View allAll Photos Tagged Discretization
Bernardo Zenale (Treviglio, 1463/1468- Milan, 1526) - Saint Ambrose (1500-1510) - tempera and oil on panel - diameter 40 cm. - Poldi Pezzoli Museum, Milan
Quest'opera è collegata a San Gerolamo. I tondi, nonostante i numerosi ritocchi sulla superficie pittorica, sono in discrete condizioni di conservazione. Zenale raffigura i due Dottori della Chiesa - titolo con cui sono designati i più grandi teologi del Cristianesimo antico - con i loro attributi tradizionali: Ambrogio porta il pastorale e la mitria vescovile e impugna la frusta a tre nerbi, simbolo del suo impegno nella lotta contro l’eresia ariana. Gerolamo veste l’abito rosso e il cappello da cardinale e regge un libro aperto, che ricorda la sua attività di traduttore della Bibbia. La rappresentazione entro tondi dei quattro maggiori teologi latini (a Gerolamo e Ambrogio si affiancano abitualmente Agostino e Gregorio) è assai comune nell’arte italiana e la pittura milanese, su tavola come ad affresco, ne ha lasciato numerosi esempi, come dimostrano anche i coevi quattro dipinti di scuola lombarda del 1480 circa di proprietà del Museo Poldi Pezzoli. Nei visi segnati dall’età, le rughe esprimono un’intima tensione; la luce si ferma a scrutare i volti intensi, la loro anatomia, le nocche della mano che stringe la frusta e indugia poi sui manti e sui copricapi. Alcuni dettagli vengono trattati con particolare attenzione, quali il colletto stropicciato di Ambrogio, l’ombra che si addensa nel cappuccio di Gerolamo, le pagine sfogliate del libro e le barbe brizzolate e morbide, dai riflessi perlacei. Zenale fu uno fra i pochi artisti, insieme a Bramantino, in grado di aggiornare la tradizione della pittura lombarda quattrocentesca, ancorata ai modi di Vincenzo Foppa, sulle novità portate a Milano da Bramante e Leonardo. Se, infatti, l’austerità delle due figure rimanda ai personaggi severi dell’artista bresciano, emerge nei tondi una forza plastica che deriva da Bramante e una nuova introspezione psicologica, di eco leonardesca. I due Dottori risalgono ad un momento contemporaneo o di poco precedente il Polittico di Cantù di cui il Museo conserva il pannello laterale destro con i santi Stefano e Antonio da Padova.
This work is related to Saint Jerome. The roundels, despite the numerous retouches on the pictorial surface, are in fairly good condition. Zenale depicts the two Doctors of the Church - the title given to the greatest theologians of ancient Christianity - with their traditional attributes: Ambrose wears the crosier and the bishop's mitre and holds the three-bladed whip, the symbol of his commitment to the fight against the Arian heresy. Jerome wears a red robe and a cardinal's hat and holds an open book, a reminder of his work as a translator of the Bible. The representation of the four major Latin theologians in roundels (Jerome and Ambrose are usually flanked by Augustine and Gregory) is very common in Italian art and Milanese painting, both on wood and in fresco, has left numerous examples, as demonstrated by the four contemporary paintings of the Lombard school of about 1480 owned by the Poldi Pezzoli Museum. In the faces marked by age, the wrinkles express an intimate tension; the light stops to scrutinize the intense faces, their anatomy, the knuckles of the hand holding the whip and then lingers on the coats and headdresses. Some details are treated with particular attention, such as Ambrose's crumpled collar, the shadow that thickens in Jerome's hood, the leafy pages of the book and the soft, grayish beards with pearly reflections. Zenale was one of the few artists, together with Bramantino, able to update the tradition of fifteenth-century Lombard painting, anchored in the ways of Vincenzo Foppa, on the novelties brought to Milan by Bramante and Leonardo. If, in fact, the austerity of the two figures recalls the severe characters of the Brescian artist, a plastic strength emerges in the roundels that derives from Bramante and a new psychological introspection, of Leonardo's echo. The two Doctors date back to a moment contemporary or slightly preceding the Polyptych of Cantù, of which the Museum conserves the right side panel with Saints Stephen and Anthony of Padua.
Black Hairstreak / satyrium pruni. Glapthorn Cow Pasture, Northamptonshire. 14/06/17.
I experienced the bitter-sweet joy of finding a basking Black Hairstreak when I visited Glapthorn recently. All my photographic aspirations that day were dashed by a mere tilt of the wings.
At rest BHs actually stay still long enough for a few images to be made. Having gorged itself on nectar, this one suddenly flew a short distance and landed. The leaf it chose was in an uncluttered, accessible, low position - even better!
Quickly I composed the image in my viewfinder with its closed wings held vertically and all of its body in focus - too good to be true!!
Well clearly, it was too good to be true as the resulting image proves. Just as I was about to fire the shutter, the butterfly decided to list to one side ever so slightly, (as they do). Without moving a single leg and holding head perfectly still, it tilted its wings enough to throw them out of focus. Bother!!!
In Papua New Guinea, there are more than more than 850 discrete spoken languages, and until recently, none of them were written down. Even today, adult literacy sits at less than 62%. In a historically nonliterate society with more than 7000 diverse cultural groups, one of the most popular means of education has been through costume, song, and dance.
Which is part of what makes sing sings so important.
On our way to one, we pass a local market.
