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Repository: California Historical Society
Creator: Sonora (Calif.). Citizens
Date: 1850
Publication Note: [Sonora, Calif.: Sonora Herald Off., 1850]
General Note: Indexed in Greenwood, California Imprints, 251
Call Number: Vault B-013
Digital object ID: Vault B-013.jpg
Preferred citation: Preamble and resolutions read and adopted at the mass meeting held in the town of Sonora, on Sunday, July 21, 1850, Vault B-013, courtesy, California Historical Society, Vault B-013.jpg.
For more CHS digital collections: digitallibrary.californiahistoricalsociety.org
Repository: California Historical Society
Collection: Photographic portraits of Modoc Indians of the Modoc War
Photographer: Heller, Louis Herman
Date: 1873
General note: Printed on mounts: I certify that L. Heller has this day taken the photographs of the above Modoc Indian prisoner under my charge. Capt. C.B. Throckmorton, 4th U.S. Artillery, Officer of the Day. I am cognizant of the above fact. Gen. Jeff. C. Davis, U.S.A.
General note: Photos were published by Carleton E. Watkins. Watkins' Yosemite Art Gallery advertisement on verso.
Format: Carte de visite
Call Number: PC 006
Digital object ID: PC 006_05.jpg
Preferred citation: Schonchin and Jack, Photographic portraits of Modoc Indians of the Modoc War, PC 006, courtesy, California Historical Society, PC 006_05.jpg
For more CHS digital collections: digitallibrary.californiahistoricalsociety.org
Repository: California Historical Society
Creator: Cooper, Elias Samuel, 1822-1862.
Date: 1856 December 10.
Publication Note: San Francisco : E.S. Cooper, 1856.
Physical Description: 1 folded sheet ([1]p.) ; 27 x 22 cm.
Call Number: Vault B-021
Digital object ID: Vault_B-021.jpg
Preferred Citation: Anatomical and surgical lectures, Vault B-021, courtesy, California Historical Society, Vault_B-021.jpg.
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Publication Around beautiful Slovenia, shows some most important cities and places in Slovenia but also adds the historical and cultural value.
Publication: www.dlib.si/details/URN:NBN:SI:DOC-F4UF2TDQ
Repository: California Historical Society
Collection: Stereographs of the Modoc War
Photographer: Muybridge, Eadweard
Date: 1873
General note: Stereographs published by Bradley & Rulofson.
General note: Stereo No. 1628
Format: Stereograph
Call Number: PC-RM-Stereos
Digital object ID: PC-RM-Stereos_1628.jpg
Preferred citation: Warm Spring Indian Scouts in Camp, Stereographs of the Modoc War, PC-RM-Stereos, courtesy, California Historical Society, PC-RM-Stereos_1628.jpg
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Repository: California Historical Society
Digital object ID: Kemble Spec Col 09.B-90
Call Number: Kemble Spec Col 09
Collection: California Lettersheet Collection
Date: circa 1850
Physical Description: Lithograph; 17 x 27cm.
General Note: Sold by Cooke & Le Count Montgomery St.
Separated Materials: Separated from the Charles O. Brewster letters and miscellany, MS 213.
Preferred citation: Grand admission celebration. Portsmouth Square, Octr. 29th 1850, California Lettersheet Collection, Kemble Spec Col 09, courtesy, California Historical Society, Kemble Spec Col 09.B-90.
Online finding aid: www.oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/c8rx9dfv
For more CHS digital collections: digitallibrary.californiahistoricalsociety.org
Repository: California Historical Society
Creator: Muybridge, Eadweard, 1830-1904
Date: circa 1858
Publication Note: San Francisco : E. J. Muygridge, [circa 1858]
Call Number: Vault B-123
Digital object ID: Vault _B-123.jpg
Preferred citation: E. J. Muygridge, 113 Montgomery Street, San Francisco, Vault B-123, courtesy, California Historical Society, Vault_B-124.jpg.
For more CHS digital collections: digitallibrary.californiahistoricalsociety.org
Repository: California Historical Society
Collection: Photographs of Rancho Santa Anita
Date: circa 1890
Call number: PC 008
Digital object ID: PC008.004.jpg
Preferred citation: [Rancho Santa Anita], Photographs of Rancho Santa Anita, PC 008, courtesy, California Historical Society, PC008.004.jpg.
For more CHS digital collections: digitallibrary.californiahistoricalsociety.org
Repository: California Historical Society
Digital object ID: Kemble Spec Col 09_B236
Call Number: Kemble Spec Col 09
Collection: California Lettersheet Collection
Date: Undated
Physical Description: Lithograph; 11 x 38 cm.
Scope and Contents: Panoramic view of San Francisco from Nob Hill to the east over North Beach.
General Note: H. Payot. Taylor.
Preferred citation: San Francisco--California, California Lettersheet Collection, Kemble Spec Col 09, courtesy, California Historical Society, Kemble Spec Col 09_B236.
Online finding aid: www.oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/c8rx9dfv
For more CHS digital collections: digitallibrary.californiahistoricalsociety.org
Light mauve-pink shell with slight flattened spiral ribs. Sharp uneroded spire retaining smooth apical protoconch and some imbrication on earl whorls. Whorls moderately convex with shallow sutures, deeper near apex. Menai Strait, Wales. February 2013.
SPECIES DESCRIPTION PART B BELOW
Key id. features: flic.kr/p/oErLAb
SPECIES DESCRIPTION PART A at flic.kr/p/oEkeZW
Sets of OTHER SPECIES:
www.flickr.com/photos/56388191@N08/collections/
Habits and ecology
Commonest carnivorous prosobranch on rocky shores in Britain and Ireland. Usually most numerous between MHWN (75% time exposed to air) and MLWN, but up to MHWS if sheltered crevices, and to 20 metres depth in some places. Lives on shores ranging from extremely wave-exposed (Ballantine scale grade1) to extremely sheltered (grade 8), adjusting its low tide behaviour thus: on exposed shores shelters in crevices during storms and active in calm weather, even bright sun; on sheltered shores active at night and in daytime cloudy weather, sheltering in crevices and under rocks from sun. Lower limit of salinity tolerance varies with locality, in Britain usually down to 20 or 25 p.p.t. ; can survive short periods of lower salinity, but not where it is norm. Temperature limits (isotherms of neighbouring oceanic water) up to 19°C in summer, down to 0°C in winter; wider extremes on shore, upper lethal temperature 35°C. Some Swedish populations retreat to sublittoral to avoid winter ice on shore, and in Arctic Russia they retreat under stones on the lower shore. Abundance governed by prey availability; often >10/m² on semi-exposed (grade 4) shores where Semibalanus balanoides (barnacle) abundant, but few on extremely sheltered shores where dense weed-cover inhibits barnacle establishment apart from on occasional steep surfaces 40Nl flic.kr/p/oFfbtQ .
Respiratory water drawn in on left side through inhalent siphon by beat of cilia on robust ctenidium in the mantle cavity. Siphon and pallial channel allow water to be inhaled away from contamination of food, and, with osphradium at inner end of channel, to test water quality and the scents of prey and mates.
Locomotion by ditaxic retrograde waves on centrally divided sole of foot. Slow moving shambling gait. Sedentary as sessile prey usually abundant and unable to flee. Travels about 10cm in a tidal cycle, with days immobile while digests meals. No planktonic stage; dispersal relies on slow crawling; consequent low gene exchange contributes to local differences in appearance and behaviour; chromosome number of races varies.
