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PictionID:46665733 - Catalog:14_022445 - Title:Vandenberg AFB Details: Launcher D; Site 65-2; Flame Deflector Date: 11/25/1958 - Filename:14_022445.tif - Images from the Convair/General Dynamics Astronautics Atlas Negative Collection. The processing, cataloging and digitization of these images has been made possible by a generous National Historical Publications and Records grant from the National Archives and Records Administration---Please Tag these images so that the information can be permanently stored with the digital file.---Repository: San Diego Air and Space Museum
Volvo B7TL Alexander ALX400, 2000
951 has once again returned, this time with a strengthened tree deflector bar.
This bus was new to Dublin Bus in October 2000 registered 00-D-40038, and with the fleet number AV38. This bus was then sold on to Farleigh Coaches, along with X949 FKE (00-D-40021 & WEZ9290), both of which were purchased by Herberts in 2023.
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High Key with white paper sweep and tile board floor.
Strobist Info: 580EX II at full power in a Westcott RapidBox Duo with a deflector plate, inner baffle, diffusion panel, 40 degree grid camera right. Yongnuo YN568EX II at 1/4 power in a Westcott Medium Apollo softbox camera left. Single 580EX at 1/2 power on each side of the background shooting into silver reflective umbrella. All fired by Yongnuo YN622C triggers controlled by a YN622C-TX on camera.
+++ DISCLAIMER +++
Nothing you see here is real, even though the model, the conversion or the presented background story might be based historical facts. BEWARE!
Some background:
Alexander Martin Lippisch (November 2, 1894 – February 11, 1976) was a German aeronautical engineer, a pioneer of aerodynamics who made important contributions to the understanding of flying wings, delta wings and the ground effect.
After working intially for the Zeppelin company, Reichsluftfahrtsministerium (RLM, Reich Aviation Ministry) transferred Lippisch and his team in 1939 to work at the Messerschmitt factory, in order to design a high-speed fighter aircraft around the rocket engines then under development by Hellmuth Walter. The team quickly adapted their most recent design, the DFS 194, to rocket power, the first example successfully flying in early 1940. This successfully demonstrated the technology for what would become the Messerschmitt Me 163 Komet, his most famous design.
In 1943, Lippisch transferred to Vienna’s Aeronautical Research Institute (Luftfahrtforschungsanstalt Wien, LFW), to concentrate on the problems of high-speed flight.That same year, he was awarded a doctoral degree in engineering by the University of Heidelberg. However, his research work did not stop Lippisch from designing further, mostly jet-powered and tailless fighter aircraft, e. g. for Henschel.
In early 1944, the RLM became aware of Allied jet developments and the high altitude B-29 in the Pacific TO, which was expected to appear soon over Europe, too. In response, the RLM instituted the Emergency Fighter Program, which took effect on July 3, 1944, ending production of most bomber and multi-role aircraft in favour of fighters, especially jet fighters. Additionally, they accelerated the development of experimental designs that would guarantee a performance edge over the Allied opponents, and designs that would replace the first generation of the German jet fighters, namely the Messerschmitt Me 262 and Heinkel He 162.
One of these advanced designs was the Ta 183 fighter, built by Focke Wulf and developed by Kurt Tank. The Ta 183 had a short fuselage with the air intake passing under the cockpit and proceeding to the rear where the single engine was located. The wings were swept back at 40° and were mounted in the mid-fuselage position. The pilot sat in a pressurized cockpit with a bubble canopy, which provided excellent vision. The primary armament of the aircraft consisted of four 30 mm (1.18 in) MK 108 cannons arranged around the air intake. The Ta 183 had a planned speed of about 1,000 km/h (620 mph) at 7,000 m (22,970 ft) and was powered by a 2nd generation jet engine, the Heinkel HeS 011 turbojet with 13 kN (2,700 lbf) of thrust. Several, steadily improved variants of the Ta 183 entered service from mid 1945 onwards, and the type was also the basis for more thorough derivatives - including a high altitude jet fighter proposed by Alexander Lippisch.
The resulting aircraft mated the structural basis of the proven Ta 183 with advanced aerodynamics, namely a tailless design with a much increased wing and fin area, and the machine was also powered by the new BMW 018 jet engine which delivered at this early stage 25kN (5.200 lb) of thrust and was expected to achieve more than 36 kN (7.500 lb) soon, without bigger dimensions than the widely used HeS 011 at the time.
The resulting machine, designated Li 383 in order to honor the developer, sacrificed some of the Ta 183' agility and speed for sheer altitude and climb performance, and the new wings were mostly built from non-strategic material, what increased weight considerably - the Li 383 was 1.5 times as heavy as the nimble Ta 183 fighter, but the new wing was more than twice as large.
Nevertheless, the modifications were effective and the RLM quickly accepted the radical re-design, since no better options were available on short notice. While the Ta 183 fighter was able to reach 14.000m (45,935 ft) in a zoom climb, the Li 383 could easily operate at 16.000m (52.500 ft) and even above that. However, Alexander Lippisch's original design, the Li 383A, had, despite positive wind tunnel tests, turned out to be unstable and prone to spinning. The reason was quickly found to be a lack of latitudal surfaces, and this was quickly fixed with a bigger tail fin and a characteristic gull wing that gave it the inofficial nickname for the serial Li 383B, "Sturmvogel".
When the Allied Forces eventually added the high-flying B-29 bombers to their air raids over Germany in late 1945, the Li 383 B-1 serial production variant was just ready for service. The new machines were quickly delivered to front line units, primarily fighter squadrons that defended vital centers like Berlin, Munich or the Ruhrgebiet. However, even though the Li 383 B-1's performance was sufficient, the type suffered from an inherent weakness against the well-armed Allied bombers: the range of the MK 108 cannon. While this weapon was relatively light and compact, and the four guns delivered an impressive weight of fire, a close attack against massive bomber formations was highly hazardous for the pilots. As a consequence, since bigger guns could not be mounted in the compact Ta 183 airframe, several weapon sets for filed modifications (so-called Rüstsätze) were offered that added a variety of weapons with a longer range and a bigger punch to the Li 383 B-1's arsenal, including unguided and guided air-to-air missiles.
Anyway, the Li 383's overall impact was not significant. Production numbers remained low, and all in all, only a total of 80-100 machines were completed and made operational when the hostilities ended.
General characteristics:
Crew: one
Length: 7.78 m (25 ft 5 1/2 in)
Wingspan: 12.67 m (41 ft 6 in)
Height: 3.86 m (12 ft 8 in)
Wing area: 46.8 m² (502.1 ft²)
Empty weight: 4,600 kg (10,141 lb)
Loaded weight: 6,912 kg (15,238 lb)
Max. takeoff weight: 8,100 kg (17,857 lb)
Powerplant:
1× BMW 018A turbojet, 25kN (5.200 lb)
Performance:
Maximum speed: 977 km/h (estimated) (607 mph) at 12,000 meters (39,000 ft)
Service ceiling: 16,000 m (estimated) (52,000 ft)
Rate of climb: 22 m/s (estimated) (4,330 ft/min)
Wing loading: 147.7 kg/m² (20.2 lb/ft²)
Thrust/weight: 0.34
Armament:
4× 30 mm (1.18 in) MK 108 cannons around the air intake with 75 RPG
2x underwing hardpoints for two 300l drop tanks or 2x 250 kg (550 lb) bombs;
alternatively, various weapon sets (Rüstsätze) were available, including racks for 8× (R1) or 12× (R3)
R 65 “Föhn” or for 24x R4M unguided missiles (R2), or for 2× Ruhrstahl X-4 Wire Guided AAMs (R4)
The kit and its assembly:
This fictional Luft ’46 aircraft was inspired by the question what a further developed Ta 183 could have looked like, and it was also influenced by the many tailless Lippisch designs that never left the drawing board.
From the hardware perspective, the design is more or less the salvage of the most useable parts of the PM Model Horten IX/Go 229 kit – namely the outer wing sections. The PM Model Ta 183 is only marginally “better”, and I had one of these in the stash (Revell re-boxing), too. So, why not combine two dreadful kits into something …new?
Well, that was the plan, and building was rather straightforward. In the cockpit, I added simple side consoles, a dashboard, some oxygen flasks, a different seat and a pilot figure (seatbelts simulated with tape strips) – the kit would be finished with closed canopy.
An exhaust pipe was integrated and the air intake filled with a better compressor fan (from an Airfix D.H. Venom, IIRC, fits perfectly). The inner walls of the landing gear wells (well, they are not existent) were cut away and replaced with leftover jet engine parts, so that there was some structure and depth. The landing gear was taken OOB, though, I just used slightly bigger wheels, since the “new” aircraft would have considerably more mass than the Ta 183.
The highly swept, long Ta 183 tail was cut off and replaced by a surplus Me 262 fin and tail section (Matchbox). Despite the different shape and size, and the resulting side view profile reminds strangely of the Saab 29?
The original Ta 183 wings were not mounted and their attachment points on the fuselage cut/sanded away. Instead, I used the outer wing sections from the Go 229, with clipped wing tips for a different shape.
When I held the wings to the fuselage, the whole thing looked …boring. Something was missing, hard to pinpoint. After consulting some Luft ’46 literature I adapted a trick for better stability: a gull wing shape. This was achieved through simple cuts to the wings’ upper halves. Then the wings were bent down, the gap filled with a styrene strip, and finally PSRed away. Looks very dynamic, and also much better!
