainstream saloon car range. The 190E specified a fuel-injected 2.0 litre, four cylinder engine, whilst a 190 model, without the 'E' (for einspritz' appellation, referred to the same engine, but using a carburetor.

This is the version most commonly seen in taxis, along with a 2.0 litre 4-cylinder diesel, with even less power......

Then something strange happened within the halls of Mercedes-Benz....

190E 2.3-16 & 2.5-16 "Cosworth":

In the late 1970s, Mercedes competed in rallying with the big V8-powered Coupés of the R107 Series, mainly the light-weight Mercedes 450 SLC 5.0. Mercedes wished to take the 190 E rallying, and asked British engineering company Cosworth to develop an engine with 320 bhp (239 kW) for the rally car. This project was known as project "WAA' by Cosworth". During this time, the Audi Quattro with its all-wheel drive and turbocharger was launched, making the 2.3-16v appear outclassed. With a continued desire to compete in high-profile motor sport with the 190, and also now an engine to do it with, Mercedes turned to the Deutsche Tourenwagen Meisterschaft (DTM) (German Touring Car Championship) motor sport series instead. Cars racing in this championship, however, had to be based on a roadgoing model. Mercedes therefore had to put into series production a 190 fitted with a detuned version of the Cosworth engine. This high-performance model was known as the 190 E 2.3-16, and debuted at the Frankfurt Auto Show in September 1983, after its reputation had already been established. Three cars, only slightly cosmetically altered, had set three world records in August at the Nardo testing facility in Italy, recording a combined average speed of 154.06 mph (247.94 km/h) over the 50,000 km endurance test, and establishing twelve international endurance records. The Mercedes 190-E Cosworth was also featured on the second episode in series fifteen of the popular car show Top Gear.

Engin:

2.5-16 Cosworth

The Cosworth engine was based on the M102 four cylinder 2.3-litre 8-valve 136 hp (101 kW) unit already fitted to the 190- and E-Class series. Cosworth developed the cylinder head, "applying knowledge we've learnt from the DFV and BDA." It was made from light alloy using Coscast's unique casting process and brought with it dual overhead camshafts and four valves per cylinder, meaning 16 valves total which were developed to be the "largest that could practically be fitted into the combustion chamber".

In roadgoing trim,the 2.3 L 16-valve engine made "185 hp (138 kW) at 6,200 rpm and 174 lb·ft (236 N·m) at 4,500 rpm. The oversquare 95.50 x 80.25 mm bore and stroke dimensions ensuring that it revs easily up to the 7000 rpm redline". Acceleration from 0–100 km/h (62 mph) was less than eight seconds, and the top speed was 230 km/h (143 mph).

US-Specification cars had a slightly reduced compression ratio (9.7:1 instead of 10.5:1), and were rated at 167 hp (125 kW) @ 5800 rpm and 162 lb·ft (220 N·m) @ 4750.

The roadgoing version of the engine was reconfigured with reduced inlet and exhaust port sizes, different camshaft profiles, no dry sump configuration and Bosch K-jetronic replacing the specialised Kugelfischer fuel injection. These changes helped bring power down to the required 185 bhp (138 kW) specification, but still resulted in a "remarkably flexible engine, with a very flat torque curve and a wide power band". The heads for the engines were cast at Cosworth's Coscast foundry in Worcester and sent to Germany to be fitted to the rest of the engine, parts of which were different from the standard 2.3 including light pressed alloy pistons, and rings designed to withstand higher engine speeds, whilst con-rods, bearings and bearing caps were found to be strong enough as standard and left unaltered.

16v differences:

Due to their performance, the 16-valve cars were different from the other 190 models. The body kit on the 2.3-16 and 2.5-16 reduced the drag coefficient to 0.32, one of the lowest CD values on a four-door saloon of the time, whilst also reducing lift at speed. The steering ratio was quicker and the steering wheel smaller than that on other 190s, whilst the fuel tank was enlarged from 55 to 70 L. The Getrag 5-speed manual gearbox was unique to the 16-valve and featured a 'racing' gear pattern with 'dog-leg' first gear, left and down from neutral. This meant that the remaining 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th gears were in a simple H pattern allowing fast and easy selection. The gearchange quality was, however, noted as "notchy, baulky", criticisms which weren't levelled at the BMW M3 (E30) which shared the same gearbox. The pattern is also unusual in that the driver engages reverse by shifting left and up from neutral, as for first gear in a conventional pattern. This was demonstrated in a Top Gear episode (S15E02) where James May took a 190E 2.3-16 Cosworth and repeatedly confused reverse and first gear. An oil cooler was fitted to ensure sufficient oil cooling for the inevitable track use many of these cars were destined for.

The strictly four-seater interior had Recaro sports seats with strong side bolsters for front and rear passengers. 3 extra dials - an oil temperature gauge, stopwatch and voltmeter - were included in the centre console. The 190 E 2.3-16 was available in only two colours, Blue-Black metallic (Pearl Black in the US), and Smoke Silver. The 2.5-16 added Almandine Red and Astral Silver.

All 2.3-16-valve 190 models are fitted with a Limited Slip Differential (LSD) as standard. They were also available with Mercedes' ASD system which was standard equipment on the 2.5-16v. The ASD is an electronically controlled, hydraulically locking differential which activates automatically when required. The electronic control allows varied amounts of differential lock from the standard 15% right up to 100%. It is not a traction control system however, and can only maximize traction rather than prevent wheel spin. Activation of the ASD system is indicated by an illuminating amber triangle in the speedometer.

The suspension on 16-valve models is very different from the standard 190 (W201). As well as being lower and stiffer, it has quicker dampers, larger anti-roll bars, harder bushings and hydraulic Self-levelling suspension (SLS) on the rear. This allows the rear ride height to remain constant even when the car is fully loaded.

At the inauguration of the new, shorter Nürburgring in 1984, a race with identical cars was held, with former and current F1 pilots at the wheel. A then unknown Ayrton Senna took first place.

Private Teams such as AMG later entered the 2.3-16 in touring cars races, especially the DTM. In the late 1980s, the 2.5-16 (never released in the United States) raced many times, against the similar BMW M3 and even the turbocharged Ford Sierra RS Cosworth.

Evolution models:

2.5-16 Evolution II

With the debut of the BMW M3 Sport Evolution, Mercedes' direct competitor, it became obvious that the 2.5-16 needed a boost for the circuit. In March 1989, the 190 E 2.5-16 Evolution debuted at the Geneva Auto Show. The Evo I, as it came to be called, had a new spoiler and wider wheel arches. Many changes were made to under-the-skin components such as brakes and suspension. There was a full SLS suspension allowing vehicle ride height to be adjusted from an interior switch. All were intended to allow the Evolution cars to be even more effective round a track.

The Evo I's output is similar to the 202 bhp (151 kW) of the "regular" 2.5-16. However this car had a redesigned engine of similar capacity but, most importantly, a shorter stroke and bigger bore which would allow for a higher rev limit and improved top-end power capabilities. Additional changes stretch to "rotating masses lightened, lubrication improved and cam timing altered". Cosworth also list a project code "WAC" for the development of the short-stroke Evolution engine.

Only 502 units of the Evolution model were produced for homologation in compliance with DTM rules. For those customers desiring even more performance, a PowerPack option engineered by AMG was available for DM 18,000. The PowerPack option included hotter camshafts, a larger diameter throttle body, more aggressive ignition and fuel management as well as optimization of the intake and exhaust systems. The net result was an additional 30 bhp (22 kW).

In March 1990, at the Geneva Auto Show, the 190 E 2.5-16 Evolution II was shown. With the success of the first Evolution model, this model's 502-unit production was already sold before it was unveiled.

The "Evo II" included the AMG PowerPack fitted to the same short-stroke 2.5 engine as the Evolution, as well as a full SLS suspension allowing vehicle ride height to be adjusted from an interior switch. An obvious modification to the Evolution II is a radical body kit (designed by Prof. Richard Eppler from the University of Stuttgart) with a large adjustable rear wing, rear window spoiler, and Evolution II 17-inch wheels. The kit served an aerodynamic purpose — it was wind tunnel tested to reduce drag to 0.29, while at the same time increasing downforce. Period anecdotes tell of a BMW executive who was quoted as saying "if that rear wing works, we'll have to redesign our wind tunnel." The anecdote claims that BMW did.

As mentioned 500 were made in "blauschwarz" blue/black metallic. But the last two, numbers 501 and 502 were made in astral silver.