For the story, please visit: www.ursulasweeklywanders.com/travel/feathers-fur-and-face...
"Hold my beer ... I got this ..."
American Oystercatcher
The American Oystercatchers are a group of waders forming the family Haematopodidae, which has a single genus, Haematopus. They are found on coasts worldwide apart from the Polar Regions and some tropical regions of Africa and South East Asia. The exception to this is the Eurasian Oystercatcher and the South Island Oystercatcher, both of which breed inland, far inland in some cases. In the past there has been a great deal of confusion as to the species limits, with discrete populations of all black oystercatchers being afforded specific status but pied oystercatchers being considered one single species.
The name Oystercatcher was coined by Mark Catesby in 1731 as a common name for the North American species H. Palliatus, described as eating oysters. Yarrell in 1843 established this as the preferred term, replacing the older name Sea Pie.
For more info: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oystercatcher
When the waves, the viewing angle and the zoom are right.
Notice the continuity of the moon curves and the discrete nature of the street lamp reflection, due to the 50Hz frequency of the alternating current (AC)
traffic can be stressful unless you could find a way to while off the time such as doing photography discretely and carefully . here are some images of these moments
Le Silène est un grand papillon de couleur marron rayé d'une bande blanc crème submarginale rectiligne, avec un ocelle noir discrètement pupillé de blanc à l'apex des antérieures.
Il est reconnaissable en vol à son dessus brun et à la large bande blanc crème qui traverse les deux ailes. Au sol, il se pose avec les ailes repliées (très mimétique sur écorces, feuilles mortes...).
Le revers des antérieures est marron ocre et le revers des postérieures marbré de marron et de blanc, tous deux rayés d'une bande blanche. Un ocelle noir discrètement pupillé de blanc à l'apex des antérieures est bien visible sur le dessus comme sur le revers.
Brintesia circe reaches on average 65–80 millimetres (2.6–3.1 in) of wingspan. Wings are mainly black or dark brown. They have a broad white band at the edge of the basal area of all wings and usually a second white streak on the lower wings. The black eyespots on the underside of the upper wings have a white contour. Brintesia circe is quite similar to Hipparchia fagi, but in the last one the second white streak on the lowers wings is always missing and the eyespots has a yellow contour. These butterflies usually rest on the branches of a tree, protected by their cryptic markings, but ready to take off and fly away when disturbed.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
When I took this all four (i.e. these two youngsters and the adults) were perched in the same tree. I followed them discretely for about 4 weeks over which period the youngsters had begun to camp further and further from the adults. Then we had severe storms (late November / early December) and the whole family seem to have relocated to, hopefully, a safer space.
Isn't it amazing how they can turn their heads through 180 degrees and sleep at the same time!
I always found them perched 'opposite way round' like this - so each can cover for the other. Doesn't help if they sleep with their head the wrong way round though :-)
For a change this time, tulip hemmed trousers, with a black 5 inches heels. and a touch of Victoria secret perfume vey little and discrete but very sexy and feminine
In Papua New Guinea, there are more than more than 850 discrete spoken languages, and until recently, none of them were written down. Even today, adult literacy sits at less than 62%. In a historically nonliterate society with more than 7000 diverse cultural groups, one of the most popular means of education has been through costume, song, and dance.
This is one reason sing sings so important.
For the story, please visit: www.ursulasweeklywanders.com/travel/feathers-fur-and-face...
let's just say, madison evidently pisses when she gets nervous, I can't go outside for at the very least a week and regardless of what walt disney told you, deer are actually NOT that friendly
oh, and hiding in bushes is anything but discrete
Eye Filmmuseum is a film archive, museum, and cinema in Amsterdam that preserves and presents both Dutch and foreign films screened in the Netherlands.
Location and history
Eye Filmmuseum is located in the Overhoeks neighborhood of Amsterdam in the Netherlands. Its predecessor was the Dutch Historical Film Archive, founded in 1946 by David van Staveren, Felix Halverstad, and directors of Filmtheater Kriterion Piet Meerburg and Paul Kijzer. Following the accession of the archives of the Filmtheater de Uitkijk, the archive was renamed the Netherlands Filmmuseum under the leadership of its first director, film collector Jan de Vaal. The Filmmuseum was located in Kriterion and Stedelijk Museum until 1975, when de Vaal succeeded in acquiring a discrete space for the Filmmuseum in the Vondelpark Pavilion. In 2009, Nederlands Filmmuseum merged with Holland Film, the Netherlands Institute for Film Education and the Filmbank and plans were announced for a new home on the north bank of Amsterdam's waterfront. The Filmmuseum was renamed the Eye Film Institute Netherlands and was officially opened on April 4, 2012, by Queen Beatrix.
Buildings
Eye Filmmuseum
The Eye Filmmuseum building is designed by Delugan Meissl Associated Architects, whose other projects include the Porsche Museum in Stuttgart. The building features two gallery exhibition spaces, one 300-seat cinema, two 127-seat cinemas, and a fourth intimate cinema of about 67 seats. One of the gallery spaces is devoted to a permanent exhibition on the technical and aesthetic histories of cinema. The exhibit includes historical equipment drawn from the Museum's collection of approximately 1,500 cinematic apparatuses, as well as an immersive presentation of about one hundred film clips from the Museum's archive, including Dutch and international films dating from the silent era and beyond. The second gallery space is dedicated to experimental cinema or expanded cinema, a commitment which dates back to the Filmmuseum's founding and the weekly screenings it organized at the Stedelijk Museum in the 1950s under the emerging aegis of cinema as a "seventh art."[ Past exhibitions in this space have focused on auteurs and cinematographers, as well as video artists and visual artists like Ryoji Ikeda and Anthony McCall.