Another late addition was the underwing armament. I was about to start painting when I again found that something was missing… The new wings made the aircraft pretty large, so I considered some underwing ordnance. Anyway, I did not want to disrupt the relatively clean lines with ugly bombs or drop tanks, so I installed a pair of racks with six launch tubes for R 65 “Föhn” unguided AAMs into the lower wing surfaces, in a semi-recessed position and with a deflector plate for the rocket exhausts.
Painting and markings:
As a high altitude interceptor and late war design, this one was to receive a simple and relatively light livery, even though I stuck with classic RLM tones. The Li 383 was basically painted all-over RLM 76 (Humbrol 247), onto which RLM 75 (from Modelmaster) was added, in the form of highly thinned enamel paint for a cloudy and improvised effect, applied with a big and soft brush. On top of the wings, a typical two-tone scheme was created, while on the fuselage’s upper sides only some thin mottles were added.
In order to lighten the scheme up and add a unique twist, I added further mottles to the flanks and the fin, but this time with RLM 77. This is a very light grey – originally reserved for tactical markings, but also “abused” in the field for camouflage mods, e. g. on high-flying He 177 bombers. I used Humbrol 195 (RAL 7035), again applied with a brush and highly thinned for a rather cloudy finish.
The air intake section and the intake duct were painted in aluminum, while the engine exhaust section as well as the missile racks and the areas around the gun ports were painted with Revell 99 (Iron Metallic) and Steel Metallizer.
The cockpit interior became dark grey (RLM 66) while the landing gear, the wells and the visible engine parts inside became RLM 02.
The kit was lightly weathered with a thin black ink wash and some dry-brushing.
The markings were puzzled together; due to the light basic tones of the model, the upper crosses became black, with only a very small cross on the flanks due to the lack of space, and for the wings’ undersides I used “old school” full color markings in black and white. The red color for the tactical code was basically chosen because it would be a nice contrast to the bluish-grey overall livery.
Finally the kit was sealed with matt acrylic varnish and some gun soot stains added with grinded graphite, as well as some traces of flaked paint on the wings’ leading edges and around the cockpit.
Well, the attempt to bash two mediocre (at best) kits into something else and hopefully better worked out well – the Li 383 does not look totally out of place, even though it turned out to become a bigger aircraft than expected. However, the aircraft has this certain, futuristic Luft ’46 look – probably thanks to the gull wings, which really change the overall impression from a simple kitbash to a coherent design which-could-have-been. The livery also fits well and looks better than expected. Overall, a positive surprise.
Hans van Eijsden Photography, The Netherlands
Lens: Canon EF 85mm f/1.2L II USM on full frame
Light: Large clamshell setup with the Elinchrom ELC 1000 through a Deep Octa with silver deflector from the front-top-side, which creates the ultra high metallic contrast in her face. Elinchrom ELC 500 with small strip box from the front-bottom-side, to lower the density of some shadows. Elinchrom ELC 500 through a dish on the background. I measured the light with the Sekonic L-758DR.
Postprocessing: Some local adjustment curves, some local cloning.
Portfolio: www.hansvaneijsden.com
Facebook Page: www.facebook.com/hansvaneijsdenphotography
pictionid56742256 - cataloggrumman f-14a vf-114 nh115 uss enterprise 3may87 b.tif - title--grumman f-14a vf-114 nh115 uss enterprise 3may87 b-- - filenamegrumman f-14a vf-114 nh115 uss enterprise 3may87 b.tif--Born digital image that was acquired by the San Diego Air and Space Museum--------Please Tag these images so that the information can be permanently stored with the digital file.---Repository: San Diego Air and Space Museum
Time Line
nuk-tnl-editorial-prod-staticassets.s3.amazonaws.com/2014...
History
Thalidomide was created by Grünenthal in 1953 and was used in the late 1950s and early 1960s as a "wonder drug" to treat morning sickness, headaches, coughs, insomnia and colds. Thalidomide was marketed in the UK under the name Distaval in 1958, and advertisements emphasized the drug's complete safety, using phrases such as “non-toxic” and “no known toxicity”.
However, in 1961 an Australian doctor, William McBride, wrote to the Lancet after noticing an increase in deformed babies being born at his hospital – all to mothers who had taken Thalidomide.
Between 1958 and 1962 tens of thousands of women throughout Europe found that the baby they were carrying unaccountably miscarried, or, worse, after they gave birth were told it was stillborn. Thousands more discovered that their babies had severe birth defects, missing arms, legs, or with severe reductions to these limbs, or even worse, damage to their internal organs, brain, heart, kidneys, intestines, genitals, etc. During 1962 record keepers began to count all of the children living who were born damaged by the drug. The only complete records are of those who survived long enough to participate in the national compensation schemes, which were established in Germany, Britain, Japan, Sweden and Australia in the 1970s. The difficulty in uncovering the full toll of the disaster begins with the unknown numbers of miscarriages and stillbirths (possibly up to ten times the number of live births), and the widespread practice of infanticide.
The Thalidomide injuries did not stop once the babies were born. At the age of fifty, the Thalidomide Trust’s records show that around half of all survivors are coping with chronic pain – mainly from muscles and joints (musculo-skeletal pain), largely as a result of the challenges of living with missing or damaged limbs. For many, their bodies are deteriorating far faster than able-bodied people. Several have been told words to the effect “your body is getting the problems of someone in their seventies”, which at forty to fifty years of age is not good news. At least a quarter are coping with developing neurological problems, tingling, numbness, and pain in their affected limbs. This means that a person may be holding a cup, for instance, and the next thing they know is it has fallen to the floor and broken, because of the numbness in their hand. For these survivors, the disaster is still slowly unfolding in their day-to-day lives.
Grünenthal scientists were not only negligent in failing to withdraw the drug when reports of problems came in, or for failing to test it according to the standards of the time, but more than most companies they were very well placed to anticipate the possibility that Thalidomide would cause birth defects.
Grünenthal initially denied claims that the drug hadn’t been extensively tested according to the standards of the time, but once the scandal became undeniable, they sought to deflect blame and limit damage.
In 1961 Thalidomide was eventually withdrawn after being found to be a teratogan - a cause of birth defects. 12 years later, the UK company Distillers Biochemicals Limited (now Diageo) – which was responsible for distributing the drug in the UK – reached a compensation settlement following a legal battle by the families of those affected.
Based on incomplete medical evidence and unrealistic expectations of Thalidomide survivors future needs this settlement has turned out to be at an inadequate level. With all Thalidomide survivors in the UK now over the age of 50, it is no longer sufficient to deal with their rising cost of living, and the dramatic deterioration of their health.
To this day, Grünenthal have never accepted responsibility for the suffering caused by Thalidomide. On September 1st 2012, The Grünenthal Group released a statement containing an apology, stating that it "regrets" the consequences of the drug, which led to babies being born without limbs during the 1950s and 1960s. Although the statement was welcomed by some Thalidomide survivors, it is still not an acceptance of responsibility. They just want to live a comfortable life, and that means Grünenthal should be held accountable and pay for their mistake financially.
Spanish
Historia
La talidomida fue creado por Grünenthal en 1953 y fue utilizado a finales de 1950 y principios de 1960 como una "droga milagrosa" para el tratamiento de las náuseas, dolores de cabeza, tos, insomnio y resfriados. La talidomida fue comercializada en el Reino Unido bajo el nombre Distaval en 1958, y destacó los anuncios de seguridad completa del medicamento, utilizando frases como "no tóxico" y "no hay toxicidad conocida".
Sin embargo, en 1961 un médico australiano, William McBride, escribió a la revista The Lancet después de notar un aumento en los bebés que nacen deformes en su hospital - todo a las madres que habían tomado Talidomida.
Entre 1958 y 1962, decenas de miles de mujeres de toda Europa descubrieron que el bebé que llevaban inexplicablemente abortado, o, peor aún, después de dar a luz se les dijo que estaba muerto. Miles de personas descubrieron que sus bebés nacieron con defectos congénitos graves, los brazos, las piernas, que faltan o con reducciones severas a estos miembros, o peor aún, el daño a sus órganos internos, cerebro, corazón, riñones, intestinos, genitales, etc Durante 1962 guardianes de los registros empezó a contar toda la vida los niños que nacieron dañado por la droga. Los únicos registros completos son de los que sobrevivieron lo suficiente como para participar en los sistemas nacionales de indemnización, que se establecieron en Alemania, Gran Bretaña, Japón, Suecia y Australia en la década de 1970. La dificultad para descubrir el número de víctimas del desastre comienza con los números desconocidos de abortos involuntarios y mortinatos (posiblemente hasta diez veces el número de nacidos vivos), y la práctica generalizada del infanticidio.
Las lesiones de la talidomida no se detuvo una vez que los bebés nacieron. A la edad de cincuenta años, los registros de la confianza talidomida muestran que cerca de la mitad de todos los sobrevivientes están lidiando con el dolor crónico - principalmente de músculos y articulaciones (dolor musculoesquelético), en gran parte como resultado de los desafíos de vivir con la falta o ramas dañadas. Para muchos, sus cuerpos se deterioran mucho más rápido que las personas sanas. Algunos han dicho palabras en el sentido de "su cuerpo está recibiendo los problemas de alguien en los setenta", que a los cuarenta o cincuenta años de edad no es una buena noticia. Al menos una cuarta están lidiando con el desarrollo de problemas neurológicos, hormigueo, entumecimiento y dolor en las extremidades afectadas. Esto significa que una persona puede ser la celebración de una taza, por ejemplo, y lo siguiente que sé es que ha caído al suelo y se rompe, debido a la sensación de adormecimiento en la mano. Para estos sobrevivientes, el desastre está siendo poco a poco se desarrolla en su día a día.