[Test taken from Wikipedia]

This Lego miniland-scale 190E 2.5-16 Evolution II sedan has been created for Flickr LUGNuts' 84th Build Challenge, our 7th birthday, - "LUGNuts Turns 7…or 49 in Dog Years", - where all the previous challenges are available to build to. In this case Challenge 57, - "From Mild to Wild", for vehicles that have been turned into something special out of the ordinary. And also challenge 33, - "Size Matters", - as a buddy challenge with Sirmanperson, who has produced the same 190E 2.5-16 Evolution II in 1:17 scale.

Irizar i6s Efficient Integral de Avanza Movilidad Guipuzkoa.

Irizar i6s Efficient Integral de La Agostense reforzando a Alsa en la ruta Alicante-Madrid (VAC-055: Enatcar).

Moving efficiently around orbital spaceports and also on low gravity moons, these spacecraft were a practical and popular product from Llwyngwril Space Systems. Large engines and a big magno-clamp load bed enabled a wide variety of loads to be quickly and easily shifted around loading bays and warehouses. The large area under the load bed was given over to fuel tanks, meaning that the ship only had be re-fuelled when its pilots changed shift.

With centuries of hard use, these workhorses gradually became increasingly unreliable. Obsolescence also meant that spare parts became hard to find. The crews of the ships generally replaced one of the consonants in the ships' name, due to poor rates of availability and safety.

********************************

Inspired by this and built months ago but I've got a Lego photography backlog.

conceptships.blogspot.co.uk/2017/06/lifter-from-alien-cov...

Estonian Lines

Built: 2025

Estonia, Tallinn, Rumbi tänav

How efficient is your child....

A world in which we see everything commercial gives us nothing

Mercedes Benz OC500RF-2546 Irizar i6s Efficient de Socibús.

And I feel guilty that I am not a fan!

ODC: energy efficient

Volvo B13R 4X2 Irizar i6s Efficient de Chapín.

Energy efficient ('off the grid') Southern Vermont home features:

Electricity generation

2 turbine windmills

2 kinds of solar panels (rigid and amorphous/strips)

Heating/Water

Russian stove (closed chamber wood stove, thermal mass heating system)

solar water heating panels

gas powered radiant heating in the floor.

Low Energy Lighting & Appliances

Because of careful selection of lighting and appliances, the house is able to run within its energy budget almost all of the time.

After 2 years of running completely off-grid (with backup gasoline generator), we installed electricity (a "grid tie"), mostly used to feed excess capacity back into the grid.

Hints and Links on home energy consumption:

There are 2 ways to decrease home energy use.

1. Reduce power consumption.

2. Install a renewable energy system

The first can be as simple as replacing high usage incandescent bulbs with new compact flourescent bulbs and lighting fixtures. Around here, you can buy these products at a discount thru programs sponsored by the electric company (NStar).

Another good idea is replacing old appliances with newer energy efficient models.

There is a lot of information about energy saving here :

www1.eere.energy.gov/consumer/tips/

If you are interested in solar energy or other sustainable energy generation technologies, I suggest taking a look at www.homepower.com/ a magazine dedicated to "home-scale renewable energy and sustainable living".

This site has an overview article on Renewable Energy which is relatively short and clear. www.homepower.com/files/featured/HP116_pp46-50_Casale.pdf

Contact: For more information about energy efficient living you can write Paul at myerspe@starband.net

File: DSC_5825_ACR

Infographic poster for the San Diego Regional Energy Office.

YT74 EFO is an Irizar I6S Efficient new to Craig, Campbeltown in September 2024 as their number 12425. It is one of six triaxles coaches delivered for Scottish Citylink routes linking Glasgow with Argyll.

It is seen here in Oban having worked the Citylink service 976 from Glasgow

Irizar i6 Efficient

VS916AD00R1016136

In 1982 Mercedes-Benz released the production version of more than a decade's research into developing a compact format, efficient and safe luxury car. The name '190' referred back to the 1950 and 60s versions of 'reduced power output' models of their mainstream saloon car range. The 190E specified a fuel-injected 2.0 litre, four cylinder engine, whilst a 190 model, without the 'E' (for einspritz' appellation, referred to the same engine, but using a carburetor.

This is the version most commonly seen in taxis, along with a 2.0 litre 4-cylinder diesel, with even less power......

Then something strange happened within the halls of Mercedes-Benz....

190E 2.3-16 & 2.5-16 "Cosworth":

In the late 1970s, Mercedes competed in rallying with the big V8-powered Coupés of the R107 Series, mainly the light-weight Mercedes 450 SLC 5.0. Mercedes wished to take the 190 E rallying, and asked British engineering company Cosworth to develop an engine with 320 bhp (239 kW) for the rally car. This project was known as project "WAA' by Cosworth". During this time, the Audi Quattro with its all-wheel drive and turbocharger was launched, making the 2.3-16v appear outclassed. With a continued desire to compete in high-profile motor sport with the 190, and also now an engine to do it with, Mercedes turned to the Deutsche Tourenwagen Meisterschaft (DTM) (German Touring Car Championship) motor sport series instead. Cars racing in this championship, however, had to be based on a roadgoing model. Mercedes therefore had to put into series production a 190 fitted with a detuned version of the Cosworth engine. This high-performance model was known as the 190 E 2.3-16, and debuted at the Frankfurt Auto Show in September 1983, after its reputation had already been established. Three cars, only slightly cosmetically altered, had set three world records in August at the Nardo testing facility in Italy, recording a combined average speed of 154.06 mph (247.94 km/h) over the 50,000 km endurance test, and establishing twelve international endurance records. The Mercedes 190-E Cosworth was also featured on the second episode in series fifteen of the popular car show Top Gear.

Engin:

2.5-16 Cosworth

The Cosworth engine was based on the M102 four cylinder 2.3-litre 8-valve 136 hp (101 kW) unit already fitted to the 190- and E-Class series. Cosworth developed the cylinder head, "applying knowledge we've learnt from the DFV and BDA." It was made from light alloy using Coscast's unique casting process and brought with it dual overhead camshafts and four valves per cylinder, meaning 16 valves total which were developed to be the "largest that could practically be fitted into the combustion chamber".

In roadgoing trim,the 2.3 L 16-valve engine made "185 hp (138 kW) at 6,200 rpm and 174 lb·ft (236 N·m) at 4,500 rpm. The oversquare 95.50 x 80.25 mm bore and stroke dimensions ensuring that it revs easily up to the 7000 rpm redline". Acceleration from 0–100 km/h (62 mph) was less than eight seconds, and the top speed was 230 km/h (143 mph).

US-Specification cars had a slightly reduced compression ratio (9.7:1 instead of 10.5:1), and were rated at 167 hp (125 kW) @ 5800 rpm and 162 lb·ft (220 N·m) @ 4750.

The roadgoing version of the engine was reconfigured with reduced inlet and exhaust port sizes, different camshaft profiles, no dry sump configuration and Bosch K-jetronic replacing the specialised Kugelfischer fuel injection. These changes helped bring power down to the required 185 bhp (138 kW) specification, but still resulted in a "remarkably flexible engine, with a very flat torque curve and a wide power band". The heads for the engines were cast at Cosworth's Coscast foundry in Worcester and sent to Germany to be fitted to the rest of the engine, parts of which were different from the standard 2.3 including light pressed alloy pistons, and rings designed to withstand higher engine speeds, whilst con-rods, bearings and bearing caps were found to be strong enough as standard and left unaltered.

16v differences:

Due to their performance, the 16-valve cars were different from the other 190 models. The body kit on the 2.3-16 and 2.5-16 reduced the drag coefficient to 0.32, one of the lowest CD values on a four-door saloon of the time, whilst also reducing lift at speed. The steering ratio was quicker and the steering wheel smaller than that on other 190s, whilst the fuel tank was enlarged from 55 to 70 L. The Getrag 5-speed manual gearbox was unique to the 16-valve and featured a 'racing' gear pattern with 'dog-leg' first gear, left and down from neutral. This meant that the remaining 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th gears were in a simple H pattern allowing fast and easy selection. The gearchange quality was, however, noted as "notchy, baulky", criticisms which weren't levelled at the BMW M3 (E30) which shared the same gearbox. The pattern is also unusual in that the driver engages reverse by shifting left and up from neutral, as for first gear in a conventional pattern. This was demonstrated in a Top Gear episode (S15E02) where James May took a 190E 2.3-16 Cosworth and repeatedly confused reverse and first gear. An oil cooler was fitted to ensure sufficient oil cooling for the inevitable track use many of these cars were destined for.

The strictly four-seater interior had Recaro sports seats with strong side bolsters for front and rear passengers. 3 extra dials - an oil temperature gauge, stopwatch and voltmeter - were included in the centre console. The 190 E 2.3-16 was available in only two colours, Blue-Black metallic (Pearl Black in the US), and Smoke Silver. The 2.5-16 added Almandine Red and Astral Silver.