Eats, in order of usual preference (Crothers, 1985):
Semibalanus balanoides (barnacle) flic.kr/s/aHsjzKXTEt (Flickr album);
Mytilus edulis (mussel, usually under 40mm long) 39a flic.kr/p/DAskNz ;
Elminius modestus (barnacle) flic.kr/s/aHsjyVXcr4 (Flickr album);
and less than full-grown Perforatus perforatus (barnacle) flic.kr/s/aHsjzsQKto (Flickr album).
Adults usually ignore small barnacle species such as Chthamalus flic.kr/s/aHsjzknk9h & flic.kr/s/aHsjzon3f1 (Flickr albums) [Some sources contradict Crothers; cause may be geographical variation in genetics or habit, or frequent misidentification by humans of barnacle spp. - examination of tergoscutal flaps required flic.kr/s/aHsjDCN2nY Flickr album].
When preferred-prey reduced or absent, feed on Patella spp. 40aNl flic.kr/p/CmkBu4 , Littorina spp. or other mollusca. Juveniles up to 8mm high eat tiny Mytilus, Spirorbis (worm) and, in Arctic Russia (Matveeva, 1955), Onoba aculeus (gastropod) in preference to barnacles. In extreme S.W. England, where S. balanoides is rare or absent (settlement and survival vary greatly with weather from year to year, Lewis, 1964, pp.250-251), Mytilus edulis is most frequent prey 39bNl flic.kr/p/DAshoD , and Patella spp. 40aNl flic.kr/p/CmkBu4 ,Littorina spp. and Gibbula spp. are frequently attacked (Crothers, 1985). Switching to Patella also occurs in areas, such as North Wales and Orkney, where S. balanoides breeds and survives consistently. In Guernsey 31 of 100 vacant Patella shells examined from sheltered shore (Ballantine scale 6-7; near-continuous fucoid cover) had completed Nucella-boreholes (Flint, 2001), suggesting high rate of predation, especially as Patella less than 35mm long can be forced off without boring. On sheltered shores sweep of dense fucoids often hinders settlement of barnacles 40Nl flic.kr/p/oFfbtQ , so reducing favoured prey and causing switch to Mytilus. But no Mytilus observed on this Guernsey shore so Patella the next best thing available. On a very exposed Guernsey shore (Ballantine scale 2; no fucoid cover, barnacles abundant) only 2 of 99 examined vacant Patella shells had completed Nucella-boreholes (Flint, 2001), suggesting less switching to Patella where plentiful barnacles. Oyster spat eaten in Essex. When a prey species exhausted, often delayed transfer, even to 'preferred' species, from what locally accustomed to while learns how to handle new prey.
Adults force way between opercular valves of barnacles with proboscis. Paralysing narcotic and digestive enzymes from salivary glands 22Nl flic.kr/p/oGy5Jx injected to liquefy flesh that is ingested through proboscis. Only small shells of M. edulis can be forced apart 39aNl flic.kr/p/DAskNz , and small N. lapillus cannot force way into barnacles. In these cases, and on other large prey, N. lapillus bores neat hole through shell 40bNI flic.kr/p/DbrK5H by alternating rasping by radula with application by accessory boring organ of enzymes and acid that soften conchiolin and lime in prey’s shell. Angle of radula constantly changed to give smooth round hole; straight rasp-marks show that no rotary action involved 40bNl flic.kr/p/DbrK5H . Diameter of hole constant; rim not bevelled and no raised boss at base of unfinished hole 40cNI flic.kr/p/CRBdSm (bevel and boss found in unfinished holes made by Euspira spp. mainly in bivalves) . On limpets, Nucella usually bore into pedal-retractor muscle 40dNl flic.kr/p/Cmkt7H , or central area enclosed by it 40eNl flic.kr/p/E8iHfS , where radula can reach nutritious viscera; of 73 vacant bored shells in Guernsey only 7% of holes were into viscera-free periphery distal of the muscle, though periphery was 52% of area of shells (Flint, 2001). Boring and feeding take between a day and over a week, depending on temperature and size of prey, followed by resting in sheltered position for day or two after barnacle meal to about five days after a mussel. Boring causes much wear on anterior teeth of radula. Liquid diet results in small amounts of small faecal pellets. Neighbours of assaulted Mytilus can counter-attack by attaching byssus threads to attacker and tightening them to pull it off victim and turn it over so foot is unable to grip substrate to escape 41Nl flic.kr/p/oFaR7o . This may be targeted, rather than accidental, as non-predatory Littorina littorea on mussel beds rarely so ensnared. N. lapillus seem aware of risk as small mussels without close neighbours preferred to dense beds, and boring usually near posterior adductor muscle away from mussel’s foot and byssus 41aMe flic.kr/p/oFmGPh . Possible alternative explanation: Littorina littorea more active than N. lapillus so moves and snaps attached byssus threads before numerous and set enough to restrain it. Many free N. lapillus have snapped byssus threads on shell from when moved in time to escape 26Nl flic.kr/p/ooiQC7 .
Consumption of N. lapillus by humans discouraged by acrid smell and taste, but several known predators; list in Crothers (1985) p. 302. Main enemies are Carcina maenas and Necora puber (crabs) and Larus spp. (gulls), and it is one of the hosts parasitized in sequence with Cerastoderma edule and Larus spp. by Parorchis acanthus (trematode worm). Thick shell can sustain considerable abrasion/erosion, but Polydora worms, initially commensal, may eventually cause its decay with multiple borings 1Nl flic.kr/p/oErLAb .
Variations in shell colour have been attributed to diet (barnacles :white, Mytilus : dark), but environmental selection and genetics seem more likely. Colour of individual’s new growth can change in response to impact of move from shore to aquarium; can confuse laboratory colour: diet experiment results. Populations with large proportions of coloured and banded shells are most frequent in S. Wales and S.W. England, including, but not only, the area where Mytilus consumption predominates. In most populations, old specimens are predominately plain whitish or greyish as outer pattern-bearing layer is eroded away 4Nl flic.kr/p/oGiAZH .
Variations in shell shape, size, strength and sculpture are related to combinations of environmental pressures and genetic factors. Adults from sheltered shores, when compared with those from neighbouring exposed shores, on average, have longer spires, smaller apertures, and stronger shells 42Nl flic.kr/p/oF7Nct . These features help resist attack of crabs (common on sheltered shores) by giving space to withdraw into spire, less space for crabs to insert their chelae and harder-to-crack shells (in N. Wales, average force of 580 Newtons to break adult shells on very sheltered shores, 240N on exposed shores). The small aperture also reduces evaporation and the risk of desiccation during low water, and imbrication is more common as there is less erosion to wear it away where there is little wave action. Adults from exposed sites have shorter spires, larger apertures and weaker shells. Here crabs are scarce, and frequent spray reduces the risk of desiccation so the weaker shell and larger aperture are less of a risk, and the larger foot accommodated gives a firmer grip against wave impact. Withdrawal from crabs is less important than the more compact wave-resistant shape formed by the small spire. The exposure related shell differences hold within local areas, but genetic differences affect absolute measurements. In both Pembroke (S. Wales) and the Great Orme (N. Wales) the above relationships hold locally, but on shores of equal exposure (high or low) the Pembroke shells are shorter spired than the Great Orme shells. It seems that the gene pool available in Pembroke lacks the genes needed for very long spires and the pool at the Orme lack those needed for very short spires. This difference is found round Britain; those in the North Sea, north coast of Scotland, Severn Estuary, Liverpool Bay and Kent to Portland being like those on the Orme, and elsewhere shells are like those in Pembroke (map on p.337 in Crothers, 1985).