Grünenthal científicos no sólo fueron negligentes al no haber retirado la droga cuando los informes de problemas de vino, o por no probarlo de acuerdo a los estándares de la época, pero más que la mayoría de las empresas que estaban muy bien situados para prever la posibilidad de que la talidomida haría causar defectos de nacimiento.
Grünenthal inicialmente negó las acusaciones de que el medicamento no ha sido ampliamente probado de acuerdo con los estándares de la época, pero una vez que el escándalo se hizo innegable, trataron de desviar la culpa y limitar el daño.
En 1961, la talidomida fue finalmente retirada después de haber sido encontrado para ser un teratogan - una de las causas de los defectos congénitos. 12 años después, el Reino Unido, Distillers Company Limited (ahora Bioquímicos Diageo) - encargada de la distribución de la droga en el Reino Unido - llegó a un acuerdo de compensación después de una batalla legal por las familias de los afectados.
Sobre la base de evidencia incompleta médica y expectativas poco realistas de la talidomida futuro sobrevivientes necesita esta solución ha resultado ser en un nivel adecuado. Con todos los sobrevivientes de la talidomida en el Reino Unido ahora más de 50 años de edad, ya no es suficiente para hacer frente a su creciente costo de vida, y el dramático deterioro de su salud.
A día de hoy, Grünenthal nunca ha aceptado la responsabilidad por el sufrimiento causado por la talidomida. El 1 de septiembre de 2012, el Grupo Grünenthal emitió una declaración que contenga una disculpa, diciendo que "lamenta" las consecuencias de la droga, lo que llevó a los bebés que nacen sin extremidades durante los años 1950 y 1960. Aunque la declaración fue bien recibida por algunos sobrevivientes de la talidomida, no es todavía una aceptación de responsabilidad. Ellos sólo quieren vivir una vida cómoda, y eso quiere decir Grünenthal deben rendir cuentas y pagar por su error financieramente.
Italian
Storia
La talidomide è stato creato da Grünenthal nel 1953 ed è stato utilizzato alla fine del 1950 e 1960 come un "farmaco miracoloso" per curare la malattia di mattina, mal di testa, tosse, insonnia e raffreddori. La talidomide è stato commercializzato nel Regno Unito con il nome di Distaval nel 1958, e la pubblicità ha sottolineato sicurezza del farmaco, con frasi come "non tossico" e "nessuna tossicità conosciuto".
Tuttavia, nel 1961 un medico australiano, William McBride, ha scritto al Lancet dopo aver notato un aumento delle nascite di bimbi malformati essendo nati a suo ospedale - tutti da madri che avevano assunto talidomide.
Tra il 1958 e il 1962 decine di migliaia di donne in tutta Europa ha scoperto che il bambino che portavano inspiegabilmente abortito, o, peggio, dopo che ha dato alla luce hanno detto che era morto. Altre migliaia hanno scoperto che i loro bambini hanno gravi difetti di nascita, braccia, gambe, mancanti o con gravi riduzioni a queste arti, o peggio ancora, danni ai loro organi interni, cervello, cuore, reni, intestino, genitali, ecc Nel 1962 custodi record cominciò a contare tutta la vita i bambini che sono nati danneggiati dal farmaco. Le uniche registrazioni complete sono di coloro che sono sopravvissuti abbastanza a lungo per partecipare ai sistemi di indennizzo nazionali, che sono stati stabiliti in Germania, Gran Bretagna, Giappone, Svezia e Australia nel 1970. La difficoltà nello scoprire il bilancio del disastro inizia con i numeri sconosciuti di aborti spontanei e nati morti (forse fino a dieci volte il numero di nati vivi), e la pratica diffusa di infanticidio.
Le lesioni Talidomide non si è fermata una volta che i bambini sono nati. All'età di 50, del Trust talidomide i tabulati mostrano che circa la metà di tutti i sopravvissuti stanno affrontando con dolore cronico - principalmente da muscoli e le articolazioni (il dolore muscoloscheletrico), soprattutto a causa delle sfide della vita con mancanti o arti danneggiati. Per molti, i loro corpi si stanno deteriorando molto più veloce di persone abili. Molti hanno detto parole per l'effetto "il tuo corpo è sempre il problema di qualcuno nei loro anni settanta", che a 40-50 anni di età non è una buona notizia. Almeno un quarto stanno affrontando con lo sviluppo di problemi neurologici, formicolio, intorpidimento e dolore a carico degli arti colpiti. Ciò significa che una persona può essere in possesso di un tazza, per esempio, e la prossima cosa che so è che è caduto a terra e rotto, a causa del torpore in mano. Per questi sopravvissuti, il disastro è ancora lentamente svolgendo nel loro giorno per giorno la vita.
Grünenthal scienziati non erano solo negligenza nel non ritirare il farmaco quando i report di problemi è venuto in, o per non aver testarlo secondo gli standard del tempo, ma più che la maggior parte delle aziende erano molto ben disposti ad anticipare la possibilità che Thalidomide avrebbe causare difetti di nascita.
Grünenthal inizialmente smentito che il farmaco non era stato ampiamente testati secondo gli standard del tempo, ma una volta che lo scandalo è diventata innegabile, hanno cercato di deviare la colpa e di limitare i danni.
Nel 1961 talidomide è stata infine ritirata dopo essere stato trovato per essere un teratogan - una causa di difetti di nascita. 12 anni dopo, i Distillers Company Limited, Regno Unito Biochemicals (ora Diageo) - incaricata di distribuire il farmaco nel Regno Unito - ha raggiunto un accordo di compensazione a seguito di una battaglia legale da parte delle famiglie delle persone colpite.
Sulla base di prove mediche incomplete e le aspettative non realistiche del futuro Thalidomide sopravvissuti ha bisogno di questa soluzione si è rivelata essere ad un livello insufficiente. Con tutti i sopravvissuti Talidomide nel Regno Unito ora di età superiore ai 50 anni, non è più sufficiente per affrontare la loro crescente costo della vita, e il drammatico deterioramento della loro salute.
Fino ad oggi, la Grünenthal non hanno mai accettato la responsabilità per la sofferenza causata dal talidomide. Il 1 ° settembre 2012, il Gruppo Grünenthal ha rilasciato una dichiarazione che contiene delle scuse, affermando che esso "deplora" le conseguenze della droga, che ha portato a bambini nati senza arti nel corso del 1950 e 1960. Anche se la dichiarazione è stata accolta da alcuni sopravvissuti talidomide, non è ancora una assunzione di responsabilità. Vogliono solo vivere una vita comoda, e questo significa che Grünenthal dovrebbero essere ritenuti responsabili e pagare per il loro errore finanziario.
More History
Hits to Date 5258
History
Thalidomide was created by Grünenthal in 1953 and was used in the late 1950s and early 1960s as a "wonder drug" to treat morning sickness, headaches, coughs, insomnia and colds. Thalidomide was marketed in the UK under the name Distaval in 1958, and advertisements emphasized the drug's complete safety, using phrases such as “non-toxic” and “no known toxicity”.
However, in 1961 an Australian doctor, William McBride, wrote to the Lancet after noticing an increase in deformed babies being born at his hospital – all to mothers who had taken Thalidomide.
Between 1958 and 1962 tens of thousands of women throughout Europe found that the baby they were carrying unaccountably miscarried, or, worse, after they gave birth were told it was stillborn. Thousands more discovered that their babies had severe birth defects, missing arms, legs, or with severe reductions to these limbs, or even worse, damage to their internal organs, brain, heart, kidneys, intestines, genitals, etc. During 1962 record keepers began to count all of the children living who were born damaged by the drug. The only complete records are of those who survived long enough to participate in the national compensation schemes, which were established in Germany, Britain, Japan, Sweden and Australia in the 1970s. The difficulty in uncovering the full toll of the disaster begins with the unknown numbers of miscarriages and stillbirths (possibly up to ten times the number of live births), and the widespread practice of infanticide.
The Thalidomide injuries did not stop once the babies were born. At the age of fifty, the Thalidomide Trust’s records show that around half of all survivors are coping with chronic pain – mainly from muscles and joints (musculo-skeletal pain), largely as a result of the challenges of living with missing or damaged limbs. For many, their bodies are deteriorating far faster than able-bodied people. Several have been told words to the effect “your body is getting the problems of someone in their seventies”, which at forty to fifty years of age is not good news. At least a quarter are coping with developing neurological problems, tingling, numbness, and pain in their affected limbs. This means that a person may be holding a cup, for instance, and the next thing they know is it has fallen to the floor and broken, because of the numbness in their hand. For these survivors, the disaster is still slowly unfolding in their day-to-day lives.
Grünenthal scientists were not only negligent in failing to withdraw the drug when reports of problems came in, or for failing to test it according to the standards of the time, but more than most companies they were very well placed to anticipate the possibility that Thalidomide would cause birth defects.