All 2.3-16-valve 190 models are fitted with a Limited Slip Differential (LSD) as standard. They were also available with Mercedes' ASD system which was standard equipment on the 2.5-16v. The ASD is an electronically controlled, hydraulically locking differential which activates automatically when required. The electronic control allows varied amounts of differential lock from the standard 15% right up to 100%. It is not a traction control system however, and can only maximize traction rather than prevent wheel spin. Activation of the ASD system is indicated by an illuminating amber triangle in the speedometer.

The suspension on 16-valve models is very different from the standard 190 (W201). As well as being lower and stiffer, it has quicker dampers, larger anti-roll bars, harder bushings and hydraulic Self-levelling suspension (SLS) on the rear. This allows the rear ride height to remain constant even when the car is fully loaded.

At the inauguration of the new, shorter Nürburgring in 1984, a race with identical cars was held, with former and current F1 pilots at the wheel. A then unknown Ayrton Senna took first place.

Private Teams such as AMG later entered the 2.3-16 in touring cars races, especially the DTM. In the late 1980s, the 2.5-16 (never released in the United States) raced many times, against the similar BMW M3 and even the turbocharged Ford Sierra RS Cosworth.

Evolution models:

2.5-16 Evolution II

With the debut of the BMW M3 Sport Evolution, Mercedes' direct competitor, it became obvious that the 2.5-16 needed a boost for the circuit. In March 1989, the 190 E 2.5-16 Evolution debuted at the Geneva Auto Show. The Evo I, as it came to be called, had a new spoiler and wider wheel arches. Many changes were made to under-the-skin components such as brakes and suspension. There was a full SLS suspension allowing vehicle ride height to be adjusted from an interior switch. All were intended to allow the Evolution cars to be even more effective round a track.

The Evo I's output is similar to the 202 bhp (151 kW) of the "regular" 2.5-16. However this car had a redesigned engine of similar capacity but, most importantly, a shorter stroke and bigger bore which would allow for a higher rev limit and improved top-end power capabilities. Additional changes stretch to "rotating masses lightened, lubrication improved and cam timing altered". Cosworth also list a project code "WAC" for the development of the short-stroke Evolution engine.

Only 502 units of the Evolution model were produced for homologation in compliance with DTM rules. For those customers desiring even more performance, a PowerPack option engineered by AMG was available for DM 18,000. The PowerPack option included hotter camshafts, a larger diameter throttle body, more aggressive ignition and fuel management as well as optimization of the intake and exhaust systems. The net result was an additional 30 bhp (22 kW).

In March 1990, at the Geneva Auto Show, the 190 E 2.5-16 Evolution II was shown. With the success of the first Evolution model, this model's 502-unit production was already sold before it was unveiled.

The "Evo II" included the AMG PowerPack fitted to the same short-stroke 2.5 engine as the Evolution, as well as a full SLS suspension allowing vehicle ride height to be adjusted from an interior switch. An obvious modification to the Evolution II is a radical body kit (designed by Prof. Richard Eppler from the University of Stuttgart) with a large adjustable rear wing, rear window spoiler, and Evolution II 17-inch wheels. The kit served an aerodynamic purpose — it was wind tunnel tested to reduce drag to 0.29, while at the same time increasing downforce. Period anecdotes tell of a BMW executive who was quoted as saying "if that rear wing works, we'll have to redesign our wind tunnel." The anecdote claims that BMW did.

As mentioned 500 were made in "blauschwarz" blue/black metallic. But the last two, numbers 501 and 502 were made in astral silver.

[Test taken from Wikipedia]

This Lego miniland-scale 190E 2.5-16 Evolution II sedan has been created for Flickr LUGNuts' 84th Build Challenge, our 7th birthday, - "LUGNuts Turns 7…or 49 in Dog Years", - where all the previous challenges are available to build to. In this case Challenge 57, - "From Mild to Wild", for vehicles that have been turned into something special out of the ordinary. And also challenge 33, - "Size Matters", - as a buddy challenge with Sirmanperson, who has produced the same 190E 2.5-16 Evolution II in 1:17 scale.

+++ DISCLAIMER +++

Nothing you see here is real, even though the conversion or the presented background story might be based historical facts. BEWARE!

Some background:

The "Entwicklung" tank series (= "development"), more commonly known as the E-Series, was a late-World War II attempt by Germany to produce a standardized series of tank designs. There were to be six standard designs in different weight classes, from which several specialized variants were to be developed. This intended to reverse the trend of extremely complex tank designs that had resulted in poor production rates and mechanical unreliability.

At the time of the Sd.Kfz. 192/3’s introduction, anti-aircraft aiming was already augmented by mobile radar systems like the “Würzburg” device or special command vehicles like the Sd.Kfz. 282 “Basilisk” which combined an autonomous radar system with a powerful visual rangefinder and an integrated analogue range calculator, the Kommandogerät 40. However, fire control development had continued, and at least one Sd.Kfz. 192/3 was used in late 1946 during trials to fully automatize gun aiming and firing remotely through electric drives through “slaving” a turret to an external director. This was a modified Sd.Kfz. 282/1 that successfully controlled the Sd.Kfz. 192/3 via cable from an elevated location 50 m away from the SPAAG’s firing position. The objective of these trials was to connect several anti-aircraft weapons to a single command unit with improved sensors and high accuracy under any weather condition for concentrated and more effective fire and an improved first shot hit probability.

Specifications:

Crew: Sixe (commander, gunner, two loaders, radio operator, driver)

Weight: 64 tonnes (71 short tons)

Length: 7.27 m (23 ft 10 ¾ in) (hull only)

9.57 m (31 ft 4 ½ in) with gun forward

Width: 3.88 m (12 ft 9 in)

Height 3.46 m (11 ft 4 in)

3.81 m (12 ft 6 in) with commander cupola

Ground clearance: 495 to 510 mm (1 ft 7.5 in to 1 ft 8.1 in)

Suspension: Conical spring

Fuel capacity: 720 liters (160 imp gal; 190 US gal)

Armor:

30 – 60 mm (1.2 – 2.4 in)

Performance:

Speed

- Maximum, road: 44 km/h (27.3 mph)

- Sustained, road: 38 km/h (24 mph)

- Cross country: 15 to 20 km/h (9.3 to 12.4 mph)

Operational range: 160 km (99 miles)

Power/weight: 14 PS/tonne (12.5 hp/ton)

Engine:

V-12 Maybach HL 234 gasoline engine with 900 PS (885 hp/650 kW)

Transmission:

ZF AK 7-200 with 7 forward 1 reverse gears

Armament:

1× 8,8 cm Flak 41 L/72 anti-aircraft cannon with 57 rounds in turret and hull

1× 7.92 mm Maschinengewehr 42 with 2.400 rounds, remote-controlled on the commander cupola

The kit and its assembly:

This fictional German SPAAG never existed, not even on the drawing boards. But I wondered, after ModelCollect had released an E-100 SPAAG with a twin 88mm gun some years ago, why there was no lighter vehicle with the powerful 88 mm Flak in a closed turret? There were plans to mount this weapon onto a tracked chassis in real life, but it would have been only lightly armored. Then I recently came across a whiffy aftermarket resin turret with a single 88 mm Flak, based on the Tiger II’s Porsche turret, and I liked the idea – even though the rather MBT-esque aftermarket turret looked rather dubious and too small for my taste – esp. the potential angle of the AA weapon appeared insufficient. From this basis the idea was born to create a personal interpretation of a Flak 41 in a fully enclosed turret on a tank chassis.

The basis became the Trumpeter 1:72 E-75 kit of the twin 55 mm Flak with its boxy turret. While I initially considered a totally different turret shape, I eventually settled on a generic design that would have been used for a variety of weapons. This appeared more realistic to me and so I stuck to the Rheinmetall AA turret. However, due to the heavy weapon its certainly massive mount and bulky recoil system as well as the long rounds and a crew of four, I decided to enlarge the Rheinmetall turret. The turret was cut into a front and rear half and an 8 mm wide plug, made from 1.5 mm styrene sheet, was implanted and PSRed. To keep the turret rotatable, the rear extension had to be raised, so that the “oriel” could move over the air intake fairings on the engine cover.

Due to the longer roof, some details were modified there. The most obvious addition is a commander cupola on the left, taken from an early Panzer IV, together with a MG 42 and a small shield on a swing arm, inspired by the remote-controlled installation on some Jagdpanzer 38(t) Hetzer. A stereoscopic rangefinder was added to the turret flanks and a periscope added to one of the loader’s hatches. A cover for a ventilator was added on the right side of the roof, together with a cover for a vertical grenade launcher underneath.