Eye Collection Center
In 2016, Eye opened its new Collection Center, designed by cepezed. The collection is made up of analog, digitized, and born-digital materials which are situated beside a sound restoration and digitization studio, a digital image restoration studio, and a grading and scanning suite. The collection includes 210,000 cans of acetate film, 57,000 film titles, 2.5 petabytes of digital data, 82,000 posters, 700,000 photographs, 27,000 books, 2,000 journals, 1,500 pre-cinema and film apparatuses, 4,500 magic lantern slides, 7,000 musical scores, and 250,000 press cuttings.
The collection originally consisted of films from the Uitkijk archive, compiled by members of the Dutch Filmliga (1927–1933).[12] After joining the International Federation of Film archives (FIAF) in 1947, the Filmmuseum started to actively collect and preserve Dutch film productions. Since then, a number of significant collections have been acquired, ranging from Dutch distributors (Desmet, Centra, and UIP); filmmakers (Joris Ivens, Johan van der Keuken, and Louis van Gasteren); and producers (Matthijs van Heijningen and Kees Kasander) to institutions and organizations, such as the Netherlands Film Academy; the Netherlands Film Fund; and the Netherlands Institute for Animation Film (NIAf). The collection also includes many seminal silent film works, Hollywood classics, international arthouse productions, and independent filmmakers of international renown.
Nitrate Bunkers
Eye stores 30,000 cans of flammable nitrate film in bunkers near the coast of North Holland in Overveen, Castricum and Heemskerk. These nitrate films date between 1896 and the mid-1950s and include a unique collection of 68mm film. Two of these bunkers were built during the Second World War to protect Dutch art museum holdings from theft and destruction; Rembrandt's The Night Watch was among a few of the paintings which were stored in the Castricum bunker for part of the war.
Restorations
Recent silent film Eye restorations include the formerly lost film Beyond the Rocks (1922) starring Gloria Swanson, J'accuse! (1919) by Abel Gance, The Seashell and the Clergyman (1928) by Germain Dulac, Raskolnikov (1923) by Robert Wiene, Flower of Evil (1915) by Carmine Gallone, and Shoes (1916) by Lois Weber.
Restorations of Dutch films include Wan Pipel (1976) by Dutch-Surinamese director Pim de la Parra, Zeemansvrouwen (1930) by Henk Kleinmann, Karakter (1997) by Mike van Diem, Spetters (1980) by Paul Verhoeven, and Abel (1986) by Alex van Warmerdam.
Other restorations include Eve (1962) by Joseph Losey, M (1931) by Fritz Lang, and We Can't Go Home Again (1979) by Nicholas Ray.
Projects
Eye is performing a major film digitization and preservation project together with IBM and Thought Equity Motion, a provider of video platform and rights development services. The project involves scanning and storing more than 150 million discrete DPX files on LTO Gen5 Tape in the Linear Tape File System format.
The institute's youth platform is named MovieZone (previously MovieSquad).
Annual events
International Documentary Film Festival Amsterdam (November)
Eye International Conference (May)
(Wikipedia)
Das EYE Filmmuseum (früher Nederlands Filmmuseum) in Amsterdam ist das nationale Filmmuseum der Niederlande.
Geschichte
Das Museum wurde 1946 als Nederlands Historisch Filmarchief gegründet und besteht seit 1952 unter seinem heutigen Namen. Seit 1972 befand sich das Filmmuseum in einem Pavillon im Amsterdamer Vondelpark. Der Vondelparkpaviljoen wurde 1874 bis 1881 nach Plänen von Willem Hamer jr. im Stil der Neorenaissance errichtet.
Das Filmmuseum verfügt über etwa 46.000 Filme (davon 7 Millionen Meter Zelluloidfilm aus der ersten Hälfte des 20. Jahrhunderts), mehr als 35.000 Filmplakate und rund 450.000 Fotografien. Selbstgesetztes Ziel des Museums ist die Bewahrung des filmgeschichtlichen Erbes und ebenso die Erhaltung einer lebendigen Filmkultur in den Niederlanden. Daher handelt es sich beim Bestand vor allem um niederländische Produktionen, aber auch ausländische Filme, die in niederländischen Kinos gelaufen sind. Das Museum hat zwei Filmvorführsäle und wird jährlich von mehr als 150.000 Besuchern frequentiert. Es führt auch Restaurierungen durch. Der Institution angeschlossen ist die größte niederländische Bibliothek für Filmliteratur. Im Keller des Museums ist ein Café-Restaurant untergebracht. 1991 wurde das Gebäude umfassend renoviert.
Am 5. April 2012 zog das Amsterdamer Filmmuseum in einen Neubau auf das Overhoeks genannte, ehemals dem niederländischen Ölkonzerns Shell gehörende Gelände am Nordufer der IJ, zu Füßen des Shell-Towers, um. Als Sieger aus dem ausgeschriebenen internationalen Gestaltungswettbewerb ging 2005 der Entwurf des österreichischen Architekturbüros Delugan Meissl Associated Architects hervor. Nach dem Umzug trägt das Museum den Namen EYE. Filmmuseum.