Grünenthal initially denied claims that the drug hadn’t been extensively tested according to the standards of the time, but once the scandal became undeniable, they sought to deflect blame and limit damage.
In 1961 Thalidomide was eventually withdrawn after being found to be a teratogan - a cause of birth defects. 12 years later, the UK company Distillers Biochemicals Limited (now Diageo) – which was responsible for distributing the drug in the UK – reached a compensation settlement following a legal battle by the families of those affected.
Based on incomplete medical evidence and unrealistic expectations of Thalidomide survivors future needs this settlement has turned out to be at an inadequate level. With all Thalidomide survivors in the UK now over the age of 50, it is no longer sufficient to deal with their rising cost of living, and the dramatic deterioration of their health.
To this day, Grünenthal have never accepted responsibility for the suffering caused by Thalidomide. On September 1st 2012, The Grünenthal Group released a statement containing an apology, stating that it "regrets" the consequences of the drug, which led to babies being born without limbs during the 1950s and 1960s. Although the statement was welcomed by some Thalidomide survivors, it is still not an acceptance of responsibility. They just want to live a comfortable life, and that means Grünenthal should be held accountable and pay for their mistake financially.
Spanish
Historia
La talidomida fue creado por Grünenthal en 1953 y fue utilizado a finales de 1950 y principios de 1960 como una "droga milagrosa" para el tratamiento de las náuseas, dolores de cabeza, tos, insomnio y resfriados. La talidomida fue comercializada en el Reino Unido bajo el nombre Distaval en 1958, y destacó los anuncios de seguridad completa del medicamento, utilizando frases como "no tóxico" y "no hay toxicidad conocida".
Sin embargo, en 1961 un médico australiano, William McBride, escribió a la revista The Lancet después de notar un aumento en los bebés que nacen deformes en su hospital - todo a las madres que habían tomado Talidomida.
Entre 1958 y 1962, decenas de miles de mujeres de toda Europa descubrieron que el bebé que llevaban inexplicablemente abortado, o, peor aún, después de dar a luz se les dijo que estaba muerto. Miles de personas descubrieron que sus bebés nacieron con defectos congénitos graves, los brazos, las piernas, que faltan o con reducciones severas a estos miembros, o peor aún, el daño a sus órganos internos, cerebro, corazón, riñones, intestinos, genitales, etc Durante 1962 guardianes de los registros empezó a contar toda la vida los niños que nacieron dañado por la droga. Los únicos registros completos son de los que sobrevivieron lo suficiente como para participar en los sistemas nacionales de indemnización, que se establecieron en Alemania, Gran Bretaña, Japón, Suecia y Australia en la década de 1970. La dificultad para descubrir el número de víctimas del desastre comienza con los números desconocidos de abortos involuntarios y mortinatos (posiblemente hasta diez veces el número de nacidos vivos), y la práctica generalizada del infanticidio.
Las lesiones de la talidomida no se detuvo una vez que los bebés nacieron. A la edad de cincuenta años, los registros de la confianza talidomida muestran que cerca de la mitad de todos los sobrevivientes están lidiando con el dolor crónico - principalmente de músculos y articulaciones (dolor musculoesquelético), en gran parte como resultado de los desafíos de vivir con la falta o ramas dañadas. Para muchos, sus cuerpos se deterioran mucho más rápido que las personas sanas. Algunos han dicho palabras en el sentido de "su cuerpo está recibiendo los problemas de alguien en los setenta", que a los cuarenta o cincuenta años de edad no es una buena noticia. Al menos una cuarta están lidiando con el desarrollo de problemas neurológicos, hormigueo, entumecimiento y dolor en las extremidades afectadas. Esto significa que una persona puede ser la celebración de una taza, por ejemplo, y lo siguiente que sé es que ha caído al suelo y se rompe, debido a la sensación de adormecimiento en la mano. Para estos sobrevivientes, el desastre está siendo poco a poco se desarrolla en su día a día.
Grünenthal científicos no sólo fueron negligentes al no haber retirado la droga cuando los informes de problemas de vino, o por no probarlo de acuerdo a los estándares de la época, pero más que la mayoría de las empresas que estaban muy bien situados para prever la posibilidad de que la talidomida haría causar defectos de nacimiento.
Grünenthal inicialmente negó las acusaciones de que el medicamento no ha sido ampliamente probado de acuerdo con los estándares de la época, pero una vez que el escándalo se hizo innegable, trataron de desviar la culpa y limitar el daño.
En 1961, la talidomida fue finalmente retirada después de haber sido encontrado para ser un teratogan - una de las causas de los defectos congénitos. 12 años después, el Reino Unido, Distillers Company Limited (ahora Bioquímicos Diageo) - encargada de la distribución de la droga en el Reino Unido - llegó a un acuerdo de compensación después de una batalla legal por las familias de los afectados.
Sobre la base de evidencia incompleta médica y expectativas poco realistas de la talidomida futuro sobrevivientes necesita esta solución ha resultado ser en un nivel adecuado. Con todos los sobrevivientes de la talidomida en el Reino Unido ahora más de 50 años de edad, ya no es suficiente para hacer frente a su creciente costo de vida, y el dramático deterioro de su salud.
A día de hoy, Grünenthal nunca ha aceptado la responsabilidad por el sufrimiento causado por la talidomida. El 1 de septiembre de 2012, el Grupo Grünenthal emitió una declaración que contenga una disculpa, diciendo que "lamenta" las consecuencias de la droga, lo que llevó a los bebés que nacen sin extremidades durante los años 1950 y 1960. Aunque la declaración fue bien recibida por algunos sobrevivientes de la talidomida, no es todavía una aceptación de responsabilidad. Ellos sólo quieren vivir una vida cómoda, y eso quiere decir Grünenthal deben rendir cuentas y pagar por su error financieramente.
Italian
Storia
La talidomide è stato creato da Grünenthal nel 1953 ed è stato utilizzato alla fine del 1950 e 1960 come un "farmaco miracoloso" per curare la malattia di mattina, mal di testa, tosse, insonnia e raffreddori. La talidomide è stato commercializzato nel Regno Unito con il nome di Distaval nel 1958, e la pubblicità ha sottolineato sicurezza del farmaco, con frasi come "non tossico" e "nessuna tossicità conosciuto".
Tuttavia, nel 1961 un medico australiano, William McBride, ha scritto al Lancet dopo aver notato un aumento delle nascite di bimbi malformati essendo nati a suo ospedale - tutti da madri che avevano assunto talidomide.
Tra il 1958 e il 1962 decine di migliaia di donne in tutta Europa ha scoperto che il bambino che portavano inspiegabilmente abortito, o, peggio, dopo che ha dato alla luce hanno detto che era morto. Altre migliaia hanno scoperto che i loro bambini hanno gravi difetti di nascita, braccia, gambe, mancanti o con gravi riduzioni a queste arti, o peggio ancora, danni ai loro organi interni, cervello, cuore, reni, intestino, genitali, ecc Nel 1962 custodi record cominciò a contare tutta la vita i bambini che sono nati danneggiati dal farmaco. Le uniche registrazioni complete sono di coloro che sono sopravvissuti abbastanza a lungo per partecipare ai sistemi di indennizzo nazionali, che sono stati stabiliti in Germania, Gran Bretagna, Giappone, Svezia e Australia nel 1970. La difficoltà nello scoprire il bilancio del disastro inizia con i numeri sconosciuti di aborti spontanei e nati morti (forse fino a dieci volte il numero di nati vivi), e la pratica diffusa di infanticidio.
Le lesioni Talidomide non si è fermata una volta che i bambini sono nati. All'età di 50, del Trust talidomide i tabulati mostrano che circa la metà di tutti i sopravvissuti stanno affrontando con dolore cronico - principalmente da muscoli e le articolazioni (il dolore muscoloscheletrico), soprattutto a causa delle sfide della vita con mancanti o arti danneggiati. Per molti, i loro corpi si stanno deteriorando molto più veloce di persone abili. Molti hanno detto parole per l'effetto "il tuo corpo è sempre il problema di qualcuno nei loro anni settanta", che a 40-50 anni di età non è una buona notizia. Almeno un quarto stanno affrontando con lo sviluppo di problemi neurologici, formicolio, intorpidimento e dolore a carico degli arti colpiti. Ciò significa che una persona può essere in possesso di un tazza, per esempio, e la prossima cosa che so è che è caduto a terra e rotto, a causa del torpore in mano. Per questi sopravvissuti, il disastro è ancora lentamente svolgendo nel loro giorno per giorno la vita.
Grünenthal scienziati non erano solo negligenza nel non ritirare il farmaco quando i report di problemi è venuto in, o per non aver testarlo secondo gli standard del tempo, ma più che la maggior parte delle aziende erano molto ben disposti ad anticipare la possibilità che Thalidomide avrebbe causare difetti di nascita.
Grünenthal inizialmente smentito che il farmaco non era stato ampiamente testati secondo gli standard del tempo, ma una volta che lo scandalo è diventata innegabile, hanno cercato di deviare la colpa e di limitare i danni.
Nel 1961 talidomide è stata infine ritirata dopo essere stato trovato per essere un teratogan - una causa di difetti di nascita. 12 anni dopo, i Distillers Company Limited, Regno Unito Biochemicals (ora Diageo) - incaricata di distribuire il farmaco nel Regno Unito - ha raggiunto un accordo di compensazione a seguito di una battaglia legale da parte delle famiglie delle persone colpite.