Breeding occurs all year with a peak in winter or spring (April-May in Yorkshire when water 9°C). Thirty or more congregate in a pool or sheltered crevice for females to be repeatedly inseminated by the males’ long recurved penes, interspersed with periods of laying. An egg capsule passes from the female’s oviduct, along a temporary groove in the foot, to the sole which manoeuvres it into the ventral pedal gland just in front of the centre of the sole. The capsule is held with the plugged opening innermost and the base protruding while the gland squeezes and moulds the capsule into a smooth stalked vase-shape 8-10mm high, 2-4mm wide with a longitudinal seam down two sides. The base of the stalk is pressed into a disc and cemented onto the substrate 43Nl flic.kr/p/oFom7e . When foot and gland are lifted off, the conchiolin walls of the capsule harden on contact with sea water. Capsules usually yellow, sometimes mauve or brownish. Female can produce about ten capsules in 24 hours; a breeding congregation may deposit hundreds together. Central mass of capsule made of about 600 agglutinated “nurse” eggs that cease developing at early stage. Ten to thirty unarrested eggs hatch into non-planktonic veliger larvae; small velum with no food-collecting groove; larvae attach to central mass with sucking lips to feed. Temperature controls development time within capsule; four months on S. coast England, five months in Yorkshire, seven months in the White Sea. No free-swimming veliger stage; young emerge from the unplugged apical opening of capsule as crawling snails with globular, smooth, glossy shell (protoconch) of 2½ whorls about 1mm high. Hatching success varies; about 100% of capsules continuously immersed in sea water, about 25% if in cleft or rock pool that receives freshwater run off, 0% to about 60% if at MLWN and dry out at low tide. Hatchlings often shelter in empty barnacle shells. Growth, March-October; rate varies, slower in north than south, in England usually 10-16mm high at 1yr old, 12-26mm at 2yrs, growth usually ceases (but shell thickens) in third year at shell height 20-30mm (more on sheltered shores), but may continue for those castrated by parasites. Some live to over 6yrs old, but mortality heavy before thick shell and mouth bosses develop; about 10% of each cohort survive to 1 year old, 5% to 2yrs, 1.25% to 3yrs.
Reproduction of N. lapillus was greatly reduced in parts of Britain and Europe by imposex where females develop male features including penes that block oviducts and prevent escape of ova. In Plymouth, 5% of females affected in 1970, 67% in 1985; some populations near marinas entirely destroyed. Recognised c.1970, caused by tributyltin in anti-fouling paints on shipping and other marine structures. Tributyltin paint banned on small boats 1987 (UK) and 1991 (EU). Worldwide total ban agreed 2008, ratified by countries accounting for 80% of world shipping by 2012. Recovery of some populations slow; imposex still prevalent where much international shipping. Many other spp. affected world wide; N. lapillus very sensitive to minute amounts so used as indicator sp. for imposex incidence.
Primary function of hypobranchial gland of gastropods generally thought to be trapping in mucus of particles from inhalent water before reach ctenidium, and transporting particles out of mantle cavity. In N. lapillus additional suggested functions of hypobranchial gland have included attraction of mates by scent, and acrid smell/taste to discourage predators. When exposed to light and air, white hypobranchial mucus turns yellow 36Nl flic.kr/p/ooMch1 and, eventually, purple 44Nl flic.kr/p/ooUnjZ . Exact sequence varies; may include green, reddish, blue and brown 45Nl flic.kr/p/oH9duz & 46Nl flic.kr/p/ooTXqN and sometimes changes little from yellow. Similar mucus from Mediterranean Murex used in Ancient Roman times to dye emperors’ robes purple. Reports of small scale use of N. lapillus to dye cloth in Ireland in 17th Century and, perhaps, Anglo-Saxon England. Several vernacular names derive from ‘purple’. Crushed egg capsules can produce same colours, so probably contain same chemicals; may be cause of capsule colour varying from yellow to mauve or brown.
Distribution and status
White Sea to Gibraltar, not Baltic (low salinity), absent or scarce in Denmark, Germany and Netherlands (soft substrate) . GBIF map www.gbif.org/species/5193449 . Common on hard substrate all around Ireland and Britain, avoiding low salinity of inner estuaries. Apparently absent or scarce in Lincolnshire and Suffolk (soft substrate); many records exist around Ireland and E. Scotland (McKay & Smith, 1979) that have not been entered on NBN. U.K. map NBN species.nbnatlas.org/species/NBNSYS0000188539
Some local gaps difficult to explain; some perhaps due to imposex near international ports where tributyltin still present.
Images of Nucella lapillus by other Flickr users:
flic.kr/p/fjaKrE (Arctic Russia)
flic.kr/p/i7Pmg8 (Germany)
flic.kr/p/oBGyCv & flic.kr/p/bqcXVF (Atlantic France)
flic.kr/p/noKnKa (Galicia, N.W. Spain. Various colours, incl. black)
flic.kr/p/aq43TK & flic.kr/p/d9Rfpw (Massachusetts, USA)
flic.kr/p/9f2nxA (New Brunswick, Canada. Various colour forms)
Acknowledgements
For help and advice about anatomy I would like to thank Dr Gregorio Bigatti, Dr Alfredo Castro-Vazquez, Dr Sami Ibidli, Dr Ivan Nekhaev and Dr Yu I Kantor. Many thanks to Dr Jan Light for the loan of specimens, to Dominic Flint for access to data in his unpublished study and to Paul Challinor and Neil Ward for use of their images. Special thanks for correspondence and patient help are due to Dr Alexandra Richter. Any remaining inaccuracies are attributable to me.
Links and references
The most used sources for this account were Crothers (1985) and Fretter & Graham (1962). Fretter & Graham (1994) contains updated information, but lacks the systematic index of the 1962 edition that enables the finding of N. lapillus details scattered through 800 pages.
Andrews, E.B. & Thorogood, K.E. 2005. An ultrastructural study of the gland of Leiblein of muricid and nassariid neogastropods in relation to function, with a discussion on its homologies to other caenogastropods. J. Mollus. Stud. 71: 269-300. Malacological Society, London. Free pdf at: mollus.oxfordjournals.org/content/71/3/269.full.pdf
Ballantine, W.J. 1961. A biologically-defined exposure scale for comparative description of rocky shores. Field studies 1(3): 1-19. Free pdf at: fsj.field-studies-council.org/media/344345/vol1.3_17.pdf
[Ballantine, pp.16- 18, recognised that his use of indicator species lists was area specific. See Zettler, 2013 for further consideration of this topic.]
Biggam, C.P. 2006. Knowledge of whelk dyes and pigments in Anglo-Saxon England. Anglo-Saxon England 35: 23- 55. Abstract at: journals.cambridge.org/action/displayIssue?iid=1182236
Caldwell, M. Marine pollution and sexual confusion in dog whelks. Free pdf of University College of London poster about imposex, but note that illustrations of “Dog whelks” (N. lapillus) are of Buccinum undatum. www.ucl.ac.uk/~ucbpmbc/downloads/poster.pdf
Carefoot, T. 2016 (date viewed by IFS) A snail's odyssey; learn about whelks and relatives. [Web-page with detailed information on shell boring by Nucella]
www.asnailsodyssey.com/LEARNABOUT/WHELK/whelFeed.php
Crisp, M., Fine structure of some Prosobranch osphradia. Marine Biology 22: 231-242 Abstract at link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2FBF00389177#page-2
Crothers, J.H. 1985. Dog whelks: an introduction to the biology of Nucella lapillus. Field Studies, 6, 291-360. Free pdf at
fsj.field-studies-council.org/media/342851/vol6.2_171_col...