(Wikipedia)
Aardvark presents Risque Rose for Anthem
Meet Rose.
Quite the suction Rose has. Once those delicate petal leaves start buzzing, so shall you.
It's small, discrete... well that is until you can hold it in your hand and toss it around.
Sometimes a person needs a gentle reminder of what you're in the mood for and if that is a soft suction with some less than relaxing vibes then Rose is the toy for you.
Original mesh, built to please, and risque enough to be a fun addition to any adult scene.
🌹 Copy / Mod
🌹 100% Original Mesh
🌹 Resize on touch
🌹Decor : 1 land impact
🌹 Right/Left tossing toy
🌹 9 Glitter colors via HUD
🌹 9 Classic Colors via HUD
Available at Anthem
Available at the Mainstore after the event
▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬
Check out these other amazing photos with Aardvark items in our Flickr Group
▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬
Inworld : Marketplace : Facebook
▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬
You can't make this kind of pose and not accept the consequences. She is paid to be discrete and her lipstick has a fixative so it won't rub off. Much ;-)
I tried to draw the gardeners and mini 3-wheeler van at a discrete distance but close enough to see enough detail. Just about managed it but the angle isn’t ideal. I wanted to show that the men were bigger than the van. They also wore the same colours in the same places as the van!
Ranunculus flower in an egg shell,
vintage Easter card,
with Kim's texture 'prague' from the Cloth and Paper Collection
Happy Easter !
In Papua New Guinea, there are more than more than 850 discrete spoken languages, and until recently, none of them were written down. Even today, adult literacy sits at less than 62%. In a historically nonliterate society with more than 7000 diverse cultural groups, one of the most popular means of education has been through costume, song, and dance.
Which is part of what makes sing sings so important.
For the story, please visit: www.ursulasweeklywanders.com/travel/feathers-fur-and-face...
1) very discrete (hardly anyone knows it´s a toilet)
2) view of the water and the island if you keep the door open
3) reed will cover for you in front of the door (summer)
4) always paper available
5) ventilated, because of the pipe
6) therefore odorless
The Pompadour Cotinga lives in the tropical lowland forests of the Amazon and adjacent areas of northern South America, including the extreme east of Colombia. This male was photographed at surprisingly close range and a more normal view is a distant speck in a treetop, or a glimpse from below of birds high in the forest canopy. They are normally quite discrete but on one occasion we saw several displaying males flying amongst the foliage overhead making a distinctive and loud whirring noise with their wings. It is one of three predominantly purple species in a group often referred to as the 'purple cotingas'.
the key to understanding this picture is that i was standing right in front of them trying to get the camera to work discretely
at which point i burped up some manneschewitz and took the picture at the very end of the burp
as in buuuuuuuurp flash
the faces are priceless
Jardin expérimental Jean Massart - ULB - Bruxelles
L'observateur ... observé !
Peut-on dire qu'elle soit discrète ? On l'entend chanter dans les roseaux, on appercoit quelques tiges qui bougent lors de ses mouvement et au mieux on la voit furtivement passer rapidement d'un massif de roseaux à un autre.
Depuis le temps que j'espérais pouvoir la photographier dans de bonnes conditions : c'est finalement l'oiseau qui a poussé la curiosité à m'observer !
The observer observed ...!
Can we say that it is discreet? We hear him singing in the reeds, we perceive some rods that move in its movement and as best we seen quickly move from a clump of reeds to another.
Since the time I was hoping to photograph it in good conditions: it is ultimately the bird that prompted curiosity to watch me!
The American Robin is active mostly during the day and assembles in large flocks at night. Its diet consists of invertebrates (such as beetle grubs, earthworms, and caterpillars), fruits and berries. It is one of the earliest bird species to lay eggs, beginning to breed shortly after returning to its summer range from its winter range.
Its nest consists of long coarse grass, twigs, paper, and feathers, and is smeared with mud and often cushioned with grass or other soft materials. It is among the first birds to sing at dawn, and its song consists of several discrete units that are repeated.
All about Birds
"Discreet door"
Gorges de l'Ardèche
Website : www.fluidr.com/photos/pat21
www.flickriver.com/photos/pat21/sets/
"Copyright © – Patrick Bouchenard
The reproduction, publication, modification, transmission or exploitation of any work contained here in for any use, personal or commercial, without my prior written permission is strictly prohibited. All rights reserved."
In Papua New Guinea, there are more than more than 850 discrete spoken languages, and until recently, none of them were written down. Even today, adult literacy sits at less than 62%. In a historically nonliterate society with more than 7000 diverse cultural groups, one of the most popular means of education has been through costume, song, and dance.
Which is part of what makes sing sings so important.
For the story, please visit: www.ursulasweeklywanders.com/travel/feathers-fur-and-face...
I'm looking at the relationship between human experience and buildings. I think that I think human experience is a continuous variable, whereas buildings are static and discrete
Somewhere in the midst of Time...
you awake with a shudder
Discrete dreams embrace you..
Reality clings onto your soul
Your vision lies across the horizon telling you to flee
But Hell's Breaking Loose Tonight..
Where will your final destination be ?
Black Hairstreak / satyrium pruni. Glapthorn Cow Pastures, Northamptonshire. 14/06/17.
One of c8 Black Hairstreaks seen and observed closely.
(A bonus that it was in reasonably fresh condition :-0)
BEST VIEWED LARGE.