Sulla base di prove mediche incomplete e le aspettative non realistiche del futuro Thalidomide sopravvissuti ha bisogno di questa soluzione si è rivelata essere ad un livello insufficiente. Con tutti i sopravvissuti Talidomide nel Regno Unito ora di età superiore ai 50 anni, non è più sufficiente per affrontare la loro crescente costo della vita, e il drammatico deterioramento della loro salute.
Fino ad oggi, la Grünenthal non hanno mai accettato la responsabilità per la sofferenza causata dal talidomide. Il 1 ° settembre 2012, il Gruppo Grünenthal ha rilasciato una dichiarazione che contiene delle scuse, affermando che esso "deplora" le conseguenze della droga, che ha portato a bambini nati senza arti nel corso del 1950 e 1960. Anche se la dichiarazione è stata accolta da alcuni sopravvissuti talidomide, non è ancora una assunzione di responsabilità. Vogliono solo vivere una vita comoda, e questo significa che Grünenthal dovrebbero essere ritenuti responsabili e pagare per il loro errore finanziario.
A SUICIDE PACT?
WATERFRONT DISCOVERY
WOMAN ON TIDE DEFLECTOR.
MISSING CITY BUSINESS MAN.
LETTERS AND CLOTHING FOUND.
Within a short distance of two handbags containing letters said to be indicative of a suicide pact, Mrs. Julia Cubitt, midwife, aged 33, was found in a dazed condition, lying on the eastern tide deflector shortly before 8 o'clock on New Year's morning. The writer of some of the letters, Mr. John Llewellyn Davies, of Taumata Road, Edendale, manager of Radio, Ltd., has disappeared, and it is believed that he was drowned in the harbour. His body has not been found.
Mrs. Cubitt, who has been living at the Institute of Trained Nurses since August last, when she left the home of her parents in Taumata Road, is a divorced woman. Mr. Cubitt has the custody of the only child. When found on the tide deflector Mrs. Cubitt was in a semi-conscious state, and was taken to the Auckland Hospital, where she lies in No.12 ward. Although she is now conscious, and by no means in a serious condition, it is said that she has not made any statement in explanation of the affair.
A number of people saw Mr. Davies and Mrs. Cubitt in the city on New Year's Eve and early yesterday morning. It is surmised that they went to King's Drive about dawn. Mr. B. E. Beeby, of 15, Mount Eden Road, found Mrs. Cubitt on the tide deflector at 7.40 o'clock.
Discovery of Letters.
The Queen's wharf police were informed immediately. Prior to the finding of Mrs. Cubitt, Mr. John Filmer, of 9, Stratford Street, Parnell, found a man's hat and coat, together with a woman's raincoat and hat, near the Akarana Yacht Club's shed, in King's Drive. No one else was in the locality. Continuing his walk, Mr. Filmer found on returning an hour and a half later that the hats and coats had not been disturbed. When he summoned the Parnell police, letters written by Mr. Davies and Mrs. Cubitt were discovered.
The letters contained statements allegedly indicative of a suicide pact. One letter was timed 12.40 p.m., but at is believed that "a.m." was intended. The brown tweed overcoat, and bowler hat have been identified as those of Mr. Davies. The small black felt hat and brown macintosh belong to Mrs. Cubitt. Covering the heap of clothing was the macintosh, under which were two handbags containing small articles of feminine toilet, and letters written to Mrs. Cubitt.
Carried Out by the Tide?
From the point alongside the Yacht Club's slipway where the articles and letters were found, a search was instituted along the waterfront banking. Mrs. Cubitt was on the tide deflector about 100 yards away. No trace of Mr. Davies was found. Police believe that he was carried out on the tide.
Forty-five years of age, Mr. Davies had a wife and one child. As the founder of the wholesale radio business of Radio Ltd., one of the leading firms of its kind, Mr. Davies was well known in the city. His asociation with radio extended over a long period. He was the first operator in the Antipodes to receive around the world messages from Carnarvon to Awanui. About 30 years ago he joined the Post and Telegraph Department as a cadet, at Geraldine, and when radio comunication was in its elementary stages he made a special study of wireless. Subsequently he was placed in charge of the Government wireless station at Chatham Islands.
Mr. Davies' War Service.
Joining the New Zealand Expeditionary Force Main Body at the outbreak of war, he went to Samoa, and when the British flag was hoisted at Apia he effected repairs to the powerful radio station, which had been partially dismantled by the Germans. When the German cruisers Scharnhorst and Gneisenau were sighted off the island, Mr. Davies pluckily remained at his keyboard, sending out signals informing New Zealand and Australia of the presence of the enemy ships. The radio station was in an exposed position and could have been shelled by the cruisers. Attempts were made by the Germans to "jam" Mr. Davies' messages, but one signal got through. Later, Mr. Davies was awarded the Croix de Guerre.
On returning to New Zealand, after his discharge from the N.Z.E.F., Mr. Davies was in charge of the Awarua, Awanui and Auckland wireless stations, and for a time was at Chatham Islands station. About six years ago he resigned from the Government service to establish the business of which he was manager up to the time of his disappearance. A hard-working, energetic man, Mr. Davies spent 14 hours a day in business pursuits, and had not enjoyed a holiday for five years.
paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19300102.2.37
DAVIES’S BODY FOUND
INQUEST ADJOURNED AFTER FORMAL EVIDENCE
ALLEGED SUICIDE PACT
Subsequent to the recovering of the body of J. L. Davies inside the eastern tide deflector yesterday afternoon, after a search which had lasted since last Wednesday, when his hat and coat and a number of letters indicating the intention to commit suicide were found, an inquest was opened before the coroner, Mr. F. K. Hunt, S.M., this morning.
David Lewis, assistant manager of Radio, Limited, identified the body at the morgue as John Lewellyn Davies, who was managing director of Radio, Limited. He said he had been intimately associated with Davies for about five years. Davies was a marked man, aged 44, with one child. Witness was of opinion that Davies had always lived in New Zealand, excepting during the war period, when he was at the front.
After similar formal evidence had been taken, the inquest was adjourned sine die, as Mrs. Cubitt, who was discovered lying unconscious on the rocks on Wednesday, is not yet in a state to give evidence. She has continued to show improvement each day. but so far has given no explanation of the affair to the police.
paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/SUNAK19300107.2.19
"MEMORY BLANK."
MRS. CUBITT'S STORY.
SUICIDE ATTEMPT ADMITTED RELATIONS WITH DAVIES.
COMMENT BY CORONER.
The verdict that John Llewellyn Davies, of Taumata Road, Edendale, committed suicide by drowning himself in the harbour on New Year's morning was returned at the inquest held by Mr. F. K. Hunt, S.M., yesterday afternoon.
Mr. Hunt added that Davies' death followed acute mental depression, consequent upon his entanglement with a woman.
Before the inquest was held, Mrs. Julia Hayes Cubitt, aged 33, a midwife, was charged with having attempted to commit suicide.
She pleaded guilty.
Mrs. Cubitt has been in Auckland Hospital for a month.
Chief Detective Hammond reminded the Court that the woman had been found unconscious on the eastern tide deflector some weeks ago and that she had, been in hospital ever since.
As she was helped into the courtroom by two men, Mrs. Cubitt was trembling violently, and she sat throughout the proceedings with her head bowed. She appeared almost unable to write her signature when required to do so.
Accused was convicted and ordered to come up for sentence within six months.
''I Do Not Remember."
The inquest into the death of John Llewellyn Davies was then begun.
"I do not remember what happened on the waterfront, nor do I remember going into the water. My recollection is a blank as to that."
Trembling, Mrs. Cubitt indicated with a nod of her head that the foregoing statement was hers.
The statement continued: —
"I was divorced some three years ago, following upon a deed of separation between my husband and myself. I became acquainted with the deceased some two years ago. I was with him on New Year's Eve. I met him about 10 p.m. at the house of a relative of mine. I had been at my relative's house all day and deceased came there by arrangement.
Davies "Terribly Worried."
"There had been no talk of suicide up until then. We left my relatives house between half-past ten and half-past eleven and went into town. We walked up and down the street for some time. The deceased was in a mental condition that I had never seen him in before. He was terribly worried and melancholic, and was talking wildly.
"We finally arrived at a hotel in the city where deceased had a friend. I was very worried myself at that time—in fact, distracted. We went from the hotel to the waterfront after having written the letters of farewell at the hotel. We had not agreed to commit suicide, but I knew that if deceased committed suicide I could only do the same, and I was worried about him and what he would do."
Intended To Go Away.
David Lewis, assistant manager of Radio, Ltd., said he first knew of Davies' intrigue with another woman six month ago. On December 30, Davies told him that "he had made a mess of his life," and that there was another woman in the case. He said he had made up his mind to resign his position and go away for six months. At the end of that time he hoped that his wife would be in a different frame of mind, and would allow him his freedom to marry the other woman. Davies said candidly that he cared for the other woman, and that he thought the way he proposed was the only way out. Later Mrs. Cubitt went in and rang Davies.
