© Carl Vanassche

based on existing art work

FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE

MANIFESTO GLEITZEIT 2015

BY STELLY RIESLING

Featured below is another original art work of mine in homage to THE PIONEER OF INVISIBLE ART — PAUL JAISINI. Forget all the copycats that came after him — Master Paul Jaisini was the *FIRST* of a totally original concept and the *BEST*. My favorite thing about him is that he’s a voice, not an echo, which is quite rare.

DISCLAIMER: This is for anyone who is a hater OR wishes to better understand me, what I’m all about, so you can decide whether I’m weird or normal enough for you — a kind of very loose manifesto, rushed and unrevised, full of raw uncut emotion that I don’t like to be evident in my writing as lately I prefer a more professional, formal style, so we can consider this a rough draft of the more polished writing to come when I have extra time. I might return to this text later and clean it up or break it into separate parts. Right now it’s a long-winded hot mess, so if you manage to make any sense of it, BIG PROPS TO YOU. lol …and if you manage to read it ALL, you have my solemn respect!!! in a day when reading has been reduced to just catchy headliners and short captions of images once in a while. The consequence of this one-liner internet culture is non-linear, tunnel thinking, which is baaaaaad.

There lives among us a most enigmatic and charismatic creature named Paul Jaisini who led me into the wonderful world of art, not personally, but through descriptions of his artworks in essays written and published online by his friend, which painted the most fascinating images in my mind. Early on as a kiddo, I experimented with photography, simple point and shoot whatever looked attractive to me. Digital manipulation of my photographs with computer software followed… and somehow I learned useful drawing techniques along the way to combine existing elements with nonexistent ones, which allowed me to elevate the context for my ideas. Later, I started creating my own digital art from scratch for my friends and family as a favorite pastime. They would shower me with praise and repeatedly encouraged me to share my “different” vision with the rest of the world… it took a while and wasn’t easy to overcome the insecurity of not being good enough along with a gripping fear of being harshly criticized, but one day I woman-ed up and started publishing my work on the web, reminding myself that my livelihood didn’t depend on a positive reception.

Paul Jaisini’s role in all this has been to not disgrace myself, even if what I do is just a hobby. And I would never do him and other genius artists the disservice of calling myself a professional because I know I’ll never be as good as any of the GIANTS of pre-modern history. Be the best or be nothing, no middle ground.

People’s jealousy in the past, future and present over my obsessive love of Paul Jaisini, which they are well aware is purely plutonic, has caused them to despise the man and has made many relationships/friendships impossible for me. I refuse to have such people in my life because by harboring any negativity towards Paul, they unknowingly feel that way about me and express it to me. It’s their own problem for not realizing this. Paul’s new art movement, Gleitzeit, shaped me into the allegedly awesome girl I am today, giving my art more edge, more “sexy” because it refined my vision of the world and propelled me to attain the skills necessary to not dishonor my family name through tenacious pursuit of perfection. Since the beginning of my life, I attempted to depict what I saw in visual, musical and literal forms, but continuously failed without adequate training and determination. Paul Jaisini’s Gleitzeit was the answer to my prayers. Who I am today I owe mostly to him and his selfless ideals of the artverse that I’ve given unconditional loyalty to (he has this cool ability for hyper-vision to see whole universes, not itty bitty worlds, hence I call it an artverse instead of art world, with him in mind). So again, anyone who hates Paul Jaisini hates ME because, regardless of what he means to you, he is the most important person in my life for making me ME. The way a famous actor, dancer or singer inspires others to act, dance or sing, Paul inspired me to become a better artist, better writer, better everything. More people would understand if he was a household name because they’re wired to in society. But we’re inspiring each other all the time in our own little communities without being famous, so if someone has the ability to change even ONE person’s life immensely with creativity, it is a massive achievement. And passionate folks like myself are compelled to scream it from the cyber rooftops. So here I am. It’s whatever.

Furthermore, I’d like to address here a few pressing matters in light of some recent drama brought on by both strangers and former friends. To start, I never judge the passions, interests or likes of others, which are often in my face all over the place, so likewise they have no right to judge any of mine. It is quite unfortunate and frustrating how very little understanding and education the majority of people have or want to have. Their logic is as primitive as a chipmunk when it comes to promotion of fine art on the web: “spamming, advertising, report!” It’s their own problem that they fail to understand what it’s about due to the distorted lens through which they see the world or inability to think for themselves; an inherent lack of perception or inquisitiveness. Well, guess what? Every single image, every animation, every video, every post dedicated to Mr. Paul Jaisini and “Gleitziet” (to elaborate: a revolutionary new art movement Paul founded with his partner in crime and personal friend, EYKG, who discovered him and believed in him more than anyone) has an important purpose. Every one of those things you run across is a piece of a puzzle, a move in a game, an inch down a rabbit hole; the deeper you go, the more interesting it gets; the more levels you pass, the more clues unfold, the greater the suspense and nearer the conclusion (yet further). You earn awesome rewards like enlightenment, spiritual revelations, truths, knowledge, wisdom and the most profound reward of all: the drive to improve yourself to the absolute maximum, so an unending, unshakable drive. People often make a wrong turn in this cyber game and go back a few levels or get stuck. Those that keep on pushing, however, will come to find the effort has been worth it. And what awaits you in the end of it all? The greatest challenge to beating the game: YOUR OWN MIND. You will be forced to let go of every belief you held before you had reached the last level, to completely alter your mindset and perception of the world, of life, of yourself. But by the time you’ve gotten to that point, it will be as easy as falling off a cliff! (It is a kind of suicide after all — death and rebirth of spirit.)

Paul Jaisini does NOT, *I repeat* does NOT use mystery and obscurity to his advantage as a clever marketing ploy, no, he’s too next level for that with a consciousness so rich, he should wear a radioactive warning sign (he’ll melt your brain, best wear a tinfoil hat in his presence as I certainly would.) The statement he makes is loud and clear, hidden in plain site for those who take the time to connect the dots and have enough curiosity to fuel their journey into unknown territory (an open mind and flexible perception helps a lot). Actually, anyone with an IQ above 90 is sure to figure it out sooner or later. Hint: You don’t have to SEE an extraordinary thing with your eyes to know it exists, to understand it and realize its greatness — you can only feel it in your bone marrow, your spinal fluid, your heart and soul. The moment you do figure it out, as the skeleton key of the human soul, it will unlock the greatness and massive potential buried deep within, changing the doomed direction humanity is undoubtedly headed. I don’t speak in riddles, I speak in a clear direct way that intelligent humans will understand, so I’m counting on them.

GIG is an international group of artists and writers that support Paul Jaisini’s Gleitzeit. We started off as an unofficial fan club of Jaisini in 1996, comprised of only 6 individuals spanning 3 countries, and eventually escalated in status to an official fan group across the entire globe. A decade later it had grown to hundreds of fans. Nearly another decade later, there are thousands. Let’s not leave out another delightful group of vicious haters that have been around for nearly as long as us since the late 90s and have also grown in impressive numbers. Now, for the record (and please write this one down because I’m sick of repeating myself), Paul Jaisini himself is not part of our group and has nothing to do with us. He loves and hates us equally for butchering his name and making him appear as a narcissistic nut-job in his own words. He casts hexes on us for the blinding flash we layer over the art that members contribute to GIG — “disgusting-police-lights, seizure-inducing-laser-lightshow, bourgeois-myspace-effects retarded-raver shit” in Paul’s words. Ahh, how we love his sweet-talking us. In a desperate attempt to please him, those among us who make the art and animations have spent countless hours and sleepless nights trying to solve a crazy-complex quantum-physics type of equation = how to not create tacky or tasteless content. He does fancy some of it now, we got better, that’s something! In the reason stated below, our mission just got out of hand at some point.

What little is known about Paul Jaisini, even in all this time, is he’s a horrible perfectionist who slaughtered hundreds of innocent babies — I mean — artworks of remarkable beauty created by his own right hand (mostly paintings, some watercolors and drawings). He’s a fierce recluse who wants nothing to do with anyone or anything in life. But those few of us who know of an incredible talent he possesses (one could go as far as calling it a superpower), could not allow him to live his life without the recognition he FUCKING DESERVES more than any artist out there living today and, arguably, yesterday. We use whatever means necessary to reach more people, lots of flash and razzle-dazzle to lure them into our sinister trap of a higher awareness. Mwahaha! The visual boom you’ve witnessed in both cyber and real worlds, that is GIG’s doing — two damn decades of spreading an art virus — IVA. InVisibleArtitis… or a drug as in Intravenous Art. It’s whatever you want it to be, honey.

Our Gleitzeit International Group (GIG) started off innocently enough and gradually spiraled out of control to fight the haters, annoying the hell out of them as much as humanly possible. They don’t like what we do? WE DO MORE AND MORE OF IT. But never without purpose, without a carefully executed plan in mind collectively. If we have to tolerate an endless tidal wave of everyone’s vomit — e.g., idiotic memes and comics; dumbed-down one-liner quotes; selfies; so-called “art photography” passed through one-click app filters; mindless scribbles or random splatters by regular folks who have the nerve to call themselves serious/pro artists; primitive images of pets, babies, landscapes, random objects, etc… then people sure as shit are gonna tolerate what we put out, our animated and non-animated visual art designed for our beloved master, Paul Jaisini, who has shown us the light, the right path to follow, taught us great things and done so much for us — and so in our appreciation of him, we stamp his name on everything, for the sacrifices he has made in the name of art, to save our art verse, he’s a goddamn hero. There’s a book being written in his dedication where little will be left to the imagination about him.

If Paul Jaisini was as famous as Koons or Hirst, for example, people would know it’s not him posting stuff online with his name on it but fans creating fanart like myself among others. But noooooo, such a thing is unfathomable to most people - the promotion of another artist. Like, what’s in it for us? Uhh, nothing?? This is all NON-PROFIT bitches, the way art should be. It’s a passion FIRST, a commodity/commercial product/marketable item LAST and least. Its been that way for us since the early 90s to this day. Not a single member of GIG has sold an art work (neither has Paul Jaisini who’s a true professional) and we want to keep it that way. We do it for reasons far beyond ego. So advertising? Really? How the hell do you advertise or sell thin air, you know, invisible paintings, invisible anything? Ha ha, very funny indeed. The idea here is so simple, your neighbor’s dog can grasp it. Our motives: replace fast food for the mind with fine art, actual fine art. You know, creativity? Conscious thought? Talent? Skill? Knowledge? All that good stuff rolled into one to bring viewers more than a momentary ooohand aaahh reaction. Replace the recycled images ad nauseum; repetitious, worn-out ideas; disposable, gimmicky, money-driven fast art for simpletons. Stick with the highest of ideals and save the whole bloody planet.

Fine art is often confused with craft-making. This often creates bad blood between classically trained artists who put out paintings that leave a lasting impression, that make strong conversation pieces, that are thought-provoking and deep… and trained craftspeople whose skills are adequate to create decorative pieces for homely environments — landscapes, still lifes, animals, pretty fairies, common things of fantasy, and other simplicity. Skills alone are not enough for high art, you need a vision, a purpose, the ability to tell a story with every stroke of your brush that will both fascinate and terrify the viewers, arousing powerful emotions, illuminating. I have yet to see a visible painting in my generation that does anything at all for me, other than evoke sheer outrage and disgust. What a terrible waste of space and valuable resources it all is.

Paul Jaisini leads, we follow. He wishes to remain unknown - so do most of us. I’m next in line, slipping into recluse mode, no longer wanting to attach my face, my human image to my art stuff. I wish to be a nameless, faceless artist as well, invisible like P.J., and in his footsteps I too have destroyed thousands of my own artistic photography and digital art made with tedious, labor-intensive handwork. The whole point of this destruction is achieving the finest results possible by letting go of the imperfect, purging it on a regular basis, to make way for the perfect. I love what I do so it doesn’t matter, I know I’ll keep producing as much as I’m discarding, keeping the balance. Hoarding is an enemy of progress, especially the digital kind as there’s absolutely no limit to it. It’s like carrying a load of bricks on your back you’ll never use or need.

The watering down of creativity that digital pack ratting has caused as observed over the years is most tragic. For the creative individual, relying on terabytes of stock photos or OSFAP as I call them (Once Size Fits All Photos) instead of making your own as you used to when you had no choice, being 100% original, is a splinter in the conscience. It’s not evil to use stock of, say, things you don’t have access to (outer space, deep sea, Antarctica, etc.), but many digital artists I know today can’t take their own shot of a pencil ‘cause they “ain’t got no time for that!” How did they have time before? Did time get so compressed in only a decade?

Ohhhhh, and the edits, textures, filters, plug-ins and what-have-you available out there to everyone and their cats… are responsible for the tidal wave of rubbish that eclipses the magnificent light of the real talents.

I can tell you with utmost sincerity there is no better feeling on earth than knowing your creation is ALL yours, every pixel and dot, from the first to the last. It’s not always possible to make it so, but definitely the most rewarding endeavor. I’m most proud of myself when I can accomplish that.

Back to Paul Jaisini, from the start there have been a number of theories floating around on what his real story is. One of my own theories is that he stands for the unknowns of the world who can’t get representation, can’t get exhibited at a decent gallery because highly gifted/trained artists aren’t good enough - those kind of establishments prefer bananas, balloon dogs, feces, gigantic dicks/cunts, and all kinds of what-the-fucks…

So again, you don’t get the Paul Jaisini thing? That’s your problem. Don’t hate others for getting it. People are good, very good, at making baseless assumptions and impulsively spewing it as truth. They criticize and judge as if they’re high authorities on the subject yet they clearly lack education in fine art or art history and possess little to no talent or skill to back up their bullshit. My little “credibility radar” never fails. When they say I know this or I know that, I reply don’t say “I know” or state things as fact as a general rule of thumb - instead say “I assume/believe” and state the reasons you feel thus to appear less immature, especially about a controversial topic like invisible art. I have zero respect or tolerance for egomaniacs who think they know it all and act accordingly like arrogant pricks. Who can stand those, right? Once again, a good example would be: I, Stelly Riesling, believe everything I’ve written in this little manifesto to be correct based on personal experience and observation from multiple angles, thorough research and sufficient data collected from verifiable sources (and don’t go copying-pasting my own words back at me, be original). Just because you or I say so doesn’t make it so. Just because you or me think or believe so doesn’t make it true or right. I only ask that my opinions are regarded respectfully and whoever opposes them does so in a mature, civilized manner. We should only be entitled to opinions that don’t bring out the worst in us.

I don’t normally take such a position, but the time has come to stand up for what I believe in! It’s quite amusing and comical how haters think calling me names, attacking me or my interests or members of the project I’m part of for years is going to change something. It only makes more evident the importance of what I’m doing so I push on harder still.

Words of advise to those who can identify with me, with my frustrations over people’s reluctance to change their miserable ways, with our declining art world…

DON’T waste time on people who sweat the small stuff, whose actions are consistently inconsistent with their words. DO waste time on people who always keep their eye on the ball—the bigger picture of life.

Paul Jaisini’s invisible paintings are more than hype, more than your lame assumptions. Here’s one I got that’s pure gold: a cult! It started out as A JOKE OF MINE that was used against me. I told a then-good friend that he should come join our little “art cult” in a clearly lighthearted manner, and later he takes this idea I put in his head first and accuses me of being in an (imaginary) cult—the jokes on me eh?. But wait, aren’t cults religious? Our group consists of people around the world of different faiths (or none at all) so how could that ever work? If religion was about making fine (non-pop) art mainstream and bringing awesome, fresh, futuristic concepts to the collective consciousness, the world would not be so fucked up today because talent, creativity, originality and individuality would be the main focus, not superficial poppycock; those things would be praised and encouraged and supported in society by all institutions, not demonized and stigmatized.

Here is one thing I CAN state as solid fact: only one person close to Paul Jaisini knows the TRUE story, or at least some of it: EYKG. Everything else that has ever been said about him is myth, legend, gossip, speculation, the worst of which is said by jealous non-artists (wannabes, clones, posers, hang-ons, unoriginal ppl in general) and anti-artists (religious psychos, squares, losers and -duh- stupid ppl). Sadly, people are unable to see the bigger picture by letting their egos run their lives or repeating after others as parrots.

Commercial art, consumerism, and ignorance of the masses truly makes me want to curl up in a ball, not eat or drink or move until I die, just die in my sleep while dreaming of a better world, a world where real fine artists rule it with real fine art as they used to and life is beautiful once again….

Well I hope that settled THAT for now, or perhaps inadvertently made matters worse. I hope I didn’t sound too pissed from all these issues that keep popping up like penises on ChatRoulette… just got to me already! Can you tell? I had to put my foot down, stomp ‘em all!

To be continued, still lots more ignorance and pettiness to battle… Till then peace out my bambini. MWAH!

  

FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE

MANIFESTO GLEITZEIT 2015

PROLOGUE

Paul Jaisini was like a messiah, as you wish, who saw/understood the impending end and complete degeneration of Fine art or Art become and investment nothing more than that. He predicted the bubble pops art when everybody would eventually become an artist, including dogs cats and horses, because they as kids followed the main rule: express yourself without skills or knowledge or any aesthetic concerns. J. Pollack started pouring paints onto canvases; Julian Schnabel, former cab driver from NY, suddenly decided he could do better than what he saw displayed in galleries, so he started gluing dishes on canvases; A.Warhol, an industrial artist who made commercial silk-screen for the factories he worked in, started to exhibit "Campbell's soup" used for commercial adds... and later the thing that made him an "American Idol": by copying and pasting Hollywood celebrities (same type of posters he made before for movie theaters).

When Paul Jaisini stood out against the Me culture in the US by burning all of his own 120 brilliant paintings (according to the then-new director of Fort Worth MoMa Museum, who offered hin an exhibition of his art in 1992, and later the Metropolitan Museum curator, Phillippe de Montebello, in 1994).Paul probably assumed all fellow true fine artists would join him or stand by him against corruption of the art world.

And after 20 years of his stand-off...the time has finally come today. Many artists and humanitarians around the world took a place beside him. His invisible Paintings became a synonym for the future reincarnation of fine art and long lost harmony. The establishment is in panic! The "moneybags" (as Paul Jaisini named them) are in panic, because they invested BILLIONS of dollars in real crap made by

craftsmen. Now they realize that the reputation of American legends of expressionism was nothing but a copy of Russian avant-garde" Kazimir Malevich, Vasiliy Kandinsky and tens of others from France and Germany.. US tycoon investors were spending billions on "Me more original, than you". "Artist Shit" is a 1061 artwork by the Italian artist Piero Manzoni. The work consists of 90 tin cans, filled with feces. A tin can was sold for £124,000, 180,000 at Sothebys, 2007.

EPILOGUE

Before I resume promoting and admiring a very important art persona on today's international art arena, I'd like to clear up some BIG questions; people ask continuously and subconsciously, directly & indirectly: "Why does the name Paul Jaisini, flood the Internet in such "obnoxious" quantities that it's started suppressing some other activities that my friends might share with the rest of the Internet's Ego Me only Me www society? I can't just answer this... so I'll try to explain why I'm writing this: Jaisini's followers keep posting art and info about,

He IMHO the only hope in quickly decomposing visual fine art. "Paul Jaisini realized many years ago, in 1994, when he declared (at that time to himself only) the start of a New era, a New vision, that he is trying to redirect from the rat race, started by an establishment in post-war New York, long before the Internet culture.