This is probably the image I am most satisfied with following a visit to Glapthorn recently. The focus across the whole of the butterfly is better, allowing greater detail to be seen.
In Papua New Guinea, there are more than more than 850 discrete spoken languages, and until recently, none of them were written down. Even today, adult literacy sits at less than 62%. In a historically nonliterate society with more than 7000 diverse cultural groups, one of the most popular means of education has been through costume, song, and dance.
One of the elders from Paiya Village makes his way through the jungle to check up on us.
For the story, please visit: www.ursulasweeklywanders.com/travel/feathers-fur-and-face...
Tuesday, May 1st of 2018 started off with a moderate risk for severe storms being issued for much of western Kansas and the National Weather Service was right to issue such a warning. Later on in the afternoon and evening discrete storms began to fire off all along the dry line and many of them produced large hail, damaging straight line winds, and even tornadoes, like this storm near Tescott, Kansas. This storm began spinning hours before but didn't produce a tornado until around 7:45 pm. it initially took the form of a cone but within minutes grew into a massive wedge tornado that raced across the landscape. Here is an image of it in its final form before becoming wrapped in rain.
In Papua New Guinea, there are more than more than 850 discrete spoken languages, and until recently, none of them were written down. Even today, adult literacy sits at less than 62%. In a historically nonliterate society with more than 7000 diverse cultural groups, one of the most popular means of education has been through costume, song, and dance.
This is one reason sing sings so important.
For the story, please visit: www.ursulasweeklywanders.com/travel/feathers-fur-and-face...
The Lincoln Memorial is an American national monument built to honor the 16th President of the United States, Abraham Lincoln. It is located on the western end of the National Mall in Washington, D.C., across from the Washington Monument. The architect was Henry Bacon; the designer of the primary statue – Abraham Lincoln, 1920 – was Daniel Chester French; the Lincoln statue was carved by the Piccirilli Brothers;[2] and the painter of the interior murals was Jules Guerin. Dedicated in 1922, it is one of several monuments built to honor an American president. It has always been a major tourist attraction and since the 1930s has been a symbolic center focused on race relations.
The building is in the form of a Greek Doric temple and contains a large seated sculpture of Abraham Lincoln and inscriptions of two well-known speeches by Lincoln, "The Gettysburg Address" and his Second Inaugural Address. The memorial has been the site of many famous speeches, including Martin Luther King's "I Have a Dream" speech, delivered on August 28, 1963, during the rally at the end of the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom.
Like other monuments on the National Mall – including the nearby Vietnam Veterans Memorial, Korean War Veterans Memorial, and National World War II Memorial – the memorial is administered by the National Park Service under its National Mall and Memorial Parks group. It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since October 15, 1966. It is open to the public 24 hours a day. In 2007, it was ranked seventh on the List of America's Favorite Architecture by the American Institute of Architects. Since 2010, approximately 6 million people visit the memorial annually.[3]
Contents [hide]
1History
1.1Vandalism
2Exterior
3Interior
4Statue
4.1Sculptural features
5Sacred space
6Depictions on U.S. currency
7In popular culture
8See also
9References
10External links
History[edit]
The first public memorial to Abraham Lincoln in Washington, D.C., was a statue by Lot Flannery erected in front of the District of Columbia City Hall in 1868, three years after Lincoln's assassination.[4][5] Demands for a fitting national memorial had been voiced since the time of Lincoln's death. In 1867, Congress passed the first of many bills incorporating a commission to erect a monument for the sixteenth president. An American sculptor, Clark Mills, was chosen to design the monument. His plans reflected the nationalistic spirit of the time, and called for a 70-foot (21 m) structure adorned with six equestrian and 31 pedestrian statues of colossal proportions, crowned by a 12-foot (3.7 m) statue of Abraham Lincoln. Subscriptions for the project were insufficient.[6]
The matter lay dormant until the start of the 20th century, when, under the leadership of Senator Shelby M. Cullom of Illinois, six separate bills were introduced in Congress for the incorporation of a new memorial commission. The first five bills, proposed in the years 1901, 1902, and 1908, met with defeat because of opposition from Speaker Joe Cannon. The sixth bill (Senate Bill 9449), introduced on December 13, 1910, passed. The Lincoln Memorial Commission had its first meeting the following year and U.S. President William H. Taft was chosen as the commission's president. Progress continued at a steady pace and by 1913 Congress had approved of the Commission's choice of design and location.