Using the original turret as base, the model’s movable mount for the twin 55 mm guns was retained and the rear extension would also become a good visual balance for the new main weapon. The armor at barrels’ base was cut off and a 1:72 Flak 41, taken from a Zvezda field gun kit, was glued to it, together with parts of the field gun’s recoil system and styrene bits to blend the new gun into the rest of the turret.

The E-75 chassis was taken OOB, since it would be a standardized vehicle basis. Outwardly the hull did not bear recognizable differences to the lighter E-50, which it is supposed to represent, just with more wheels to better cope with the bulky and heavy new turret.

Thankfully, this Trumpeter kit’s vinyl tracks were molded in black – sometimes they come in a sandy beige, and it’s a PITA to paint them! As another bonus, Trumpeter’s running gear on the 1:72 E-50/75 model is of a more sturdy and simpler construction than the one on the alternative ModelCollect kit(s), making the assembly and esp. the mounting of the tracks much easier. The Trumpeter kit is simpler than the comparable ModelCollect models with the E-50/75 basis, but the result is visually quite similar.

Painting and markings:

The paint scheme uses once more typical German late WWII "Hinterhalt" camouflage colors, namely Dark Yellow, Olive Green and Red Brown. This time, however, to adapt the livery to the boxy hull and the huge turret, the pattern ended up as a kind of a splinter scheme – inspired by a real Panzer V Panther from the Eastern Front in 1943.

The basic colors became Humbrol 57 (Buff) for the RAL 7028 Dunkelgelb, in this case as a rather pale (stretched?) shade, plus large areas of brown (RAL 8017, I used this time Humbrol 98 for a darker and less reddish shade) and Humbrol 86 for the green (RAL 6003), which appears quite pale in contrast to the dark brown. The camouflage was applied over an overall coat of sand brown as a primer coat, with the intention of letting this uniform basis shine through here and there. The distribution of the darker colors is quite unique, concentrating the brown on the vehicle’s edges and the green only to the flanks of hull and turret. However, the pattern works well on the huge E-50/75, and I can imagine that it might have worked well in an urban environment, breaking up the tank’s outlines.

As a match for the upper hull the wheels were painted uniformly in the same standard colors –without any pattern, because this would be very eye-catching while on the move. The many delicate tools on the tank’s hull are molded, and instead of trying to paint them I tried something else: I rubbed over them with graphite, and this worked very well, leaving them with a dark metallic shine. Just some wooden handles were then painted with a reddish brown.

Decals/marking came next, everything was procured from the scrap box. The Balkenkreuze came from a Hasegawa Sd.Kfz. 234/2 “Puma”, the tactical code from a TL-Modellbau sheet and the small unit badges on front and back from an UM Models Bergehetzer. A dry brushing treatment with light grey followed, highlighting surface details and edges, and after painting some details and adding some rust marks with watercolors followed a coat of matt varnish.

The tracks were painted with a cloudy mix of dark grey, red brown and iron acrylic paints, and mounted after hull and running gear had been assembled. The antennae, made from heated spure material, were mounted to the turret and, finally, the tank’s lower areas were dusted with a greyish-brown mineral pigment mix, simulating dust and mud residue.

This project was realized in just two days, made easy through the Trumpeter kit’s simple construction. Most work went into the extended turret and the different main weapon, but all parts mostly fell into place – and the result looks IMHO quite believable. In fact, the E-50/75 with a Flak 41 reminds a bit of the Italian Otomatic 76 mm SPAAG from the late Eighties?

'Efficient', an Andrew Barclay 0-4-0 saddle tank (W/No.1598 built in 1918) shunting loaded bogie flat wagons at Shelton Steelworks during a photographic charter on 8th April 2000.

© Gordon Edgar - All rights reserved. Please do not use my images without my explicit permission

The loco is now at the Ribble Steam Railway, Preston and their website shows the following information:

'Efficient' was built at the Caledonia works of Andrew Barclay & Sons in Kilmarnock. It is a standard Barclay saddle tank with 14" x 22" cylinders and 3' 5" driving wheels. Painted in the Kilmarnock firms usual green lined livery and lettering, it spent it's entire working life at McKechnie Brothers' copper smelting works at Widnes. It shared the duties here with a smaller Barclay engine named 'Economic', which failed to live up to it's name and was scrapped in 1955. There were also two 100h.p. Sentinels as well.

When no longer required at the copper works 'Efficient' was purchased by the Liverpool Locomotive Preservation Group and moved to Seacombe in July 1969. From here, it worked the two Docker railtours in 1971 and 1972, double-headed with 'Lucy'. 'Efficient' moved to Southport in July 1973, where she had the distinction of being the first steam locomotive to enter the newly formed museum. She was fitted with a new inner firebox in 1981, and was a regular performer at Southport until the late 1990s when the site closed, eventually arriving at Preston on 27th July 1999. Efficient's last public steaming was in April 2000 as she took part in the closing celebrations at Shelton Steelworks in Stoke. A firm favourite amongst the crews at the museum, investigation was carried out during the summer of 2005 to bring the loco back into service.

Unfortunately, due to the extent of the work required on the boiler, she will have to wait her turn. She is on view in the museum in a 'as in industrial use' condition.

A very efficient driver! Due to a road delay, 33374 arrived at Milngavie Castlemains late and with just 2 minutes prior to it departing again for Easterhouse. In anticipation of an exact time departure the driver altered the destination just before turning into Castlemains Road and indeed he departed on the return journey bang on the time due! Well done that man!!

The Kitchen is separated from The Sleeping Alcove by the Sandblasted Glass Wall and Kitchen island (which replaced a wall before that existed renovation began)

Irizar i6 Efficient

3,000 views on 15th December 2013

2,000 view on 2nd November 2013

1,000 views on 9th October 2013

The "new" Police Station

In compliance with the Police (Scotland) Act of 1857 every County in Scotland (excluding Orkney & Shetland) was required to set up a police force or unite with a neighbour. In most cases what happened was the existing force was reconstituted, albeit with major clearance of existing staff.

Provided the force was deemed efficient, a Government grant of 25 per cent of the annual cost of upkeep of the force (wages and uniforms) was paid. To establish efficiency or otherwise, a new position - Her Majesty’s Inspector for Scotland (“HMI”) – was created and that pour soul travelled the length and breadth of Scotland every year, inspecting every force (including burgh/city ones if they had decided to remain separate from their County neighbours).

In the inaugural Report, produced in May 1859, and which covered the period from 16.3.1858 to 15.3.1859, the original Inspector, Colonel John Kinloch outlined his duty : to 'visit and enquire into the State and Efficiency of the Police appointed for every County and Burgh, and also into the State of the Police Stations, Charge Rooms, Cells, or Lock-ups, and other Premises occupied for the Use of such Police'.

He did however appreciate that “Rome was not built in a day” - and obviously neither were police stations!

In Colonel Kinloch's next Annual Report - covering the period March 1859 to March 1860 – he noted that the Sutherland Force had grown by one to NINE (one man for each district)and that there were also proposals to build a police station in the County Town of Dornoch. Presumably the Force Headquarters at that time was merely a spare room (or two) within the Sheriff Courthouse, or in the old Court building/Jail.

The officer for Dornoch would be the Sergeant (Deputy Chief Constable) by then, although the Chief constable would have been also the local bobby up until then. It would be some time before a Constable was also based in Dornoch. But despite that, there was still a need for a proper police office for the officer(s) to work out of and where the public could attend to make complaints, and also to hold prisoners.

Whichever building was used up until then would have been unsatisfactory, being without suitable accommodation in which to lodge prisoners - brought in from all parts of the county for Court appearance before the Sheriff.

The Commissioners met again on 30 April 1861, when a further increase in the Rogue Money assessment was set, this year being £200. The sum of £350 was to be required as the Police assessment for the year to 15/3/1862, to cover the cost of salaries, uniforms and other matters.

"The meeting do further assess a sum of £400 towards the expense of erecting a Police Station in Dornoch ... in terms of a pledge given (to) Colonel Kinloch, Her Majesty's Inspector of the constabulary force in Scotland, as the condition under which he reported the police force of this County efficient, entitling them to draw the Government allowance of 25 per cent, but this sum was not to be collected before the first day of October next."

The plans of the Station, and all matters relating to it, along with the contracts involved, were delegated to the Police Committee with full powers to take the matter forward to completion.

Mr Kinloch in April 1862 reported that plans (for the new Station at Dornoch) were well advanced. His plan had worked for once. Not all Counties and Burgh Police authorities were prepared to work with him - many stubbornly resisted his proposals!