Sub related information: Adolf Gottlieb, Mart Rothko, etc (after visiting Paris France in 1933):

"We must forget analytical art, we must express ourselves, as a 5 year old child would, without a developed consciousness. Forget about results - do what you feel, EXPRESS yourself with your own unique style"

With this statement Mark Rothko starts to teach his students, degeneration of fine art begins, and the generation of war of styles took a start signal of the material race, greatly rewarded by establishment "individual" - eccentric craftsmen - show business clowns.

Sub related Information: In the summer of 1936, Adolf Gottlieb painted more than 800 paintings, which was 20X more than he created in his whole art career as a painter, starting from the time of Gottlieb becomes a founding member of "The Ten" group in NYC "Group of Ten" was a very peculiar, enigmatic group... Based on a religious point of view;(where a human figure was prohibited from being created)

GLOSSARY

IN 1997, Paul Jaisini's best friend Ellen Y.K.Gottlieb started a cyber campaign by promoting on a very young Internet, back then, Paul Jaisini's burned paintings as Invisible Paintings, visible only through poetic essays. She and a handful of people saw his originals and were devastated that nobody could ever see them again. "We, his fans, believe that someday Paul will recreate his 120 burned paintings if he has any decency and moral obligation to his fans, who have dedicated decades to make it happen, for their Phoenix to rise from the ashes and the whole world will witness that all these years we spent to get him back to re-paint the Visuals again were not in vain," - said E.Y.K.Gottlieb in 2014 during the 20th anniversary celebration of Invisible Paintings to GIGroup in NYCity. So now, hopefully, this clears up why I and others do what we do - our "cyber terrorism" of good art, dedicated to Paul Jaisini's return, which is & and was our mission & our goal. We post good art to fight "troll art" which is worthless pics, after being passed through 1-click filters of free web apps. We are, in fact, against this www pops pollution, done with "bubble art" by the out of control masses with 5 billon pics a day: Pics of cats, memes, quotes,national geographic sunsets and waterfalls, not counting their own daily "selfies: and whatever self-indulging Me-ego-Me affairs, sponsored happily by photo gadget companies like Canon, Nikon, Sony...who churn out higher quality madness tools at lower cost.

This way Government taking away attention from the real world crisis of lowest morality & economical devastation. The masses are too easily re-engineered/manipulated by the Establishment PopsStyle delivered to them by pop music and Hollywood "super" stars. In 1992 Paul Jaisini's Gleitzeit theory predict such a massive, pops self-entertain madness, following technologicalexplosion, but not in illusive scales.

Uber Aless @2015 NYC USA

NOTE Date's numbers and events can be slightly inaccurate.

#gleitzeit #paul-jaisini #invisible #painting #art #futurism #art-news,

 

Route H91 will no longer be operated by RATP Group from today. Tomorrow it will pass to Metroline using existing Wright New Routemasters from route 390. Here is Volvo B5LH / Wright Eclipse Gemini 3 VH45247 (BF67 GNO) entering Hounslow West Station on the last day of RATP H91. Taken 03/03/2023.

After Simca took over Ford France in Sept. 1954 existing plans for the new Vedette Series for 1955 were executed without delay.

The basic design for the Vedette-Series came from Ford, Detroit, but the finishing off was done by Fabio Luigi Rapi (It, 1902-?). The Vedette had all luxury of those days incorporated.

 

In the first years the Vedette Series was also sold in the Netherlands and Germany as Ford Vedette.

For 1958 a restyle for the tail and front was done (2nd generation Vedette). Also received the body a new panoramic windscreen.

After 1961 production was continued in Brazil.

 

2351 cc 8 cylinder engine.

Production Vedette Series: 1954-1961.

Production Vedette Chambord: 1958-1961.

New French semi-historical reg. number.

 

Number seen: 1.

 

La Ferté-Saint-Aubin (Loiret, Fr.), Rue des Temples, July 30, 2017.

 

© 2017 Sander Toonen Amsterdam | All Rights Reserved

Adds 27 Textured Basecolors from MdlM / RR to your existing H@S Sexy Dress V1.1

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Despite the size of its existing fleet and pre-war construction programmes the National Armada had under its belt, it faced shipping shortages on every front. One particular shortage, was the relatively new requirement for escort units. It was during the Eight Years War that the first warship was sunk by naval torpedoes; a cheap but lethal weapon that Perceptum’s enemies were now producing en masse to overcome the Armada’s heavy ships. Try as they might, even with large batteries of smaller guns, these big ships simply could not adequately defend themselves against the emerging threat of torpedo boats. Simultaneously, the escalating conflict in the colonies of Yafranica and the Orient required more and more warships that could traverse rivers and shallow coasts- and that’s when it clicked.

 

What remained of the navy’s pre-war design bureau came up with what they called the “Hundred Day Gunboat”, a shallow-draft ocean-going gun platform that could be built quickly and cheaply to meet a multitude of missions. Once approved by the Supreme Leader (or more correctly, his secretary) the ship type was put into production in just about every shipyard in the Empire that could spare the space; by the end of the war, over a hundred had been built, with about sixty making it out alive.

 

But like many other Perceptan ships built during the war, they had design defects. The first and most obvious being that they were often too small to handle the armaments and crew thrust upon them, which did nothing for the living conditions aboard. The second was that the Navy Staff made a big mistake by assuming all the Empires scattered shipyards would naturally churn out the exact same quality of ship. The Armada’s four big, primary shipyards (Malva, Thesselos, Forza and Nacivitas) were able to construct tough and reliable ships without issue. But many of the colonial ports (which were either understaffed or running off slave labour) were not only incapable of matching the craftsmanship of the leading shipyards, but were critically short of many of the materials they needed. As a result, they may as well have been making an entire range of ship types unique to each shipyard; many shipbuilders ditched the original six 6in gun setup for whatever artillery pieces they could get their hands on locally, others installed torpedo tubes, more yet would cut many corners to save costs and turned out boats that didn’t even make it past sea trials. To add to these problems, the Armada’s chronic shortage of trained sailors forced them to draft crews from prisons, the army, colonial towns and press-ganging citizens who would have been of more use to the war effort elsewhere.

 

Those that actually remained afloat saw service in all theaters of the War, but once the conflict had come to an end, many would meet their fate in the scrapyard. Of those that were still in sailing condition, only thirty remained in service in the Grande Marina, which replaced the National Armada. All the rest were sold indiscriminately to the highest bidder; an action that the Perceptans would come to regret, for many found their way into the service of their enemies and pirate groups like the Chornslad Alliance.

 

Pictured here is the RNS Tigris, which was the first of the gunboats laid down (which is why they are usually referred to as the Tigris Class). As you can see, she and ships of her variation of the Hundred Day Gunboat were armed with six muzzle-loading 6in gun’s and six lighter rifles for use against torpedo boats. She and ships of her class still remain in use, mostly as merchant convoy escorts and colonial police ships.

Display in the Theatre of past Posters/Flyers/Programmes

 

The Winter Gardens Morecambe opened in 1897 as the Victoria Pavillion Concert Hall and Variety Theatre, as an extension to the existing Winter Gardens Complex which opened in 1878. Over the years it was the home of the internationally renowned Morecambe Music Festival, played host to Sir Edward Elgar, the Halle Orchestra and many others from variety, music and theatre. From The Who to Dame Julie Andrews, Chung Ling Soo to Lawrence Olivier, the venue’s history is a roll call of stars of popular music and variety theatre.

 

Built as both a concert hall and variety theatre, its 2500 capacity was one of the largest in the North West and it quickly became known as the Albert Hall of the North. With its lavish interiors, striking architectural features and a view to rival the bay of Naples, the Winter Gardens was at the heart of a thriving seaside resort. By the mid-1970s, its fortunes were in decline and by 1977, the decision was taken to close the whole complex, culminating in 1982 with the demolition of the original Winter Gardens leaving only the Theatre remaining and in a perilous position.

 

However, a group of dedicated people formed the Friends of the Winter Gardens and have worked together since then with one aim to reopen the building that was once at the heart of Morecambe both architecturally and as a centre for culture and entertainment. With the formation of the Preservation Trust in 2006, ownership of the Winter Gardens was transferred to the charitable body who have spent years cleaning, restoring, and fundraising to continue this aim. Now under new governance, the Preservation Trust with the help of our restoration volunteers and the Friends of the Winter Gardens are a step closer to those dreams of many decades ago to finally restoring this remarkable Grade II* listed building. [Winter Gardens Website]

Station Abcoude 23/06/2020 16h42

Due to the doubling of the track between Amsterdam and Utrecht, the Abcoude station area was reconstructed. An aqueduct (Rien Nouwen Aqueduct) with four tracks has been built under the Gein to replace the lift bridge. Because the existing station is located on the slope to the aqueduct, a new station with a modern platform cover has been built north of the Gein near the Hollandse Kade on the north-east side of Abcoude, further from the center of the village than the old station. Only the middle two tracks are located on the island platform. The outer two tracks are used by the intercity trains.

 

On April 23, 2007, the aqueduct and the new station were put into use. There is only one entrance on the west side of the station. The square in front of the station is called Geinplein and the road along Spoorlaan, because the street names Stationsplein and Stationsstraat already existed and still exist at the old station. However, the old Stationsplein was no longer accessible, while Stationstraat no longer runs to the (current) station.

The old first station building has survived and thus remains a landmark along the railway (although it is hardly visible from passing trains). The old track around Abcoude has been demolished, as well as the second station building and the platforms from 1977. The old first station building fell into disrepair but eventually got a different purpose. The building was renovated and since April 2016 a bed and breakfast "De Witte Dame" has been established in it.

Abcoude

Abcoude is a town and former municipality in the Netherlands, in the province of Utrecht. Since 2011 it has been part of the municipality of De Ronde Venen. The former municipality of Abcoude consisted of the villages Abcoude and Baambrugge, and the hamlet Stokkelaarsbrug.Abcoude lies in the Province Utrecht, about 13 km southeast of (the centre of) Amsterdam, on the confluence of the Angstel River, Gein River and Holendrecht River. In 2001, the town of Abcoude had 6431 inhabitants. The built-up area of the town was 1.28 km², and contained 2678 residences. The current approximation is over 8000.Abcoude was first mentioned in a report from 1085 by the bishop of Utrecht. In this document the residents of Abcoude were named ’habitatores de Abecenwalde’. In 1672 most of the town was burned down by the French. In 1820 Abcoude had 1100 inhabitants. The municipality of Abcoude was formed in 1941, from the former municipalities of Abcoude-Proosdij (containing the village of Abcoude) and Abcoude-Baambrugge (containing the village of Baambrugge).The town is served by Abcoude railway station. It is in the northern part of Abcoude. The station offers direct services to Amsterdam, Utrecht, Gouda and Rotterdam. Abcoude has its own exit on the highway A2 between Amsterdam and Utrecht, exit 3.Abcoude is known as the only town whose name starts with the letters A, B, and C in that order and ends with D and E in that order.

 

Area: 32.11 km²

Population: 8,657

Density: 285/km²

Elevation: -1 m

[ Wikipedia 09/2020 ]

 

The Gupta Empire was known for one of the largest political and military empires in the history of ancient India. It was ruled by the Gupta dynasty during the period of around 240 to 550 CE. The area covered by the rulers was comprised of most of the part of northern India, current Pakistan and Bangladesh. The period of the Gupta Empire is marked as Golden age to Indians specially in the field of art. Various subjects covering science, astronomy, religion, and philosophy had reached to the level of excellence during this period. The peace and prosperity were existing in the empire under leadership of Guptas enabled artist to deliver their best. The decimal numeral system, showing the presence of zero was invented in India during the reign of the Guptas. Certainly, to a large extent the Gupta Empire was considered a great power.

  

This Gupta period is truly marked as the Golden age of Indian culture and art. The examples showing the excellence of their cultural creativity are magnificent through the creative architecture, sculpture, and painting.

   

The Gupta era was also a golden age for Buddhist art. Uniform artistic standards were set in this period resulted in creation of sculptures at Mathura and Sarnath. Mathura and Sarnath have produced some of the finest specimen of Buddhist art during the Gupta period. Gupta style of art featuring a finished mastery in execution and a majestic serenity in expression was spread to other countries and mainly responsible for influencing Buddhist art in all over Asia.

   

The period of Gupta dynasty seems to have been a time of relative religious tolerance. This can be pointed out as though the main religion of the Guptas was Hinduism, Buddhism received royal patronage and Jainism appears to have prospered as well.

   

The sculptures & wall paintings at the Ajanta cave are marvelous example of the greatest and most powerful works of Guptas. The themes of sculptures and paintings from the Ajanta dominate the influence of Buddha. Various art pieces of this place depict about various lives of the Buddha, but apart from it, these are the best source of studying the daily life of in India at the time. Sculptors from Guptas period had carved out of the rock to create these sculptures between 460 and 480 CE. And most of the part is filled with Buddhist sculptures.

  

The colorful and vibrant art pieces at Ajanta are famous not only for observing details of nature and the urban landscape, but the architecture and furnishing, elegant attire and alluring ornaments on the images are marked with importance. These sculptures carry importance for showing perceptive delineations of a variety of human characters, expressions and moods through its appearance. The most well known work from the Ajanta caves is the "Bodhisattva Padmapani." The colorful image portrays the Buddha in Bodhisattva holding a lotus flower.

  

The creation of monumental temples during the Gupta period remains as architectural wonders. The cave temples of Elephanta and structural temples of Kanchipuram in Tamil Nadu are enduring legacy Gupta rulers.

  

An another masterpiece of Guptas art is the rock temple at Elephanta near Bombay. The temple structure contains a powerful, eighteen-foot statue of the three-headed Shiva, known as Trimurthi. Each head of statue represents one of the roles of Shiva: that of creating, that of preserving, and that of destroying. The Gupta period also saw dynamic building of Hindu temples too. All of these temples followed the tradition of having architecture that comprising of a hall and a tower.

  

All the sculptures produced throughout the Gupta Empire can be marked for having the appearance of relatively uniform "classic" style. The style was spread in other parts of India and in the countries of South and Southeast Asia. The Gupta style in sculpturing has greatly influenced the art of north Indian kingdoms in later period after the end of the Gupta dynasty. There were two main artistic centers for sculpture production: At Sarnath, the images of Buddha with clinging drapery are produced while at Mathura the image following the pattern of string folds in the drapery are created.

  

Unfortunately, very few monuments built during Gupta reign are able to survive today. Some more examples of presentation of Gupta architecture are found in the Vaishnavite Tigawa temple at Jabalpur in Madhya Pradesh, which is built in 415 CE and another temple at Deogarhnear Jhansi, which is built in 510 CE. Similarly, at Bhita in Uttar Pradesh has a number of ancient Gupta temples, most of them are in ruins.

 

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gupta_Empire

Dunstanburgh Castle is a 14th-century fortification on the coast of Northumberland in northern England, between the villages of Craster and Embleton. The castle was built by Earl Thomas of Lancaster between 1313 and 1322, taking advantage of the site's natural defences and the existing earthworks of an Iron Age fort. Thomas was a leader of a baronial faction opposed to King Edward II, and probably intended Dunstanburgh to act as a secure refuge, should the political situation in southern England deteriorate. The castle also served as a statement of the earl's wealth and influence and would have invited comparisons with the neighbouring royal castle of Bamburgh. Thomas probably only visited his new castle once, before being captured at the Battle of Boroughbridge as he attempted to flee royal forces for the safety of Dunstanburgh. Thomas was executed, and the castle became the property of the Crown before passing into the Duchy of Lancaster.

 

Dunstanburgh's defences were expanded in the 1380s by John of Gaunt, the Duke of Lancaster, in the light of the threat from Scotland and the peasant uprisings of 1381. The castle was maintained in the 15th century by the Crown, and formed a strategic northern stronghold in the region during the Wars of the Roses, changing hands between the rival Lancastrian and Yorkist factions several times. The fortress never recovered from the sieges of these campaigns, and by the 16th century the Warden of the Scottish Marches described it as having fallen into "wonderfull great decaye". As the Scottish border became more stable, the military utility of the castle steadily diminished, and King James I finally sold the property off into private ownership in 1604. The Grey family owned it for several centuries; increasingly ruinous, it became a popular subject for artists, including Thomas Girtin and J. M. W. Turner, and formed the basis for a poem by Matthew Lewis in 1808.

 

The castle's ownership changed during the 19th and 20th centuries; by the 1920s its owner Sir Arthur Sutherland could no longer afford to maintain Dunstanburgh, and he placed it under the guardianship of the state in 1930. When the Second World War broke out in 1939, measures were taken to defend the Northumberland coastline from a potential German invasion. The castle was used as an observation post and the site was refortified with trenches, barbed wire, pill boxes and a minefield. In the 21st century, the castle is owned by the National Trust and run by English Heritage. The ruins are protected under UK law as a Grade I listed building and are part of a Site of Special Scientific Interest, forming an important natural environment for birds and amphibians.

 

Dunstanburgh Castle was built in the centre of a designed medieval landscape, surrounded by three artificial lakes called meres covering a total of 4.25 hectares (10.5 acres). The curtain walls enclose 9.96 acres (4.03 ha), making it the largest castle in Northumberland. The most prominent part of the castle is the Great Gatehouse, a massive three-storey fortification, considered by historians Alastair Oswald and Jeremy Ashbee to be "one of the most imposing structures in any English castle". Rectangular towers protect the walls, including the Lilburn Tower, which looks out towards Bamburgh Castle, and the Egyncleugh Tower, positioned above Queen Margaret's Cove. Three internal complexes of buildings, now ruined, supported the earl's household, the castle constable's household, and the running of the surrounding estates. A harbour was built to the southeast of the castle, of which only a stone quay survives.

  

Source: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome

 

Rome is the capital city and a special comune of Italy (named Comune di Roma Capitale). Rome also serves as the capital of the Lazio region. With 2,872,800 residents in 1,285 km2 (496.1 sq mi), it is also the country's most populated comune. It is the fourth most populous city in the European Union by population within city limits. It is the centre of the Metropolitan City of Rome, which has a population of 4,355,725 residents, thus making it the most populous metropolitan city in Italy. Rome is located in the central-western portion of the Italian Peninsula, within Lazio (Latium), along the shores of the Tiber. The Vatican City (the smallest country in the world) is an independent country inside the city boundaries of Rome, the only existing example of a country within a city: for this reason Rome has been often defined as capital of two states.

 

Rome's history spans 28 centuries. While Roman mythology dates the founding of Rome at around 753 BC, the site has been inhabited for much longer, making it one of the oldest continuously occupied sites in Europe. The city's early population originated from a mix of Latins, Etruscans, and Sabines. Eventually, the city successively became the capital of the Roman Kingdom, the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire, and is regarded by some as the first ever metropolis. It was first called The Eternal City (Latin: Urbs Aeterna; Italian: La Città Eterna) by the Roman poet Tibullus in the 1st century BC, and the expression was also taken up by Ovid, Virgil, and Livy. Rome is also called the "Caput Mundi" (Capital of the World). After the fall of the Western Empire, which marked the beginning of the Middle Ages, Rome slowly fell under the political control of the Papacy, and in the 8th century it became the capital of the Papal States, which lasted until 1870. Beginning with the Renaissance, almost all the popes since Nicholas V (1447–1455) pursued over four hundred years a coherent architectural and urban programme aimed at making the city the artistic and cultural centre of the world. In this way, Rome became first one of the major centres of the Italian Renaissance, and then the birthplace of both the Baroque style and Neoclassicism. Famous artists, painters, sculptors and architects made Rome the centre of their activity, creating masterpieces throughout the city. In 1871, Rome became the capital of the Kingdom of Italy, which, in 1946, became the Italian Republic.