There were questions regarding the commission's plan. Many thought that architect Henry Bacon's Greek temple design was far too ostentatious for a man of Lincoln's humble character. Instead they proposed a simple log cabin shrine. The site too did not go unopposed. The recently reclaimed land in West Potomac Park was seen by many to be either too swampy or too inaccessible. Other sites, such as Union Station, were put forth. The Commission stood firm in its recommendation, feeling that the Potomac Park location, situated on the Washington Monument-Capitol axis, overlooking the Potomac River and surrounded by open land, was ideal. Furthermore, the Potomac Park site had already been designated in the McMillan Plan of 1901 to be the location of a future monument comparable to that of the Washington Monument.[6][7]
With Congressional approval and a $300,000 allocation, the project got underway. On February 12, 1914, a dedication ceremony was conducted and the following month the actual construction began. Work progressed steadily according to schedule. Some changes were made to the plan. The statue of Lincoln, originally designed to be 10 feet (3.0 m) tall, was enlarged to 19 feet (5.8 m) to prevent it from being overwhelmed by the huge chamber. As late as 1920, the decision was made to substitute an open portal for the bronze and glass grille which was to have guarded the entrance. Despite these changes, the Memorial was finished on schedule. Commission president William H. Taft – who was then Chief Justice of the United States – dedicated the Memorial on May 30, 1922 and presented it to President Warren G. Harding, who accepted it on behalf of the American people. Lincoln's only surviving son, 78-year-old Robert Todd Lincoln, was in attendance.[8]
The Memorial was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on October 15, 1966.[9]
Vandalism[edit]
In September 1962, vandals painted the words "nigger lover" in foot-high pink letters on the rear wall.[10]
On the morning of July 26, 2013, the memorial was shut down after the statue's base and legs were splashed with green paint.[11] It reopened later that day.[12] A 58-year-old Chinese national, Jiamei Tian, was later found responsible for the vandalism. Following her arrest at the Washington National Cathedral, she was admitted to St. Elizabeths Hospital, a psychiatric facility, and was later found to be incompetent to stand trial; she has since been released from the hospital.[13]
Exterior[edit]
The exterior of the Memorial echoes a classic Greek temple and features Yule marble from Colorado. The structure measures 189.7 by 118.5 feet (57.8 by 36.1 m) and is 99 feet (30 m) tall. It is surrounded by a peristyle of 36 fluted Doric columns, one for each of the 36 states in the Union at the time of Lincoln's death, and two columns in-antis at the entrance behind the colonnade. The columns stand 44 feet (13 m) tall with a base diameter of 7.5 feet (2.3 m). Each column is built from 12 drums including the capital. The columns, like the exterior walls and facades, are inclined slightly toward the building's interior. This is to compensate for perspective distortions which would otherwise make the memorial appear to bulge out at the top when compared with the bottom, a common feature of Ancient Greek architecture.[14]
Detail of the Memorial's friezes
Above the colonnade, inscribed on the frieze, are the names of the 36 states in the Union at the time of Lincoln's death and the dates in which they entered the Union. Their names are separated by double wreath medallions in bas-relief. The cornice is composed of a carved scroll regularly interspersed with projecting lions' heads and ornamented with palmetto cresting along the upper edge. Above this on the attic frieze are inscribed the names of the 48 states present at the time of the Memorial's dedication. A bit higher is a garland joined by ribbons and palm leaves, supported by the wings of eagles. All ornamentation on the friezes and cornices was done by Ernest C. Bairstow.[14]
The Memorial is anchored in a concrete foundation, 44 to 66 feet (13 to 20 m) in depth, constructed by M. F. Comer and Company and the National Foundation and Engineering Company, and is encompassed by a 187-by-257-foot (57 by 78 m) rectangular granite retaining wall measuring 14 feet (4.3 m) in height.[14]
Leading up to the shrine on the east side are the main steps. Beginning at the edge of the Reflecting Pool, the steps rise to the Lincoln Memorial Circle roadway surrounding the edifice, then to the main portal, intermittently spaced with a series of platforms. Flanking the steps as they approach the entrance are two buttresses each crowned with an 11-foot (3.4 m) tall tripod carved from pink Tennessee marble[14] by the Piccirilli Brothers.[15]
Interior[edit]
The area where the statue stands is 60 feet wide, 74 feet long, and 60 feet high.[16] The interior of the Memorial is divided into three chambers by two rows of Ionic columns. These columns, four in each row, are 50 feet (15 m) tall and 5.5 feet (1.7 m) in diameter at their base. The north and south side chambers contain carved inscriptions of Lincoln's second inaugural address and his Gettysburg Address.[notes 1] Bordering these inscriptions are pilasters ornamented with fasces, eagles, and wreaths. The inscriptions and adjoining ornamentation were done by Evelyn Beatrice Longman.[14]
The Memorial is filled with symbolism: the 36 columns represent the states in the union at the time of Lincoln's death, the 48 stone festoons on the attic above the columns represent the 48 states in 1922. Above each of the inscriptions is a 60-by-12-foot (18.3 by 3.7 m) mural painted by Jules Guerin graphically portraying governing principles evident in Lincoln's life. On the south wall mural, Freedom, Liberty, Immortality, Justice, and the Law are pictured, while the north wall portrays Unity, Fraternity, and Charity. Both scenes contain a background of cypress trees, the emblem of Eternity. The murals were crafted with a special mixture of paint which included elements of kerosene and wax to protect the exposed artwork from fluctuations in temperature and moisture conditions.[17]