Flint, D. 2001. Unpublished study of Nucella predation on Patella spp. in Guernsey.
Forbes, E. & Hanley S. 1849-53. A history of the British mollusca and their shells. vol. 3 (1853), van Voorst, London. (As Purpura lapillus; Free pdf at archive.org/details/historyofbritish03forb Use slide at base of page to select pp.379-387.)
Fretter, V. and Graham, A. 1962. British prosobranch molluscs. Ray Society, London.
Fretter, V. and Graham, A. 1994. British prosobranch molluscs. Revised and updated edition. Ray Society, London.
Graham, A. 1988. Prosobranch and pyramidellid gastropods. Linnean Society of London.
Hughes, R.N. and Dunkin, S. de B. 1984. Behavioural components of prey selection by dogwhelks, Nucella lapillus (L.), feeding on mussels, Mytilus edulis L., in the laboratory. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 77(1-2) : 45-68. Abstract at www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0022098184900509
Jeffreys, J.G. 1862-69. British conchology. vol. 4 (1867). Van Voorst, London. (As Purpura lapillus; Free pdf at archive.org/details/britishconcholog04jeffr . Use slide at base of page to select pp.275-289.)
McKay, D.W. & Smith, S.M. 1979 Marine mollusca of east Scotland Royal Scottish Museum, Edinburgh.
Lewis, J.R. 1964. The ecology of rocky shores. London, Hodder & Stoughton.
Mallon, P. & Manga, N. 2007. The use of imposex in Nucella lapillus to assess tributyltin pollution in Carlingford Lough. J.E.H.R. vol.6 issue 2
www.cieh.org/jehr/imposex_nucella_lapillus.html
Matveeva T.A. 1955. Biology of Purpura lapillus (L.) on West Murman. In: Kamshilov M.M., ed. Trudy Murmanskoy Biologicheskoy Stanysii, 2: 48-61 [In Russian].
Medeiros, R., Serpa L. , Brito, C., De Wolf H. , Jordaens, K. , Winnepenninckx, B. & Backeljau T. 1998. Radular myoglobin and protein variation within and among some littorinid species (Mollusca: Gastropoda). Hydrobiologia 378: 43-51.
Richter, A., Amor, M.J. & Durfort, M. 2010. The anatomy and ultrastructure of the gland of Leiblein of Bolinus brandis and Coralliophila meyendorfii, two neogastropod species with different ecology and feeding strategies. Poster for Soc. for Environmental Biology, annual meeting, Prague 2010.
Santillo, D., Johnston, P. & Langston, W.J. 2001. Tributyltin (TBT) antifoulants: a tale of ships, snails and imposex. European Environment Agency, environmental issue report 22, part 13.
13. Tributyltin (TBT) antifoulants: a tale of ships, snails and imposex
Sarramégna, R. 1965. Poisonous gastropods of the Conidae family found in New Caledonia. Technical paper 144, S. Pacific Commission, New Caledonia.
www.spc.int/DigitalLibrary/Doc/FAME/Reports/Sarramegna_65...
European Environment Agency. Several articles on imposex and its effects on various species. glossary.eea.europa.eu//terminology/sitesearch?term=imposex
Yonge, C.M. and Thompson, T.E. 1976. Living marine molluscs. Collins, London.
Zettler, M.L. et al. 2013. On the myths of indicator species: issues and further consideration in the use of static concepts for ecological applications Plos One Vol 8, Issue 10 [Ref. is not specific to N. lapillus, see note under Ballantine, above.] Free pdf at
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3797757/pdf/pone.007...
Current taxonomy: World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS)
www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=140403
Glossary
abapertural = away from aperture.
acinous salivary gland = compound gland of many small rounded sacs that secrete enzymes for external predigestion/ liquefaction of prey.
adapertural = towards aperture.
adapical = towards the apex of the shell.
afferent = carrying towards. (e.g. of vessel carrying blood, see efferent.)
aperture = mouth of gastropod shell; outlet for head and foot.
Ballantine scale = biologically-defined wave exposure scale (see references).
bipectinate = feather-like, with narrow filaments either side of central stalk.
capsule gland = secretes fibrous wall of capsule containing ova.
cephalic = (adj.) of or on the head.
chelae = (singular chela) pincers of crabs and other crustacea.
cilia = (pl.) vibrating linear extensions of membrane used in feeding or locomotion. (“cilium” singular).
ciliated = (adj.) coated with cilia.
columella = solid or hollow axial “little column” around which gastropod shell spirals; hidden inside shell, except on final whorl next to lower part of inner lip of aperture where hollow ones may end in an umbilicus or siphonal canal.
columellar = (adj.) of or near central axis of spiral gastropod.
columellar lip = lower (abapical) part of inner lip of aperture.
columellar muscle = attaches body, including opercular disc, to columella of shell; contraction of muscle withdraws body within shell, and pulls operculum to seal aperture.
commensal = (adj.) obtaining nutrients, shelter, support, or locomotion from a host species, without causing it significant detriment.
conchiolin = horny flexible protein that forms the matrix for the deposition of calcium carbonate to create a mollusc’s shell.
ctenidium = comb-like molluscan gill; usually an axis with a row of filaments either side.
ditaxic = (of locomotion waves on foot) double series of waves, out of phase with each other, one series on each side of central furrow on sole.
direct = (of locomotion waves on foot) waves travel from posterior to anterior.
efferent = carrying away from. (e.g. of vessel carrying blood from ctenidium).
fasciole = (see siphonal fasciole)
gland of Leiblein = secretes enzymes for internal digestion.
height = (of gastropod shells) distance from apex of spire to base of aperture.
hypobranchial gland = thickened, sometimes puckered, tissue on roof of mantle cavity of many gastropods. Emits mucous to trap particles from
inhalent water before it reaches ctenidium. Often other biologically active compounds produced. Gland occurs also in some bivalves and cephalopods (ink sac).
imbricate = shell sculpture of growth-line ornament overlapping like roof tiles.
MHWN = mean high water neap tide level (mean level reached by weakest high tides for a few days every fortnight).
MHWS = mean high water spring tide level (mean level reached by highest tides for a few days every fortnight; Pelvetia zone on rocky coasts).
MLWN = mean low water neap tide level (mean level reached by weakest low tides for a few days every fortnight. i.e. those that fall the least).
mantle = sheet of tissue that secretes the shell and forms a cavity for the gill in most marine molluscs.
mesopodium = middle section of gastropod foot. (see propodium & metapodium).
metapodium = rear section of gastropod foot. (see mesopodium & propodium).
myoglobin – red oxygen-binding protein in muscle tissue; often in buccal-mass muscles of gastropods. Similar to red haemoglobin in vertebrate blood, but green haemocyanin is usual oxygen-carrier in mollusc blood. See www.researchgate.net/publication/251227038_Radular_myoglo...
N = (See Newton).
