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Polar Bear
"Region: America
Class: Mammalia
Order: Carnivora
Family: Ursidae
Genus: Ursus
Scientific Name: Ursus maritimus
Description : Polar bears are considered the largest land carnivores in the world, matched only by very large individual Kodiak brown bears. Both sexes differ in size throughout their range; males being much larger than females and continuing to grow for a longer period of time. These bears have long, massive skulls, necks and bodies with long legs and large paws. Ears and tail are short. The nose is more prominent or “Roman” with a black rhinarium (nose pad). The tongue is black and the eyes brown. The surface of the skin is also black. Fur colour varies slightly with the season: new coats grown just prior to the winter season are very white appearing as slightly creamy white against the stark white of their icy winter environment. This pelage is thick, coarse and long with dense underfur. Guard hairs, found throughout the pelage, are shiny, almost glossy, oily and waterproof and have hollow shafts. Polar bears moult annually between the end of May and August. The coat becomes thinner and has a yellow wash or is almost a golden colour. Male polar bears weigh between 400 – 600 kg, and have been recorded up to a maximum of 800 kg. Females are smaller than the males weighing up to 300 kg, and when pregnant up to 460 kg. Polar bears are 2.5 – 3.5 m long.
Distribution : The polar bear is circumpolar in distribution, inhabiting all Arctic seas and coastlines. It is found on the pack-ice off the Alaskan coast north of Bering Strait, off the coasts of Greenland and along the Eurasian Arctic coast from Spitsbergen to Wrangell Island. Rare stragglers reach Iceland. Individual bears have been seen on the frozen Arctic Ocean as far as latitude 88 degrees North, only 2 degrees from the North Pole. In Canada, they are found along the Arctic coasts from Alaska to Labrador and from the tip of James Bay to northern Ellesmere Island. Polar bears do roam as far as 150 kilometres inland into the coniferous forests, where they live very differently from the polar bears which belong to the high Arctic.
Habitat : They prefer areas of annual ice, which they use as a hunting platform and protective cover. This includes snow-drifted pressure ridges, refrozen cracks and areas of open water surrounded by ice. In areas where the pack ice melts by mid to late summer they come inland and live in coniferous forest areas. Here they remain until the ice re-freezes. Areas of solidly frozen sea ice and the open seas are avoided. Generally they are most common along coastal areas. Some do enter the permanent pack ice.
Food : The ringed seal is by far the most common prey. They also eat bearded seal, harp seal and hooded seal. Young walrus are sometimes taken. During the summer months they feed upon the shoreline carrion, fish, mussels, crabs, starfish, lemmings and the eggs and nestling young of waterfowl and cliff-dwelling birds. They will also graze on kelp, grasses and eat mushrooms and crowberries.
Reproduction and Development : Normally they are solitary animals outside the breeding season, the exception being a mother with cubs. Polar bears mate in mid-summer. Females first start to breed at 3 to 5 years of age. In April and May adult females are in oestrus and ready to accept a mate. They are polyandrous, meaning one female will mate with more than one male in one breeding season. Males fight among themselves for the female’s attention and a couple will pair off for a period of a few days to two weeks. With females, delayed implantation occurs, the fertilized egg does not implant in the uterus until mid-September to mid-October. Embryonic development begins at this time. Gestation periods, therefore, vary a great deal when including this period of delay. Females choose suitable locations to build their maternity dens in mid-October and retreat to them for the winter season. They give birth to one to four cubs somewhere between late November and early January. Twins are most common. The newborns are small; 25 to 30 cm long and weigh less than 1 kg. They are covered with very fine hair, appearing almost naked and their eyes are closed. Their eyes open at 6 weeks. Growth is very quick; at two months their fur has thickened; they weigh about 5 kg and move about the den. By mid-March to early April, when the den is opened, the cubs weigh about 10 kg and are surprisingly strong. The cubs suckle for nine months, occasionally one year. They are very dependent on their mother and stay with her for two years. At that time they weigh 90 - 180 kg and are half grown.
Adaptations : Polar bears are wonderfully adapted to their Arctic surroundings.