The ceiling of the Memorial, 60 feet (18 m) above the floor, is composed of bronze girders, ornamented with laurel and oak leaves. Between the girders are panels of Alabama marble, saturated with paraffin to increase their translucency. Despite the increased light from this device, Bacon and French felt the statue required even more light. They decided upon an artificial lighting system in which a louvered lighting panel would be set in the ceiling with metal slats to conceal the great floodlights. Custodians could adjust the lights from a control room, varying them according to the outside light. Funds for this expensive system were appropriated by Congress in 1926, and in 1929, seven years after the dedication, the statue was properly lighted. Since that time, only one major alteration has taken place in the Memorial's design. This was the addition of an elevator within the structure to aid handicapped visitors, which was installed in the mid-1970s.[17]
Abraham Lincoln, by Daniel Chester French
Statue[edit]
IN THIS TEMPLE
AS IN THE HEARTS OF THE PEOPLE
FOR WHOM HE SAVED THE UNION
THE MEMORY OF ABRAHAM LINCOLN
IS ENSHRINED FOREVER
Epitaph by Royal Cortissoz above Abraham Lincoln by Daniel Chester French
Main article: Abraham Lincoln (French 1920)
Lying between the north and south chambers is the central hall containing the solitary figure of Lincoln sitting in contemplation. The statue was carved by the Piccirilli Brothers under the supervision of the sculptor, Daniel Chester French, and took four years to complete. The statue, originally intended to be only 10 feet (3.0 m) tall, was, on further consideration, enlarged so that it finally stood 19 feet (5.8 m) tall from head to foot, the scale being such that if Lincoln were standing, he would be 28 feet (8.5 m) tall. The extreme width of the statue is the same as its height. The Georgia white marble sculpture weighs 175 short tons (159 t) and had to be shipped in 28 separate pieces.[17]
The statue rests upon an oblong pedestal of Tennessee marble 10 feet (3.0 m) high, 16 feet (4.9 m) wide, and 17 feet (5.2 m) deep. Directly beneath this lies a platform of Tennessee marble about 34.5 feet (10.5 m) long, 28 feet (8.5 m) wide, and 6.5 inches (0.17 m) high. Lincoln's arms rest on representations of Roman fasces, a subtle touch that associates the statue with the Augustan (and imperial) theme (obelisk and funerary monuments) of the Washington Mall.[18] The statue is discretely bordered by two pilasters, one on each side. Between these pilasters and above Lincoln's head stands the engraved epitaph,[17] composed by Royal Cortissoz, shown in the box to the left.[19]
Sculptural features[edit]
The sculpture has been at the center of two urban legends. Some have claimed that the face of General Robert E. Lee was carved onto the back of Lincoln's head,[20] and looks back across the Potomac toward his former home, Arlington House, now within the bounds of Arlington National Cemetery. Another popular legend is that Lincoln is shown using sign language to represent his initials, with his left hand shaped to form an "A" and his right hand to form an "L", the president's initials. The National Park Service denies both legends.[20]
The March on Washington in 1963 brought 250,000 people to the National Mall and is famous for Martin Luther King, Jr.'s "I Have a Dream" speech.
The location on the steps where King delivered the speech is commemorated with this inscription
However, historian Gerald Prokopowicz writes that, while it is not clear that sculptor Daniel Chester French intended Lincoln's hands to be formed into sign language versions of his initials, it is possible that French did intend it, because he was familiar with American Sign Language, and he would have had a reason to do so, that is, to pay tribute to Lincoln for having signed the federal legislation giving Gallaudet University, a university for the deaf, the authority to grant college degrees.[21] The National Geographic Society's publication, "Pinpointing the Past in Washington, D.C." states that Daniel Chester French had a son who was deaf and that the sculptor was familiar with sign language.[22][23] Historian James A. Percoco has observed that, although there are no extant documents showing that French had Lincoln's hands carved to represent the letters "A" and "L" in American Sign Language, "I think you can conclude that it's reasonable to have that kind of summation about the hands."[24]
Sacred space[edit]
As Sandage (1993) demonstrates, the Memorial has become a symbolically sacred venue especially for the Civil Rights movement. In 1939, the Daughters of the American Revolution refused to allow the African-American contralto Marian Anderson to perform before an integrated audience at the organization's Constitution Hall. At the suggestion of Eleanor Roosevelt, the wife of President Franklin D. Roosevelt, Harold L. Ickes, the Secretary of the Interior, arranged for a performance on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial on Easter Sunday of that year, to a live audience of 70,000, and a nationwide radio audience.
On August 28, 1963, the memorial grounds were the site of the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, which proved to be a high point of the American Civil Rights Movement. It is estimated that approximately 250,000 people came to the event, where they heard Martin Luther King, Jr., deliver his historic speech, "I Have a Dream", before the memorial honoring the president who had issued the Emancipation Proclamation 100 years earlier. King's speech, with its language of patriotism and its evocation of Lincoln's Gettysburg Address, was meant to match the symbolism of the Lincoln Memorial as a monument to national unity.[25] The D.C. police also appreciated the location because it was surrounded on three sides by water, so that any incident could be easily contained.[26] Twenty years later, on August 28, 1983, crowds gathered again to mark the 20th Anniversary Mobilization for Jobs, Peace and Freedom, to reflect on progress in gaining civil rights for African Americans and to commit to correcting continuing injustices. The "I Have a Dream" speech is such a part of the Lincoln Memorial story, that the spot on which King stood, on the landing eighteen steps below Lincoln's statue, was engraved in 2003 in recognition of the 40th anniversary of the event.
At the memorial on May 9, 1970, President Richard Nixon had a middle-of-the-night impromptu, brief meeting with protesters who, just days after the Kent State shootings, were preparing to march against the Vietnam War.
Depictions on U.S. currency[edit]
Reverse of a 2003 five-dollar note and 2006 Lincoln cent
From 1959 to 2008, the Lincoln Memorial was shown on the reverse of the United States one cent coin, which bears Lincoln's portrait bust on the front. The statue of Lincoln can be seen in the monument. This was done to mark the 150th anniversary of Lincoln's birth.