Newton = (abbreviation N) force exerted by Earth’s gravity on approx. 100g.
odontophore = cartilaginous “tongue” that supports and protracts /retracts the radula.
opercular = (adj.) of the operculum.
opercular disc = part of foot attached to inner face of operculum.
opercular lobe = extension of opercular disc round edge of part of operculum.
operculum = plate of horny conchiolin, rarely calcareous, used to close shell aperture.
osphradium = chemo-receptor organ in molluscs that tests inhalent water flow approaching ctenidium (gill) for “smell” of food, prey, predators, mates and/or water quality.
penes = (plural of penis) male copulatory organs.
periostracum = thin horny layer of chitinous material often coating shells.
plankton = animals and plants that drift in pelagic zone (main body of water).
propodium = front section of gastropod foot. (Cf. mesopodium & metapodium).
prosobranchia = 20th Century term for subclass of Gastropoda that included most marine snails with ctenidia. Now distributed between several subclasses. See note at www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=102
rectal gland = (a.k.a. anal gland) Function uncertain, perhaps produces substances that supplement the excretory activity of the kidney.
retrograde = (of locomotion waves on foot) waves travel from anterior to posterior.
sessile = (of organism) fixed in one place, e.g. barnacles.
siphon = extension of mantle to form a channel for inhalent respiratory water current.
siphonal canal = grooved or tubular extension of outer lip of the shell aperture on some snails to support the siphon.
siphonal fasciole = raised rib along columellar side of siphonal canal, bearing curved growth lines formed by successive positions of canal end.
sperm ingesting gland = (in female Nucella lapillus) group of dark brown blind-ended tubules at posterior of capsule gland where excess sperm unrequired by female are trapped, engulfed by cells and digested.
suture = groove or line where whorls of gastropod shell adjoin.
vas deferens = tube carrying sperm to male’s penis.
veliger = shelled larva of marine gastropod or bivalve mollusc which swims by beating cilia of a velum (bilobed flap).
Repository: California Historical Society
Creator: Eureka Typographical Union, San Francisco
Date: [1855]
Publication Note: [San Francisco : s.n., 1855]
General Note: Indexed in Greenwood, California Imprints, 600. "A blacklist of certain named persons working for the San Francisco Placer Times & Transcript, and containing a list of union members."
Call Number: Vault B-061
Digital object ID: Vault_B-061.jpg
Preferred citation: Report of the Rat Committee of the Eureka Typographical Union of San Francisco, Vault B-061, courtesy, California Historical Society, Vault_B061.jpg
For more CHS digital collections: digitallibrary.californiahistoricalsociety.org
Repository: California Historical Society
Date: 1859 September 17
Publication Note: San Francisco : Daily Morning Call, 1859.
General Note: Senator Broderick vehemently opposed the senior Senator, William M. Gwin, and he denounced Gwin's champion, California Chief Justice David S. Terry who challenged him to a pistol duel. Cf. A Companion to California.
Physical Description: 1 sheet ([1]p.) ; 31 x 22 cm.
Call Number: Vault B-053
Digital object ID: Vault_B-053.jpg
Preferred Citation: The Late duel between the Hon. D.C. Broderick, U.S. Senator, and the Hon. D.S. Terry, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of California - A Statement written by an Eye-witness, Vault B-053, courtesy, California Historical Society, Vault_B-053.jpg.
For more CHS digital collections: digitallibrary.californiahistoricalsociety.org
Repository: California Historical Society
Creator: Young Men's Whig Club (San Francisco, Calif.)
Date: 1852 September 24.
Publication Note: [San Francisco : s.n., 1852]
Physical Description: 1 sheet ([1] p.) ; 31 x 24 cm.
General Note: Printed on silk within ornamental border 26 x 19 cm.
Call Number: Vault-B-127
Digital object ID: Vault_B-127.jpg
Preferred Citation: "For our country" : at a meeting of the Young Men's Whig Club, of San Francisco, held on the 15th inst., a committee ... was appointed to report ... suitable resolutions expressing the thanks of the members to the ladies who ... presented to the club a beautiful "banner," on the evening of the 1st September, Vault B-127, courtesy, California Historical Society, Vault_B-127.jpg.
For more CHS digital collections: digitallibrary.californiahistoricalsociety.org
Title: Scene from Cecil B. DeMille's The Ten Commandments
Repository: California Historical Society
Digital object ID: PC-RM-Curtis_004
Call Number: PC-RM-Curtis
Collection: Photographs of the filming of Cecil B. DeMille's The Ten Commandments
Photographer: Curtis, Edward S.
Date: 1923
Physical description: Photographic print on printed mounts: silver gelatin, blue-tinted; 38 x 50 cm.
General notes: Mounts imprinted: The Edward S. Curtis Studio 668 South Rampart, Los Angeles. Contains images of actors playing scenes in, and exterior and interior sets from, Cecil B. DeMille's The Ten Commandments. Most photos show Theodore Roberts as Moses, and several show Charles de Rochefort (Charles de Roche) as Ramses. Includes group scenes in the dunes, near or in the ocean, and on interior sets. Filmed at Guadalupe-Nipomo Dunes in Santa Barbara County, California.
Preferred citation: Scene from Cecil B. DeMille's The Ten Commandments, Photographs of the filming of Cecil B. DeMille's The Ten Commandments, PC-RM-Curtis, courtesy, California Historical Society, PC-RM-Curtis_004.
For more CHS digital collections: digitallibrary.californiahistoricalsociety.org
Title: Scene from Cecil B. DeMille's The Ten Commandments
Repository: California Historical Society
Digital object ID: PC-RM-Curtis_001
Call Number: PC-RM-Curtis
Collection: Photographs of the filming of Cecil B. DeMille's The Ten Commandments
Photographer: Curtis, Edward S.
Date: 1923
Physical description: Photographic print on printed mounts: silver gelatin, blue-tinted; 38 x 50 cm.
General notes: Mounts imprinted: The Edward S. Curtis Studio 668 South Rampart, Los Angeles. Contains images of actors playing scenes in, and exterior and interior sets from, Cecil B. DeMille's The Ten Commandments. Most photos show Theodore Roberts as Moses, and several show Charles de Rochefort (Charles de Roche) as Ramses. Includes group scenes in the dunes, near or in the ocean, and on interior sets. Filmed at Guadalupe-Nipomo Dunes in Santa Barbara County, California.
Preferred citation: Scene from Cecil B. DeMille's The Ten Commandments, Photographs of the filming of Cecil B. DeMille's The Ten Commandments, PC-RM-Curtis, courtesy, California Historical Society, PC-RM-Curtis_001.
For more CHS digital collections: digitallibrary.californiahistoricalsociety.org
Repository: California Historical Society
Digital object ID: Kemble Spec Col 09_B198
Call Number: Kemble Spec Col 09
Collection: California Lettersheet Collection
Date: 1858 April 20
Physical Description: Wood engraving; 20 x 25 cm. overall.
General Note: Charles F. Robbins, Printer, cor. Clay and Battery sts., San Francisco. Published semi-monthly, by Hutchings & Rosenfield, 146 Montgomery St., San Francisco.
Acquisition Information: Gift of Lowell J. Hardy.
Scope and Contents: Includes illustration of the reservoir of the Tuolumne Co. Water Company at Strawberry Flat.
Preferred citation: The Pictorial News Letter of California. For the Steamer Golden Age, April 20, 1858. No. 3. Price, 10 cents each, California Lettersheet Collection, Kemble Spec Col 09, courtesy, California Historical Society, Kemble Spec Col 09_B198.
Online finding aid: www.oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/c8rx9dfv
For more CHS digital collections: digitallibrary.californiahistoricalsociety.org
digitallibrary.usc.edu/search/controller/view/examiner-m1...
Maison St Vincent de Paul - Orphelinat de Garcons - Rue Sidi-Abil-Dardaa, Alexandire d'Egypte - Cour de l'externat." ("House St Vincent of Paul - Orphanage of Boys - Street Sidi-Abil-Dardaa, Alexandria, Egypt - Court of the day school.") Thirty-four orphan boys stand in line in the courtyard of the orphanage school. Several other buildings of the orphanage are also visible.