Davies called witness into his office and asked what had happened after he had left at mid-day. Witness asked Davies what sort of an afternoon, he had had, and he had replied that it had been a bad one, as Mrs. Cubitt had rang up on the 'phone several times. On Tuesday, December 31, Davies did not arrive at the office, but about 3 p.m. he rang up to say that he would be in about; 5.30 p.m. When he arrived witness asked him what sort of a day he had had, and he replied "An awful day." Mrs. Cubitt had rung him on the 'phone several times, and on each occasion there had been a scene at home as a result. Witness had asked him what he intended to do, and he had replied "I am definitely finished with Mrs. Cubitt."
Evening Before Tragedy.
"Davies made arrangements with me to be at the office on Thursday at 9 a.m. to go thoroughly into the business of the office preparatory to his trip south on January 3," said witness. "We left the office together about 5.30 p.m. and went and had a drink. At six o'clock I left him at the corner of Customs and Queen Streets. He said that he was returning to the office. The following morning I received a message from Mrs. Davies asking me to go to her home urgently. She told me that she was very worried as her husband had not arrived home that night. While I was there Mrs. Davies received a telephone message from the police that her husband's hat and coat had been found on the waterfront. At the request of the police I opened the office and found evidence that Davies had been there. He had left a few business notes and letter to Mrs. Davies. Three small bottles of stout and a bottle of wine, which were in the office when I left, were missing."
Replying to Mr. Addison, who appeared for the relatives of deceased, witnes said for the past six months Davies had been in a very nervy condition. He had frequently complained of pain's and noises in the head, and said that he had not been sleeping well.
Mr. Addison: What was his nature generally? —He appeared to me to be the type of man who would be inclined to worry unduly over small matters such as crop up in business.
"Was he worried at the time?"
Mr. Hunt (intervening): Of course he was worried; we know that. He was worried about this woman.
Hammond said deceased's wife was in a state of collapse, and could not attend. "She won't be able to tell us any more," said, the magistrate.
Suicide by drowning was the verdict of the coroner.
paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19300131.2.80
If you are worried about your or someone else's mental health, the best place to get help is your GP or local mental health provider. However, if you or someone else is in danger or endangering others, call police immediately on 111.
Or if you need to talk to someone else:
1737, Need to talk? Free call or text 1737 any time for support from a trained counsellor
Lifeline – 0800 543 354 or (09) 5222 999 within Auckland
Samaritans – 0800 726 666
Suicide Crisis Helpline – 0508 828 865 (0508 TAUTOKO)
thelowdown.co.nz – or email team@thelowdown.co.nz or free text 5626
Anxiety New Zealand – 0800 ANXIETY (0800 269 4389)
Supporting Families in Mental Illness – 0800 732 825
Plot 6: John Llewellyn Davies (45) 1929 – Company Manager
In Loving Memory
of
JOHN LLEWELLYN DAVIES,
Born at Christchurch
25th Sept. 1884.
Died 1st Jan. 1930.
I will not leave you comfortless
I will not leave you.
The latest current NASA project is named OSIRIS REx. The project involves Acquiring Answers from Asteroid number 1999 RQ36. This asteroid is the largest known extraterrestrial threat to life on earth. That's one of the reasons to study it up close and friendly...
Here's a quote: "OSIRIS-REx will also provide the knowledge that will guide humanity in deflecting any future asteroid that could collide with Earth, allowing humanity to avoid the fate of the dinosaurs."
And another quote: "RQ36 is both the most accessible carbonaceous asteroid and the most potentially Earth-hazardous asteroid known." Bolding is by me...;))
Scientific Objective
4. Measure the Yarkovsky effect on a potentially hazardous asteroid and constrain the asteroid properties that contribute to this effect.
Please note that this effect, which I have not described here, leads to it changing its orbit around the sun so it can just possibly be more likely to collide with the earth.
NOT GOOD...
Read More Below...
This poster is inside the front entrance of the University of Arizona's Lunar & Planetary Laboratory building in Tucson, Arizona. I don't know if the water bottle is part of the exhibit or not...
OSIRIS-REx stands for Origins, Spectral Interpretation, Resource Identification, Security-Regolith Explorer.
Regolith: An unconsolidated residual or transported material that overlies the solid rock on the earth, moon, or a planet.
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I suggest viewing this on black by clicking once on the image.
Description of Project
www.arizona.edu/features/osiris-rex-wins-uas-largest-gran...
OSIRIS-REx Wins UA's Largest Grant Ever
NASA has selected the University of Arizona to lead a sample-return mission to an asteroid. The team is led by Michael Drake, director of the UA's Lunar and Planetary Laboratory. NASA Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Md. will manage the mission for NASA. Lockheed Martin will build the spacecraft.
View the video on YouTube.
www.youtube.com/watch?v=e6XbYLGWmOs
Video courtesy of NASA.
The OSIRIS-REx mission is budgeted for approximately $800 million, excluding the launch vehicle.
The target asteroid – named 1999 RQ36 after the year it was discovered – measures 575 meters (one-third of a mile) in diameter. 1999 RQ36 is a time capsule from the early solar system rich with organic compounds that may have seeded life on Earth.
"OSIRIS-REx will explore our past and help determine our destiny," said Drake. "It will return samples of pristine organic material that scientists think might have seeded the sterile early Earth with the building blocks that led to life. Such samples do not currently exist on Earth. OSIRIS-REx will also provide the knowledge that will guide humanity in deflecting any future asteroid that could collide with Earth, allowing humanity to avoid the fate of the dinosaurs."
OSIRIS-REx stands for Origins, Spectral Interpretation, Resource Identification, Security-Regolith Explorer.
Scheduled for launch in 2016, the OSIRIS-REx mission will return the first samples ever taken from a special type of asteroid holding clues to the origin of the solar system and likely organic molecules that may have seeded life on Earth.
OSIRIS-REx also will investigate an object potentially hazardous to humanity. 1999 RQ36 has a one-in-1,800 chance of impacting the Earth in the year 2182.
Spending longer than a year exploring 1999 RQ36 before acquiring samples, OSIRIS-REx will provide geologic context essential to expanding our understanding of the asteroid-comet continuum. The mission will provide near-live coverage of 1999 RQ36 operations and sample return to Earth. Samples will return to Earth in the year 2023.
The return to Earth of pristine samples with known geologic context will enable precise analyses that cannot be duplicated by spacecraft-based instruments. Pristine carbonaceous materials have never before been analyzed in laboratories on Earth.
The OSIRIS-REx instrument suite will include: the OSIRIS-REx Camera Suite (OCAMS) by the University of Arizona; the OSIRIS REx Visible-Infrared Spectrometer (OVIRS) instrument by NASA Goddard; the OSIRIS-REx Thermal Emission Spectrometer (OTES) by Arizona State University; and the OSIRIS-REx Laser Altimeter (OLA) by the Canadian Space Agency.
The team includes the University of Arizona, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Lockheed Martin, Arizona State University, KinetX, the Canadian Space Agency, NASA Johnson Space Center, NASA Ames Research Center, NASA Langley Research Center, along with science team members from across academia.
NASA New Frontiers is a program to explore the solar system with frequent, medium-class spacecraft missions that will conduct high-quality, focused scientific investigations designed to enhance our understanding of the solar system.
"OSIRIS-REx will usher in a new era of planetary exploration," said Dante Lauretta, the mission's deputy principal investigator and an associate professor at the UA's Lunar and Planetary Laboratory. "For the first time in space-exploration history, a mission will travel to, and return pristine samples of a carbonaceous asteroid with known geologic context. Such samples are critical to understanding the origin of the solar system, Earth, and life."
"OSIRIS-REx will have an extraordinary impact on the University of Arizona and our entire state," said UA President Robert N. Shelton. "For decades, our Lunar and Planetary Laboratory has made immeasurable contributions to our knowledge of the universe. This mission will continue and advance that tradition, with unique opportunities for our students and researchers."
Extensive characterization by the Arecibo Planetary Radar System, the Spitzer Space Telescope, and ground-based telescopes in Arizona and elsewhere have resulted in exceptional knowledge about the asteroid. 1999 RQ36 orbits the sun every 1.2 years, crossing the Earth's orbit every September. Its shape and rotation rate are well known, allowing OSIRIS-REx to make a safe, albeit short, touchdown.
"Our spacecraft will sneak up to RQ36 over the course of weeks," Lauretta said. "Once the two objects are traveling in sync, OSIRIS-REx will extend its sample collector, touch the surface for five seconds, collect well over 60 grams of sample, and get out of there."
Using an injection of ultra pure nitrogen, the OSIRIS-REx sample-collecting device will stir up dirt and small gravel to be captured and sealed for return to Earth. The samples are returned to the surface of the Earth using hardware and procedures successfully demonstrated on the Stardust mission, which returned samples from comet Wild 2 in 2006.
UA planetary science professor William Boynton is the mission instrumentation scientist, and Peter Smith, a professor in the UA's Lunar and Planetary Laboratory and principal investigator on the Phoenix Mars Mission, is the instrument scientist for the three on-board cameras. Heather Enos, project manager for the TEGA instrument on Phoenix, serves as the project planning and control officer. Chris Shinohara, science operations manager for the Phoenix Mission, will perform a similar role for OSIRIS-REx.
All mission science operations will be performed on the UA campus. Anna Spitz from the Mt. Lemmon Sky Center leads the Education and Public Outreach program. In addition to outstanding science and educational opportunities, OSIRIS-REx will provide a significant boost to the Arizona economy; approximately $200 million will be spent in Tucson and across Arizona.