Locomotion. On land a shuffling walk may be increased to a rolling gallop of 40 km/h and can outrun caribou over a short distance. Bears are often seen standing high on their hind legs, necks stretched to scan the landscape. On thin ice, legs are spread to distribute body mass. Thickly padded and furred soles allow the bear to move quietly as well as providing good traction. Small bumps and cavities on the soles act like suction cups keeping bears from slipping on the ice. The claws are used to dig into icy slopes and to grip prey. They are strong swimmers, paddling with their forefeet only and trailing their hind feet which act as a rudder. They can stay submerged for over one minute, keeping their eyes open. They swim at a speed of approximately 6.4 km/h, often covering long distances.
Insulation. Polar bears have a thick layer of sub-cutaneous fat and very dense underfur with several layers of glossy guard hair on the outside. Their pelt is much thicker in winter and provides excellent insulation. The fat layer also adds to buoyancy in the water. Water is shed easily from the oily waterproof fur. Small, furry ears have a heavy network of blood vessels, keeping them warm and conserving heat. The tail is short and rounded also conserving heat. Fur is very dense around the soles of the feet.
Pelage. The creamy white appearance of the coat allows the bear to be inconspicuous when hunting seal. Each hair is similar to an optical fibre; colourless and hollow. Being translucent, it reflects the heat from the sun down to the base of the hair, where it is absorbed by the black skin. Whiteness comes from reflection of light rather than pigmentation.
Hunting. Bears use their keen sense of smell to detect seal breathing holes. These can be up to a kilometer away and covered by a layer of snow and ice. They will stand or lie by the seal’s blowhole in the ice for hours; they may swim towards seals resting on the ice flows with only their nose showing above the water. They will dive quietly, then swim up to the ice edge and jump out on the seal, and will also crawl towards a sunbathing seal using every piece of raised ice to conceal the approach.
Denning. Both sexes occupy dens for shelter. Topographic factors influence the den sites. In Canadian core areas, dens frequently occur on south-facing slopes where northerly prevailing winds create the best drifts, where the wind-chill is least and insulation from received solar radiation is greatest. One of the three largest denning areas worldwide is in Canada. There are three main types of winter refuges: maternity dens, temporary dens and winter shelters. During the winter any bear may dig a temporary den and use it for a few days during a storm, or take shelter in a natural cavity. Winter shelters are used for longer periods of time as resting places. This type of shelter is usually roomier with additional features such as alcoves, porches and ventilation holes. Bears do not hibernate in the strict sense of the word; they have the ability to slow down their metabolism to conserve energy at any time of year. The state of self-induced lethargy while in the shelter allows them to preserve their vital fat reserves. During this time, the body temperature of the polar bear decreases by a few degrees from normal and the respiration rates are markedly reduced. Maternity dens are built and occupied by pregnant females and can vary in size. The denning chamber is at the upper end of an entrance tunnel 1 to 2 m long. It averages 1.5 m in diameter with a height of 90 to 100cm in the middle. Drifting snow seals the entrance. The chamber is higher than the tunnel, trapping bear body heat inside. Dens not only provide a safe place to give birth to her cubs, but are also a place of protection for the cubs during their first few months. During this time she does not leave the den, remaining with her cubs and living on her reserves of fat. In the spring, with her fat severely depleted she must leave to find food to sustain herself and her cubs. After they leave the maternity den she will build temporary refuges in which to nurse, rest and shelter her young cubs and warms them as they all sleep together. She heads with her cubs towards the nearest supply of food, this is usually pack ice.
Sight and sounds. Polar bears have good eyesight. Their eyes have inner eyelids that keep the glare of the sun on snow and ice from blinding them. When defending a food source from other bears they use a deep growl. They hiss and snort to show aggression. Angry bears use loud roars and growls. Mothers scold cubs with a low growl.
Threats to Survival : Polar bears are one of the animals most threatened by global warming. They depend entirely on sea ice as a platform from which to hunt seals. Reduction of the total ice cover in the Arctic is a serious concern globally. When the ice does not form or forms too late in the season many polar bears starve. In Hudson Bay, scientists have found the main cause of death for cubs to be either lack of food or lack of fat on nursing mothers. Exploitation of minerals and fossil fuels in the Arctic pose a continuous threat. Of the oil and natural gas deposits globally, 20% are located in the Arctic. As the ice cap recedes these become more accessible. Countries are competing which each other in claiming ownership of Arctic and its resources. This can only result in further and more drastic impact on polar bear habitat.
Status : IUCN: Vulnerable; CITES: Appendix II; COSEWIC: Special Concern
Zoo Diet : Toronto Zoo carnivore diet, dog chow, jumbo smelt and herring, carrots, bean sprouts, Vitamin E and Thiamine supplements."