The back of the postcard is blank and contains information about the printer: "Simi-Bromure A. Breger Freres, 9, Rue Thenard, Paris (Depose)."(1900/1930)
Visual notes of keynote presentation by Ann Blandford at the TPDL (Theory & Practice of Digital Libraries) conference from 23-26 september 2013 at Malta.
Repository: California Historical Society
Digital object ID: Kemble Spec Col 09_B032
Call Number: Kemble Spec Col 09
Collection: California Lettersheet Collection
Date: Undated
Physical Description: Wood engraving; 10 x 19 cm.
Acquisition Information: Gift of Lowell J. Hardy.
Scope and Contents: View of Stockton from across the river, with (Boggs?) lumber yard in the foreground, city in the background, and boats on the water.
General Note: Published by L.C. Van Allen, Stockton, California. From an ambrotype by J. Boyden.
Preferred citation: City of Stockton, California Lettersheet Collection, Kemble Spec Col 09, courtesy, California Historical Society, Kemble Spec Col 09_B032.
Online finding aid: www.oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/c8rx9dfv
For more CHS digital collections: digitallibrary.californiahistoricalsociety.org
Miami est. 1896, pop. 2.6MM
• Burdines founded by William Murrah Burdine (1843-1911), former Confederate Army 2nd Lt. and Civil War POW from Itawamba County, MS
• W.M. Burdine & Son opened 1,250 sq. ft. dry goods store at this location c. 1900 • Roddy Burdine took over, 1911, replaced store with 5-story building, 1912 • Miami's 1st skyscraper, 1st steel beam construction & 1st elevator • 6-story building added next to existing one, 1925 • canopied rooftop restaurant added, c. 1927 • "Sunshine Fashions" slogan copyrighted, 1929
• $1.5MM art deco remodling in 1938 designed by Miami architects Edwin L. Robertson (1888-1953) and J.R. Weber, who also designed two additions and a skybridge, 1946 -Burdine's: Sunshine Fashions & the Florida Store, Seth H. Bramson, 2012 • Burdines brand extinguished (RIP), 6 March, 2005, replaced by New York's Macy's - vintage photos
• rooftop carnival rides & a 3-story high animated neon Santa on the skybridge became a Miami Christmas tradition • Burdines Hibiscus Tea Room a beloved Miami institution, remembered for Snow Queen (girls) and Clown (boys) ice cream desserts
• on 11 Mar, 1960, African-American Reverend Edward T. Graham (d. 1987), pastor of Mt. Zion Baptist Church in nearby Overtown (Colored Town), attempted a sit-in at Flagler St Burdines with six other clergymen. Police prohibited them from entering. Under threat of a boycot of downtown stores, city leaders negotiated settlement to open all downtown stores to African Americans. • video (6:03)
• Burdines in Wikipedia • Downtown Miami Historic District, National Register 05001356, 2005
Repository: California Historical Society
Collection: Stereographs of the Modoc War
Photographer: Muybridge, Eadweard
Date: 1873
General note: Stereographs published by Bradley & Rulofson.
General note: Stereo No. 1605
Format: Stereograph
Call Number: PC-RM-Stereos
Digital object ID: PC-RM-Stereos_1605.jpg
Preferred citation: Panorama of Lava Beds from Signal Station at Tule Lake, Camp South, Stereographs of the Modoc War, PC-RM-Stereos, courtesy, California Historical Society, PC-RM-Stereos_1605.jpg
For more CHS digital collections: digitallibrary.californiahistoricalsociety.org
Lantern Slide from the Visual Resources Centre's collections, showing a section of the 'Cantoria' relief sculpture by Donatello (1386-1466) in the Duomo, Florence.
This is one of thousands of surviving lantern slides from the late 19th century and early 20th century that were used as visual aids to teach students at the Manchester School of Art. Most, like this one, show works of art or design that were regarded as exemplary. Indeed, a plaster cast of a longer section of this sculpture was purchased by the School in 1897 for its Arts and Crafts Museum, and can still be seen in the aisle adjacent to the main space in the Holden Gallery. Other plaster casts of this sculpture can be found at the Victoria & Albert Museum (collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O12504/plaster-cast-donatello/) and Glasgow School of Art (www.gsaarchives.net/archon/index.php?p=digitallibrary/thu...).
Repository: California Historical Society
Digital object ID: Kemble Spec Col 09_B186
Call Number: Kemble Spec Col 09
Collection: California Lettersheet Collection
Date: Undated
General Note: T.C. Boyd. Sold by Chas. W. Tyler, Bookseller and Stationer, 180 Washington Street, San Francisco.
Scope and Contents: Depicts a happy domestic scene, beneath which the text of the song "Oh! Home of my boyhood" is printed.
Preferred citation: Oh! Home of my boyhood, California Lettersheet Collection, Kemble Spec Col 09, courtesy, California Historical Society, Kemble Spec Col 09_B186.
Online finding aid: www.oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/c8rx9dfv
For more CHS digital collections: digitallibrary.californiahistoricalsociety.org
Repository: California Historical Society
Digital object ID: MS Vault 32_001
Call Number: MS Vault 32
Collection: Hiram Hurlbut papers
Date: Undated
Preferred citation: Coloma, Hiram Hurlbut papers, MS Vault 32, courtesy, California Historical Society, MS Vault 32_001.
Online finding aid: www.oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/c8rx9dfv
For more CHS digital collections: digitallibrary.californiahistoricalsociety.org
Repository: California Historical Society
Digital object ID: MS 3642.013.jpg
Call number: MS 3642
Collection: Certificates of residence for Chinese laborers, 1894-1897
Date: 1894 March 26
Preferred citation: Certificate of residence for Ng Gwan, Certificates of residence for Chinese laborers, MS 3642, courtesy, California Historical Society, MS 3642.013.jpg.
Subjects:
California--Emigration and immigration--History--19th century.
Chinese Americans--California--History--19th century.
Chinese--California--History--19th century.
Identification cards.
Online finding aid: www.oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/kt858038qp/
For more CHS digital collections: digitallibrary.californiahistoricalsociety.org
Repository: California Historical Society
Creator: Clay, Henry, 1777-1852.
Date: 1850 January 29.
Publication Note: N.Y. [New York] : Oliver & Brother, Printers, [1850]
Call Number: Vault B-035
Digital object ID: Vault_B-035.jpg
Preferred Citation: Compromise resolutions of the Hon. Henry Clay: introduced by him into the Senate of the United States, January 29th, 1850, Vault B-035, courtesy, California Historical Society, Vault_B-035.jpg.
For more CHS digital collections: digitallibrary.californiahistoricalsociety.org
Repository: California Historical Society
Creator: United States. President (1845-1849 : Polk)
Date: 1846 May 13.
Publication Note: Washington, D.C. : [s.n.], 1846.
Physical Description: 1 sheet ([1]p.) : ill. ; 32 x 21 cm.
General Note: Proclamation declaring war on Mexico, dated May 13, 1846.
Call Number: Vault B-056
Digital object ID: Vault_B-056.jpg.
Preferred Citation: A Proclamation. By the President of the United States of America, Vault B-056, courtesy, California Historical Society, Vault_B-056.jpg.