Visit the NASA website for details and a video animation of the OSIRIS-REx mission.
Visit the UA's Lunar and Planetary Laboratory.
IMG_7912 - Version 2
Former UKIP MEP David Campbell Bannerman fills in his Conservative Membership form as he joins the Conservative Party, Monday May 23, 2011. Photo By Andrew Parsons/Parsons Media Ltd
Its skin deflects anything short of a nuke. Its blood poisons the land. It hunts humans with ferocious tenacity. Mankind has had first contact with alien life, and it is not friendly.
Featured on Life in Plastic: nerditis.com/2014/03/05/life-in-plastic-toy-review-trespa...
Anakin Skywalker is deflecting one of the droids' shots while a star corps trooper is killing off a super battle droid in the background and another clone lies on the ground, hit. Also, a Super Battle Droid is about to get run over by a speeder bike.
The Postcard
A postally unused carte postale published by L'Abeille of Paris.
The Notre-Dame Fire
On the 15th. April 2019, fire broke out in the attic beneath the cathedral's roof at 18:18. At 18:20 the fire alarm sounded and guards evacuated the cathedral. A guard was sent to investigate, but to the wrong location – the attic of the adjoining sacristy – where he found no fire. About fifteen minutes later the error was discovered, but by the time guards had climbed the three hundred steps to the cathedral attic the fire was well advanced.
The alarm system was not designed to automatically notify the fire brigade, which was summoned at 18:51 after the guards had returned. Firefighters arrived within ten minutes.
Fighting the Notre-Dame Fire
More than 400 firefighters were engaged. A hundred government employees along with police and municipal workers moved precious artefacts to safety via a human chain.
The fire was primarily fought from inside the structure, which was more dangerous for personnel, but reduced potential damage to the cathedral - applying water from outside risked deflecting flames and hot gases (at temperatures up to 800 °C) inwards. Deluge guns were used at lower-than-usual pressures to minimise damage to the cathedral and its contents. Water was supplied by pump-boat from the Seine.
Aerial firefighting was not used because water dropped from heights could have caused structural damage, and heated stone can crack if suddenly cooled. Helicopters were also not used because of dangerous updrafts, but drones were used for visual and thermal imaging, and robots for visual imaging and directing water streams. Molten lead falling from the roof posed a special hazard for firefighters.
By 18:52, smoke was visible from the outside; flames appeared within the next ten minutes. The spire of the cathedral collapsed at 19:50, creating a draft that slammed all the doors and sent a fireball through the attic. Firefighters then retreated from within the attic.
Shortly before the spire fell, the fire had spread to the wooden framework inside the north tower, which supported eight very large bells. Had the bells fallen, it was thought that the damage done as they fell could have collapsed the towers, and with them the entire cathedral.
At 20:30, firefighters abandoned attempts to extinguish the roof and concentrated on saving the towers, fighting from within and between the towers. By 21:45 the fire was under control.
Adjacent apartment buildings were evacuated due to concern about possible collapse, but on the 19th. April the fire brigade ruled out that risk. One firefighter and two police officers were injured.
Damage to Notre-Dame
Most of the wood/metal roof and the spire of the cathedral was destroyed, with about one third of the roof remaining. The remnants of the roof and spire fell atop the stone vault underneath, which forms the ceiling of the cathedral's interior. Some sections of this vaulting collapsed in turn, allowing debris from the burning roof to fall to the marble floor below, but most sections remained intact due to the use of rib vaulting, greatly reducing damage to the cathedral's interior and objects within.
The cathedral contained a large number of artworks, religious relics, and other irreplaceable treasures, including a crown of thorns said to be the one Jesus wore at his crucifixion. Other items were a purported piece of the cross on which Jesus was crucified, the Tunic of St. Louis, a pipe organ by Aristide Cavaillé-Coll, and the 14th.-century Virgin of Paris statue.
Some artwork had been removed in preparation for the renovations, and most of the cathedral's sacred relics were held in the adjoining sacristy, which the fire did not reach; all the cathedral's relics survived. Many valuables that were not removed also survived.
Lead joints in some of the 19th.-century stained-glass windows melted, but the three major rose windows, dating back to the 13th. century, were undamaged. Several pews were destroyed, and the vaulted arches were blackened by smoke, though the cathedral's main cross and altar survived, along with the statues surrounding it.
Some paintings, apparently only smoke-damaged, are expected to be transported to the Louvre for restoration. The rooster-shaped reliquary atop the spire was found damaged but intact among the debris. The three pipe organs were not significantly damaged. The largest of the cathedral's bells, the bourdon, was also not damaged. The liturgical treasury of the cathedral and the "Grands Mays" paintings were moved to safety.
Environmental Damage
Airparif said that winds rapidly dispersed the smoke, carrying it away aloft along the Seine corridor. It did not find elevated levels of particulate air pollution at monitoring stations nearby. The Paris police stated that there was no danger from breathing the air around the fire.
The burned-down roof had been covered with over 400 metric tons of lead. Settling dust substantially raised surface lead levels in some places nearby, notably the cordoned-off area and places left open during the fire. Wet cleaning for surfaces and blood tests for children and pregnant women were recommended in the immediate area.
People working on the cathedral after the fire did not initially take the lead precautions required for their own protection; materials leaving the site were decontaminated, but some clothing was not, and some precautions were not correctly followed; as a result, the worksite failed some inspections and was temporarily shut down.
There was also more widespread contamination; testing, clean-up, and public health advisories were delayed for months, and the neighbourhood was not decontaminated for four months, prompting widespread criticism.
Reactions to the Notre-Dame Fire
President of France Emmanuel Macron, postponing a speech to address the Yellow Vests Movement planned for that evening, went to Notre-Dame and gave a brief address there. Numerous world religious and government leaders extended condolences.
Through the night of the fire and into the next day, people gathered along the Seine to hold vigils, sing and pray.
White tarpaulins over metal beams were quickly rigged to protect the interior from the elements. Nettings protect the de-stabilised exterior.
The following Sunday at Saint-Eustache Church, the Archbishop of Paris, Michel Aupetit, honoured the firefighters with the presentation of a book of scriptures saved from the fire.
Investigation Into The Notre-Dame Fire
On the 16th. April, the Paris prosecutor said that there was no evidence of a deliberate act.
The fire has been compared to the similar 1992 Windsor Castle fire and the Uppark fire, among others, and has raised old questions about the safety of similar structures and the techniques used to restore them. Renovation works increase the risk of fire, and a police source reported that they are looking into whether such work had caused this incident.
The renovations presented a fire risk from sparks, short-circuits, and heat from welding (roof repairs involved cutting, and welding lead sheets resting on timber). Normally, no electrical installations were allowed in the roof space due to the extreme fire risk.
The roof framing was of very dry timber, often powdery with age. After the fire, the architect responsible for fire safety at the cathedral acknowledged that the rate at which fire might spread had been underestimated, and experts said it was well known that a fire in the roof would be almost impossible to control.
Of the firms working on the restoration, a Europe Echafaudage team was the only one working there on the day of the fire; the company said no soldering or welding was underway before the fire. The scaffolding was receiving electrical supply for temporary elevators and lighting.
The roofers, Le Bras Frères, said it had followed procedure, and that none of its personnel were on site when the fire broke out. Time-lapse images taken by a camera installed by them showed smoke first rising from the base of the spire.
On the 25th. April, the structure was considered safe enough for investigators to enter. They unofficially stated that they were considering theories involving malfunction of electric bell-ringing apparatus, and cigarette ends discovered on the renovation scaffolding.
Le Bras Frères confirmed its workers had smoked cigarettes, contrary to regulations, but denied that a cigarette butt could have started the fire. The Paris prosecutor's office announced on the 26th. June that no evidence had been found to suggest a criminal motive.
The security employee monitoring the alarm system was new on the job, and was on a second eight-hour shift that day because his relief had not arrived. Additionally, the fire security system used confusing terminology in its referencing parts of the cathedral, which contributed to the initial confusion as to the location of the fire.
As of September, five months after the fire, investigators thought the cause of the fire was more likely an electrical fault than a cigarette. Determining the exact place in which the fire started was expected to take a great deal more time and work. By the 15th. April 2020, investigators stated:
"We believe the fire to have been
started by either a cigarette or a
short circuit in the electrical system".
Reconstruction of Notre-Dame Cathedral
On the night of the fire Macron said that the cathedral, which is owned by the state, would be rebuilt, and launched an international fundraising campaign. France's cathedrals have been owned by the state since 1905, and are not privately insured.
The heritage conservation organisation Fondation du Patrimoine estimated the damage in the hundreds of millions of euros, but losses from the fire are not expected to substantially impact the private insurance industry.
European art insurers stated that the cost would be similar to ongoing renovations at the Palace of Westminster in London, which currently is estimated to be around €7 billion.
This cost does not include damage to any of the artwork or artefacts within the cathedral. Any pieces on loan from other museums would have been insured, but the works owned by the cathedral would not have been insurable.
While Macron hoped the cathedral could be restored in time for the 2024 Paris Summer Olympics, architects expect the work could take from twenty to forty years, as any new structure would need to balance restoring the look of the original building, using wood and stone sourced from the same regions used in the original construction, with the structural reinforcement required for preventing a similar disaster in the future.