Then, at the Annual Meeting of the Commissioners held on 30/4/1862, when it came to calculating the Police Assessment: "The Commissioners do therefore assess ... in the sum of £380, with a further sum of £300 to complete the Police Station now in the course of erection in the Burgh of Dornoch."

On 30th April 1863, the Police Assessment came to:"£850 including a balance due to the Bank disbursed on account of erecting the new Police Station."

Value for money was important, and value the people of Sutherland got! That building – in Dornoch Square - would be used as a Police Station for nearly 120 years!

As well as being the local Police Station for the Burgh of Dornoch (the burgh was one of few in Scotland never to have its own police force), it served as the Headquarters for the Sutherland Constabulary until that force merged with the Ross & Cromarty Constabulary in May 1963 – to form Ross & Sutherland Constabulary.. Thereafter it was the Sub Divisional Office for Sutherland throughout the existence of Ross & Sutherland Constabulary - which merged with the other forces of the Scottish Highlands & Islands on 16th May 1975 to form Northern Constabulary.

The original building was clearly by then no longer fit for purpose and plans were already afoot to build a new Station in Dornoch, and this finally opened in the early 1980s. Set on a rise just beyond the Square, it occupied an imposing position overlooking a petrol filling station, affording a good clear view of the Square and right up the main thoroughfare of Dornoch. At least it did, until the filling station went the same way as most urban ones, and closed and became a prime location for the building of flatted dwellings. Now the station no longer has a view, thanks to the new three story structure which now stands in front of it.

The new police station became the new Sub Divisional Station for Sutherland (Part of Central Division, which comprised almost the whole of the former Ross and Sutherland force area) , originally with a Chief Inspector and Inspector in charge. The higher rank was however soon redeployed elsewhere, an early precursor of a rationalisation of ranks.

In due course, in the early 1990s the Divisional structure was dissolved within Northern Constabulary, and 8 Area Commands were set up instead. Sutherland became a Sub Area of Caithness and Sutherland, with the Inspector at Dornoch being in charge of Sutherland Sub Area. More recent changes saw boundary changes result in formation on an enlarged Area Command, retitled Caithness, Sutherland and Easter Ross.

Dornoch was never a 24-hour Station and in 2011, Northern Constabulary announced a number of Station closures. Dornoch, as a larger station, would remain open but the public counter would only be open 0900-1700 Monday-Friday.

These days, it seems few members of the public actually call in person at a police station – most contact is nowadays done by telephone. Such is progress?

In preparation for the merger of all 8 Scottish Police Forces to form the “Police Service of Scotland” on 1st April 2013, signage was de-badged to remove all mention of the former force of origin. Hence removal of the sizeable Northern Constabulary logo from the Police Station sign board has resulted in an over-abundance of white space.

Although the “new” station is not unpleasing to the eye, to my mind the original station is far more impressive – even if was designed more on dwelling-house lines than as a “Police Complex”. It is one of a line of grand structures (all facing the Cathedral) ranked along the main street of Dornoch, including the old Jail (now a large shop), the Sheriff Courthouse (soon scheduled to close in favour of Tain) and the Bishop’s Castle (now a Hotel) - what once comprised a whole line of symbols of Dornoch’s status as an ancient Royal Burgh, Cathedral City and County town.

ST23 TAR

Irizar i6 Efficient / Scania K360CB4

Star Coaches of Batley

Location: Whitestone Corner Roundabout, Shepton Mallet

Date: 30/06/2025

The BMW i8, first introduced as the BMW Concept Vision Efficient Dynamics, is a plug-in hybrid sports car developed by BMW. The 2015 model year BMW i8 has a 7.1 kWh lithium-ion battery pack that delivers an all-electric range of 37 km (23 mi) under the New European Driving Cycle (NEDC).[5] Under the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) cycle, the range in EV mode is 24 km (15 mi) with a small amount of gasoline consumption.

The BMW i8 can go from 0–100 km/h (0 to 60 mph) in 4.4 seconds and has a top speed of 250 km/h (155 mph). The BMW i8 has a fuel efficiency of 2.1 L/100 km (134.5 mpg-imp; 112.0 mpg-US) under the NEDC test with carbon emissions of 49 g/km. EPA rated the i8 combined fuel economy at 76 equivalent (MPG-equivalent) (3.1 L gasoline equivalent/100 km; 91 mpg-imp gasoline equivalent).

The initial turbodiesel concept car was unveiled at the 2009 International Motor Show Germany. The production version of the BMW i8 was unveiled at the 2013 Frankfurt Motor Show. The i8 was released in Germany in June 2014. Deliveries to retail customers in the U.S. began in August 2014. Global cumulative sales totaled almost 4,500 units through June 2015.

History

The i8 is part of BMW's "Project i" and it is being marketed as a new brand, BMW i, sold separately from BMW or Mini. The BMW i3, launched for retail customers in Europe in the fourth quarter of 2013, was the first model of the i brand available in the market, and it was followed by the i8, released in Germany in June 2014 as a 2015 model year. Other i models are expected to follow.

The initial turbodiesel concept car was unveiled at the 2009 International Motor Show Germany, In 2010, BMW announced the mass production of the Concept Vision Efficient Dynamics in Leipzig beginning in 2013 as the BMW i8. The BMW i8 gasoline-powered concept car destined for production was unveiled at the 2011 Frankfurt Motor Show. The production version of the BMW i8 was unveiled at the 2013 International Motor Show Germany. The following are the concept and pre-production models developed by BMW that precedeed the production version.

BMW Vision EfficientDynamics (2009)

BMW Vision EfficientDynamics concept car is a plug-in hybrid with a three cylinder turbodiesel engine. Additionally, there are two electric motors with 139 horsepower. It allows an acceleration to 100 km/h (62 mph) in 4.8 seconds and an electronically limited top speed of 250 km/h (160 mph).

According to BMW, the average fuel consumption in the EU test cycle (KV01) is 3.76 liters/100 kilometers, (75.1 mpg imp), and has a carbon dioxide emission rating of 99 grams per kilometer (1,3 l/100 km and 33g CO2/km ; EU-PHEV ECE-R101). The estimated all-electric range is 50 km (31 mi), and the 24-liter petrol tank extends the total vehicle range to up to 700 km (430 mi). The lightweight chassis is made mainly from aluminum. The windshield, top, doors and fenders are made from polycarbonate glass, with the body having a drag coefficient of 0.26.

The designers in charge of the BMW Vision EfficientDynamics Concept were Mario Majdandzic, Exterior Design and Jochen Paesen, Interior Design.

The vehicle was unveiled in 2009 International Motor Show Germany, followed by Auto China 2010.

BMW i8 Concept (2011)

BMW i8 Concept plug-in hybrid electric vehicle includes an electric motor located in the front axle powering the front wheels rated 96 kW (131 PS; 129 hp) and 250 N·m (184 lb·ft), a turbocharged 1.5-liter 3-cylinder gasoline engine driving rear wheels rated 164 kW (223 PS; 220 hp) and 300 N·m (221 lb·ft) of torque, with combined output of 260 kW (354 PS; 349 hp) and 550 N·m (406 lb·ft), a 7.2 kWh (26 MJ) lithium-ion battery pack that allows an all-electric range of 35 km (22 mi). All four wheels provide regenerative braking. The location of the battery pack in the energy tunnel gives the vehicle a low centre of gravity, enhancing its dynamics. Its top speed is electronically limited to 250 km/h (160 mph) and is expected to go from 0 to 100 km/h (0 to 60 mph) in 4.6 seconds. Under normal driving conditions the i8 is expected to deliver 80 mpg-US (2.9 L/100 km; 96 mpg-imp) under the European cycle. A full charge of the battery will take less than 2 hours using 220V. The positioning of the motor and engine over the axles results in optimum 50/50 weight distribution.

The vehicle was unveiled at the 2011 International Motor Show Germany, followed by CENTER 548 in New York City, 42nd Tokyo Motor Show 2011, 82nd Geneva Motor Show 2012, BMW i Born Electric Tour at the Palazzo delle Esposizioni at Via Nazionale 194 in Rome, Auto Shanghai 2013.

This concept car was featured in the film Mission: Impossible – Ghost Protocol.

BMW i8 Concept Spyder (2012)

The BMW i8 Concept Spyder included a slightly shorter wheelbase and overall length over the BMW i8 Concept, carbon-fibre-reinforced plastic (CFRP) Life module, drive modules made primarily from aluminium components, interlocking of surfaces and lines, 8.8-inch (22.4 cm) screen display, off-white outer layer, orange tone naturally tanned leather upholstery.