 

Rome has the status of a global city. In 2016, Rome ranked as the 14th-most-visited city in the world, 3rd most visited in the European Union, and the most popular tourist attraction in Italy. Its historic centre is listed by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site. The famous Vatican Museums are among the world's most visited museums while the Colosseum was the most popular tourist attraction in world with 7.4 million visitors in 2018. Host city for the 1960 Summer Olympics, Rome is the seat of several specialized agencies of the United Nations, such as the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the World Food Programme (WFP) and the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD). The city also hosts the Secretariat of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Union for the Mediterranean (UfM) as well as the headquarters of many international business companies such as Eni, Enel, TIM, Leonardo S.p.A., and national and international banks such as Unicredit and BNL. Its business district, called EUR, is the base of many companies involved in the oil industry, the pharmaceutical industry, and financial services. Rome is also an important fashion and design centre thanks to renowned international brands centered in the city. Rome's Cinecittà Studios have been the set of many Academy Award–winning movies.

 

Source: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus

 

Augustus (Latin: Imperator Caesar Divi filius Augustus; 23 September 63 BC – 19 August AD 14) was a Roman statesman and military leader who was the first emperor of the Roman Empire, reigning from 27 BC until his death in AD 14. His status as the founder of the Roman Principate has consolidated an enduring legacy as one of the most effective and controversial leaders in human history. The reign of Augustus initiated an era of relative peace known as the Pax Romana. The Roman world was largely free from large-scale conflict for more than two centuries, despite continuous wars of imperial expansion on the Empire's frontiers and the year-long civil war known as the "Year of the Four Emperors" over the imperial succession.

 

Augustus was born Gaius Octavius Thurinus into an old and wealthy equestrian branch of the plebeian gens Octavia. His maternal great-uncle Julius Caesar was assassinated in 44 BC, and Octavius was named in Caesar's will as his adopted son and heir. Along with Mark Antony and Marcus Lepidus, he formed the Second Triumvirate to defeat the assassins of Caesar. Following their victory at the Battle of Philippi, the Triumvirate divided the Roman Republic among themselves and ruled as military dictators. The Triumvirate was eventually torn apart by the competing ambitions of its members. Lepidus was driven into exile and stripped of his position, and Antony committed suicide following his defeat at the Battle of Actium by Octavian in 31 BC.

 

After the demise of the Second Triumvirate, Augustus restored the outward façade of the free Republic, with governmental power vested in the Roman Senate, the executive magistrates, and the legislative assemblies. In reality, however, he retained his autocratic power over the Republic as a military dictator. By law, Augustus held a collection of powers granted to him for life by the Senate, including supreme military command, and those of tribune and censor. It took several years for Augustus to develop the framework within which a formally republican state could be led under his sole rule. He rejected monarchical titles, and instead called himself Princeps Civitatis ("First Citizen of the State"). The resulting constitutional framework became known as the Principate, the first phase of the Roman Empire.

 

Augustus dramatically enlarged the Empire, annexing Egypt, Dalmatia, Pannonia, Noricum, and Raetia, expanding possessions in Africa, and completing the conquest of Hispania, but suffered a major setback in Germania. Beyond the frontiers, he secured the Empire with a buffer region of client states and made peace with the Parthian Empire through diplomacy. He reformed the Roman system of taxation, developed networks of roads with an official courier system, established a standing army, established the Praetorian Guard, created official police and fire-fighting services for Rome, and rebuilt much of the city during his reign. Augustus died in AD 14 at the age of 75, probably from natural causes. However, there were unconfirmed rumors that his wife Livia poisoned him. He was succeeded as emperor by his adopted son (also stepson and former son-in-law) Tiberius.

natural light portrait photography - outdoors Portrait - Nicole - 1997 -

natural light portrait photography / outdoor light Portrait / existing_light_portrait

Existing in a world all their own; young lovers at Nathan Phillip's Square in Toronto.

 

Become a fan of the cool Froz’n Motion Facebook page at FACEBOOK or visit www.froznmotion.com

I was setting on a Bench, when this Spider decided to drop down from a Branch.right in-front of my Face.

Some of you may have noticed that, unfortunately, owing to the fact that a certain person who sells truck photos on eBay commercially has been lifting my images from this album and selling them I have had to remove 2300 photos that didn't have a watermark. I have now run around 1700 through Lightroom and added a watermark with the intention of bulk uploading them again. Rather than watermark the existing (hidden) files in Flickr one at a time it will be easier to do it this way. I definitely won’t be adding individual tags with the make and model of each vehicle I will just add generic transport tags. Each photo is named after the vehicle and reg in any case. For anyone new to these images there is a chapter and verse explanation below. It is staggering how many times I get asked questions that a quick scan would answer or just as likely I can’t possibly answer – I didn’t take them, but, just to clarify-I do own the copyright- and I do pursue copyright theft.

  

This is a collection of scanned prints from a collection of photographs taken by the late Jim Taylor A number of years ago I was offered a large number of photographs taken by Jim Taylor, a transport photographer based in Huddersfield. The collection, 30,000 prints, 20,000 negatives – and copyright! – had been offered to me and one of the national transport magazines previously by a friend of Jim's, on behalf of Jim's wife. I initially turned them down, already having over 30,000 of my own prints filed away and taking space up. Several months later the prints were still for sale – at what was, apparently, the going rate. It was a lot of money and I deliberated for quite a while before deciding to buy them. I did however buy them directly from Jim’s wife and she delivered them personally – just to quash the occasional rumour from people who can’t mind their own business. Although some prints were sold elsewhere, particularly the popular big fleet stuff, I should have the negatives, unfortunately they came to me in a random mix, 1200 to a box, without any sort of indexing and as such it would be impossible to match negatives to prints, or, to even find a print of any particular vehicle. I have only ever looked at a handful myself unless I am scanning them. The prints are generally in excellent condition and I initially stored them in a bedroom without ever looking at any of them. In 2006 I built an extension and they had to be well protected from dust and moved a few times. Ultimately my former 6x7 box room office has become their (and my own work’s) permanent home.

 

I hope to avoid posting images that Jim had not taken his self, however should I inadvertently infringe another photographers copyright, please inform me by email and I will resolve the issue immediately. There are copyright issues with some of the photographs that were sold to me. A Flickr member from Scotland drew my attention to some of his own work amongst the first uploads of Jim’s work. I had a quick look through some of the 30 boxes of prints and decided that for the time being the safest thing for me to do was withdraw the majority of the earlier uploaded scans and deal with the problem – which I did. whilst the vast majority of the prints are Jims, there is a problem defining copyright of some of them, this is something that the seller did not make clear at the time. I am reasonably confident that I have since been successful in identifying Jims own work. His early work consists of many thousands of lustre 6x4 prints which are difficult to scan well, later work is almost entirely 7x5 glossy, much easier to scan. Not all of the prints are pin sharp but I can generally print successfully to A4 from a scan.

  

You may notice photographs being duplicated in this Album, unfortunately there are multiple copies of many prints (for swapping) and as I have to have a system of archiving and backing up I can only guess - using memory - if I have scanned a print before. The bigger fleets have so many similar vehicles and registration numbers that it is impossible to get it right all of the time. It is easier to scan and process a print than check my files - on three different PC’s - for duplicates. There has not been, nor will there ever be, any intention to knowingly breach anyone else's copyright. I have presented the Jim Taylor collection as exactly that-The Jim Taylor Collection- his work not mine, my own work is quite obviously mine.

 

Unfortunately, many truck spotters have swapped and traded their work without copyright marking it as theirs. These people never anticipated the ease with which images would be shared online in the future. I would guess that having swapped and traded photos for many years that it is almost impossible to control their future use. Anyone wanting to control the future use of their work would have been well advised to copyright mark their work (as many did) and would be well advised not to post them on photo sharing sites without a watermark as the whole point of these sites is to share the image, it is very easy for those that wish, to lift any image, despite security settings, indeed, Flickr itself, warns you that this is the case. It was this abuse and theft of my material that led me to watermark all of my later uploads. I may yet withdraw non-watermarked photos, I haven’t decided yet. (I did in the end)

 

To anyone reading the above it will be quite obvious that I can’t provide information regarding specific photos or potential future uploads – I didn’t take them! There are many vehicles that were well known to me as Jim only lived down the road from me (although I didn’t know him), however scanning, titling, tagging and uploading is laborious and time consuming enough, I do however provide a fair amount of information with my own transport (and other) photos. I am aware that there are requests from other Flickr users that are unanswered, I stumble across them months or years after they were posted, this isn’t deliberate. Some weekends one or two “enthusiasts” can add many hundreds of photos as favourites, this pushes requests that are in the comments section ten or twenty pages out of sight and I miss them. I also have notifications switched off, I receive around 50 emails a day through work and I don’t want even more from Flickr. Other requests, like many other things, I just plain forget – no excuses! Uploads of Jim’s photos will be infrequent as it is a boring pastime and I would much rather work on my own output.

     

Pink Dog Wood Flower,s.

Mussels and barnacles co-existing on this rock at Godrevy Beach in Cornwall.

119 pictures in 2019. #23/119. Co-existing.

Yesterday, the 28 passed to Metroline West from their Willesden Junction garage using existing VWs scattered from HD,HT and AH, with the contract to last until 2027. On the first day there were some curtailments and broken down buses but having a route go from electric to diesel is pretty cool. This is a change that I really like because it’s nice to have B9TLs as it’s proper allocation once again. Here is VW1394 starting its journey from Kensal Rise.

Nyhavn is a harbor district in Copenhagen , which is one of the city's most visited tourist destinations. The harbor was excavated from 1671 to 1673 by Danish soldiers and by Swedish prisoners of war from the Second Carl Gustav War as an alternative to the existing harbor . The "Nyhavnskanalen" was inaugurated by Christian V in the 1670s , but today it is simply called Nyhavn. Worth seeing are the over 300-year-old houses. The oldest house is Nyhavn no. 9 from 1681 . Today, Nyhavn is covered with sidewalk cafes and restaurants , especially on the north-east side, the sunny side.

 

For many years, Nyhavn was among the city's more sinister quarters, with sailors' taverns and the accompanying prostitutes. But in the 1980s, the area was thoroughly renovated, and Nyhavn today houses a number of nicer restaurants, cafes and bars. Among the best known are Nyhavn 17 and Cap Horn.

 

The poet HC Andersen lived in three of the houses over the course of twenty years. In 1834 he lived in no. 20, from 1848 to 1865 in no. 67 and from 1871 until his death in 1875 in no. 18.

 

The Nyhavnsbroen between Holbergsgade and Toldbodgade was originally built in 1874-1875 but was replaced by the current drawbridge in 1911-1912. The bridge divides Nyhavn into an inner part, where veteran ships are now located, and an outer part.

 

The memorial anchor at the end of Nyhavn was erected in 1951 in memory of the Danish sailors who perished during the Second World War .

 

Close to Nyhavn is the Inderhavnsbroen .

 

Copenhagen is Denmark's capital and with 1,363,296 inhabitants (2023) the country's largest urban area comprising 18 municipalities or parts thereof.

 

The inner city had 809,314 inhabitants on 1 July 2022 and is defined by Statistics Denmark as consisting of Copenhagen Municipality (area: 90.10 km 2 ; population: 647,509 1 July 2022 ), Frederiksberg Municipality (area: 8 .70 km 2 ; population: 104,094 1 July 2022), Tårnby Municipality (area: 66.10 km 2 ; population: 43,042 1 July 2022) and Dragør Municipality (area: 18.30 km 2 ; population: 14,669 1. July 2022.

 

Copenhagen is also the center of the Øresund region , which is the largest metropolitan area in the Nordic region . The Øresund region covers a total of 20,754.63 km 2 in eastern Denmark and Scania in Sweden and had a population of 4,136,082 on 1 July 2022, of which 2,711,554 lived in the Danish parts as of 1 January 2022.

 

The city is located on the east coast of the island of Zealand ; another part of the city extends to Amager and is separated by the Øresund from Malmö , Sweden. The Øresund connection connects the two cities via motorway and railway.

 

Copenhagen's history can be traced back to around the year 700, when there was a small fishing village where the city center is now. Copenhagen became Denmark's capital at the beginning of the 15th century. Originating in the 17th century, it consolidated its position as a regional power center with its institutions, defenses and troops. During the Renaissance, the city was the de facto capital of the Kalmar Union , being the seat of the royal house that ruled a majority of today's Nordic regions in a personal union with Sweden and Norway with the Danish monarch as head of state. The city flourished as a cultural and economic center in Scandinavia during the union for over 120 years, from the 15th century until the early 16th century, when the union was dissolved by Sweden's secession. After an outbreak of plague and fires in the 18th century, the city underwent a period of reconstruction. This included the construction of the exclusive Frederiksstaden neighborhood and the foundation of institutions such as the Royal Danish Theater and the Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts . After further misfortunes in the 19th century, when Horatio Nelson attacked the Danish-Norwegian fleet and bombarded the city, the reconstruction during the Danish Golden Age brought a neoclassical touch to Copenhagen's architecture. Later, after the Second World War, the Fingerplan fostered urban development along five S-train lines with Copenhagen as the centre.

 

Since the turn of the millennium, Copenhagen has undergone strong urban and cultural development, facilitated by investments in its institutions and infrastructure. The city is Denmark's cultural, economic and administrative centre; it is one of the main financial centers in Northern Europe with the Copenhagen Stock Exchange . Copenhagen's economy has witnessed rapid development in the service sector, particularly through initiatives concerning information technology, pharmaceuticals and clean technology. Since the completion of the Øresund connection, Copenhagen has been increasingly integrated with the Swedish province of Skåne and its largest city Malmö, forming the Øresund region.

 

With a number of bridges connecting the different neighborhoods, the urban landscape is characterized by parks, promenades and waterfronts. Copenhagen's landmarks include Tivoli Gardens , The Little Mermaid , Amalienborg , Christiansborg , Rosenborg , the Marble Church , the Stock Exchange , the Glyptoteket , the National Museum , which are significant tourist attractions.

 

Copenhagen houses the University of Copenhagen , the Technical University of Denmark, CBS , the IT University of Copenhagen . Founded in 1479, the University of Copenhagen is Denmark's oldest university. Copenhagen is home to the football clubs FC Copenhagen and Brøndby IF . Copenhagen Marathon started in 1980. Copenhagen is one of the world's most bicycle-friendly cities.

 

The name

Elaborating Further article: Copenhagen's name

Before the Middle Ages , the name of the town was probably Havn. In the Middle Ages, the city was called Køpmannæhafn in Old Danish ; a name that translated into modern Danish means merchants' harbor and is an expression of the importance that merchants had for the city at this time.

 

A number of other names built over the original Danish name for the city are used in different languages. Examples include Swedish Copenhagen , German and Dutch Kopenhagen , English Copenhagen , Italian Copenaghen , French and Spanish Copenhague , Portuguese Copenhaga , Latin Hafnia , Czech Kodaň , Icelandic Kaupmannahöfn and Faroese Keypmannahavn .

 

In 1923 , the Latin version of the name became the basis for the naming of the newly discovered element hafnium , as the discovery took place at the current Niels Bohr Institute .

 

Nicknames

As befits big cities, Copenhagen also has nicknames and even several of this kind:

 

King's Copenhagen : over the centuries, changing kings have left their mark on the capital. This applies in particular to Christian IV , who, in addition to expanding the area within the city walls to three times the size, contributed buildings such as Rosenborg , Rundetårn and Børsen .

The city with beautiful towers : tourist slogan created by brewer Carl Jacobsen in 1910. It alludes to the many towers and spires that then and now leave their mark on Indre By in particular, and to which the generous brewer himself also contributed in the form of the spire at Nicholas Church .

Wonderful Copenhagen ("wonderful Copenhagen"): both a tourist slogan made famous by the actor Danny Kaye , who sang about the city in a 1952 film about HC Andersen , and the name of the city's official tourism organization, Wonderful Copenhagen .

The Paris of the North is also occasionally seen , but unlike the others, this flattering comparison with the City of Cities is not exclusive, as it is shared with both Norway's Tromsø and Denmark's Aalborg .

 

The name "Copenhagen" is used both for the city as a whole, which includes all or parts of 17 other municipalities, for the city without its suburbs (cf. the image of the road signs, according to which Copenhagen and Vanløse are two different places) and for Copenhagen Municipality . This article covers the city as a whole.

 

The total urban area is defined geographically by the Geodata Agency (with the so-called polygon method ), where water areas are deducted. The method follows the UN 's guidelines, where in order for an urban area to be considered integrated, there must not be more than 200 meters between the houses (parks and the like not included). However, the Geodata Agency still counts the entire municipalities of Copenhagen and Tårnby , despite the fact that this includes large completely undeveloped areas, e.g. on western Amager , Saltholm and Peberholm . The area occupies a little over 450 km 2 , but the city of Copenhagen itself occupies far from this geographical size. Statistics Denmark then obtains the number of inhabitants via CPR . It is also Statistics Denmark that presents the aggregated information. The extent of Copenhagen – the metropolitan area's urban area – appears from Statistics Denmark's map of urban areas and rural districts . (Zoom in, let the mouse slide over the dark blue areas and see where it says 'Capital area in ... Municipality'). The outermost parts of Copenhagen are thus Kastrup , Tårnby , Karlslunde , Albertslund , Ballerup , Hareskovby , Bagsværd , Holte , Øverød , Søllerød , Nærum and Klampenborg – but with green wedges in between that extend to e.g. Avedøre and Rødovre .

 

Although the urban area is clearly demarcated by the authorities, they use different designations for it. The Geodata Agency uses Copenhagen, while Statistics Denmark uses the metropolitan area , and on the road signs along the approach roads, the Road Directorate has chosen Greater Copenhagen . However, Copenhagen is the only one of the three designations authorized by the Place Names Committee . [However, in all cases the same area is meant.

 

Many residents of Copenhagen's suburbs, however, identify to a greater extent with the municipality they live in. This may be to distance themselves from Copenhagen Municipality , which, as by far the largest municipality, naturally often steals the picture. In practice, however, Copenhagen is so densely built-up that in many places it is difficult to see where the borders between the individual municipalities actually go. Outsiders, however, will typically consider the city as a whole, although here and there there is also a tendency to either limit it to the Municipality of Copenhagen or expand it to the entire Capital Region . Therefore, Copenhagen's population is given in some places as approx. 0.6 million (of the municipality) or approx. 2.0 million (of the metropolitan region), where the correct number is 1,363,296 ( as of 1 January 2020 ).

 

Furthermore, a number of administrative divisions have used Copenhagen or the capital in their name. For example , the Capital Region also includes Bornholm , regardless of the fact that this island is approx. 130 km away, and the former Copenhagen County, despite the name, did not include the Municipality of Copenhagen , although the county seat was located there for a number of years.