- Courtesy of the Metro Toronto Zoo
© All Rights Reserved - Miles Away Photography
Please! No usage allowed without the consent of Mandi A. Miles
Based out of Flesherton, ON, please write for prices and information!
Volenteers at the City Harvest warehouse in Long Island City, Queens, NY help pack shelf-stable items into individual bags to pickup a touchless "grab and go" process at the City Harvest Mobile Markets in five metropolitan locations during the COVID-19 pandemic, on March 28, 2020. For more information about what City Harvest, please go to cityharvest.org. City Harvest Courtesy Photo by Ben Cohen.
Railfreight Distribution class 47 locomotive 47229 (D1905) is seen at Preston, taking part in Pathfinder Tours "The Lancastrian Mini-Excursions"
A series of short tours radiating out of Preston over the weekend of 22/23 May 1993 using a variety of traction.
New to Newport 9/65 as D1905 withdrawn from Bescot 10/98 cut up 03/07 by TJ Thomson Stockton
23rd May 1993
I found this massive Walgreens distribution center while driving around in the Toledo area. I can only imagine how many stores someplace this large supplies!
Walgreens Distribution Center - 28727 Oregon Road - Oregon, Ohio
ICRC food distribution.
(Español): Distribución de alimentos, Pakistán - Distribución de alimentos del CICR.
Credit: ICRC / Muhammad, N. / www.icrc.org
Newport based freight Movement & distribution DAF XF coupled to a three axle taut liner driving in Northern road Sudbury
11 February 2014. Shangil Tobaya: (left) A community member in Nifasha camp for Internally Displaced Persons (IDP), North Darfur, greets his colleages before starting the distribution of goods from World Food Programme (WFP) trucks.
Ten WFP trucks, with two containers each, traveled from El Fasher to Shangil Tobaya to deliver 350 metric tons of food (oil and sorghum) to Nifasha and Shaddad camps for Internally Displaced Persons.
WFP through its partner, Africa Humanitarian Action (AHA), provides food for around 20,000 beneficiaries in these camps, who have fled from different surrounding villages in the region; some 14km north of the South Darfur border and at the midpoint between El-Fasher and Nyala. WFP food remains the main source of food for IDPs in Shangil Tobaya.
The road trip, nearly 100 kilometers, took more than 8 hours due to difficult road conditions. The convoy was protected all the way by UNAMID troops from Ethiopia and Rwanda. Photo by Albert Gonzalez Farran, UNAMID.
SECTION Dendrobium Sw., Tab. Pl. Jav. Orchid. [3], t. 4 (1825).
Distribution: Nepal to S. China and Indo-China (36 CHC CHH CHS CHT 40 ASS BAN EHM IND NEP 41 LAO MYA THA VIE (63) haw)
Lifeform: Pseudobulb epiphyte or lithophyte
Homotypic Names:
Callista nobilis (Lindl.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 655 (1891).
Heterotypic Synonyms:
Dendrobium coerulescens Wall. ex Lindl., Sert. Orchid. 3: t. 18 (1838).
Dendrobium lindleyanum Griff., Not. Pl. Asiat. 3: 309 (1851).
Dendrobium wallichianum B.S.Williams, Orch.-Grow. Man., ed. 2: 98 (1862).
Dendrobium nobile var. formosanum Rchb.f., Gard. Chron., n.s., 19: 432 (1883).
Dendrobium nobile var. nobilius Rchb.f., Garden (London, 1871-1927) 24: 206 (1883).
Dendrobium nobile var. cooksonianum Rchb.f., Gard. Chron., n.s., 23: 692 (1885).
Dendrobium nobile var. alboluteum Lindl., Lindenia 14: 45 (1898).
Dendrobium nobile var. anomalum Lindl., Lindenia 14: 45 (1898).
Dendrobium nobile var. excellens Lindl., Lindenia 14: 45 (1898).
Dendrobium nobile var. luteum Lindl., Lindenia 14: 45 (1898).
Dendrobium nobile var. majus Lindl., Lindenia 14: 45 (1898).
Dendrobium nobile var. splendidum Lindl., Lindenia 14: 45 (1898).
Dendrobium nobile virginale Rolfe, Orchid Rev. 8: 121 (1900).