The vehicle was unveiled in Auto China 2012 in Beijing and won Concept Car of the Year, followed by 83rd Geneva International Motor Show 2013.

The designer of the BMW i8 Concept Spyder was Richard Kim.

BMW i8 coupe prototype (2013)

The design of the BMW i8 coupe prototype was based on the BMW i8 Concept. The BMW i8 prototype has an average fuel efficiency of less than 2.5 L/100 km (113.0 mpg-imp; 94.1 mpg-US) under the New European Driving Cycle with carbon emissions of less than 59 g/km. The i8 with its carbon-fiber-reinforced plastic (CFRP) passenger cell lightweight, aerodynamically optimized body, and BMW eDrive technology offers the dynamic performance of a sports car, with an expected 0–100 km (0–60 mi) sprint time of less than 4.5 seconds using both power sources. The plug-in hybrid system of the BMW i8 comprises a three-cylinder, 1.5-liter BMW TwinPower turbo gasoline engine combined with BMW eDrive technology used in the BMW i3 and develops maximum power of 170 kW (230 hp). The BMW i8 is the first BMW production model to be powered by a three-cylinder gasoline engine and the resulting specific output of 115 kW (154 hp) per liter of displacement is on a par with high-performance sports car engines and is the highest of any engine produced by the BMW Group.

The BMW i8's second power source is a hybrid synchronous electric motor specially developed and produced by the BMW Group for BMW i. The electric motor develops maximum power of 131 hp (96 kW) and produces its maximum torque of around 320 N·m (240 lbf·ft) from standstill. Typical of an electric motor, responsive power is instantly available when starting and this continues into the higher load ranges. As well as providing a power boost to assist the gasoline engine during acceleration, the electric motor can also power the vehicle by itself. Top speed in electric mode is approximately 120 km/h (75 mph), with a maximum driving range of up to 35 km (22 mi). Linear acceleration is maintained even at higher speeds since the interplay between the two power sources efficiently absorbs any power flow interruptions when shifting gears. The BMW i8 has an electronically controlled top speed of 250 km (160 mi), which can be reached and maintained when the vehicle operates solely on the gasoline engine. The model-specific version of the high-voltage 7.2 lithium-ion battery has a liquid cooling system and can be recharged at a conventional household power socket, at a BMW i Wallbox or at a public charging station. In the US a full recharge takes approximately 3.5 hours from a conventional 120V, 12 amp household circuit or approximately 1.5 hours from a 220V Level 2 charger.

The driver can also select several driving modes: SPORT, COMFORT and ECO PRO. Using the gear selector, the driver can either select position D for automated gear selection or can switch to SPORT mode. SPORT mode offers manual gear selection and at the same time switches to very sporty drive and suspension settings. In SPORT mode, the engine and electric motor deliver extra performance, accelerator response is faster and the power boost from the electric motor is maximized. And to keep the battery topped up, SPORT mode also activates maximum energy recuperation during overrun and braking as the electric motor’s generator function, which recharges the battery using kinetic energy, switches to a more powerful setting. The Driving Experience Control switch on the center console offers a choice of two settings. On starting, COMFORT mode is activated, which offers a balance between sporty performance and fuel efficiency, with unrestricted access to all convenience functions. Alternatively, the ECO PRO mode can be engaged, which, on the BMW i8 as on other models, supports an efficiency-optimized driving style. On this mode the powertrain controller coordinates the cooperation between the gasoline engine and the electric motor for maximum fuel economy. On deceleration, the intelligent energy management system automatically decides, in line with the driving situation and vehicle status, whether to recuperate braking energy or to coast with the powertrain disengaged. At the same time, ECO PRO mode also programs electrical convenience functions such as the air conditioning, seat heating and heated mirrors to operate at minimum power consumption, but without compromising safety. The maximum driving range of the BMW i8 on a full fuel tank and with a fully charged battery is more than 500 km (310 mi) in COMFORT mode, which can be increased by up to 20% in ECO PRO mode. The BMW i8’s ECO PRO mode can also be used during all-electric operation. The vehicle is then powered solely by the electric motor. Only if the battery charge drops below a given level, or under sudden intense throttle application such as kickdown, is the internal combustion engine automatically activated.

The vehicle was unveiled in BMW Group's Miramas test track in France.

Production version

The production BMW i8 was designed by Benoit Jacob. The production version was unveiled at the 2013 International Motor Show Germany, followed by 2013 Les Voiles de Saint-Tropez. It features butterfly doors, head-up display, rear-view cameras and partially false engine noise. Series production of customer vehicles began in April 2014. It is the first production car with laser headlights, reaching further than LED lights.

The i8 has a low vehicle weight of 1,485 kg (3,274 lb) (DIN kerb weight) and a low drag coefficient (Cd) of 0.26. In all-electric mode the BMW i8 has a top speed of 120 km/h (75 mph). In Sport mode the i8 delivers a mid-range acceleration from 80 to 120 km/h (50 to 75 mph) in 2.6 seconds. The electronically controlled top speed is 250 km/h (160 mph).

Range and fuel economy[edit]

The production i8 has a 7.1 kWh lithium-ion battery pack with a usable capacity of 5.2 kWh and intelligent energy management that delivers an all-electric range of 37 km (23 mi) under the NEDC cycle. Under the EPA cycle, the range in EV mode is 15 mi (24 km), with a gasoline consumption of 0.1 gallons per 100 mi, and as a result, EPA's all-electric range is zero. The total range is 330 mi (530 km).

The production version has a fuel efficiency of 2.1 L/100 km (134.5 mpg-imp; 112.0 mpg-US) under the NEDC test with carbon emissions of 49 g/km.[5] Under EPA cycle, the i8 combined fuel economy in EV mode was rated 76 equivalent (MPG-equivalent) (3.1 L gasoline equivalent/100 km; 91 mpg-imp gasoline equivalent), with an energy consumption of 43 kW-hrs/100 mi and gasoline consumption of 0.1 gal-US/100 mi. The combined fuel economy when running only with gasoline is 28 mpg-US (8.4 L/100 km; 34 mpg-imp), 28 mpg-US (8.4 L/100 km; 34 mpg-imp) for city driving, and 29 mpg-US (8.1 L/100 km; 35 mpg-imp) in highway.

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's 2014 edition of the "Light-Duty Automotive Technology, Carbon Dioxide Emissions, and Fuel Economy Trends" introduced utility factors for plug-in hybrids to represent the percentage of miles that will be driven using electricity by an average driver, in electric only or blended modes. The BMW i8 has a utility factor in EV mode of 37%, compared with 83% for the BMW i3 REx, 66% for the Chevrolet Volt, 65% for the Cadillac ELR, 45% for the Ford Energi models, 43% for the McLaren P1, 39% for the Porsche Panamera S E-Hybrid, and 29% for the Toyota Prius PHV.

[Text from Wikipedia]

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMW_i8

This Lego miniland-scale BMW i8 has been created for Flickr LUGNuts' 94th Build Challenge, - "Appease the Elves Summer Automobile Build-off (Part 2)", - a design challenge combining the resources of LUGNuts, TheLegoCarBlog (TLCB) and Head Turnerz.

The frame and the walls are made of wood - a climate-positive building that stores carbon dioxide. Both sides of the roof and the balcony fronts and gables are made of solar cells. 15 apartments for rent in each of the three buildings owned by the building company ETC Bygg. On the ground floor there is a shared laundry and room for bicycles.

There is also a car pool with an electric car for the three buildings.

The buildings are very energy efficient. Statistics regarding energy use in the buildings after one year show that one building uses as much energy as a normal villa. But thirty people live in one building, in a villa normally 3-4. This means that the large buildings actually save around 90% of the energy cost compared to normal villas.

Built: 2022-23. Architects: Hans Eek and Kaminsky Arkitektur.

Just flowering

oh, oh

on my Smartphone the colors weren't so rich!

If we weren't so efficient at catching them, because they grow their entire life.

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Mittelenglisch nennt man die Form der englischen Sprache, die etwa zwischen dem 12. und der Mitte des 15. Jahrhunderts gesprochen wurde.

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Sie teilen dieselbe bio-georaphische Klimaregion: Atlanisch.

Biogeographic Region: Atlantic

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Das Altenglische entstand, als die Angeln, Jüten, Friesen und Sachsen sich ab ca. 450 in Britannien ansiedelten.

Altenglisch wurde ursprünglich mit Runen geschrieben, übernahm nach der Bekehrung zum Christentum jedoch das lateinische Alphabet, dem man einige Zeichen hinzufügte. So etwa wurde der Buchstabe Yogh aus dem Irischen übernommen, der Buchstabe ð (eth) war eine Abwandlung des lateinischen d, und die Buchstaben þ (thorn) und ƿ (wynn) stammen aus dem Fuþorc (der anglo-friesischen Variante der gemeingermanischen Runenreihe, dem älteren Fuþark).