 

History

Elaborating In-depth article: Copenhagen's history

History up to the 12th century

A number of finds from prehistoric times have been made in the Copenhagen area. At the building of Amager Strandpark, one found e.g. remains of a coastal settlement from the Neolithic . Burial mounds in the suburbs indicate human activity in prehistoric times, and many of the town names in the vicinity of Copenhagen also bear witness to the founding of towns in the greater Copenhagen area in the Viking Age .

 

Until recently, the oldest traces of urban settlement in the Copenhagen area were within the ramparts from around the year 1000, where traces of a small fishing village were found where Copenhagen is today. Fiskerlejet was located just north of Copenhagen's Town Hall around Mikkel Bryggers Gade, which at the time lay by the sea. But in connection with the excavation of the Metro, traces of boat bridges at Gammel Strand have been found, dating all the way back to around the year 700. During the excavation of the metro station at Kongens Nytorv, traces of a farm from the Viking Age have also been found.

 

1043-1536: The Middle Ages

The first time the precursor to Copenhagen under the name "Havn" is mentioned in the sources, is in connection with a naval battle between Svend Estridsen and the Norwegian king Magnus the Good in 1043. After that, there is silence about the city's fate in the next approx. 120 years.

 

It is likely that during the 12th century the city was able to profit from its central location between the large cathedral cities of Lund and Roskilde and thus was an important point for traffic and trade between the two cities. The natural harbor and the small island of Slotsholmen , which was easy to defend, probably also gave the city great advantages. In the second half of the 12th century, the silence about the town is broken, when Saxo mentions that Pope Urban III in 1186 confirms that the small town "Hafn", together with a number of other towns that King Valdemar had previously given to Bishop Absalon, must continue belong to Absalom. The exact year of King Valdemar's gift is not known, as the deed of gift that Absalon received has disappeared. From around 1167-1171 , Absalon built a castle and a city wall on the site.

 

Under Absalon's leadership, the city began to grow. Especially in the 13th century, the city expanded, so that it gradually came to cover a larger part of the area between Kongens Nytorv and Rådhuspladsen . Gråbrødre Kloster and the churches Our Lady , St. Peder (now St. Petri) and St. Nikolai were all built in the first half of the 13th century. The 13th century was a turbulent time in Danish history , which was expressed in the fierce battle between successive bishops and kings for the right to the city. However, in 1251 Bishop Jakob Erlandsen was able to force the pressured King Abel to surrender the city to him, and in 1254 this bishop gave the city its first city court. Five years later, in 1259, the city was attacked and plundered by the Rygian prince Jaromar .

 

Gradually, the city began to grow into the kingdom's largest and most important, although it had not yet become the capital. Although the city was the largest, there were still less than 5,000 inhabitants, and thus only a few hundred fewer in cities such as Ribe and Århus. The location in the middle of the kingdom with a natural harbor on an important sea trade route was ideal. In 1419, a Danish king, Erik of Pomerania , finally managed to permanently take power over the city from the church, and in 1443 Christopher III made the city a royal residence. In 1479 the university was founded. Copenhagen was now the country's most important city.

 

Christian IV was of great importance to Copenhagen. Under him, the city's old walls, which had hitherto been along Gothersgade around 1647, were moved, so that they ran along the current railway line between Nørreport and Østerport, bypassing the Nyboder newly built by Christian IV . Copenhagen's ramparts were also expanded with defenses in the newly built area of ​​Christianshavn .

 

From 1658-1660 during the First Karl Gustav War, Copenhagen was the last area in the kingdom under Danish control, but under siege by the Swedish troops led by Karl X Gustav . In February 1659, the Swedes tried to take the town by storm , but a joint effort by soldiers and the townspeople held them back. After the unsuccessful storming, however, the Swedes kept the city besieged until 27 May 1660. As an offshoot of the Peace of Copenhagen, the monarchy was introduced in 1660 under Frederik III and Copenhagen became an even more important city in Denmark, because it was from here that the increasingly centralist Danish state was governed. As part of this process, in 1660, Copenhagen got a new form of management called the City's 32 men , which was a precursor to the current Citizens' Representation .

 

In 1711-1712, one of the worst plague epidemics in Copenhagen's history ravaged . The plague killed approximately 22,000 of the city's approximately 60,000 inhabitants. A few years later, things went wrong once again, when just over a quarter of the city's buildings went up in smoke during a city fire in 1728 .

 

Inspired by European ideas, Frederiksstaden was founded in 1748 north of Kongens Nytorv with Amalienborg as the most beautiful part. In the latter half of the 18th century, during the Florissant period, Copenhagen experienced an enormous boom as a result of the profitable trade with the warring powers, England and France. However, the boom period ended for a time when first Christiansborg burned in 1794 and then a town fire in 1795 ravaged the inner city, and then the British navy came to claim Denmark's navy, which triggered the Battle of the Nest in 1801 , as part of the Napoleonic Wars . Parts of the city were also damaged in that conflict. However, the damage was far from the extent of the damage caused by the landed British army during the English bombardment of the city in 1807 , where large areas of the city burned down, as the British military used rockets. The medieval Church of Our Lady also went up in flames. The challenges for Denmark and Copenhagen end with the state bankruptcy in 1813 and the loss of Norway, and the accompanying trade from Copenhagen to Norway, in 1814.

 

After the tumultuous events in the years up to 1814, Denmark and Copenhagen had ended up as a small, poor country. It was therefore not immediately possible to rebuild the public buildings that had been destroyed by the bombardment, such as Our Lady's Church and the university , until well into the 19th century. When the economy finally got going, this gave rise to enormous development and most of Copenhagen's inner city is characterized by the reconstructions after the fires and the bombing. Culturally, Copenhagen came to form the framework for one of the most rewarding cultural periods in Danish history, the Golden Age , which was characterized by, among other things, CF Hansen , Bertel Thorvaldsen and Søren Kierkegaard . This was followed by industrialization in the second half of the 19th century. After a major cholera epidemic in 1853, it was finally decided to take down the old ramparts.

 

It was now allowed to build permanent, foundation-walled new construction outside the ramparts. This release, in combination with very liberal building legislation, led to a building boom in the bridge districts and a significant increase in the population. Around 1800, approximately 100,000 people lived in the capital, and at the start of the 20th century there were almost 500,000.

 

The new districts became very different: Frederiksberg and Østerbro became neighborhoods of the bourgeoisie ; Nørrebro and Vesterbro, on the other hand, became workers' districts.

 

As a replacement for the old fortress, the Estrup government adopted the construction of the large fortifications , including the Vestvolden, from 1886 . It was Denmark's largest workplace and was only later surpassed by the Great Belt connection . The construction of large projects such as the Free Harbor (1894), the Town Hall (1905) and the Central Station (1911) also left their mark. Copenhagen had become an industrial metropolis, home to companies on an international scale such as Burmeister & Wain , Østasiatisk Kompagni and the Great Nordic Telegraph Company .

 

After a weak start ( the Battle of Fælleden ), the labor movement had its breakthrough in the capital of the 20th century, where the post of finance mayor was taken over in 1903 by trade unionist Jens Jensen . In 1901, the municipality incorporated a number of parishes, including Brønshøj and Valby , and in 1902 the municipality of Sundbyernes was incorporated . The municipality's area was thus tripled, leaving Frederiksberg as an enclave in Copenhagen Municipality.

 

From World War I to the present

This section describes the period from the start of World War I in 1914 to the present day. The policy of neutrality meant that Copenhagen was not particularly affected by the First World War. The so-called goulash barons made a lot of money from stock speculation and from exporting meat products to Germany . After the First World War, there was a shortage of most things, and a great deal of unemployment contributed to a lot of unrest, especially in Copenhagen's working-class neighborhoods. In 1922, the Copenhagen-based Landmandsbanken went bankrupt, dragging many people down with it.

 

From 1917, the Social Democrats had a majority in the municipality's board. This led to increased public welfare, municipal housing construction, etc. The construction of Fælledparken and other parks was another result of the municipality's new social and health policy programme, which, among other things, as a result of the housing crises of 1908 and 1916 focused on building housing that was not influenced by building speculation. As buildings were built on the lands outside the Søerne and on the areas around e.g. Brønshøj and Valby, which had been merged with Copenhagen Municipality in 1901, approached Copenhagen with surrounding towns such as Lyngby, Herlev and Rødovre. And gradually these became suburbs. Due to a lack of suitable land in the inner city, much of the urban development took place around these cities. This development was also helped by more public transport, i.a. the opening of the S train lines from 1934.

 

During World War II, Copenhagen, like the rest of Denmark , was occupied by German troops. Several buildings were destroyed during the occupation either by sabotage or by attacks from the allied forces. Among these can be mentioned that the Shell House , which was the headquarters of the Gestapo , was bombed by British planes on 21 March 1945 . During this attack , the French School in Frederiksberg was hit and many children were killed. Many industrial buildings in Copenhagen were also blown up by the Danish resistance movement . One of the biggest popular protests against the conditions under the German occupation was the People's Uprising in 1944

 

After the war, the increasing use of motor vehicles became increasingly important for the city's development, and this caused the master plan's ideas of a Copenhagen built around collective S-train traffic to become somewhat diluted. Some suburbs grew up away from the S-train network. In the 1960s, development in the Municipality of Copenhagen seemed to have almost come to a standstill, while in the suburban municipalities people were building on life. Gladsaxe Municipality under Erhard Jakobsen and Albertslund are examples of this development in Copenhagen's surrounding municipalities.

 

Inner Copenhagen, on the other hand, experienced a period of decline from the 1960s with the relocation of industry and residents. This development began to reverse around 1990. Especially with the urban renewal plans from 1991, many run-down neighborhoods slowly but surely became desirable. With the construction of the subway and housing along the harbor, the inner city has become better connected. The construction of the Øresund Bridge in 2000 has connected Copenhagen with western Scania, and the city thus strengthened its status as the center of the Øresund region .

 

While Ungdomshuset på Jagtvej existed, the Nørrebro area in particular was regularly characterized by violent demonstrations that emanated from here. This culminated in the demolition of the house in March 2007, and subsided in mid-2008, when a new house was built for the young people in North West. Since then, there have been no major demonstrations based on the movement around the Youth House.

 

During the period, the housing market in the city was approx. 2002–2007, along with the rest of the country, characterized by a housing bubble. This stopped, as in the rest of Denmark, in 2006/2007, when large price drops were experienced. However, Copenhagen recovered quickly and the Copenhagen housing market has been characterized by rising prices since 2009 and today ( 2021 ) prices are higher than prices were at their peak in 2006. At the beginning of the period, it was also possible to assess cooperative housing according to market price. This opened up the otherwise closed co-operative housing market, and instead of being traded through closed lists and sometimes money under the table, co-operative housing is now most often traded in free trade. During the bubble period it was popular to settle in Malmö in Sweden and work in Copenhagen. ​​In 2021, there have been large price increases again and some politicians spoke of further restrictions on the possibilities of borrowing, while others spoke of the fact that it was not necessary.

 

In 2020, Copenhagen, like the rest of Denmark and the rest of the world, was hit by the Coronavirus pandemic . The authorities recommended homework and shut down entertainment.

 

Future plans

Until around 2025, four major expansion areas are planned in the Municipality of Copenhagen, which will provide space for 45,000 new Copenhageners; Ørestad south of Field's and on Amager Fælled , Nordhavnen , Valby around New Ellebjerg Station and the Carlsberg plot north of Carlsberg Station are to be developed. Likewise, it is planned that the former freight railway area between Dybbølsbro Station and Hovedbanegården is to be developed, but primarily with business, i.a. hotels and Ikea . All the areas are either old industrial areas or land reclamation, except for Amager Fælled which is originally salt meadow. The municipality of Copenhagen is also planning a very large development in the north-eastern harbor area in the form of Lynetteholmen .

 

In the preliminary municipal plan 2021, Frederiksberg Municipality plans urban development around e.g. Nordens Plads and the Hospital grounds where Frederiksberg Hospital used to be located. In addition, the focus is on conservation and hollow filling with either new buildings or green areas.

 

In Rødovre there are three primary urban development areas Rødovre North, the City Core (around Rødovre Centrum ) and Rødovre South. At the City Center, among other things, the possibilities of making a metro stop by extending one of the existing metro lines.

 

A major challenge with the many additional residents will be to make room for the traffic in the city. The extension in 2019 of the metro with the City Ring and the construction of light rail along ring 3 from Lyngby to Ishøj should create even more coherence in Copenhagen's public transport. There has also been talk for many years about an Eastern Ring Road around the central parts of the city. One possibility is that the eastern ring road can go over Lynetteholmen .

 

Geography

Geographically, Copenhagen is located in north-eastern Zealand with part of the city on the island of Amager . Western Copenhagen stretches relatively flat further into Zealand, while to both north and south you can experience more hilly terrain. In north-western Copenhagen, e.g. around Søborg and Høje Gladsaxe a larger chain of hills with heights up to 50 meters above sea level. These hilly landscapes in northern Copenhagen are intersected by a number of lakes and Mølleåen . Due to height in the Gladsaxe area, the Gladsaxe transmitter and Copenhagen's water supply have been placed here . In the south-western part of Copenhagen, a calcareous landslide rises at the Carlsberg fault . The more central parts of Copenhagen consist primarily of flatter landscape, alternating in Valby and Brønshøj with less domed hills. Two valley systems follow these small hill ranges from northeast to southwest. In one valley you will find the lakes , in the other you will find Damhussøen . These smaller valleys are crossed by the rivers Harrestrup Å and Ladegårdsåen . Amager and most of the inner city is flat coastal land.

 

Geologically speaking, Copenhagen, like most of Denmark, rests on an Ice Age bedrock moraine landscape, which in turn rests on a harder subsoil of limestone . In certain places in the area, there is only ten meters down to the limestone layer, which caused considerable problems during the construction of the metro.

 

Religion

A majority (56.5%) of those who live in the Diocese of Copenhagen are members of the People's Church, and the number is decreasing. The national cathedral, Vor Frue Kirke, is one of numerous churches in Copenhagen. There are also several other Christian congregations in the city, the largest of which is Roman Catholic.

 

Foreign immigration to Copenhagen, which has increased over the past three decades, has contributed to increasing religious diversity; The Hamad Bin Khalifa Civilization Center opened in 2014. Islam is the second largest religion in Copenhagen, making up an estimated 10% of the population. Although there are no official statistics, it is estimated that a significant proportion of the estimated 175,000–200,000 Muslims in the country live in the Copenhagen area, with the highest concentration in Nørrebro and Vesteggen . There are also up to 7,000 Jews in Denmark, with most living in Copenhagen, where there are several synagogues. Jews have a long history in the city and the first synagogue in Copenhagen was built in 1684. Today, the history of Danish Jews can be experienced at the Danish Jewish Museum in Copenhagen.

 

Music, theater and opera

The oldest and most famous theater in the capital is the Royal Theater , founded in 1748 , located at the end of Kongens Nytorv. Since its foundation, the theater has been the national stage for theatre , plays , opera and ballet . The theater has a large stage called Gamle scene , which can accommodate approx. 1,600 spectators. Within the last few years, however, opera and plays have been given independent buildings. The opera house was built in 2005 on Holmen opposite Amalienborg and can accommodate up to 1,703 spectators. The theater was built in 2008 at Kvæsthusbroen near Nyhavn. The Royal Danish Ballet can still be found on the old stage of the Royal Danish Theatre. Since it was founded in 1748, it is one of the oldest ballet companies in Europe. It is the home of the Bournonville ballet style .

 

In addition to the more traditional offerings such as theatre, opera and ballet, which the Royal Theater can offer, there are a multitude of other theaters that offer reinterpretations of classic plays as well as completely new pieces and genres, such as Folketeatret and Nørrebro Teater .

 

Copenhagen has had a large jazz scene for many years . Jazz came to Copenhagen in the 1960s, when American jazz musicians such as Ben Webster , Thad Jones and Dexter Gordon moved to the city. Musically, they gathered at Jazzhus Montmartre , which in the 1960s was the European center for modern jazz. The jazz club closed in 1995, reopened in May 2010, but is expected to close again in 2020/2021 due to challenges arising in connection with the shutdown due to the corona epidemic. Every year in July, the Copenhagen Jazz Festival is celebrated , which fills venues and squares with jazz concerts.

 

The most important venue for rhythmic music in Copenhagen is Vega on Vesterbro, which was voted "best concert venue in Europe" by the international music magazine Live Pumpehuset and Den Grå Hal are also popular indoor concert venues. The largest indoor concerts are held in the Park , where there is room for up to 55,000 spectators. The biggest outdoor concerts are often arranged in Valbyparken , including Grøn Koncert , which has ended the tour in Copenhagen since 1985 and since 2017 has also started in Copenhagen.

 

For free entertainment, you can take a walk up Strøget, especially between Nytorv and Højbro Plads , which in the late afternoon and evening transforms into an improvised three-ring circus with musicians, magicians , jugglers and other street performances.

 

Museums

As Denmark's capital, Copenhagen contains some of the most important collections of Danish history and culture, but some museums also have collections of great international quality. The National Museum , founded in 1807, is the most important museum in Denmark for culture and history. The museum contains, among other things, a multitude of ancient finds with priceless objects such as The Sun Chariot . New Carlsberg Glyptotek also displays a wide collection of objects from prehistoric times to the present day. The museum has ancient collections from Mesopotamia , Egypt including a large collection of mummies , Ancient Greece with a piece from the Parthenon Frieze that is of international quality, and various artifacts from Ancient Rome . The Glyptotek is completely unique and the only one of its kind in the Nordic countries .

 

The Statens Museum for Kunst is the country's largest art museum with large collections and often exhibitions of recent art. Thorvaldsen's Museum from 1848 with Bertel Thorvaldsen's many figures was the city's first proper art museum. The Hirschsprung collection contains mostly paintings from the Golden Age and by the Skagen painters . The modern art is presented primarily in Arken in Ishøj and Louisiana in Humlebæk north of Copenhagen.

 

In addition to Danish art and handicrafts , David's Collection contains one of the ten most important collections of Islamic art in the Western world. The war museum from 1838 contains an enormous collection of military equipment from the Middle Ages until recent times.

 

The natural history museums are represented by the Botanical Garden , the Geological Museum and the Zoological Museum . The three museums have entered into a collaboration, the Statens Natural History Museum, and are expected to be united in a building at the Botanical Gardens in 2024 as a national natural history museum. Experimentarium and Planetarium deal with general physics and astronomy .

 

Copenhagen also contains more specialized museums such as the Arbejdermuseet , Frihedsmuseet , Copenhagen City Museum , Storm P Museum and Enigma (expected to open in 2022) which is a successor to the Post & Tele Museum .

 

Parks, forests, lakes and beaches

Copenhagen has a number of parks, the two largest being Valbyparken and Fælledparken , respectively. 64 and 58 ha. Valbyparken is also surrounded by football pitches and allotment gardens. A beach is being built ( as of 2021 ) at the water's edge facing the Port of Copenhagen. The large lawn in the park lays, among other things, place for Green Concert . The public park on Østerbro is among the most visited attractions in Denmark, with several million visitors a year. The third largest park in Copenhagen is Frederiksberg Have (32 ha). Here you can e.g. enjoy the view of Norman Foster's elephant house in the Zoo , which occupies the western part of the garden.