Dendrobium formosanum (Rchb.f.) Masam., Trop. Hort. 3: 32 (1933).
Dendrobium chlorostylum Gagnep., Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat., sér. 2, 21: 739 (1950).
Dendrobium nobile f. nobilius (Rchb.f.) M.Hiroe, Orchid Flowers 2: 40 (1971).
Dendrobium nobile var. alboluteum Huyen & Aver., Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 74: 1039 (1989), nom. illeg.
Dendrobium nobile f. cooksonianum (Rchb.f.) O.Gruss & N.H.Tuan, OrchideenJ. 26: 98 (2019).
Dendrobium nobile f. virginale (Rolfe) O.Gruss & N.H.Tuan, OrchideenJ. 26: 100 (2019).
18 October 2012. Abu Shouk: A local trader measures oil at the voucher distribution center in Abu Shouk camp for internally displaced persons (IDP), North Darfur.
The World Food Program (WFP) has replaced the direct distribution of food to the IDPs for a voucher system where each family can exchange its value for products such as sugar, salt, lentils, oil, cereals, meat, chicken and dried tomatoes. The center hosts 12 local vendors who distributes these products to the IDPs.
Photo by Albert González Farran - UNAMID
I went to Salinas to look around the distraction where a lot of homeless
people live. I ate free food for homeless people. This food is come from
the food bank and the donation. I can never experience it in Japan. I think
this system is controversial because this makes homeless people alive, but
it gives too much and it can disturb them to become independent.
One of the many spectators of the distributions that took place in Voldrogue.
Read more about FAO and the Hurricane Matthew in Haiti.
Photo credit must be given: ©FAO/Justine Texier. Editorial use only. Copyright FAO
Long trenches are dug for water distribution pipes and tubes at Arrowhead Farms for an underground micro drip irrigation system in Crystal City, TX, on Tuesday, March 29, 2010. Up until now flood irrigation has been used and it results in a high degree of weed growth throughout the grounds. Underground irrigation will almost all the water on the topsoil dramatically retarding weed growth and the need for labor and cost of herbicides. In all, about 25,000 feet of drip tubing was used. The 719-acre farm with 10,000 trees, features some orchards with underground micro irrigation system that feeds water to the roots of 4,380 pecan trees on 146 acres. Mr. Mohammad said, “USDA (U.S. Department of Agriculture) was essential to my business and trees surviving the recent exceptional drought. The trees were stress free thanks to underground micro-irrigation. This is essential to the future growth of Texas agriculture and good for America.” U.S. Department of Agriculture’s (USDA) Environmental Quality Initiative Program (EQIP) awarded Mr. Mohammad a $130,000 grant in 2008. He provided $26,000 for the balance of the $156,000 total cost to install a 146-acre underground micro-irrigation for 4,380 trees. USDA Photo by J. M. Villarreal.
18 October 2012. Abu Shouk: Women at the voucher distribution center in Abu Shouk camp for internally displaced persons (IDP), North Darfur.
The World Food Program (WFP) has replaced the direct distribution of food to the IDPs for a voucher system where each family can exchange its value for products such as sugar, salt, lentils, oil, cereals, meat, chicken and dried tomatoes. The center hosts 12 local vendors who distributes these products to the IDPs.
Photo by Albert González Farran - UNAMID
BELO HORIZONTE / BRASIL (11.07.2019) Cruzeiro x Atlético-MG, primeiro jogo das quartas de final da Copa do Brasil 2019, no Mineirão, em Belo Horizonte/MG.
Foto: Vinnicius Silva/Cruzeiro
IMPORTANTE: Imagem destinada a uso institucional e divulgação, seu uso comercial está vetado incondicionalmente por seu autor e o Cruzeiro Esporte Clube.
IMPORTANT: image intended for institutional use and distribution. Commercial use is prohibited unconditionally by its author and Cruzeiro Esporte Clube.
Fish farmers receive fry from CIFOR.
Photo by Fiston Wasanga/CIFOR
If you use one of our photos, please credit it accordingly and let us know. You can reach us through our Flickr account or at: cifor-mediainfo@cgiar.org and m.edliadi@cgiar.org
Konstructive Cycles Berlin
Further details via Revolution Sports Distribution. www.revolutionsports.eu
WHO
Konstructive Cycles is a German cycling brand. Konstructive Custom Dream Bikes and accessories are designed in Berlin, Germany and hand made by the best craftsmen in Europe. Konstructive Cycles Berlin are distributed by RevolutionSports.eu.