Für Sprecher des modernen Englisch ist diese Sprachstufe ohne gezieltes Erlernen nicht mehr verständlich. Sie ist eine eng mit dem Friesischen und Niederdeutschen verwandte westgermanische Sprache und gehört der Gruppe der germanischen Sprachen an, einem Hauptzweig der indoeuropäischen Sprachfamilie.

Die angelsächsische Sprache spaltete sich ab dem 5. Jahrhundert vom kontinentalen Westgermanisch ab, als die Angeln, Sachsen, Friesen und Jüten sich in Britannien ansiedelten (Schlacht von Mons Badonicus). Vom 8. Jahrhundert an ist sie schriftlich belegt und erreicht um 1000 ein hohes Maß an Standardisierung (Spätwestsächsisch der „Schule von Winchester“).

Aus den vorher auf der Insel gesprochenen keltischen Sprachen übernahm das Angelsächsische nur sehr wenige Lehnwörter.

...

Durch die dänische und norwegische Einwanderung ab dem 8. Jahrhundert hat die englische Sprache gegenüber der altsächsischen Sprache auch zahlreiche nordgermanische Elemente integriert, die allerdings erst in den mittelenglischen Texten in größerer Zahl auftauchen, darunter neben einigen hundert anderen Wörtern so zentrale Begriffe wie sky, leg und das moderne Pronomen they.

Stärker noch als in der niedersächsischen Sprache wurden auch Elemente der lateinischen Sprache aufgenommen, insbesondere im Bereich des religiösen Wortschatzes.

Die Dialektsprecher auf dem Festland und der Insel konnten sich miteinander verständigen.

Einschnitt:

Mit der Eroberung Englands durch die französischen Normannen 1066

wurde die Sprache durch den französischen Einfluss aus der Normandie so sehr verändert, dass man sie ab diesem Zeitpunkt als mittelenglische Sprache bezeichnet.

...

Thema - you - they.

Um mehr zu sagen, ist die etymologische Seite dieses "Problems" sehr erhellend: Früher im Altenglischen war das ursprüngliche Wort für "Du" - "thou" - man findet es noch in alten sakralen Texten und Liedern. Und Ihr hieß ye- ye bezog sich also auf mehr als einen Anzuredenden.

Dann nach der normannischen Eroberung fand ein Einzug französischer Sprachelemente ins Englische statt, dies nennt sich Mittelenglische Zeit. "Thou" wurde langsam ersetzt durch "ye" da die französisch-höfische Sitte den Plural vorschrieb, um eine höherstehende Person anzusprechen, dies übertrug sich später auf gleichgestellte Personen.

Jedoch verblieb "thou" noch lange Zeit im Sprachgebrauch. Die Unterscheidung zwischen formaler und nicht-formaler Anrede kam von der üblich Anrede von Königen und anderen höfischen Adelspersonen im Plural. Das wurde schließlich weiter ausgedehnt, um jedwede höhergestellte Person oder Unbekannte mit dem Pluralwort "ye" anzureden. Denn dies wurde als höf-licher ! empfunden.

Das französische "tu" wurde als ein sehr intimes oder herablassendes Anredewort empfunden, einem Fremden gegenüber insbesondere als beleidigend. Im 18. Jahrhundert schrieb Samuel Johnson (ein sehr einflußreicher Gelehrter seiner Zeit, Autor, Essayist, Kritiker, Verfasser des ersten maßgeblichen Lexikons der Englischen Sprache) in seinem Werk: A Grammar of the English Tongue: "im zeremoniellen Sprachgebrauch..wird die zweite Person Plural für die zweite Person Singular verwendet..". Vergleichsweise schreibt The Merriam Webster Dictionary of English Usage, dass um 1650 herum bei den meisten Sprechern des südbritannischen Englisch "thou" unüblich geworden war, sogar im informalen Sprachgebrauch unter Freunden nicht mehr verwendet wurde.

Also wir erkennen: Das Wörtchen "thou" war veraltet, und das "ye" hat sich einfach als das gebräuchlichere Wort für "du", also die 2. Person Singular, eingeschlichen gehabt, weil man wohl zum einen sich dem Adel dadurch näher fühlte, also sich sozial aufgewertet sah, und die Gefahr, unhöflich zu sein, verringert wurde. Interessantes

Nebendetail:

auch heute gibt es in England noch einen Ort , wo das "thou" noch lebt im Sprachgebrauch:Lichfield, Staffordshire, wo Dr. Samuel Johnson geboren wurde. Und natürlich richtet sich das Verb nach dem Mehrzahlpronomen "ye", das "ye" das zum heutigen "you" verschmolzen ist!

de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altenglisch

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BMW Concept Vision Efficient Dynamics

Tokyo Shown Room,

Tokyo, Japan.

25 per cent more efficient from 2025.

Enhanced with further technologies and innovative high-temperature materials, the Advance core overall pressure ratio is pushed to more than 70:1. UltraFan also features a new geared architecture (introduced between the fan and intermediate pressure compressor),ensuring the fan runs at optimum speed, as does the engine compressor and turbine thanks to the core architecture. The carbon titanium fan system is further developed to allow the removal of the thrust reverser, enabling a truly slim-line nacelle system

There was once again a nice selection of coaches, buses and minibuses at the 2025 Cheltenham Festival, when I made my annual visit on Gold Cup Day. One such vehicle was GB73 PUL, an Irizar i6S Efficient Integral coach new to Pulham, Bourton-on-the-Water, Gloucestershire in November 2023.

Want to find out more? Join The PSV Circle - Details at www.psvcircle.org.uk

Copyright © P.J. Cook, all rights reserved. It is an offence to copy, use or post this image anywhere else without my permission.

In 1982 Mercedes-Benz released the production version of more than a decade's research into developing a compact format, efficient and safe luxury car. The name '190' referred back to the 1950 and 60s versions of 'reduced power output' models of their mainstream saloon car range. The 190E specified a fuel-injected 2.0 litre, four cylinder engine, whilst a 190 model, without the 'E' (for einspritz' appellation, referred to the same engine, but using a carburetor.

This is the version most commonly seen in taxis, along with a 2.0 litre 4-cylinder diesel, with even less power......

Then something strange happened within the halls of Mercedes-Benz....

190E 2.3-16 & 2.5-16 "Cosworth":

In the late 1970s, Mercedes competed in rallying with the big V8-powered Coupés of the R107 Series, mainly the light-weight Mercedes 450 SLC 5.0. Mercedes wished to take the 190 E rallying, and asked British engineering company Cosworth to develop an engine with 320 bhp (239 kW) for the rally car. This project was known as project "WAA' by Cosworth". During this time, the Audi Quattro with its all-wheel drive and turbocharger was launched, making the 2.3-16v appear outclassed. With a continued desire to compete in high-profile motor sport with the 190, and also now an engine to do it with, Mercedes turned to the Deutsche Tourenwagen Meisterschaft (DTM) (German Touring Car Championship) motor sport series instead. Cars racing in this championship, however, had to be based on a roadgoing model. Mercedes therefore had to put into series production a 190 fitted with a detuned version of the Cosworth engine. This high-performance model was known as the 190 E 2.3-16, and debuted at the Frankfurt Auto Show in September 1983, after its reputation had already been established. Three cars, only slightly cosmetically altered, had set three world records in August at the Nardo testing facility in Italy, recording a combined average speed of 154.06 mph (247.94 km/h) over the 50,000 km endurance test, and establishing twelve international endurance records. The Mercedes 190-E Cosworth was also featured on the second episode in series fifteen of the popular car show Top Gear.

Engin:

2.5-16 Cosworth

The Cosworth engine was based on the M102 four cylinder 2.3-litre 8-valve 136 hp (101 kW) unit already fitted to the 190- and E-Class series. Cosworth developed the cylinder head, "applying knowledge we've learnt from the DFV and BDA." It was made from light alloy using Coscast's unique casting process and brought with it dual overhead camshafts and four valves per cylinder, meaning 16 valves total which were developed to be the "largest that could practically be fitted into the combustion chamber".

In roadgoing trim,the 2.3 L 16-valve engine made "185 hp (138 kW) at 6,200 rpm and 174 lb·ft (236 N·m) at 4,500 rpm. The oversquare 95.50 x 80.25 mm bore and stroke dimensions ensuring that it revs easily up to the 7000 rpm redline". Acceleration from 0–100 km/h (62 mph) was less than eight seconds, and the top speed was 230 km/h (143 mph).