 

In addition to parks, the city has some very open natural areas, the largest of which is Amager Fælled at 223 ha. Amager Fælled consists of approx. one quarter original salt marsh and three quarters filled seabed. The community has been continuously reduced and has ceded areas to e.g. Ørestad and ball fields. There are currently being prepared to be built in the southern part. This construction creates ( as of 2021 ) a lot of debate, especially in the Copenhagen media and in Copenhagen politics. In addition, there is the Sydhavnstippen , which is a 40 ha natural area with plenty of wildlife and plant life.

 

Another very popular park is Kongens Have in central Copenhagen with Rosenborg Castle . The park has been open to the public since the beginning of the 18th century. Centrally in the city along the former ramparts are a number of parks, of which Tivoli is the best known.

 

Something special for Copenhagen is that several cemeteries also have a double function as parks, although only for quiet activities. Assistens Kirkegård , where HC Andersen is buried, among other things, is an important green breathing hole for Indre Nørrebro . It is official policy in Copenhagen that in 2015 all residents must be able to reach a park or beach on foot in less than 15 minutes.

 

In addition to parks, Copenhagen also has a number of forests, including Vestskoven (15 km²) in the western part and Hareskoven (9 km²) in the northwestern part. The animal park (11 km²) is located in the northern part and contains both forest, plain and a golf course.

 

Just west of the ring of parks from the old ramparts are Copenhagen's Indre Søer . Other significant lakes include Damhussøen and i.a. Utterslev Mose and Bagsværd Lake .

 

Copenhagen has a number of sandy beaches. The largest is Amager Strandpark , which opened in 2005 , which includes a 2 km long artificial island and a total of 4.6 km of sandy beach. In addition, there are e.g. beaches at Bellevue and Charlottenlund along the north coast and Brøndby along the south coast. The beaches are complemented by several harbor baths along the waterfront. The first and most popular of these is located at Islands Brygge .

 

Media and Film

Many Danish media companies have their headquarters in Copenhagen. The state-funded DR started its radio activities here in 1925. At the beginning of the 1950s, the company was also responsible for spreading television throughout the country. Today, the media company has several television and TV channels, which are controlled from DR Byen , built in 2006/07 in Ørestad . The Odense -based TV 2 has gathered its Copenhagen activities at Teglholmen .

 

Two of the three major national newspapers, Politiken and Berlingske , as well as the two major tabloid newspapers , Ekstra Bladet and BT, have their headquarters in Copenhagen. Furthermore, Jyllands-Posten has a newsroom in the city. In 2003 Politikens Hus merged with Morgenavisen Jyllands-Posten and formed the company JP/Politikens Hus . Berlingske , founded in 1749, is Denmark's oldest newspaper. Berlingske Media , which i.a. publisher Berlingske is owned by the London -based Mecom Group . In addition, there are a large number of local newspapers such as Vesterbro Avis . Other media companies include Aller Media , which is the largest publisher of weekly and monthly magazines in Scandinavia, Egmont , which, among others, is behind Nordisk Film , and Gyldendal , the largest Danish book publisher.

 

Copenhagen also has a relatively large film and television industry. Filmbyen , located on a disused military base in the suburb of Hvidovre , houses several film companies and studios. Among the film companies is Zentropa , in which the film director Lars von Trier is a co-owner, who is behind several international film productions and who was one of the founders of the dogma movement . Historically, Copenhagen, and especially the company Nordisk Film , was the center of the film industry in Northern Europe in the 1910s and 1920s, with hundreds of annual film productions. Nordisk Film in Valby still produces many films and today has 1,200 employees (as of 2006 ) and is the largest producer and distributor of electronic entertainment in the Nordics.

 

The largest concentration of cafes is in Indre By, Østerbro and Vesterbro. The first Copenhagen cafe opened in 1831 at the Hotel D'Angleterre , but it was only with the opening of Café Sommersko in 1976 that the cafe culture really came to Copenhagen, and there are now over 300 cafes spread across the city.

 

Copenhagen's nightlife is centered around Indre by, Nørrebro and Vesterbro, i.a. Laurits Betjent , Nasa , Rust and Vega .

 

Within the last decade, Copenhagen has really distinguished itself with restaurants that can measure up among the best. Most prominent is Noma , with 2 stars in the Michelin guide since 2007, which has also been named the best restaurant in the world. In addition to Noma, Copenhagen had 11 restaurants that have received one star in the Michelin guide per 2021. With 18 stars, Copenhagen is the Nordic city with the most stars, which has been the case for a number of years. In 2016, Restaurant Geranium was the first Danish restaurant ever to receive three Michelin stars (which is the highest score), which they have maintained ever since.

 

The sausage cart has traditionally been the favorite place to eat for the little hungry, but is now being challenged by burger bars, pizzerias , shawarma and sushi bars and the like. Smørrebrød restaurants are another type of lunch catering that is characteristic of Copenhagen.

 

Copenhagen is the capital in the world where organic food has the largest market share. One in ten purchases is organic in Copenhagen.

 

Sports

Copenhagen represents a wide range of sports and is often a leader in the field in Denmark . Larger sports facilities include The park , but also e.g. Brøndby Stadium , Farum Park and Gladsaxe Stadium for football, Østerbro Stadium for athletics, Ballerup Super Arena for track cycling , Rødovre Skøjte Arena for ice hockey , Brøndbyhallen for handball and Bagsværd Rostadion for rowing .

 

The largest Danish stadium Parken , located on Østerbro , is both the home ground for the Danish national football team and the football club FC Copenhagen . FC Copenhagen has for a number of years been very dominant in the Danish Superliga with thirteen championships since 2000 . In addition, Copenhagen is, among other things, hometown of football clubs Brøndby IF , AB , B.93 , Frem and Fremad Amager . In addition to the park, larger football stadiums include Brøndby Stadium (Denmark's second largest), Gladsaxe Stadium and Farum Park . Østerbro Stadium is the city's largest stadium for athletics .

 

Within handball , KIF Kolding København is the biggest Copenhagen team. However, they only have a men's team associated with the handball league . KIF Kolding Copenhagen is a partial continuation of AG Copenhagen , which merged with Kolding IF Handball . Despite great success in the Champions League in the spring of 2012 , AG Copenhagen suddenly fell into financial crisis in the summer of the same year , which led to the club filing for bankruptcy on 31 July 2012 .

 

Within athletics , it is the club Sparta in particular that has made a name for itself and the men's team has won the Danish athletics tournament 29 years in a row until 2014 and the women's team has won the Danish athletics tournament 17 years in a row until 2014. The Copenhagen Athletics Games were held in the period 2005 –2007, and before that the Copenhagen Games were held (1973-1986). Both aspired to display world-class athleticism.

 

The DM in ice hockey for men was won many times until the mid-1970s by the Copenhagen clubs KSF and Rungsted IK . Since then, the DM has primarily been won by Jutland clubs, while Rungsted Seier Capital and Rødovre Mighty Bulls have changed to being Copenhagen's best men's ice hockey team. On the women's side, Hvidovre Ishockey Klub has been very dominant in the DM with 8 championships in the 10 tournaments since 2011, often with Herlev IK as the closest competitor.

 

Copenhagen has a long tradition of rowing and has produced several national team rowers. DSR , which is Denmark's largest rowing club, and Kvik , both located in Svanemøllebugten , have rowed the traditional swan mill match every year since 1895 . In addition, there are a number of other clubs, e.g. Copenhagen Rowing Club and Bagsværd Rowing Club .

 

Copenhagen can display a number of golf courses , including Copenhagen Golf Club in Dyrehaven and Royal Golf Center in Ørestad . The Royal Golf Center has been built with a view to being able to hold PGA tournaments .

 

In the Municipality of Copenhagen, plans have been made to make Copenhagen the host of future international sporting events. In 2009 , Copenhagen hosted the World Outgames , which is an international gay sporting event. And the ambition of holding world championships in e.g. handball and ice hockey are currently being strengthened by the construction of the Copenhagen Arena .

 

For equestrian sports, the Charlottenlund Track , which opened in 1891 and is the oldest in the Nordic region , can be found in the northern suburbs . Likewise, to the north, there is also the Klampenborg Galopbane . From 1922 to 1976, the Amager Trotting Track also existed in Tårnby .

 

Copenhagen was one of the host cities at the European Football Championship 2020 , which took place in June and July 2021. Three group stage matches and a round of 16 final were played in Parken .

 

The 1st stage of the Tour de France 2022 was run as a single start in the city center on 1 July .

 

Economy

Elaborating In-depth article: Copenhagen's economy

As the country's largest urban area, the capital area is a natural economic powerhouse for the country, but also for southern Sweden, the urban area plays an important economic role.

 

Previously, Copenhagen was characterized by a number of large industrial companies such as Burmeister & Wain and Dansk Sojakagefabrik . Copenhagen was also the starting point for CF Tietgen's extensive network of companies ( Privatbanken , Det Store Nordiske Telegrafselskab , De Danske Spritfabrikker and others). However, since the end of the Second World War, in line with similar trends in the rest of Europe, heavy industry has moved outside the city or completely out of the country, and Copenhagen has increasingly become a city of knowledge.

 

Politically, most of the central administration is located in Copenhagen, where most ministries have offices on or in the area around Slotsholmen . Likewise, most agencies are located in the Copenhagen area, which together with the many private knowledge workplaces provides a highly specialized labor market with many knowledge-intensive jobs.

 

The Copenhagen area is home to a handful of strong business clusters in the areas of biotech , cleantech , IT and shipping . The clusters within biotech and cleantech have many overlaps, within e.g. biomass production. Both clusters are supported by cluster organizations for the growth and promotion of the industries. Within biotech, the cluster organization is Medicon Valley and within cleantech/environmental technology, it is the newly founded Copenhagen Cleantech Cluster . Clusters have received a greater focus from the regional political side, as clusters such as the cleantech cluster cover more than 350 companies and approx. 30,000 jobs.

 

Several of the largest Danish companies have their headquarters in the city area; especially companies within the pharmaceutical industry ( Novo Nordisk , Lundbeck , Ferring and others) and shipping ( AP Møller-Mærsk , Torm , D/S Norden , J. Lauritzen) are important for the area's economy. Likewise, several large financial groups together with the National Bank characterize central Copenhagen, including Danske Bank , Nordea Bank Danmark and Nykredit . Carlsberg , ISS and Skandinavisk Tobakskompagni are other large companies headquartered in the Copenhagen area.

 

Tourism

According to the tourist organization HORESTA, the number of hotel nights in the capital region in 2018 was approx. nine million, which is approx. 1 million more than in 2012. Most foreign tourists in Copenhagen continue to come from Sweden , Norway and Germany .

 

Hotels

Elaborating Detailed article: Copenhagen hotels

In Copenhagen, there are five 5-star hotels, which include counts Hotel Nimb in Tivoli and Hotel Skt. Petri in Indre By . An extensive renovation in 2012–2013 of the famous Hotel D'Angleterre on Kongens Nytorv has made the hotel Copenhagen's only 6-star hotel.

 

Copenhagen has a total of 12 hotels with more than 300 rooms and Europe's largest hostel, Danhostel Copenhagen City at Kalvebod Brygge , with a total of 1020 beds. The city's – and Scandinavia's – largest hotel is the 75 meter high Bella Sky Comwell in Ørestad with a total of 812 rooms spread over two towers. With its 86 meters and 26 floors , the Radisson Blu Scandinavia Hotel at Islands Brygge is Denmark's tallest hotel. 8 out of Copenhagen's 11 largest hotels were built in the 21st century , whereas the Admiral Hotel in Frederiksstaden , which opened in 1978 , is located in a building built in 1787 . The Radisson Blu Royal Hotel by Arne Jacobsen from 1960 is also worth mentioning. It is centrally located at Vesterport .

 

Cruise tourism

Since the 1990s, cruise tourism – like many other large port cities in Europe and the rest of the world – has seen significant growth in Copenhagen. In the period 2005-2012, the number of calls increased by over 100, and the number of passengers almost doubled as the tonnage increased. In the Port of Copenhagen, cruise ships dock in three different – ​​and from 2014 four – areas : Langeliniekaj , Nordre Toldbod , Frihavnen and Nordhavnen (opens in 2014). In 2012, a cruise ship docked in the Port of Copenhagen 372 times with a total of 840,000 passengers, which was the best season so far in both Copenhagen and the rest of Denmark. Copenhagen is thus Scandinavia's largest cruise port and Northern Europe's second largest, surpassed only by Southampton .

 

Business clusters

The Copenhagen area is home to a handful of strong business clusters in the areas of biotech , cleantech , IT and shipping . The clusters within biotech and cleantech have many overlaps, within e.g. biomass production. Both clusters are supported by cluster organizations for the growth and promotion of the industries. Within biotech, the cluster organization is Medicon Valley and within cleantech/environmental technology, it is the newly founded Copenhagen Cleantech Cluster . The latter is considered one of the strongest in the world, partly as a result of annual growth rates of over 10% within exports.

 

Within shipping, the activities are gathered in The Danish Maritime Cluster , which has its center in Copenhagen. It is one of the world's leading maritime clusters, and accounts for 24% of Denmark's exports and 10% of total Danish production. The cluster as a whole employs 80,000 people in the companies themselves and 35,000 in related occupations, the majority of which are found in the large shipping companies in Copenhagen. The cluster has a large number of partners in education and research, including among others CBS , the University of Copenhagen and DTU . The organization of the cluster is led by the Maritime Development Center and Europe , which is also located in the city.

 

Within financial IT, there is also a business cluster. While finance and IT make up 5% of Denmark's general employment, the figure is 14% for the Capital Region. Since 2009, the organization Copenhagen Finance IT Region has tried to develop and maintain the industry in the region. One of the challenges is that 50% of jobs in the sector are at risk in relation to outsourcing, compared to 25% for the service sector in general. The cluster organization has a number of partners, including CBS , the Swedish Financial Agency , Dansk Metal and DI ITEK .

 

Retail

Strøget and Købmagergade are the two biggest shopping streets with the biggest and most common shops, while many of the side streets have the more "quirky" shops. On Gammeltorv by Strøget is the Caritas well, which is considered one of the finest memorials from the Renaissance . [169] In the bridge districts, especially the main streets, such as Nørrebrogade , Amagerbrogade and Østerbrogade from the center, function as traditional shopping streets.

 

In central Copenhagen are the department stores Magasin du Nord , Illum and Illums Bolighus , while shopping centers are found in several different places in the city, with Fields in Ørestad, City 2 in Taastrup and Fisketorvet at Dybbølsbro being the largest. In the central districts, other centers include e.g. Amager Centre , Frederiksberg Centre , Nørrebro City Center and Spinderiet in Valby, as well as Copenhagen Central Station and Copenhagen Airport also contain a number of shops. In the suburban areas there are e.g. Lyngby Storcenter , Glostrup Storcenter and Rødovre Centrum .

 

Architecture and urban planning

Copenhagen is famous for having a balance between new and old architecture and a homogeneous building mass of 5-6 storeys in height. In 2008 , the Citizens' Representative Council decided that Indre By should be kept free of high-rise buildings . Thus, large parts of Indre By appear quite well preserved despite historic city fires and bombardments, although many of the famous towers and spires are of recent date. However, large city fires have meant that there are not very many buildings older than 1728 left. Contrary to e.g. Stockholm is Copenhagen, characterized by point-by-point renovations of the building stock rather than violent clearances of larger neighborhoods. At the same time, the economy has often put restrictions on the most ambitious projects, which is why knock-on solutions such as at the Statens Museum for Art are widespread. Large parts of Indre By are subject to building conservation .

 

Some of the oldest buildings in the inner city are Sankt Petri Church from the 15th century and the Consistory House from approx. 1420 . Christian IV occupies a special place in the city's history. Not only did he double the city's area and build Christianshavn and Nyboder, but he was also the capital's first urban planner. Of all the king's many magnificent buildings, Børsen (1619–25) in the Dutch Renaissance style stands out as a unique building in European architecture. Baroque Copenhagen is also represented by the famous twisted staircase spire on the tower of Our Saviour's Church .

 

The new district of Frederiksstaden , which was started in 1749, was characterized by the Rococo style. In the center, a large square, Amalienborg Palace Square , was built with four noble palaces surrounding the Equestrian Statue of Frederik 5. . The entire neighborhood is included in the Kulturkanonen .

 

After the city's fire in 1795 and the British bombardment in 1807, large parts of the city had to be rebuilt. It became a house, with corners cut off so that the fire escapes could get around the corners. Most of Indre By is characterized by this architecture.

 

The fall of the ramparts (1856) was the start of an unbridled era, where new neighborhoods quickly sprung up. In the bridge quarters and on Gammelholm , an abysmal difference arose between the decorated facades facing the street and the dark backyards and small apartments.

 

One of the greatest architects of the 20th century, Arne Jacobsen, introduced modernism to Denmark and marked the city with, among other things, Royal Hotel (1960) and Nationalbank (1978).

 

The post-war planning of the capital area was supported by the Finger plan (1947). The finger plan determined that the urban densification in the future should primarily be concentrated in corridors along the S-Bahn network, while the spaces in between should be kept free for green areas.

 

The 1970s and 1980s were characterized by international modular architecture with no distinctive character and a building zeal that was mainly concentrated around the suburban municipalities, most often in the form of prefabricated concrete construction . In the central parts of Copenhagen during the period, the focus was mostly on urban renovations , this time aimed at the miserable backyard carts in the bridge districts.

 

At the beginning of the 1990s, the Municipality of Copenhagen was in crisis, but there was still enough money to initiate large conservation urban renewal projects on Vesterbro and Amagerbro . The construction of Ørestad was supposed to help pull the capital out of the doldrums.

 

Towards the end of the century, a real flourishing in architecture began with the additions to the Statens Museum for Art and the Royal Library. Then followed significant buildings such as the Opera House , the Theater House and the Tietgen College in Ørestad Nord.

 

High-rises and towers

Copenhagen has long been a densely built-up but not very tall city. This is due, among other things, to a great respect for the city's historic towers and very strict local plans . In the past 100 years, the general maximum building height has been approx. 25 meters. This has meant that the tallest buildings in Indre By to date are the towers and spires of Copenhagen City Hall , Christiansborg , Our Saviour's Church and Nikolaj Kunsthal .

 

The tallest buildings in Copenhagen are Herlev Hospital at 120 m and the tower at Christiansborg at 106 m. [ source missing ] However, the tallest man-made structure in Copenhagen is the Gladsaxesenderen at 220 metres. With its 267 m (incl. 47 m natural height), the top of the Gladsaxesenderen is the third highest point in Denmark after two other transmitter masts. [ source missing ] Domus Vista in Frederiksberg was, until Turning Torso in Malmö was inaugurated in 2005, the tallest residential building in the Nordic region, but is now only the second tallest.