The memorial also appears on the back of the U.S. five dollar bill, the front of which bears Lincoln's portrait.
In popular culture[edit]
Literature
1978: In the Clive Cussler novel Vixen 03, the memorial is destroyed by a shell fired from the USS Iowa, however, the statue of Lincoln remains intact.
Lincoln Memorial and Reflecting Pool
at sunrise
at dusk
External video
Lincoln Memorial in June 2012.jpg
Laser Scan: Lincoln Memorial (0:33), DJS Associates[27]
Films
1939: In a key scene in the Frank Capra film Mr. Smith Goes to Washington, the statue and its inscription provide inspiration to freshman Senator Jefferson Smith, played by James Stewart.
1951: In the science fiction classic The Day the Earth Stood Still, Klaatu/Mr. Carpenter and Billy visit the Lincoln Memorial, provoking Klaatu, a visitor from the stars, to say: "Those are great words, he must have been a great man?"
1976: In the science fiction film Logan's Run, the statue of Lincoln reveals to the characters the look of old age.
1993: In more than one scene, Clint Eastwood and Rene Russo sit on the steps of the Memorial in In the Line of Fire.
1994: In a scene from the film Forrest Gump, Forrest (Tom Hanks) delivers a speech standing on a podium in front of the Memorial facing the reflecting pool.
1995: In a memorable scene in the film Nixon, President Richard Nixon (played by Anthony Hopkins) pays an impromptu, late-night visit to the Memorial, which is being occupied by Vietnam War protesters. The scene was based on a real-life incident when Nixon and his White House butler paid a visit to the Memorial in the early morning hours of May 9, 1970.
1996: In the science fiction movie Independence Day, the Lincoln Memorial can be seen as a massive alien spacecraft enters the sky around Washington, D.C.
2001: In the science fiction film Planet Of The Apes the Lincoln Memorial is shown in an alternate timeline as being a memorial for an ape named General Thade.
2004: In the Disney film National Treasure, main characters Ben Gates and Riley Poole discuss the possibility of stealing the Declaration of Independence while sitting on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial.
2005: In the comedy movie, Wedding Crashers, the two main characters, played by Owen Wilson and Vince Vaughn, watch the sunrise on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial and question whether they're getting too old to continue crashing weddings for sport.
2009: In the comedy movie Night at the Museum 2: Battle of the Smithsonian, the statue of Lincoln comes to life (voiced by Hank Azaria) and has a short conversation with the characters of Ben Stiller and Amy Adams and helps them defeat the Horus warriors.
2011: In the superhero movie, X-Men: First Class, Charles Xavier and Erik Lensherr are seen playing chess and talking on the steps of the memorial.
2011: In the science fiction movie, Transformers: Dark of the Moon, Megatron destroys the statue of Lincoln and then sits on the chair. This is a callback to "Atlantis, Arise!", a season 2 episode of the original The Transformers series where G1 Megatron did the same.
2013: In the movie White House Down, the President (played by Jamie Foxx) requests a fly-by of the Lincoln Memorial, at both the beginning and the end of the movie to pay homage to his hero.
2016: In the horror movie The Purge: Election Year, the Lincoln Memorial is shown with dead bodies and a fire with burning bodies on the steps and the columns having giant letters that spell out "PURGE" written in human blood.
Television
1991: In The Simpsons episode "Mr. Lisa Goes to Washington", Lisa Simpson goes to the Memorial hoping to be inspired by the spirit of Lincoln. She arrives to find a crush of tourists ahead of her, and detours to the Jefferson Memorial. The spirit of Thomas Jefferson speaks to her there, but is annoyed that she came to him only as a second choice.
1993: In the Ren & Stimpy Show episode "An Abe Divided", Ren and Stimpy get jobs working at the Lincoln Memorial where Ren overhears about treasure inside the memorial's head. Ren and Stimpy then saw off Lincoln's head only to find caramel corn inside, but are left with a headless-Lincoln. They spend the episode trying to fix their mess with disastrous results.
2004: In the "The Stormy Present" episode of the TV series The West Wing, President Josiah Bartlet (Martin Sheen) visits the Lincoln Memorial after being prompted by a letter to "Go see Lincoln and listen."
2015: In "Reunion", the penultimate episode of Falling Skies, it is determined that the alien queen is located at the Lincoln Memorial and this is where they must go to win the war. In the series finale "Reborn", resistance leader Tom Mason confronts the queen face to face in the ruins of the Lincoln Memorial and kills her, destroying the alien invaders. Months later, the Memorial has been rebuilt and is where a united humanity gathers to choose a new leader.
Video games
2000: In the video game Command and Conquer: Red Alert 2, the Lincoln Memorial can be seen in missions that take place in Washington, D.C. In the Allied Campaign Lincolns head was replaced by a head of Stalin before America was liberated. In the Soviet Campaign, it was destroyed for a cash bounty.
2008: In the video game Fallout 3, 200 years after a nuclear war set in 2077, the Lincoln Memorial has been badly damaged, including Lincoln's head having gone missing from the statue. The head is later found in the possession of several escaped slaves who want to return it to the memorial and restore it to its original condition.
Music videos
1985: The music video for "We Built This City (On Rock and Roll)" by Starship features a still shot of the Memorial interior. A view has the group and onlookers singing the refrain upwards to Lincoln's statue. The view then switches to the statue coming to life—literally moved by their conviction—standing up, and sings along.