WHAT
Konstructive Cycles develops high performance carbon and steel Bikes, components, high-end accessories and functional clothing. The bike categories include Road Bikes, Cyclo-Cross Bikes, Mountain Bikes as well as niche products. We offer complete bicycles with various build kit options and individual frames. Our products are for bike enthusiasts and weight conscious riders and racers (weight weenies).
WHY
Konstructive Cycles offers quality instead of quantity and focuses on the most important details. The era of individualization has started. Konstructive Cycles Berlin would like to build your exclusive Dream Bike tailored to your specific needs.
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Get more information and start to configure your ultimate Dream Bike on our Website: www.konstructive.de.
Get in touch with us and support products made in Germany and Europe!
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WER
Konstructive Cycles ist eine deutsche Marke Konstructive Cycles Berlin Produkte werden in Berlin entwickelt und gestaltet (Design Made in Germany) und von den besten Handwerkern in Europa gefertigt (Made in Europe). Die Firma RevolutionSports.eu vertreibt die hochwertige Dream Bikes (Traumbikes) und Zubehörprodukte.
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Konstructive Cycles entwickelt Hochleistungs-Bikes aus Carbon und Stahl, Komponenten sowie exklusives Zubehör und Funktionsbekleidung. Zu den Bike-Kategorien zählen Rennräder, Cyclo-Cross Bikes, Mountain Bikes und zahlreiche Sonderlösungen. Wir bieten komplette Bikes mit vielfältigen Ausstattungsoptionen und einzelne Rahmen an. Unsere Produkte werden für Bike-Enthusiasten entwickelt, die besonderen Wert auf Qualität und ein niedriges Gewicht ihres Bikes legen.
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Konstructive Cycles bietet Klasse anstatt Massenware und legt großen Wert auf alle wichtigen Details. Für uns hat die Ära der Individualisierung begonnen. Konstructive Cycles fertigt Ihr individuelles Traumbike, zugeschnitten auf Ihre persönlichen Wünsche.
WIE
Nutzen Sie die Informationen auf unserer Website und konfigurieren Sie Ihr ultimatives Traumbike:
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LA County Probation Department employee Mariesha Collins gives instructions to a driver at a food distribution event hosted by the County of Los Angeles and L.A. Regional Food Bank in Covina, July 9, 2020. (Photo/Michael Owen Baker)
LA County Library employee Andrea Chavez instructs a driver at a food distribution event hosted by the County of Los Angeles and L.A. Regional Food Bank in Covina, July 9, 2020. (Photo/Michael Owen Baker)
10 February 2014. El Fasher: UNAMID troops from Rwanda escort a convoy of World Food Programme (WFP) trucks traveling from El Fasher to Shangil Tobaya. The road trip, nearly 100 kilometers, took more than 8 hours due to difficult road conditions. The convoy, formed by 10 trailers with two containers each, was protected all the way by UNAMID troops from Ethiopia and Rwanda. More than 350 metric tons of goods, basically oil and sorghum, were distributed to the Internally Displaced People (IDP) in Nifasha and Shaddad camps.
WFP through its partner, Africa Humanitarian Action (AHA), provides food for around 20,000 beneficiaries in the camps, who have fled from different surrounding villages in the region; some 14km north of the South Darfur border and at the midpoint between El-Fasher and Nyala. WFP food remains the main source of food for IDPs in Shangil Tobaya.
Photo by Albert Gonzalez Farran, UNAMID.
The Snowy Owl, Bubo scandiacus, is a bird of the Arctic, having a circumpolar distribution throughout the tundra regions of the world and has adapted to nesting on the ground in this largely treeless zone. Active night or day they feed on small rodents, primarily lemmings, those little animals made famous by Walt Disney in his docudramas back in the 1950's, that become overwhelming. The success of the owls is tied to the prolific breeding cycles that lemmings go through every four or five years. In the years when lemming populations are down, during harsh winters, Snowies migrate south in search of food. This probably accounts for the fluctuation of sightings in the lower mainland from year to year The estimate of Snowy owls at Boundary Bay this winter is around 30 to 40; a preferred habitat due to the large populations of waterfowl and shorebirds that the owls feed on, as evidenced from pellet content analysis. Interestingly, these large owls hunt on the wing, harrier style.