For more CHS digital collections: digitallibrary.californiahistoricalsociety.org
With EIFL-PLIP support, the library developed a computer game to encourage reluctant school children to reconnect with their schools. Librarians came up with the idea of the game because many children were coming to the library during school hours. Now over 1,500 children are playing - and teachers say their marks are improving. Read more - www.eifl.net/utena-and-m-miskiniai-public-library-lithuania
Repository: California Historical Society
Collection: Photographic portraits of Modoc Indians of the Modoc War
Photographer: Heller, Louis Herman
Date: 1873
General note: Printed on mounts: I certify that L. Heller has this day taken the photographs of the above Modoc Indian prisoner under my charge. Capt. C.B. Throckmorton, 4th U.S. Artillery, Officer of the Day. I am cognizant of the above fact. Gen. Jeff. C. Davis, U.S.A.
General note: Photos were published by Carleton E. Watkins. Watkins' Yosemite Art Gallery advertisement on verso.
Format: Carte de visite
Call Number: PC 006
Digital object ID: PC 006_07.jpg
Preferred citation: Shacknasty Jim, Hooka Jim, Steamboat Frank, Fairchild, Photographic portraits of Modoc Indians of the Modoc War, PC 006, courtesy, California Historical Society, PC 006_07.jpg
For more CHS digital collections: digitallibrary.californiahistoricalsociety.org
Visual notes of keynote presentation by Christine Brogman, at the TPDL (Theory & Practice of Digital Libraries) conference from 23-26 september 2013 at Malta.
Title: Chadwick & Sykes, Inc., S.F., Automobile Boulevard, San Francisco Cal., 8-15-‘07
Repository: California Historical Society
Collection: Chadwick & Sykes photograph albums of contract engineering projects
Date: August 15, 1907
General note: Chadwick & Sykes (George C. Chadwick and Frank C. Sykes) was a contracting and engineering firm located in San Francisco, circa 1906-1920s.
Call number: PC 013
Digital object ID: Chadwick & Sykes002.jpg
Preferred citation: Chadwick & Sykes, Inc., S.F., Automobile Boulevard, San Francisco Cal., 8-15-‘07, Chadwick & Sykes photograph albums of contract engineering projects, PC013, courtesy, California Historical Society, Chadwick&Sykes002.jpg.
For more CHS digital collections: digitallibrary.californiahistoricalsociety.org
Mitad izquierda de estereografía de autor no consignado, vista en USC Digital Library
digitallibrary.usc.edu/cdm/singleitem/collection/p15799co...
See how this place looks today in
www.flickr.com/photos/jesusduarte/24635853226/in/datepost...
2323 Mc Kee Road
Closed 2004 with the remaining San Jose K Mart stores.
The building remains today, though heavily remodeled by Kohl's in their (at the time) first entrance into the Bay Area.
Of note in the images, the Mc Donald's and other shops in the parking lot did not exist yet. Interstate 680 also was no more than a dirt patch next to the parking lot.
Images from the Del Carlo Collections (www.sourisseauacademy.org/archon/index.php?p=digitallibra...)
Title: Hollenbeck Home for the Aged and Infirm
Repository: California Historical Society
Digital object ID: CHS2013.1301
Collection: Views of Los Angeles, California
Photographer: Putnam and Valentine
Date: Undated
Format: Photographic print: b&w; 20 x 25 cm.
General notes: Putnam & Valentine was a partnership of J.R. Putnam and W.S. Valentine, stereo photographers active in Los Angeles, circa 1898-1912.
Preferred citation: Hollenbeck Home for the Aged and Infirm, Views of Los Angeles, California, courtesy, California Historical Society, CHS2013.1301.
For more CHS digital collections: digitallibrary.californiahistoricalsociety.org
Repository: California Historical Society
Collection: Stereographs of the Modoc War
Photographer: Muybridge, Eadweard
Date: 1873
General note: Stereographs published by Bradley & Rulofson.
General note: Stereo No. 1606
Format: Stereograph
Call Number: PC-RM-Stereos
Digital object ID: PC-RM-Stereos_1606.jpg
Preferred citation: Panorama of Lava Beds from Signal Station at Tule Lake Camp, South, Stereographs of the Modoc War, PC-RM-Stereos, courtesy, California Historical Society, PC-RM-Stereos_1606.jpg
For more CHS digital collections: digitallibrary.californiahistoricalsociety.org
Repository: California Historical Society
Collection: Photographs of Rancho Santa Anita
Date: circa 1890
Call number: PC 008
Preferred citation: [Men in corral at Rancho Santa Anita], Photographs of Rancho Santa Anita, PC 008, courtesy, California Historical Society, PC008.016.jpg.
For more CHS digital collections: digitallibrary.californiahistoricalsociety.org
Repository: California Historical Society
Collection: Photographs of Rancho Santa Anita
Date: circa 1890
Call number: PC 008
Digital object ID: PC008.015.jpg
Preferred citation: [Roping in corral at Rancho Santa Anita], Photographs of Rancho Santa Anita, PC 008, courtesy, California Historical Society, PC008.015.jpg.
For more CHS digital collections: digitallibrary.californiahistoricalsociety.org
Title: Scene from Cecil B. DeMille's The Ten Commandments
Repository: California Historical Society
Digital object ID: PC-RM-Curtis_237
Call Number: PC-RM-Curtis
Collection: Photographs of the filming of Cecil B. DeMille's The Ten Commandments
Photographer: Curtis, Edward S.
Date: 1923
Physical description: Photographic print on printed mounts: silver gelatin, blue-tinted; 38 x 50 cm.
General notes: Mounts imprinted: The Edward S. Curtis Studio 668 South Rampart, Los Angeles. Contains images of actors playing scenes in, and exterior and interior sets from, Cecil B. DeMille's The Ten Commandments. Most photos show Theodore Roberts as Moses, and several show Charles de Rochefort (Charles de Roche) as Ramses. Includes group scenes in the dunes, near or in the ocean, and on interior sets. Filmed at Guadalupe-Nipomo Dunes in Santa Barbara County, California.
Preferred citation: Scene from Cecil B. DeMille's The Ten Commandments, Photographs of the filming of Cecil B. DeMille's The Ten Commandments, PC-RM-Curtis, courtesy, California Historical Society, PC-RM-Curtis_237.
For more CHS digital collections: digitallibrary.californiahistoricalsociety.org
Repository: California Historical Society
Collection: Stereographs of the Modoc War
Photographer: Muybridge, Eadweard
Date: 1873
General note: Stereographs published by Bradley & Rulofson.
General note: Stereo No. 1619
Format: Stereograph
Call Number: PC-RM-Stereos
Digital object ID: PC-RM-Stereos_1619_06.jpg
Preferred citation: The Lava Beds. No. 6, Stereographs of the Modoc War, PC-RM-Stereos, courtesy, California Historical Society, PC-RM-Stereos_1619_06.jpg
For more CHS digital collections: digitallibrary.californiahistoricalsociety.org
Repository: California Historical Society
Collection: Stereographs of the Modoc War
Photographer: Muybridge, Eadweard
Date: 1873
General note: Stereographs published by Bradley & Rulofson.
General note: Stereo No. 1619
Format: Stereograph
Call Number: PC-RM-Stereos
Digital object ID: PC-RM-Stereos_1619_04.jpg
Preferred citation: The Lava Beds. No. 4, Stereographs of the Modoc War, PC-RM-Stereos, courtesy, California Historical Society, PC-RM-Stereos_1619_04.jpg
For more CHS digital collections: digitallibrary.californiahistoricalsociety.org
Repository: California Historical Society
Digital object ID: Kemble Spec Col 09_B312
Call Number: Kemble Spec Col 09
Collection: California Lettersheet Collection
Date: Undated
Physical Description: Lithograph; 18 x 25 cm.