 

Famous Copenhageners

Frank Arnesen , soccer player, soccer coach and talent manager

Bille August , film director

Herman Bang , journalist and author

Niels Bohr , physicist and Nobel Prize winner

Aage Bohr , physicist and Nobel laureate (Niels Bohr's son)

Victor Borge , entertainer

August Bournonville , ballet choreographer

Georg Brandes , cultural and literary critic

Helena Christensen , supermodel

Tove Ditlevsen , author

Carl Th. Dreyer , film director

Rune Glifberg , skateboarder

Vilhelm Hammershøi , painter

Gus Hansen , poker player

Iben Hjejle , actor

Peter Høeg , author

Arne Jacobsen , architect and designer

JC Jacobsen , founder of the Carlsberg brewery

Robert Jacobsen artist

CV Jørgensen , singer and songwriter

Søren Kierkegaard , philosopher

Per Kirkeby , painter

Christen Købke , painter

Kim Larsen , singer, guitarist and songwriter

Michael Laudrup , footballer

Bjørn Lomborg , political scientist and author

Lauritz Melchior , opera singer

Mads Mikkelsen , actor

Andreas Mogensen , astronaut

Maersk Mc-Kinney Møller , shipowner

Verner Panton , architect

Dirch Passer , comedian and actor

Peter Schmeichel , soccer player

Julius Thomsen , chemist

Bertel Thorvaldsen , sculptor

Lars von Trier , film director

Dan Turèll , author

Lars Ulrich , drummer and songwriter for Metallica

Jørn Utzon , architect

Mads Dittmann Mikkelsen R. actor

Magnus Millang actor

Italien / Lombardei - Gardasee

 

Sirmione - Jamaica Beach

 

Sunset

 

Sonnenuntergang

 

Lake Garda (Italian: Lago di Garda [ˈlaːɡo di ˈɡarda] or (Lago) Benaco [beˈnaːko]; Eastern Lombard: Lach de Garda; Venetian: Ƚago de Garda; Latin: Benacus; Ancient Greek: Βήνακος) is the largest lake in Italy. It is a popular holiday location in northern Italy, about halfway between Brescia and Verona, and between Venice and Milan on the edge of the Dolomites. Glaciers formed this alpine region at the end of the last Ice Age. The lake and its shoreline are divided between the provinces of Verona (to the south-east), Brescia (south-west), and Trentino (north). The name Garda, which the lake has been referred to in documents dating to the 8th century, comes from the town of the same name. It is evolved from the Germanic word warda, meaning "place of guard", "place of observation" or "place of safety".

 

Geography

 

The northern part of the lake is narrower, surrounded by mountains, the majority of which belong to the Gruppo del Baldo. The shape is typical of a moraine valley, probably having been formed under the action of a Paleolithic glacier. Although traces of the glacier's actions are evident today, in more recent years it has been hypothesised that the glacier occupied a previously existing depression, created by stream erosion 5 to 6 million years ago.

 

The lake has numerous small islands and five main ones, the largest being Isola del Garda, where, in 1220 St. Francis of Assisi founded a monastery. In its place now stands a 19th-century building in the Venetian Gothic style. Nearby to the south is Isola San Biagio, also known as the Isola dei Conigli ("Island of the Rabbits"). Both are offshore of San Felice del Benaco, on the lake's western side. The three other main islands are Isola dell'Olivo, Isola di Sogno, and Isola di Trimelone, all farther north near the eastern side. The main tributary is the Sarca River, others include the Ponale River (fed by Lago di Ledro), the Varone/Magnone River (via the Cascate del Varone) and various streams from both mountainsides, while the only outlet is the Mincio River (79 metres (259 ft), at Peschiera). The subdivision is created by the presence of a fault submerged between Sirmione and Punta San Vigilio which is almost a natural barrier that hampers the homogenization between the water of the two zones.

 

If the water level of the Adige river is excessive, water is diverted to the lake through the Mori-Torbole tunnel.

 

History

 

Battle of Lake Benacus, in which Roman forces defeated the Alamanni on the shores of Lake Garda, in the year 268.

Battle between Milan and Venetian Republic in 1438 following the military engineering feat of galeas per montes.

Battle of Rivoli, in 1797 during the French campaign of Napoleon I in Italy against Austria.

Battle of Solferino in 1859, during the Italian Risorgimento. The terrible aftermath of this battle led to the Geneva Convention and the formation of the Red Cross.

The lake was the site of naval battles in 1866 between Italy and Austria.

As persuaded by the Nazis, Benito Mussolini established the capital of his Italian Social Republic in late 1943 in a villa in the town of Salò on its shores. It served as a nexus for military operations and communications for German troops who occupied northern Italy in late 1943 during World War II.

 

Mythology

 

According to the Greco-Roman mythology, the River Mincius was the child of the Lake Benacus.

 

(Wikipedia)

 

Der Gardasee (italienisch Lago di Garda oder Bènaco), einer der oberitalienischen Seen, ist der größte See Italiens, benannt nach der Gemeinde Garda am Ostufer. Sein antiker Name lautete von etwa 200 v. Chr. bis 800 n. Chr. Lacus benacus. Der Name soll von einer alten Gottheit namens Benacus abstammen. Der Gardasee wurde in der vergangenen Eiszeit durch einen Seitenast des Etschgletschers geformt, dessen Spuren man noch heute verfolgen kann, insbesondere durch die Endmoränen um das Südufer z. B. bei Lonato del Garda, Solferino, Valeggio sul Mincio und Custoza. Erste Besiedlungen des Seeufers datieren um das Jahr 2000 v. Chr.

 

Geographie

 

Lage

 

Der Gardasee liegt zwischen den Alpen im Norden und der Po-Ebene im Süden und ist daher ein Alpenrandsee. Der Norden des Sees gehört zur Region Trentino-Südtirol, der Westen zur Lombardei und der Osten zu Venetien. Damit teilen sich die drei Provinzen Trient (Norden), Verona (Osten) und Brescia (Westen) die Verwaltung.

 

Das nördliche Ufer des Sees ist von Zweitausendern der Gardaseeberge wie dem Monte Baldo umsäumt; das südliche Ufer liegt bereits in der norditalienischen Tiefebene.

 

In der Nähe des Sees befinden sich bekannte Weinbaugebiete:

 

Südlich von Desenzano del Garda liegt das Lugana-Gebiet

Östlich vom Gardasee finden sich die Gebiete des Bardolino- und des Soave-Weins

Ebenfalls östlich (zwischen dem Gardasee und Verona) liegt das Valpolicella-Gebiet

 

Zu- und Abflüsse

 

Der Gardasee wird hauptsächlich durch den Fluss Sarca gespeist. Dieser fließt am Nordende bei Torbole in den See. Als Mincio verlässt der Fluss bei Peschiera del Garda den Gardasee und fließt später in den Po. Neben den insgesamt 25 Zuflüssen gibt es noch einen künstlichen Zufluss in Form des 1959 fertiggestellten Etsch-Gardasee-Tunnels, dessen Tunnelausgang am südlichen Ortsausgang von Torbole liegt und der im Falle einer stark Hochwasser führenden Etsch geöffnet wird.

 

Pegel

 

Der Pegelnullpunkt liegt bei Peschiera del Garda bei 64,027 m s.l.m. Er unterliegt zum Teil starken saisonalen Schwankungen, da das Wasser des Gardasees über seinen Abfluss Mincio zur Bewässerung der intensiv landwirtschaftlich genutzten Flächen zwischen Verona und Mantua genutzt wird. Zum anderen sind die Schwankungen auch durch die Wasserentnahme für die Stromerzeugung im Oberlauf der Sarca bedingt.

 

Der Pegeltiefstand wurde in den Jahren 2003 und 2007 mit jeweils 8 cm unter Pegelnull erreicht, der Höchststand lag am 2. Juli 1879 bei 216 cm über Pegelnull. 1960 stand der Pegel bei 212 cm aufgrund der Öffnung des Etsch-Gardasee-Tunnels. Nicht festlegen lässt sich der Pegel von 1673 und 1746, als der Ort Desenzano del Garda überschwemmt wurde. Außer in Peschiera wird der Pegelstand auch in Riva del Garda und Torri del Benaco gemessen.

 

Inseln

 

Im See befinden sich fünf Inseln, die größte, Isola del Garda mit der Villa Borghese, liegt in der Nähe von Salò. Etwa zwei Kilometer südlich davon, ebenfalls in der Bucht von Manerba und San Felice, liegt die Isola San Biagio auch als „i Conigli“ (deutsch: die Kaninchen) bezeichnet. San Biagio ist ein beliebtes Ausflugsziel, das mit dem Boot oder zu Fuß vom Festland (je nach Wasserstand hüfttief oder trockenen Fußes) erreicht werden kann. Vor Assenza (zwischen Porto di Brenzone und Malcesine) liegt die Isola di Trimelone, diese ist allerdings militärisches Sperrgebiet. Etwas weiter nördlich von Trimelone liegt bei Malcesine im Val di Sogno die Isola del Sogno und nördlich davon die Isola dell’Olivo.

 

Geschichte

 

Aus der Bronzezeit stammen zahlreiche Pfahlbautensiedlungen, die direkt am Seeufer oder im unmittelbaren Hinterland des Gardasees errichtet wurden und seit 2011 zum UNESCO-Weltkulturerbe zählen.

 

Die Schlacht am Lacus Benacus (lateinisch für Gardasee) wurde im November des Jahres 268 an den Ufern des Gardasees in Norditalien zwischen Alamannen und Römern unter Kaiser Claudius Gothicus ausgetragen.

 

Unter den Signorie fiel der Gardasee zwischen dem 13. und 14. Jahrhundert unter den Einflussbereich der Scaliger, die zahlreiche Burgen insbesondere an den östlichen und südlichen Uferorten (Malcesine, Torri del Benaco, Lazise und Sirmione) errichteten. Im 15. Jahrhundert wurde der See und seine Uferorte zum Schauplatz im Kampf um die Vorherrschaft in Oberitalien zwischen dem Herzogtum Mailand unter den Viscontis und der Republik Venedig. Als militärische Glanzleistung zählte hierbei der Transport einer venezianischen Flotte vom Etschtal über die Berge nach Torbole im Jahr 1439, ein von der Republik Venedig als Galeas per montes bezeichnetes Unternehmen. Mit der im Frieden von Lodi 1454 festgelegten Grenze am Fluss Adda fiel der Gardasee endgültig unter den Einflussbereich der Dogenrepublik. Letztere baute insbesondere Peschiera am strategisch wichtigen Abfluss des Mincio zur Festung aus, die 2017 von der UNESCO zum Weltkulturerbe erklärt wurde.

 

Während des Spanischen Erbfolgekrieges zu Beginn des 18. Jahrhunderts versuchte General Vendôme mit seinen Truppen über das Nordufer in Richtung Norden vorzustoßen und hinterließ eine Spur der Verwüstung. Dabei wurden zahlreiche Burgen von den Franzosen zerstört, wie Castel Penede in Nago, die Burg von Arco oder Castel Drena, die als Ruinen erhalten sind. Am 19. April 1706 schlug Vendôme in der Schlacht bei Calcinato am Südufer des Sees die kaiserlichen Truppen unter dem Oberbefehl von Christian Detlev von Reventlow.

 

Die Schlacht bei Rivoli, die im Ersten Koalitionskrieg im Januar 1797 in der Nähe des Ortes Rivoli (südöstlich von Garda) stattfand, war ein Schlüsselerfolg der französischen Armee unter Napoleon Bonaparte im Italienfeldzug über ein zahlenmäßig überlegenes habsburgisches Heer unter Feldmarschall Alvinczy. Aufgrund des Vertrages von Pressburg vom 26. Dezember 1805, mit dem die Grafschaft Tirol zu Bayern fiel, gehörte die Nordspitze des Gardasees von Anfang 1806 bis Anfang 1810 als sogenannter Etschkreis zum Königreich Bayern und anschließend, wie der übrige See auch, zum Königreich Italien. Nach dem Wiener Kongress 1815 fiel der gesamte See dem Kaisertum Österreich zu und war Bestandteil des Königreichs Lombardo-Venetien.

 

Die Schlacht von Solferino am Südufer war die Entscheidungsschlacht im Sardinischen Krieg zwischen dem Kaisertum Österreich und dem Königreich Sardinien und dessen Verbündetem Frankreich unter Napoléon III. Durch die Niederlage der Österreicher bei Solferino am 24. Juni 1859 wurde der Weg zur Einigung Italiens frei gemacht. Die Grausamkeit der Schlacht und die Hilflosigkeit der verwundeten Soldaten veranlassten Henry Dunant (1828–1910) zur Gründung des Roten Kreuzes und führten zur Vereinbarung der Genfer Konvention von 1864.

 

Nach dem Verlust der Lombardei und dem dazugehörigen Westufer des Gardasees 1859, verlor Österreich 1866 nach dem Dritten Italienischen Unabhängigkeitskrieg mit Venetien auch das Ostufer, nur die Nordspitze, mit Riva del Garda, verblieb bis 1918 bei Österreich-Ungarn. Der See wurde in dieser Zeit auch „Gartsee“ genannt. Während des Ersten Weltkrieges verlief die Front direkt am Nordufer des Sees entlang, an dem zahlreiche Festungsanlagen errichtet worden waren.

 

Nach dem Sturz Mussolinis 1943 wurde auf Forderung der deutschen, nationalsozialistischen Regierung in Nord- und Mittelitalien die Marionettenregierung der faschistischen Italienischen Sozialrepublik (Repubblica Sociale Italiana, auch: Republik von Salò) unter Mussolinis Führung als Gegenregierung installiert, die im gleichnamigen Ort am Westufer des Gardasees ihren Regierungssitz hatte. Der Staat bestand zwischen dem 23. September 1943 und dem 25. April 1945. Am 30. April 1945 endete mit der Befreiung von Torbole und Riva durch die 10. US-Gebirgsdivision der Zweite Weltkrieg am Gardasee.

 

Tourismus

 

Der Gardasee ist ein beliebtes Reiseziel. Rund um den See gibt es Hotels, Pensionen, Ferienwohnungen und Campingplätze. Ein Großteil der Ferienunterkünfte ist von Ende März bis Anfang Oktober geöffnet. Die Hauptsaison ist Juli und speziell der August. In den Wintermonaten sind die meisten Hotels, Cafés und Restaurants geschlossen. 2018 gab es am Ufer 24 Millionen Übernachtungen.

 

Am Südufer des Sees befinden sich zahlreiche Freizeitparks wie das Gardaland oder das Canevaworld. Das Nordufer ist vor allem bei Kletterern, Mountainbikern und Surfern beliebt.

 

(Wikipedia)

Straight from the camera.

Ozark, IL

treasure island - san francisco, california

命枯れてもなお、その存在に引き寄せられる

The Soap Opera Effect is the result of a default setting on modern TVs that creates and interpolates additional frames in between the existing ones in order to produce a sharp and crisp image of the action taking place on screen.From the way people talk about it, you might think the Soap Opera Effect is some sort of bug, but it’s actually a purpose-built feature found in many modern TVs. It goes by many names, as we’ll detail later, but the technology behind it is known as video interpolation, or more commonly, motion smoothing. A feature deliberately added to most modern LCD/LED TVs, it arose as a way to solve a problem, not create one.

 

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Unlike older CRT and plasma TVs, LCD displays have problems with motion blurring. Some are more sensitive to it than others, but when an LCD TV has to display fast motion — quick-moving sports or video games, for example — the blur can be excessive, obscuring image detail. To help combat this problem, TV manufacturers started using displays with higher refresh rates, moving from the native 60Hz refresh rate used in older TVs to more modern 120Hz panels.

 

Since most sources of video — including broadcast and streaming — aren’t delivered at this frame rate, though, motion smoothing came along as a way to “fake” a higher frame rate by inserting images in between the actual 30 or 60 frames per second that come from your cable box, game console, or antenna. These new images are created when your TV analyzes the picture and digitally guesses at what new images could be inserted. This frame guessing game is even used on some OLED TVs.

 

www.digitaltrends.com/home-theater/what-is-the-soap-opera...

 

Homemade Insecticidal Soap Recipe

 

The simplest insecticidal soap is nothing more than a 2% soap solution. To make this at home, you will need:

  

Sprayer: Any clean spray bottle or garden sprayer will work fine for spraying insecticidal soap. Make sure the sprayer or bottle hasn’t been used for herbicides.

Pure Soap: Use a pure liquid soap, such as Castile, or all-natural soap. The active ingredient in insecticidal soap comes from the fatty acids in animal fat or vegetable oil, so it’s important to use the real thing. Don’t use detergents (which aren’t actually soaps), dish soaps, or any products with degreasers, skin moisturizers, or synthetic chemicals. Dr. Bronner’s Pure Castile Soap is usually pretty easy to find in stores, or check your local natural-foods store for other options.

Pure Water: Tap water is fine for making insecticidal soap. If you have hard water, you may want to use bottled water to prevent soap scum from building up on your plants.

To make homemade 2% insecticidal soap, mix together:

 

5 tablespoons soap to 1 gallon of water

OR

 

1 heavy tablespoon soap to 1 quart of water

Containers of garlic, pepper, vinegar, and cooking oil

Other ingredients that can be added to homemade insecticidal soap

Homemade Insecticidal Soap Recipe Variations

 

Like any other home remedy, there are as many variations on this recipe as there are gardeners! You can also try:

 

Diluted Solution: If the spray causes damage or burns your plant foliage, cut the amount of soap in half and try a 1% solution. This is the concentration usually found in commercial sprays. The lighter solution might be less effective but is gentler on plants.

Cooking Oil: To help the solution stick a little longer, add two tablespoons of light cooking oil (such as corn, canola, olive, or safflower) per gallon of water to the mix.

Vinegar: To make a spray that also targets powdery mildew, add a teaspoon of cider vinegar per gallon of water to the mix.

Garlic or Pepper: To help repel chewing insects, add a teaspoon of ground red pepper and/or garlic per gallon of water to the mix.

Bar Soap: For a less-exact recipe, drop a bar of pure soap (such as organic bar soap or Ivory) into a gallon of water and leave it overnight. Remove the bar and shake well before spraying.

Further Information

 

How To Use Insecticidal Soap on Plants (article)

Control Houseplant Insect Pests Safely with Insecticidal Soap (Iowa State)

Organic Pest Control (video)

Organic Gardening 101 (article)

Is Pyrethrum a Safe Organic Pesticide? (article)

How to Use Neem Oil in Your Garden (article)

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95 COMMENTS

 

AvatarLouis Finsand August 5, 2012 at 5:16 pm

Does Fels Naptha work as an insecticidal soap?

 

Thank You.

 

Louis Finsand

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AvatarMichael Tulloch September 13, 2012 at 2:10 pm

I have a four gallon spray pan. If I used the bar soap technique how long would I need to leave the soap soaking / how many soaps would I need for it to be effective as an insecticide?

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AvatarDianne June 5, 2013 at 12:14 am

I have something eating on my asparagus ferns. It is stripping the plant and leaving just the stem. Will the soap solution help this problem?

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AvatarBeck Delvecchio May 27, 2014 at 12:07 pm

Is Castillo soap solution ok on vegetables?

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AvatarBetty Nance May 29, 2014 at 8:51 pm

I dropped a bar of ivory soap in a gallon of water and left it until it all de-solved. Will this be to much soap for insecticide or should I add more water. I do not want to kill my plants.

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AvatarKaren June 6, 2014 at 12:20 pm

Betty

 

Bar Soap: For a less-exact recipe, drop a bar of pure soap (such as organic bar soap or Ivory) into a gallon of water and leave it overnight. Remove the bar and shake well before spraying.

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AvatarCharlie Reid June 9, 2014 at 7:55 pm

If you can use Ivory bar soap, can you use the Ivory soap flakes?