US-Specification cars had a slightly reduced compression ratio (9.7:1 instead of 10.5:1), and were rated at 167 hp (125 kW) @ 5800 rpm and 162 lb·ft (220 N·m) @ 4750.

The roadgoing version of the engine was reconfigured with reduced inlet and exhaust port sizes, different camshaft profiles, no dry sump configuration and Bosch K-jetronic replacing the specialised Kugelfischer fuel injection. These changes helped bring power down to the required 185 bhp (138 kW) specification, but still resulted in a "remarkably flexible engine, with a very flat torque curve and a wide power band". The heads for the engines were cast at Cosworth's Coscast foundry in Worcester and sent to Germany to be fitted to the rest of the engine, parts of which were different from the standard 2.3 including light pressed alloy pistons, and rings designed to withstand higher engine speeds, whilst con-rods, bearings and bearing caps were found to be strong enough as standard and left unaltered.

16v differences:

Due to their performance, the 16-valve cars were different from the other 190 models. The body kit on the 2.3-16 and 2.5-16 reduced the drag coefficient to 0.32, one of the lowest CD values on a four-door saloon of the time, whilst also reducing lift at speed. The steering ratio was quicker and the steering wheel smaller than that on other 190s, whilst the fuel tank was enlarged from 55 to 70 L. The Getrag 5-speed manual gearbox was unique to the 16-valve and featured a 'racing' gear pattern with 'dog-leg' first gear, left and down from neutral. This meant that the remaining 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th gears were in a simple H pattern allowing fast and easy selection. The gearchange quality was, however, noted as "notchy, baulky", criticisms which weren't levelled at the BMW M3 (E30) which shared the same gearbox. The pattern is also unusual in that the driver engages reverse by shifting left and up from neutral, as for first gear in a conventional pattern. This was demonstrated in a Top Gear episode (S15E02) where James May took a 190E 2.3-16 Cosworth and repeatedly confused reverse and first gear. An oil cooler was fitted to ensure sufficient oil cooling for the inevitable track use many of these cars were destined for.

The strictly four-seater interior had Recaro sports seats with strong side bolsters for front and rear passengers. 3 extra dials - an oil temperature gauge, stopwatch and voltmeter - were included in the centre console. The 190 E 2.3-16 was available in only two colours, Blue-Black metallic (Pearl Black in the US), and Smoke Silver. The 2.5-16 added Almandine Red and Astral Silver.

All 2.3-16-valve 190 models are fitted with a Limited Slip Differential (LSD) as standard. They were also available with Mercedes' ASD system which was standard equipment on the 2.5-16v. The ASD is an electronically controlled, hydraulically locking differential which activates automatically when required. The electronic control allows varied amounts of differential lock from the standard 15% right up to 100%. It is not a traction control system however, and can only maximize traction rather than prevent wheel spin. Activation of the ASD system is indicated by an illuminating amber triangle in the speedometer.

The suspension on 16-valve models is very different from the standard 190 (W201). As well as being lower and stiffer, it has quicker dampers, larger anti-roll bars, harder bushings and hydraulic Self-levelling suspension (SLS) on the rear. This allows the rear ride height to remain constant even when the car is fully loaded.

At the inauguration of the new, shorter Nürburgring in 1984, a race with identical cars was held, with former and current F1 pilots at the wheel. A then unknown Ayrton Senna took first place.

Private Teams such as AMG later entered the 2.3-16 in touring cars races, especially the DTM. In the late 1980s, the 2.5-16 (never released in the United States) raced many times, against the similar BMW M3 and even the turbocharged Ford Sierra RS Cosworth.

Evolution models:

2.5-16 Evolution II

With the debut of the BMW M3 Sport Evolution, Mercedes' direct competitor, it became obvious that the 2.5-16 needed a boost for the circuit. In March 1989, the 190 E 2.5-16 Evolution debuted at the Geneva Auto Show. The Evo I, as it came to be called, had a new spoiler and wider wheel arches. Many changes were made to under-the-skin components such as brakes and suspension. There was a full SLS suspension allowing vehicle ride height to be adjusted from an interior switch. All were intended to allow the Evolution cars to be even more effective round a track.

The Evo I's output is similar to the 202 bhp (151 kW) of the "regular" 2.5-16. However this car had a redesigned engine of similar capacity but, most importantly, a shorter stroke and bigger bore which would allow for a higher rev limit and improved top-end power capabilities. Additional changes stretch to "rotating masses lightened, lubrication improved and cam timing altered". Cosworth also list a project code "WAC" for the development of the short-stroke Evolution engine.

Only 502 units of the Evolution model were produced for homologation in compliance with DTM rules. For those customers desiring even more performance, a PowerPack option engineered by AMG was available for DM 18,000. The PowerPack option included hotter camshafts, a larger diameter throttle body, more aggressive ignition and fuel management as well as optimization of the intake and exhaust systems. The net result was an additional 30 bhp (22 kW).

In March 1990, at the Geneva Auto Show, the 190 E 2.5-16 Evolution II was shown. With the success of the first Evolution model, this model's 502-unit production was already sold before it was unveiled.

The "Evo II" included the AMG PowerPack fitted to the same short-stroke 2.5 engine as the Evolution, as well as a full SLS suspension allowing vehicle ride height to be adjusted from an interior switch. An obvious modification to the Evolution II is a radical body kit (designed by Prof. Richard Eppler from the University of Stuttgart) with a large adjustable rear wing, rear window spoiler, and Evolution II 17-inch wheels. The kit served an aerodynamic purpose — it was wind tunnel tested to reduce drag to 0.29, while at the same time increasing downforce. Period anecdotes tell of a BMW executive who was quoted as saying "if that rear wing works, we'll have to redesign our wind tunnel." The anecdote claims that BMW did.

As mentioned 500 were made in "blauschwarz" blue/black metallic. But the last two, numbers 501 and 502 were made in astral silver.

[Test taken from Wikipedia]

This Lego miniland-scale 190E 2.5-16 Evolution II sedan has been created for Flickr LUGNuts' 84th Build Challenge, our 7th birthday, - "LUGNuts Turns 7…or 49 in Dog Years", - where all the previous challenges are available to build to. In this case Challenge 57, - "From Mild to Wild", for vehicles that have been turned into something special out of the ordinary. And also challenge 33, - "Size Matters", - as a buddy challenge with Sirmanperson, who has produced the same 190E 2.5-16 Evolution II in 1:17 scale.

Baselland Transport [BLT] Route 10 combination Class Be 4/8 245 and Class Be 4/6 224 were recorded at Münchenstein Dorf. The branding on the leading tram unit is for IWB, a leading provider of renwable energy and energy efficiency.

All images on this site are exclusive property and may not be copied, downloaded, reproduced, transmitted, manipulated or used in any way without expressed written permission of the photographer. All rights reserved – Copyright Don Gatehouse

Measurements 50 inches wide x 28 inches deep x 29 inches tall. Fully loaded we are at 65 inches long.

The cleanup of streets in New Orleans after Mardi Gras parades is phenomenal- one of the best shows of the season!! Efficient on another level! At the end of each final parade, the streets and neutral ground are CLEAR!

Mardi Gras 2017

New Orleans LA

The Tokyo office of multinational recruitment specialists CDS, was an opportunity to maximize the value of their existing two-story premises and transform it into an efficient and modern workplace on the floor above with an attractive facility for meetings and interviews below.

The company’s globally diverse workforce challenged us to create a more collaborative work space straddling Western and Japanese office cultures. As is typical in Japan, staff work long hours at their desks, but they are highly engaged amongst their specialist teams. We challenged our client to break free the old cubicle culture by creating greater transparency to foster spontaneous communication, as well a diversity of relaxed work and meeting spaces. The central copy/meeting point fosters short team huddles; the generous window sofa area encourages casual meetings away from the desk, so as not to disturb working colleagues; and an attractive pantry and lounge blurs the boundary between breaks and productive meetings.

A feeling of openness and “buzz” was achieved by removing the stuffy suspended acoustical ceiling. Custom-made wooden lighting fixtures project light upward as well as downward, to reflect diffuse light off the exposed ceiling. A round central meeting room is comprised of an elegant timber frame supporting polycarbonate walls to enclose more sensitive internal meetings.

On the ground floor, a steady stream of candidates arrive for interviews well into the evening. As we worked closely with top management, assessing and mediating these diverse needs and flows through design became a central theme. Thirteen meeting rooms, some of which can be reconfigured into a 60-seat conferencing facility, offer a variety of meeting formats.

Visiting interviewees feel that their career is about to take-off as they walk around the circular “racing-strip” corridor surrounding the central “core” interview rooms.

bakoko.jp