General Note: Lith. of Pollard & Perrgoy San Francisco.
Scope and Contents: Crowded, carnivalesque scene of the river, levee, and town of Marysville, including illustrations of the boats Ella P., Rose Bud, Refugia, and Martha Ruffin; hotels, businesses, and other buildings; signs on storefronts and trees; and men at work and leisure.
Preferred citation: View of the plaza of Marysville, Alt. Calif., California Lettersheet Collection, Kemble Spec Col 09, courtesy, California Historical Society, Kemble Spec Col 09_B312.
Online finding aid: www.oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/c8rx9dfv
For more CHS digital collections: digitallibrary.californiahistoricalsociety.org
Miami est. 1896, pop. 2.6MM • Coral Gables one of 1st planned communities in US
• designed by Miami Architects John Skinner (1893-1972) and Coulton Skinner (1891-1963) • purchased by U. of Miami, 1935, became fraternity row • used as army barracks, WWI • now privately owned
• city of Coral Gables (1925) created by Duxbury, MA transplant George E. Merrick (1886–1942) on family's 3K acre plantation • Merrick's vision of a "Riviera of the Tropics" influenced by City Beautiful Movement • $100MM one of the 1st planned communities in US
• unifying theme was "castles in Spain made real," expressed in "Mediterranean Revival" architecture, a term said to have been coined by Merrick cousin, architect H. George Fink (1891-1975) • the French/Italian inspired architecture was, “a combination of what seemed best in each, with an added touch of gaiety to suit
the Florida mood.” -George Merrick
• Merrick's team: architects, landscape planner, artistic advisor, real estate officer, engineers • Supervisor of Color Phineas Paist (1873-1937) became supervising architect, responsible for ensuring aethetic consistency through codes, established Board of Architects Review Panel that still functions • Paist bio • Phineas Paist & the Architecture of Coral Gables (pdf)
• opened with strong sales, Merrick invested profits in expansion, founded U. of Miami • for unknown reasons, Merrick decided to diverge from consistent Mediterranean aesthetic at peak of land boom in 1925 • sold former OH governor Meyers Y. Cooper (1873-1958) hundreds of acres for express purpose of building houses/villages in traditional designs of other states, nations • goal was authenticity, not imitation, each of 14 planned villages to be designed by architect familiar with chosen style
• "Seven Miami architects and five New York architects are uniting in working out the details of the great planning of house construction. Thirteen styles are being used, drawn from various regions and nations which harmonize with the Mediterranean style now in use." -Meyers Y. Cooper • before 1926 Great Miami Hurricane & land bust ended construction, 7 villages completed: Dutch South African, Chinese, French Normandy, Florida Pioneer/Colonial, French Country, French City, Italian • fewer than 80 of the 1000 planned residences built
• Florida Land Bust broke Merrick, removed from Coral Gables commission, moved to Matacumbe Key, to run wife's resort • returned to Gables to be county postmaster 2 yrs. before death
1945 photo • Villages of Coral Gables -The Devoted Classicist • Remnants of a Dream in Coral Gables -Global Site Plans • George Merrick Villages -Bittrex
Repository: California Historical Society
Collection: Stereographs of the Modoc War
Photographer: Muybridge, Eadweard
Date: 1873
General note: Stereographs published by Bradley & Rulofson.
General note: Stereo No. 1609
Format: Stereograph
Call Number: PC-RM-Stereos
Digital object ID: PC-RM-Stereos_1609.jpg
Preferred citation: Tule Lake, Camp South, from the Signal Station, Tule Lake in the distance, Stereographs of the Modoc War, PC-RM-Stereos, courtesy, California Historical Society, PC-RM-Stereos_1609.jpg
For more CHS digital collections: digitallibrary.californiahistoricalsociety.org
Repository: California Historical Society
Digital object ID: MS 3642.015.jpg
Call number: MS 3642
Collection: Certificates of residence for Chinese laborers, 1894-1897
Date: 1894 April 2
Preferred citation: Certificate of residence for Lu See Len, Certificates of residence for Chinese laborers, MS 3642, courtesy, California Historical Society, MS 3642.015.jpg.
Subjects:
California--Emigration and immigration--History--19th century.
Chinese Americans--California--History--19th century.
Chinese--California--History--19th century.
Identification cards.
Online finding aid: www.oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/kt858038qp/
For more CHS digital collections: digitallibrary.californiahistoricalsociety.org
Repository: California Historical Society
Digital object ID: Kemble Spec Col 09_B285
Call Number: Kemble Spec Col 09
Collection: California Lettersheet Collection
Date: 1853 June
Physical Description: Lithograph; 18 x 26 cm.
Acquisition Information: Gift of Mrs. Franklin Hittell.
General Note: G.H. Goddard del. Lith. Britton & Rey San Francisco. Pubd. by John H. Richardson: Campo Seco. June 1853.
Preferred citation: View of Campo Seco and Quartz Mountain Tuolumne County, Kemble Spec Col 09, courtesy, California Historical Society, California Lettersheet Collection, Kemble Spec Col 09_B285.
Online finding aid: www.oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/c8rx9dfv
For more CHS digital collections: digitallibrary.californiahistoricalsociety.org
Repository: California Historical Society
Collection: Stereographs of the Modoc War
Photographer: Muybridge, Eadweard
Date: 1873
General note: Stereographs published by Bradley & Rulofson.
General note: Stereo No. 1619
Format: Stereograph
Call Number: PC-RM-Stereos
Digital object ID: PC-RM-Stereos_1619_12.jpg
Preferred citation: The Lava Beds. No. 12, Stereographs of the Modoc War, PC-RM-Stereos, courtesy, California Historical Society, PC-RM-Stereos_1619_12.jpg
For more CHS digital collections: digitallibrary.californiahistoricalsociety.org
Title: Scene from Cecil B. DeMille's The Ten Commandments
Repository: California Historical Society
Digital object ID: PC-RM-Curtis_086
Call Number: PC-RM-Curtis
Collection: Photographs of the filming of Cecil B. DeMille's The Ten Commandments
Photographer: Curtis, Edward S.
Date: 1923
Physical description: Photographic print on printed mounts: silver gelatin, blue-tinted; 38 x 50 cm.
General notes: Mounts imprinted: The Edward S. Curtis Studio 668 South Rampart, Los Angeles. Contains images of actors playing scenes in, and exterior and interior sets from, Cecil B. DeMille's The Ten Commandments. Most photos show Theodore Roberts as Moses, and several show Charles de Rochefort (Charles de Roche) as Ramses. Includes group scenes in the dunes, near or in the ocean, and on interior sets. Filmed at Guadalupe-Nipomo Dunes in Santa Barbara County, California.
Preferred citation: Scene from Cecil B. DeMille's The Ten Commandments, Photographs of the filming of Cecil B. DeMille's The Ten Commandments, PC-RM-Curtis, courtesy, California Historical Society, PC-RM-Curtis_086.
For more CHS digital collections: digitallibrary.californiahistoricalsociety.org
Repository: California Historical Society
Collection: Photographs of Rancho Santa Anita
Date: circa 1890
Call number: PC 008
Digital object ID: PC008.011.jpg
Preferred citation: [Men and horses in the field, Rancho Santa Anita], Photographs of Rancho Santa Anita, PC 008, courtesy, California Historical Society, PC008.011.jpg.
For more CHS digital collections: digitallibrary.californiahistoricalsociety.org