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AvatarRAJ PATEL June 20, 2014 at 2:17 pm

I made & use Homemade Insecticidal Soap for Rose Plant Work good,Thank You Sir

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Avatarjenny house June 28, 2014 at 7:14 am

will this solution keep the mice away in my greenhouse?

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AvatarAllen Peek June 28, 2014 at 8:52 am

Thanks you have been very helpful.

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Avatarraetta kimbel July 3, 2014 at 6:58 am

when you spray the plants with the soap and water mixture , do you leave it on or rinse it off after some time?

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AvatarAlex July 3, 2014 at 5:14 pm

asparagus beetle, clear them by hand each day or spray them, buggers!

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AvatarAlex July 3, 2014 at 5:18 pm

incidentally I’m on here because we have thrip on the lottie and this recipe looks cracking – any other suggestions greatfully received

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AvatarBeth schuler July 8, 2014 at 5:54 pm

In response to r.kimbels post; I think you’re supposed to rinse off the plant after a few hours

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AvatarJulie July 9, 2014 at 3:20 pm

You don’t have to rinse off insecticidal soap, but it’s not a bad idea. The solution is only effective when it’s wet, anyway. Some plants (hawthorns, plums, cherries, and some tomato varieties, to name a few) are sensitive to insecticidal soap, especially if it’s overly concentrated or made with harsh soap. To reduce or prevent damage to plants, it wouldn’t hurt to rinse it off a few hours later, after it’s good and dry.

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AvatarJean-pierre July 18, 2014 at 7:29 pm

Using the bar method, how many gallons would one whole bar make?

thank you

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AvatarL. Brown July 28, 2014 at 4:13 pm

My roommate left a pair of floating oil candles on the center deck post on my patio. It rained really hard last night and coated my plants with lamp oil.

What can I use to clean the oil off my plants? My bonsai was directly underneath the oil shower, so all of it is soaked in oil. The leaves, trunk, roots, soil-every part of it is covered. Also, I need to wash the oil off my patio, since it is now flammable. The patio is surrounded by perennial plants that I want to keep alive. My bonsai has been rendered waterproof.

Help!

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AvatarLana copeland August 1, 2014 at 2:37 pm

Will ivory bath wash do.

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AvatarDennis Fane August 2, 2014 at 4:44 pm

Thanks so much, I needed something for my tomato plants but the stuff I bought kills 100 kinds of bugs and I am thinking do I want to put this on something I am going to eat? Thanks again.

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AvatarJohnHerrick August 8, 2014 at 6:33 pm

Looks like you’re using lavender scented soap rather than unscented. Any particular reason? BTW – I found my Dr Bronner’s at Whole Foods.

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AvatarChristina August 22, 2014 at 11:33 am

Do I need to spray the insecticidal soap into the soil as well.. they are sucking the life out of my potted flowers!

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Avatarsusan August 23, 2014 at 5:04 am

Wondering what to use on my Tomatoes the bugs are eating right through them even before they ripen , this has been the worst year yet for my tomato plants !!

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AvatarPatti T. September 21, 2014 at 8:29 am

Thanks for the help with recipe for insecticidal soap. I was just going to use Dawn dish soap and a drop of veggie oil, then I found your article. I am using it on my house plants before I bring them in for the winter. Thanks again.

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Avatarjim September 30, 2014 at 1:37 pm

I stumbled upon this website and found that I was on the right track.

I have a problem with fire ants. As a maker of hot salsa , I decided to try this to the ants. I threw about 4 or 5 hot peppers in the blender along with vinegar and dish soap. I strained the ingredients into a measuring cup and placed it into a spray bottle. I then got this idea about adding some vegetable oil to the mix and shook it well, to emulsify it. I figured that the hot pepper would stay longer on the ants because of the oil. I then went out to the ant nest and dug around to agitate those little b&*&##S and when they came streaming out I sprayed them and the ground,and little eggs too. The next day I came back looking for another fight only to discover that they were not there. I have done this on two nest. I will video tape the next one.

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AvatarAmanda hughes horan October 23, 2014 at 9:12 pm

Whenever I have a problem with fire ants I just boil some water and pour it right into the middle of the mound…. Works like a charm every time ha ha!!

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AvatarBonnie Bond November 13, 2014 at 12:28 am

Thanks for the help. The silky spider type webs are gone!

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AvatarMohammad November 19, 2014 at 4:02 pm

Will Unscented Pure Vegetable Glycerine soap work okay?

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Avatarvarunraj January 9, 2015 at 9:31 am

sir, i have problem in dissolving neem oil in water. it is written that using insecticidal soap we can dissolve neem oil in water..can u please suggest a soap and its concentration.i am from india

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AvatarPerry January 24, 2015 at 8:27 am

Any good dish soap works for me.

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AvatarVince Arjay :D January 27, 2015 at 7:54 am

Are there any procedures..?

 

or just mix it together..? 😀

 

plss answer ..!!!!! ^_^

 

thankssss

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AvatarBen Erickson January 27, 2015 at 9:11 am

Vince,

No special procedure, you just mix the ingredients together.

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AvatarRob Reiman February 12, 2015 at 11:51 am

Vince – If you are using cold pressed pure neem oil, I recommend using 1 tsp of liquid soap per 2.5 ounce of neem. Mix these two ingredients together BEFORE adding to WARM (or very warm) water. The quantity of water depends on the concentration you are attempting to achieve.

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AvatarAna Baleikorocau of Fiji February 14, 2015 at 1:08 pm

Great!!! I will try this today on the bugs that are eating my palm-leaves and post the results soon.

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AvatarDewi February 19, 2015 at 7:40 pm

Will the soap affect the soil?

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AvatarJennifer March 9, 2015 at 4:15 am

I have a potted pinepple plant, a orange and lemon tree. I noticed that I have ants living in the soil. These plants are very large. What is the best way to evict these nuisancant pest?

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AvatarModzaka prosper March 16, 2015 at 7:10 am

Am happy i found this site. In fact, I have being trying to control aphids and other insect in my okro farm but not working. I will try homemade insecticide and see what happens. thank you

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Avatarmanjunath March 22, 2015 at 11:20 pm

sir,

Requested for help to continue my Rose trees. There is a problem in flowers. Insecticides ants eating the flowers. I have consulted more than 100 persons still I am not able found any solution. Please help me.

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AvatarDonald Madison April 10, 2015 at 3:44 pm

What can I use to spray and kill wasp and hornets that nest in my bush hedge flower beds? Is there anything natural I can use. Thanks appreciate advise.

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Avatardebbie April 14, 2015 at 3:03 pm

hello. I made the insecticidal soap according to your directions and sprayed all of my vegetable plants top side and bottom side of leaves and the white flies were not phased by it. Any suggestions?

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Avatarkaren askren May 1, 2015 at 12:33 pm

Hi…need help for my 2yr old potted dwarf Mulberry plant. The leaves have some”bumpy spots” and there is a browning around the edge of the leaves..I’m afraid to spray anything,i.e. soap, neem oil etc. ( I killed my Meyer Lemon last winter by using neem oil on the leaves which had some critters..I really could use some Help here…..thanks so much !

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AvatarTanisha L May 3, 2015 at 9:30 am

Can you spay the soil of houseplants?

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Avatarmarilyn ridings May 9, 2015 at 11:54 am

can lye soap be used in your recipes? I have everything else on hand to make my own spray.

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AvatarAislinn May 11, 2015 at 11:26 am

Does it work on aphids? Thinking of trying this out on my Bonzai

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AvatarClaudia May 19, 2015 at 2:38 pm

I have clover mites on my retaining wall by my rock flower bed and they are also all over my containers that have petunias in them. Will this soap get rid of them??

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AvatarBrenda June 1, 2015 at 12:43 pm

I have Dr. Bonner’s Castile soap but it’s scented. Will this still work without harming the plants? Our lavender has Spitbugs all over, and I was advised to purchase an Insecticide soap.

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Avatarpeter June 7, 2015 at 7:39 am

what soap mixture can i use to kill aphids?

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AvatarPhil S June 12, 2015 at 4:01 am

If you are going to use natural soap i.e. dervived from fat and caustic soda (saponification) and live in a hard water area, you are going to have problems with the soap reacting with the dissolved calcium (scum) – use clean rainwater straight off the roof which will be calcium-free, assuming that it is not a new roof with concrete tiles – this is the closest you will get to deionised water. Alternatively, get some EDTA (ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid, disodium form, commercially known as Versene and others) and mix a small amount, say a teaspoon to 1-litre, before you add the soap – you should get a nice clear soap solution.

If you are not sure if your house mains water is hard or soft, get a small glass jar with a lid, half fill with tap water and flake in some soap. Shake well – soft water will give a good permanent lather and a clear solution, hard water will take a lot more soap flakes, will form scum and will not be a clear solution.

 

Qualified to advise? Retired water scientist and engineer and avid gardener and rainwater harvester

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Avatarmarilyn mouse June 14, 2015 at 3:29 pm

Would prefer to control insects the natural way.

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AvatarMarina De Guzman June 29, 2015 at 7:04 am

So Amazing. Do I just need to mix all the ingredients?

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AvatarBen Erickson June 29, 2015 at 9:01 am

Marina,

Yes, just mix all the ingredients together.

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AvatarSue June 30, 2015 at 8:58 am

I have chigur bits. Is the a solution to get rid of the itch? I sprayed skin so soft baby oil on my feet, legs and arm. Have bit on elbow and feet. Can I and peppermint oil to it

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AvatarRodney Vanalstine July 7, 2015 at 9:01 am

Sue, to get rid of the itch, put alcohol on the bite, like hand sanitizer. It will burn but only for a second and the itch will disappear.

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Avatarlorrainejacobs July 21, 2015 at 10:50 am

Do you have a natural formula for Japanese beetle?

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Avataralsatian July 26, 2015 at 12:33 pm

Can I use regular dishsoap and water or does it have to be pure soap? I have beans and a Hibiscus tree that are getting eaten alive.

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AvatarGeorge July 28, 2015 at 4:04 pm

This is what i do for ‘MITES’ mainly and works for any other little black insect that eat on top or bottom side of the leaves which suck the life of your plants, trees, flowers ect..:

 

Use any liquid soap or dish washing soap that is as close to unscented as possible. Just smell it, and make sure it does not have a heavy smell, if scented look for “EDTA” – (ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid) in the ingredients. Make sure there is NO CREAM, or type of HAND MOISTURIZER in the ingredient… then buy any ordinary PURE SOAP with FATTY ACIDS and OILS in the ingredients.

 

1.) 5 liters of water to 5 not over-filled teaspoons of liquid soap.

 

2.) Drop a bar of pure soap in the water and let it sit over-night.

 

3.) Shake well and spray.. NO MORE MITES!!!!!

 

4.) Or you can mix all the other ingredients for the other types of insects.

 

Keep in mind that solution only works while “WET”, and is recommended to wash off the soap when plants, trees, ect.. dries off, … it will not harm but will leave a soapy taste if its edible

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AvatarLisa August 2, 2015 at 6:34 pm

What about Dawn dish soap with water? I got cherry tomatoes big boy tomatoes green peppers and yellow bell peppers. What every it is its got holes in the leaves of my plants.

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AvatarMiss Paula August 4, 2015 at 12:05 am

Hi there! I love using the organic/home-made remedies for not only growing flowers and veggies… I use home-made things on almost everything; washing the dog, showers, cleaning thr house, etc!!!! My question is this: instead of using a best of ivory that u mentioned; Do you think it’ll be ok if I substituted for Dawn dishing washing liquid? I wasn’t sure if I should use the Dawn until I can get some advice… I browsed through SO MANY websites that I’m a bit confused. to say the least!!!! Lol. Half of the people said, ‘Yes, that’s gine’ & others said to never use it.

I’d appreciate a timely response!!!! Thanks again!

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AvatarRyan August 10, 2015 at 8:38 am

Is it best to spray the soap mix at night to prevent burning?

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AvatarShamra August 13, 2015 at 5:54 pm

I wanted to thank you for this information. I had a Hibiscus that was covered in aphids. I don’t like using chemicals and I’m on the thrifty side, so I tried putting a bar of Ivory soap in water and then spraying my plant for about three weeks. It has been a month since then and I’m getting beautiful flowers again and there is no sign of bugs!! Great advice and the whole treatment cost me about $1. Thank you!

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AvatarBen Erickson August 14, 2015 at 6:48 am

Hi Shamra,

Glad to hear our article on homemade insecticidal soap helped your hibiscus. Thanks for the feedback!

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AvatarEd Latacz August 18, 2015 at 9:06 am

Thanks for the idea. Have white flies on my Kale. It would be nice if you answered more of the questions asked. Just saying!

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AvatarPammyc August 28, 2015 at 7:31 am

We used the ivory soap mix on my knock out roses earlier this year. I haven’t had to use a commercial spray on the roses all summer. In previous years I was constantly going to the store for more spray and it was costing a small fortune. My roses actually looked much better this year thanks to their ivory bath.

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AvatarGloria Koburi August 31, 2015 at 6:00 pm

WHITE FLY MIXTURE FOUND ONLINE

 

32 ounce bottle

2 parts rubbing aicohol

5 parts water

1 teaspoon ivory or castille soap

 

So far this has been the most help without hurting my plants.

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AvatarMelanie September 5, 2015 at 3:38 pm

Hi,

I have one of those garden sprayers that you hook up to a hose. Using canola oil, dawn & water to control Aphids on my Crepe Myrtle, weeping something & hibiscus. Wondering how much of this combination to use in the sprayer since it will be diluted with hose water. Thanks so much.

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Avatarsharon September 6, 2015 at 2:05 pm

I had aphids on my hibiscus tree. I used dawn, water and vegtable oil to spray all the leaves. I aphids are gone but where there are buds where new leaves are coming, they are dropping off before they open up. The leaves are shiny from the oil, should I spray it off with water? I never had a problem with the tiny new bud of a leaf fall off. thank you so much.

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AvatarEmmanuel Umesiobi September 19, 2015 at 6:42 pm

I would like to know more about natural method of making insect killer.

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AvatarKaren Verhoef September 19, 2015 at 11:41 pm

Thanks for the homemade bug spray recipe with variations, I’ve had the best results adding both the garlic and red pepper. Thanks also for explaining why I was getting a lot of soap scum when I used the Dr. Bronners soap! I was so dissapointed when I tried mixing the Dr. Bronners and ended up with a bunch of soap scum! From now on I’ll use deionized water or hopefully get some rainwater to use instead of the rock hard water that comes out of my homes pipes.

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AvatarCarol September 21, 2015 at 2:33 pm

I have white spots on hosta leaves that I believe are bird or squirrel droppings. I tried to clean with garden hose. Any ideas for cleaning without having to scrub each leaf.

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AvatarAlice Gahan September 27, 2015 at 2:09 pm

Will this control the fruit fly’s in my compost bin???

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AvatarNikki October 11, 2015 at 6:04 pm

There are many different scents and versions of the Dr Bronner’s Castile soap that you recommended. Does it matter which one you use in the insecticidal recipe? I saw the lavender pictured above, is that the best one to use? Thanks so much for your help!!

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Avatarmaria delagrave October 16, 2015 at 9:56 am

I have a gardenia tree I bring in for the winter. I have a problem with spider mites. What can I do and will the soap work for my tree?

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AvatarJoseph January 3, 2016 at 11:49 pm

I wonder if insecticidal soap will work for Chafer Beetles in the lawn?

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AvatarSujeet February 13, 2016 at 1:38 am

Even I have the leaves of my tomato and Marigold plants turn white and ultimately dry up because of these flies. Heart bleeds to see so many marigold buds not able to bloom into flowers because of leaves drying up. I have tried neem+detergent sprays a few times, but does not seem to help. Do not want to use any chemicals. What other options do I have?

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AvatarPat Eiring April 16, 2016 at 2:53 pm

I have had a problem with a light green wormy bug on my geraniums that eats all the blooms. This year they are on my petunias and I tried commercial spray but they still are eating the plants. Any suggestions for a natural spray? Thanks!

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AvatarTerra Ayres April 21, 2016 at 10:46 pm

No problem with rabbits eating plants since I started spraying with Ivory soap dissolved in a spray bottle of water.

Yea !!!!!

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Avatarjmichael May 7, 2016 at 9:22 am

I dip all plants I buy ..pot and all..in a bucket of water with a hefty squirt of Dawn dishwashing soap. This has stopped white flies and aphids that seem to have been in the soil at the green house. I also save egg shells all winter and crumble them and put them around my cabbages and melons and this stops slugs and cut worms.

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Avatarpolly May 25, 2016 at 9:50 am

I’m growing cherry tomatoes for the first time, and something’s eating the leaves( not the entire leaf, but making holes). Do I spray the leaves, or the stems and tomatoes also? They’re now small and still green?thank you!

This is a great community.I’m new at this and would love to grow more of my own veggies, for cost and health reasons.

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AvatarJoy June 1, 2016 at 9:37 am

I used the Dawn dishwashing liquid and water solution but did not rinse the leaves. They are now brown ,should I cut some of them back? btw, I also dusted cayenne pepper on the tomatoes themselves. No more bugs eating them. But afraid b/c the leaves are now brown.

Thanks!

Joy

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AvatarLauren June 21, 2016 at 5:10 pm

Does this only work as a preventative? Or would it help with a caterpillar and snail problem that has already started?

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AvatarKeith Turner July 14, 2016 at 6:24 pm

Does this also work on fungus gnats?

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AvatarLarrCh August 5, 2016 at 12:21 pm

That’s all well and good with these comments/questions but why are there no answers to the questions?

What good are queries if there are no replies?

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AvatarLindsay Hughes August 5, 2016 at 3:13 pm

Thanks, everyone, for your comments and questions. Many answers to your questions can be found in Julie Day’s article on how to use insecticidal soap, whether homemade or store-bought. You can read it here: todayshomeowner.com/how-to-use-insecticidal-soap-on-plants/

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AvatarBob Saget November 11, 2016 at 2:35 pm

Fungus gnats should be treated with a powdering of diatomaceous earth, work it in the top inch or two of soil. Fungus gnat larvae live in the soil eating fungus and roots so this is where you should target them. You can also follow up with Neem oil soil drench, usually 3-4 tbs per gallon. Just be aware the diatomaceous earth should fix your problem. Keep in mind you “may be” overwatering, if you allow the top couple of inches of soil to dry between waterings will drastically reduce fungus gnats naturally.

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AvatarKathie Campbell April 13, 2017 at 9:44 am

I have used self raising flour on ant beds it works really well.

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Avatarjohn April 18, 2017 at 11:03 am

as for the person who had bad chiggers; I have found that by dusting a little sulphur on your pants from the knees down before you walk into the yard will remedy the problem. Also, chiggers take a while to bite, so if you come inside, take your pants off in the tub and scrub your legs with dry or wet towel, you will be removing 90% of the chiggers. Put the used towels in wash, or in dryer for a while.

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AvatarA. Stubbs May 24, 2017 at 9:05 am

I had not been successful with a cooking apple tree for three years (it is 3 metres tall and nearly as much spread width). I was told to look for mealy bugs and scaly mite. On finding the cottonwool like cluster here and there I thought I would try brushing with heater paraffin on the infected areas which worked so well that this year the tree was full of blossom and producing many apples. I might have been stupid by some peoples thoughts but for the first time many cookers are forming on my tree.

