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At IDOS’ 60th anniversary event, together with practitioners, researchers and our alumni, we reflected on the current state of international cooperation, its future trajectory and the role of development research in shaping this change process towards global sustainability.
©IDOS
Photos by Benjamin Westhoff
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TruCore Business Development
10707 Corporate Dr, #100
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(281) 725-7663
February 06/22
Toronto,
Mixed-use Development,
The One,
Toronto Heritage Building,
1-11 Bloor St W,
Mizrahi Developments,
94s,
Foster + Partners,
Core Architects,
REPTILES: PARENTAL CARE, BIRTH AND HATCHING
Perpetuation of a species depends on the health and survival of individuals from embryonic development through reproductive maturity. In some vertebrates (birds and mammals), survival through early life largely depends on parental care. But most reptiles abandon their eggs or newly born young, which can fend for themselves. Pregnant females of most species do no more than excavate or simply select a suitable site for depositing their eggs or young. However, most reptilian species differ widely in the care accorded their offspring. Some of the most highly developed forms of parental care are considered here.
KING COBRA AND NEST
The female King Cobra, Ophiophagus hannah, of Southeast Asia constructs a nest a few days before egg deposition, perhaps a month after mating. Forming an open loop with her head and forebody, she scoops plant debris and soil into a pile within a stand of bamboo. She forms a pile about 15 cm (6 in) high and compacts the interior into a bowllike depressing by crawling around and pressing on it numerous times, occasionally pausing to gather more litter. After depositing about 20 to 50 eggs, she covers them with additional debris. Males are not tolerated near the nest.
The female remains near her nest, usually coiled upon it. She may cover herself with debris also. Apparently she does not provide temperature regulation but her presence protects the eggs from some predators.
The eggs hatch in about 11 weeks. Hatchlings are about 51 cm (20 in) in length. Unusually large adults may exceed 5.5m (18 ft), being by far the largest of venomous snakes.
INCUBATING PYTHON
A female of the Indian Python, Python molurus, of Southeast Asia incubates her eggs in seclusion. She may remain here for the 9 weeks (average) of development, leaving only occasionally to drink.
If the temperature of the environment (and snake) drops below 33°C. (about 91° F.), the snake warms her eggs with metabolic heat produced by initiating strong, periodic muscular contractions in her body. She also shifts her pose
around the eggs to retain the heat.
Falling temperatures stimulate increased contractions (up to 45 a minute) and increased heat production. Although she may not maintain a constant incubation temperature, she can keep her eggs as much as 7.3°C. (13°F) warmer than her surroundings, at least for a time.
BROODING LIZARD
Females of the Broad-headed Skink, Eumeces laticeps, of eastern North America deposit their eggs in cavities they excavate within or beneath logs or other objects. The female stays with her eggs (9 in this clutch), often coiled around them, except for brief excursions to bask, drink or feed lightly.
A brooding female does not warm her eggs significantly, but occasionally she nudges them around. She may alter the cavity and shift the entire clutch a bit if the temperature or humidity of the nest becomes unsatisfactory. She also will defend her eggs from small intruders (lizards, snakes, mice) by lunging at them and biting viciously.
The eggs hatch about 7 weeks after deposition. The mother may remain with her babies for a day or so, often coiled around them, but then they are abandoned.
ALLIGATOR AND NEST
Females of the American Alligator, Alligator mississipiensis, construct nests of vegetation and mud for their eggs. A female gathers the material, often in her mouth, and compacts the pile she forms by crawling over it. Average nests are about 2 m. (6.5 ft.) in diameter, 0.7 m. (2 ft.) high.
The nest protects the 40 eggs (average) from extreme
changes in temperature and humidity. The female may remain nearby for the 9 weeks (average) of development and defend the eggs from predators.
Hatchlings emit a call that can stimulate the female to open the nest, easing their emergence. A different call from
alarmed babies may bring the female to their defense. The young may remain near an adult for a year or more.
PERIOD OF EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT
Duration of embryonic development in reptiles varies with species and temperature. Some eggs hatch soon after they are deposited (as few as 4 days for the Smooth Green Snake, Opheodrys vernalis) , and some take very long (to 15 months for the Tuatara, Sphenodon punctatus), but eggs of many species hatch in 2 to 3 months and similar embryonic periods exist for live-bearing species.
Within a species, rate of development depends on temperature, which varies with latitude, elevation, climate, season, and the exact position of a nest site. Embryos tolerate a range of temperatures, but unusual extremes are harmful. Females of oviparous (egg-laying) species may retain eggs longer than usual if conditions are not suitable for laying. Females of viviparous (live-bearing) species can modify their body temperature, and that f their embryos, by basking in the sun or taking shelter. Developmental rates of the Snapping Turtle, Chelydra serpentina, at two temperatures are shown here. Eggs kept at a high temperature develop faster than eggs at a low temperature. If winter sets in before of during hatching, the young may hibernate in the nest.
The French spent years planning their development here, There is a stark contrast between this and London's docklands which was not planned
Development Working Group Side Event
Evento paralelo do Grupo de Trabalho de Desenvolvimento
Photo: Audiovisual G20 Brasil
Development Gateway organized the 2012 Aid Management Program Best Practices Workshop to bring together country governments and development partners to discuss ways to improve aid effectiveness, transparency, and accountability around the world
NIKON D850 with Sigma 150-600mm F5-6.3 DG OS HSM | S (Nikon F) at 280mm
Shutter: 1/1600, Aperture: 5.6
Rating: 4 stars
Leadership Development Center 2018 (LDC) at Redwood Glen. Planned by youth, for youth to the practice and renew their CPR and first aid, participating in leadership empowerment, teambuilding workshops, dancing, singing, and bonding all toward the goal of being more informed, skilled and compassionate Humanitarians. Preparing the Future American Red Cross to be successful: instructors, disaster responders, blood donations volunteers, fundraisers, and preparedness experts.
Photography by Ariana Deng/American Red Cross
February 22, 2020:
20-583677
Toronto,
Mixed-use Development,
Sugar Wharf
100 Queens Quay at Sugar Wharf,
(LBCO Lands),
100 Queens Quay E,
Menkes Developments,
25s,
B+H Architects,
I today inaugurated various development projects in Talwandi Sabo including irrigation drain of Bangi on the refinery road, Public Park and newly constructed Bus Stand, Public Park, Tehsil Level Veterinary Hospital and new block of Government Senior Secondary School. I also laid foundation stones of the upgradation project of Bathinda-Talwandi-Rori Road and distributed cheques to 90 beneficiaries of the Shagun Scheme. Development of the state is the singular agenda of SAD-BJP Government and these development initiatives hold testimony of the service of the Government.
2022-07-01: President of African Development Bank Group, Dr. Akinwumi A. Adesina discussing with Gauthier Bourlard, Director and Special Advisor for Multilateral Development Banks, International Financial Institutions and Non-Regional Shareholders Relations, Office of the President, and the officials during the event 'The Role of the African Development Bank in Realising the Economic Opportunities of Africa'.