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AvatarCarol E. June 8, 2017 at 6:45 am

Here is what I do to cure all pest problems in potting soil. When you buy new potting soil it will have pests in it. All brands do. Its unavoidable. So I bake it. At 350 degrees for at least 20 min. Watch carefully because some potting mixes can catch fire though I’ve never had that happen to any of mine. Also when buying new house plants be sure to remove them from their soil and rinse their roots off very well. Add the soil they came in to the soil you bake. Re pot them in the baked soil after it has completely cooled. Spray the plants themselves with Dr. Bonners castile soap. 1 tablespoon per quart of water. If over time you see your plants looking weak, not growing etc… look closely at them and their soil through a magnifying glass. Scratch the soil and watch to see any insect movement. If any are detected first try a soil drench with the soap mixture. Wait for the soil to dry and watch again for pests. If the soap mixture does not get rid of them then remove them, spray their roots then rinse then replant in fresh baked potting soil. This is the only true way of killing pests in your soil. Also I spray my house plants at least once a month with the Castile soap mixture. Be sure to keep them out of the sun till they completely dry.

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AvatarGeorge George George of the Jungle June 30, 2017 at 10:35 am

“Use a pure liquid soap, such as Castile, or all-natural soap. The active ingredient in insecticidal soap comes from the fatty acids in animal fat or vegetable oil, so it’s important to use the real thing. Don’t use detergents (which aren’t actually soaps)….or….synthetic chemicals.”

 

It’s important to use the real thing?

Why? Is there a genuine chemical reason to do so, or is this just some advice from a hippie gardner? This is obviously not a scholarly article because of the phrase “synthetic chemicals”

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Avataranon August 25, 2017 at 11:38 am

Fatty acid insecticide worked against the aphid infestation on my chilli plant. Had to give it a couple of good dousings, and the second time put paper over the soil. That has ended up a bit greasy and seems to have the slightest layer of mould loving it.

 

I bought a synthetic aphid spray and they just shrugged that off, like the bottle warned they might. Another bottle, with a different ingredient, also said about immunity so I didn’t even buy it. But a fatty acid spray worked, and the plant’s even flowering again.

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AvatarRichard and Margie August 25, 2017 at 2:53 pm

Dawn Dish Soap

 

3 tablespoons to a large spray bottle of cold Fawcett water worked killing Squash (stink) Bugs after 3 days in a row application with the bottle full on a 6 foot row of Butternut squash.

 

Margie

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AvatarJudy Beaver January 30, 2018 at 6:59 am

Please let us know if this mix will harm bee’s, I doubt it would….but..you should include this in your information, when this is posted to Face Book….more will pay attention to our Bee problem!!!

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AvatarJulie September 21, 2018 at 10:20 am

I saw a black caterpillar eating my sedum plants. I would like to know:

 

What is the name of this caterpillar?

Is this a bad caterpillar?

 

I will be glad to send you a picture of it

 

Thank you

Reply

Avatarmery September 25, 2018 at 1:05 pm

I have red flat bark beetles infested two pine trees and my hostas.

 

any suggestion how to get rid of them is really welcomed.

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Avatardinesh bachhav December 24, 2018 at 10:50 pm

Plz suggest best combination Of plant extract oils for controlling melaybug on grape. It should be 100 % residue free botanical products.

 

Grape Farmer from India…

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AvatarMegan Hildum November 12, 2019 at 12:29 am

Thank you for such great advice, now I can take good care of my garden. First time planting a garden really enjoying it.

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September 27, 2015

Notes: map showing existing and abandoned railway lines, buildings, tunnels and roadways including Cox's Old Road

 

Format: printed map 42 cm x 29 cm, CC Singleton cartographer

 

Date Range: 1957

 

Location: Lapstone - Glenbrook

 

Licensing: Attribution, share alike, creative commons

 

Repository: Blue Mountains Library library.bmcc.nsw.gov.au

 

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Links:

 

Some of you may have noticed that, unfortunately, owing to the fact that a certain person based in Kent who sells truck photos on eBay commercially has been lifting my images from this album and selling them I have had to remove 2300 photos that didn't have a watermark. I have now run around 1700 through Lightroom and added a watermark with the intention of bulk uploading them again. Rather than watermark the existing (hidden) files in Flickr one at a time it will be easier to do it this way. I definitely won’t be adding individual tags with the make and model of each vehicle I will just add generic transport tags. Each photo is named after the vehicle and reg in any case. For anyone new to these images there is a chapter and verse explanation below. It is staggering how many times I get asked questions that a quick scan would answer or just as likely I can’t possibly answer – I didn’t take them but just to clarify-I do own the copyright- and I do pursue copyright theft.

 

This is a collection of scanned prints from a collection of photographs taken by the late Jim Taylor A number of years ago I was offered a large number of photographs taken by Jim Taylor, a transport photographer based in Huddersfield. The collection, 30,000 prints, 20,000 negatives – and copyright! – had been offered to me and one of the national transport magazines previously by a friend of Jim's, on behalf of Jim's wife. I initially turned them down, already having over 30,000 of my own prints filed away and taking space up. Several months later the prints were still for sale – at what was, apparently, the going rate. It was a lot of money and I deliberated for quite a while before deciding to buy them. I did however buy them directly from Jim’s wife and she delivered them personally – just to quash the occasional rumour from people who can’t mind their own business. Although some prints were sold elsewhere, particularly the popular big fleet stuff, I should have the negatives, unfortunately they came to me in a random mix, 1200 to a box, without any sort of indexing and as such it would be impossible to match negatives to prints, or, to even find a print of any particular vehicle. I have only ever looked at a handful myself unless I am scanning them. The prints are generally in excellent condition and I initially stored them in a bedroom without ever looking at any of them. In 2006 I built an extension and they had to be well protected from dust and moved a few times. Ultimately my former 6x7 box room office has become their (and my own work’s) permanent home.

I hope to avoid posting images that Jim had not taken his self, however should I inadvertently infringe another photographers copyright, please inform me by email and I will resolve the issue immediately. There are copyright issues with some of the photographs that were sold to me. A Flickr member from Scotland drew my attention to some of his own work amongst the first uploads of Jim’s work. I had a quick look through some of the 30 boxes of prints and decided that for the time being the safest thing for me to do was withdraw the majority of the earlier uploaded scans and deal with the problem – which I did. whilst the vast majority of the prints are Jims, there is a problem defining copyright of some of them, this is something that the seller did not make clear at the time. I am reasonably confident that I have since been successful in identifying Jims own work. His early work consists of many thousands of lustre 6x4 prints which are difficult to scan well, later work is almost entirely 7x5 glossy, much easier to scan. Not all of the prints are pin sharp but I can generally print successfully to A4 from a scan.

 

You may notice photographs being duplicated in this Album, unfortunately there are multiple copies of many prints (for swapping) and as I have to have a system of archiving and backing up I can only guess - using memory - if I have scanned a print before. The bigger fleets have so many similar vehicles and registration numbers that it is impossible to get it right all of the time. It is easier to scan and process a print than check my files - on three different PC’s - for duplicates. There has not been, nor will there ever be, any intention to knowingly breach anyone else's copyright. I have presented the Jim Taylor collection as exactly that-The Jim Taylor Collection- his work not mine, my own work is quite obviously mine.

Unfortunately, many truck spotters have swapped and traded their work without copyright marking it as theirs. These people never anticipated the ease with which images would be shared online in the future. I would guess that having swapped and traded photos for many years that it is almost impossible to control their future use. Anyone wanting to control the future use of their work would have been well advised to copyright mark their work (as many did) and would be well advised not to post them on photo sharing sites without a watermark as the whole point of these sites is to share the image, it is very easy for those that wish, to lift any image, despite security settings, indeed, Flickr itself, warns you that this is the case. It was this abuse and theft of my material that led me to watermark all of my later uploads. I may yet withdraw non-watermarked photos, I haven’t decided yet. (I did in the end)

To anyone reading the above it will be quite obvious that I can’t provide information regarding specific photos or potential future uploads – I didn’t take them! There are many vehicles that were well known to me as Jim only lived down the road from me (although I didn’t know him), however scanning, titling, tagging and uploading is laborious and time consuming enough, I do however provide a fair amount of information with my own transport (and other) photos. I am aware that there are requests from other Flickr users that are unanswered, I stumble across them months or years after they were posted, this isn’t deliberate. Some weekends one or two “enthusiasts” can add many hundreds of photos as favourites, this pushes requests that are in the comments section ten or twenty pages out of sight and I miss them. I also have notifications switched off, I receive around 50 emails a day through work and I don’t want even more from Flickr. Other requests, like many other things, I just plain forget – no excuses! Uploads of Jim’s photos will be infrequent as it is a boring pastime and I would much rather work on my own output.

 

A Memorial Day trip up to Mt. Rainier found me huffing and puffing, knee deep in snow, with more swirling in the air around me.

 

I never saw the mountain that day, but I saw plenty of other things.

1970 - 1971

 

The redesign for the 1970 Barracuda removed all its previous commonality with the Valiant. The original fastback design was deleted from the line and the Barracuda now consisted of coupe and convertible models. The all-new model, styled by John E. Herlitz, was built on a shorter, wider version of Chrysler's existing B platform, called the E-body. Sharing this platform was the newly launched Dodge Challenger; however no exterior sheet metal interchanged between the two cars, and the Challenger, at 110 inches (2,800 mm), had a wheelbase that was 2 inches (51 mm) longer than the Barracuda.

 

The E-body Barracuda was now "able to shake the stigma of 'economy car'." Three versions were offered for 1970 and 1971: the base Barracuda (BH), the luxury oriented Gran Coupe (BP), and the sport model 'Cuda (BS). Beginning mid year 1970, and ending with the 1971 model, there also was the Barracuda Coupe (A93), a low-end model which included the 198ci Slant Six as a base engine, lower grade interior, and (like other Coupe series Chrysler Corp. offered that year) had fixed quarter glass instead of roll-down rear passenger windows. The high-performance models were marketed as 'Cuda deriving from the 1969 option. The E-body's engine bay was larger than that of the previous A-body, facilitating the release of Chrysler's 426 cu in (7.0 L) Hemi for the regular retail market.

 

In 1970 the big-block power options offered to the customer were:

 

approximately 270 hp (200 kW) SAE net in the high performance 383-4V,

approximately 310 hp (230 kW) SAE net in the 440-4V,

approximately 335 hp (250 kW) SAE net in the 440-6V, and

approximately 355 hp (265 kW) SAE net in the 426-8V.

 

Other Barracuda options included decal sets, hood modifications, and some unusual "high impact" colors such as "Lime Light", "Bahama Yellow", "Tor Red", "Lemon Twist", "Curious Yellow", "Vitamin C", "In-Violet", "Sassy Grass" and "Moulin Rouge".

 

1971 Plymouth Hemi 'Cuda

The Barracuda was changed slightly for 1971, with a new grille and taillights, seat, and trim differences. This would be the only year that the Barracuda would have four headlights, and also the only year of the fender "gills" on the 'Cuda model.

 

[Text from Wikipedia]

 

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouth_Barracuda

 

I have previously built the 1970 Plymouth HEMI 'Cuda, in orange, as a model for the Pixar film 'Cars' - Snot Rod character. This model was created in both 'standard' and 'animated' forms. Last year I used that model as the basis for a pair of 1971 HEMI 'Cudas, featuring the twin headlamp styling and 1971-ear side graphics.

 

The model shown here returns to the 1970 model year form and side graphics, but with the updated mechanical layout of the newer Lego models from last year.

 

favorite colour is, of course, the crazy, 'In-violet'. This colour was reused for the introduction of the Plymouth (later Chrysler) Prowler of 1996.

Great Dixter is a house in Northiam, East Sussex, England. It was built in 1910–12 by architect Edwin Lutyens, who combined an existing mid-15th century house on the site with a similar structure brought from Benenden, Kent, together with his own additions. It is a Grade I listed building.[1] The garden, widely known for its continuous tradition of sophisticated plantsmanship, is Grade I listed in the National Register of Historic Parks and Gardens.

 

House

The original Northiam house, known as Dixter, dating from the mid-15th century, was acquired by a businessman named Nathaniel Lloyd in 1909. He had a 16th-century house in a similar style moved from Kent and the two were combined with new work by Lutyens to create a much larger house, which was rechristened Great Dixter. It is a romantic recreation of a medieval manor house, complete with great hall, parlour, solar and yeoman's hall.

 

Garden

Lloyd and Lutyens began the garden at Great Dixter, but it was Lloyd's son Christopher Lloyd, a well known garden writer and television personality, who made it famous. The garden is in the arts and crafts style, and features topiary, a long border, an orchard and a wild flower meadow. The planting is profuse, yet structured, and has featured many bold experiments of form, colour and combination. The garden is currently managed by Fergus Garrett, who worked closely with Lloyd up until his death in 2006 as Head Gardener and introduced a number of innovations into the planting scheme.

 

In the grounds of Great Dixter are three 18th-century oast houses, under a common roof, and a 15th-century barn. These are Grade II* listed. wikipedia

Paderu coffee plantation

Rejuvenation and consolidation of the existing plantations through gap filling,

adoption of timely cultural practices to improve the soil health as well as the

plant health through appropriate handholding in a cluster approach and achieve

productivity improvement to sustainable levels.

As most of the coffee produced in this region is organic by default, encourage

and assist the groups of farmers to obtain collective organic certification for

their coffee.

Shifting the focus from monoculture silver oak shade to mixed shade with

indigenous species.

It is expected through this project the tribal economy will show sustainable

growth and coffee becomes an important vehicles to bring prosperity to this area

in the years to come.

Taking advantage of the willingness of the tribal farmers to prepare parchment

coffee using the baby pulpers, which were supplied in limited number, it is

proposed to meet the entire demand of the baby puplers so as to convert

maximum production into parchment coffee, which helps in proper branding of

the coffee produced in this region and helps get better prices.

In the 1950s there were lots of small coachwork companies which produced besides their own designed cars also conversions of existing models. These style adjustments run from limited scale to complete rebuild coaches.

The 600 was right from the start quite popular and sale rates were increasing. Soon there was a market for 600 models which were distinctive. Many Italian coach builders started to react to this demand. Companies like Allemano, Bertone, Boano, Canta, Francis Lombardi, Ghia, Moretti, Monterosa, Pininfarina, Touring, Vignale, Viotti and Zagato started immediately after the launch of the new 600 to create their own version of the 600. These restyled cars were called 600 Elaborata. The big Fiat-company gave their full support and delivered also plain 600 platforms to these coach builders. They both had profit of these activities: Fiat made their own special 600 versions but they hadn't the capacity to be able to meet the demand, and it raised the reputation and popularity of the new 600.

 

In March 1957 presented Francis Lombardi this 4-door 600 Lucciola without central pillar in the style of the old Fiat 508 and early 1100, or the Lancia Aprilia, Aurelia and Appia.

In 1963 copied SEAT the 4-door concept with the launch of the 800, based on the Fiat 600.

Later Lombardi would make a 4-door 850 Lucciola.

 

The 600 was designed by Dante Giacosa and presented in March 1955.

 

633 cc water-cooled rear engine,

Approx. 600 kg.

Production Fiat 600: 1955-1970 (in Italy, by SEAT in Spain till Aug. 1973).

 

Original photographer, place and date unknown.

Image taken from the book 'De Fiat 500 & 600', Jan de Lange, Uitgeverij Elmar, Rijswijk, 1997.

 

Amsterdam, Dec. 24, 2018.

 

© 1997/2018 Elmar/Sander Toonen Amsterdam | All Rights Reserved

 

This bus was new to now defunct operator Armchair in January of 2003. It was then passed to Metroline, and later withdrawn.

 

The 172 came up for tender, and Abellio won the contract with existing buses, which was fine, except they didn't have spare buses to use. So they acquired this bus along with 14 of its sisters, refurbished them, and then used them on the 172, from March of 2011 until about this time last year.

 

But what if Abellio had never won the 172? What if London Central had retained it at New Cross with existing buses? This is something I've often thought about. The Y reg PVLs, being 10 years old and Euro 2, probably wouldn't have fit the bill. But Go-Ahead did have a number of spare buses, some of which were leased, that they could've used.

 

If we stick with PVLs, going over the numbers: '273-280 would've been available after the loss of the 35 and 40, so that's 8. Then out of '260-271, 9 would've been available, which would've covered the needed 7 (I think) for a total of 15. Then the older PVLs, including its former allocation, could've acted as refurbishment cover across the network.

 

There's also the possibility that '356-361 could've been retained in some way for the contract, though that's only 6 buses.

 

Then I suppose that allocation of 02 reg PVLs would've lasted until 2016, assuming no 2-year contract extension, and the route most likely would've been retained or lost with hybrids, depending on how TfL was feeling.

 

The bus in the photo is former 9833, and now with Pimp My Tour London. In case it isn't obvious, it has an open top now. I got a really nice shot of this as it was pulling out at the perfect angle. Unfortunately it was spoiled by a passing car.

I don’t know what to say anymore

The three bridges over the Forth River including the new Queensferry bridge. The Queensferry Crossing is a road bridge in Scotland. It was built alongside the existing Forth Road Bridge and carries the M90 motorway across the Firth of Forth between Edinburgh, at South Queensferry, and Fife, at North Queensferry

Natural light portrait - available light portrait - existing light portrait

Documenting- as I’ve had a thought about it

zp.626 | PA

 

Steel industry still existing in the hills of PA.

 

Website | Facebook | Twitter | Google+ | YouTube

*

Existing light portrait captured on a bright winter morning.

Hook Lighthouse – The oldest original operating lighthouse in the World.

The existing tower dates from the 12th century, though tradition states that Dubhán, a missionary to the Wexford area, established a form of beacon as early as the 5th century. The headland is known in Irish as Rinn Dubháin, St. Dubhán's Head. However, the similar-sounding Irish word 'duán' means a fish hook, hence the English name. It is known locally as "the Hook."

 

The tower was built by Strongbow's son-in-law William Marshall, Earl of Pembroke, who succeeded Strongbow as Lord of Leinster. Pembroke had established a port in the town of New Ross, approx. 30 km up river. In order for his new port to be successful and for ships to safely reach their destination, Pembroke had a 36m high tower built at the mouth of Waterford Harbour. The exact year of construction is not known, but Pembroke first came to the region in 1201 and the first map that shows the lighthouse serving its function is dated 1240, so construction must have taken place between these dates.

‘By Hook or by Crook’

 

The well-known phrase ‘by hook or by crook’ is said to have originated from Oliver Cromwell’s vow to take Waterford by Hook (on the Wexford side of Waterford Estuary) or by the village of Crooke, on the Waterford side.

Operator: Bataan Transit Co Inc

Fleet no# 2335

Classification: Air Conditioned Provincial Bus

Route: Mariveles Bataan-Avenida Manila

Seats configuration: 2x2

Type of operation: Provincial Operation (Regular)

Area of operation: Region 3 (Central Luzon)

Unit: 2005 SR CMANC Exofh PF6

Coachbuilder: Santarosa Motorworks Philippines Inc Columbian Manafacturer Corp

Chassis: JA450SSN

Engine: PF6A-PF6TA

Shot Location: SM Robinsons Pampanga Gapan-Olongapo Rd City of San Fernando Pampanga