There is discussion of whether to reconstruct the cathedral in modified form. Rebuilding the roof with titanium sheets and steel trusses has been suggested; other options include rebuilding in the original lead and wood, or rebuilding with modern materials not visible from the outside (like the reinforced concrete trusses at Reims Cathedral).
Another option would be to use a combination of restored old elements and newly designed ones. Chartres Cathedral was rebuilt with wrought iron trusses and copper sheeting after an 1836 fire.
French prime minister Édouard Philippe announced an architectural design competition for a new spire that would be:
"Adapted to the techniques
and the challenges of our era."
The spire replacement project has gathered a variety of designs and some controversy, particularly its legal exemption from environmental and heritage rules. After the design competition was announced, the French senate amended the government's restoration bill to require the roof to be restored to how it was before the fire.
On the 16th. July, 95 days after the fire, the law that will govern the restoration of the cathedral was finally approved by the French parliament. It recognises its UNESCO World Heritage Site status and the need to respect existing international charters and practices, to:
"Preserve the historic, artistic and architectural
history of the monument, and to limit any
derogations to the existing heritage, planning,
environmental and construction codes to a
minimum".
On the 15th. April 2020, Germany offered to restore some of the large clerestory windows located far above eye level with three expert tradesmen who specialize in rebuilding cathedrals. Monika Grütters, Germany's Commissioner for Culture was quoted as saying that her country would shoulder the costs.
As of the 30th. November all of the tangled scaffolding was removed from the spire area, and was therefore no longer a threat to the building.
The world will now have to wait for Notre-Dame de Paris to be restored to its former magnificence.
Seen here on Wilmslow Road in Withington operating a 142 service to Manchester Piccadilly is this Sharston-based ADL Enviro400. Note the missing nearside tree deflector.
08-24-1978, Edmonton, ALTA. Drafted round 1 #13 overall by Calgary Flames 1996. Derek Morris is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey defenceman. Drafted out of the Western Hockey League (WHL) 13th overall by the Calgary Flames in the 1996 NHL Entry Draft, he has also played in the NHL for the Colorado Avalanche, Boston Bruins and the New York Rangers. Morris played minor hockey in the Alberta Midget Hockey League (AMHL) with the Red Deer Chiefs and was awarded the Brian Benning Trophy as the league's top defenceman in 1995. He went on to play major junior with the Regina Pats of the Western Hockey League (WHL). After his rookie WHL season, in which he scored 52 points in 67 games, Morris was drafted 13th overall by the Calgary Flames in the 1996 NHL Entry Draft. He returned to play a second season with the Pats, improving to 18 goals and 75 points before turning pro. Following Morris's 1996–97 WHL season with the Pats, he was assigned to the Calgary's American Hockey League (AHL) affiliate, the Saint John Flames for the final 7 games of the regular season, as well as 5 post-season games. In 1997–98, he scored 9 goals and 29 points in his NHL rookie season with the Flames, earning NHL All-Rookie Team honours. He continued to improve to 34, then 38 points in his second and third seasons with the Flames before an injury-shortened season in 2000–01 kept him to 28 points in 51 games. In 2001–02, Morris was again sidelined after sustaining a left wrist injury. During the season, he was involved in a tragic incident in a game against the Columbus Blue Jackets on March 16, 2002, when an Espen Knutsen slap shot deflected off him and into the stands, striking 13-year old Brittanie Cecil in the temple. She died from the impact two days later, prompting the NHL to implement protective netting at the ends of the rinks at the start of the following season. Morris completed the season with 34 points in 61 games. After five seasons with Calgary, reaching the 30-point mark four times, he was traded to the Colorado Avalanche. Morris made an immediate impact with the Avalanche in his first season, tallying a career-high 11 goals, 37 assists and 48 points in 2002–03. The following season, however, he was traded for the second time in as many campaigns, this time to the Phoenix Coyotes. Morris was set to become a free agent in the subsequent off-season. Morris completed the 2003–04 season playing in 14 games and recording 2 assists with the Coyotes after being traded. He finished with a combined 32 points. In his first full season with the Coyotes in 2005–06, Morris tallied 28 points in 53 games, then recorded back-to-back 25-point seasons the following two campaigns. On March 4, 2009, he was again dealt at the trade deadline, this time to the New York Rangers. He did not re-sign with the Rangers in the off-season, instead on July 24, 2009, Morris signed a one-year contract with the Boston Bruins. On March 3, 2010 he was traded to the Phoenix Coyotes for a conditional fourth round pick in the 2011 NHL Entry Draft. Along with Phoenix, Morris went deep into the 2012 Stanley Cup playoffs. His highlight of the playoffs was a shot from center ice in Game 1 of the Conference Finals that beat Los Angeles Kings netminder Jonathan Quick. The Coyotes lost in five games. Derek Morris retired at the end of the 2013/14 season. Morris has represented Team Canada on three occasions at the World Championships. After appearances in 1999 and 2001, he won his first gold medal with Canada at the 2004 World Championships in the Czech Republic. He contributed 5 assists in the gold-medal effort. NHL-Stats: GP:1144 / G:95 / A:344 / Pts:439 / PIM:1045; Career-Stats: GP:1366 / G:130 / A:508 / Pts:638 / PIM:1469 (1994/95 – 2013/14).
After retiring, Morris became an Assistant Coach for the Chapparal High in the 2016/17 season. One season later, he was an Assistant Coach for the Arizona Bobcats U15 und U18. From 2018/19 to 2019/20, he was the Head Coach of the Arizona Bobcats U16 and in the 2020/21 season, he was the Bobcats U13 Head Coach.
PictionID:52514813 - Catalog:14_028243 - Title:GD/Astronautics Facilities Details: AFMTC-Pad 11; Flame Deflector Date: 11/15/1957 - Filename:14_028243.tif - Images from the Convair/General Dynamics Astronautics Atlas Negative Collection. The processing, cataloging and digitization of these images has been made possible by a generous National Historical Publications and Records grant from the National Archives and Records Administration---Please Tag these images so that the information can be permanently stored with the digital file.---Repository: San Diego Air and Space Museum
6115 was built in 1927 by the North British Locomotive Company in Glasgow. It was named Scots Guardsman in 1928 after the Scots Guards. After receiving smoke deflectors, it starred in the 1936 film Night Mail.
6115 was rebuilt in 1947 with a new tapered type 2A boiler, and was painted in LMS 1946-style black livery. It was the first of the rebuilt engines to receive smoke deflectors and the only one to run with them as an LMS engine. It was renumbered 46115 by British Railways in 1948 and was withdrawn in 1965.
Scots Guardsman is one of two preserved Royal Scots, the other being LMS Royal Scot Class 6100 Royal Scot.
46115 was purchased by the West Coast Railway Company and in 2008, it was restored to main-line running standard. Her first test run from Carnforth to Hellifield was completed on 20 June 2008. The loco was then moved back into the depot at Steamtown and repainted BR Brunswick Green, appearing in this livery at the Steamtown Open Weekend on 26/27 July 2008. The loco then hauled its first railtour called 'The Settle-Carlisle Venturer' from Hellifield to Carlisle and return on 16 August 2008.
The loco ran as a special for the centenary of the Girl Guides on 6 September 2009 between Liverpool and York under the temporary name of The Girl Guide.
The locomotive carried the Olympic torch in 2012 in place of Flying Scotsman.
L'Osteria [official web site] - Water from the river Neckar is deflected into a channel that runs through the old quarter of the town.
St Mirren moved to the top of the Championship by getting the better of a second-half goal flurry against Inverness Caledonian Thistle.
Lewis Morgan's deflected strike gave the Buddies a half-time lead but John Baird levelled after the break.
Gregor Buchanan headed Saints back in front before Liam Polworth restored parity again for Caley Thistle.
But St Mirren moved up a gear and both Cammy Smith and Ian McShane scored from distance to seal it for the hosts.
A third consecutive league win means the Paisley men have now won seven of their last eight matches and have now also triumphed in each of their last six home games in all competitions.
Morgan has been a key part of St Mirren's rise under manager Jack Ross and he notched his sixth of the season when his low shot was diverted through the legs of Caley Thistle goalkeeper Mark Ridgers.
Baird had a first half goal disallowed for offside but made no mistake in the second - the former Buddie slotting into the bottom left hand corner.
The teams were only briefly on level terms. St Mirren's McShane followed up some nice skill by standing up a great cross to the back post and Buchanan's header eventually crossed the line.
Inverness again pegged Saints back when Connor Bell helped play in Polworth to round Craig Samson and stroke home, despite big shouts of offside from the hosts.
The Buddies were frustrated at that, but vented it in the right way. Morgan smacked the post before Smith let fly with a right-footer from 20 yards into the bottom corner, then McShane added an equally exquisite finish from distance into the top right corner when the ball broke to him on the edge of the box.
St Mirren
1 Samson
15 Baird
5 Buchanan Booked 6 min
44 Eckersley
3 Irvine
4 McGinn
16 McShane
2 DemetriouSubstituted for Kirkpatrick 85 min
11 SmithSubstituted forTodd at 87 min
10 MorganSubstituted for Duffy 90+2 min
20 Reilly
Substitutes
8 Duffy
9 Sutton
14 Todd
17 Kirkpatrick
19 Stewart
Inverness CT
28 Ridgers
2 Raven
5 Warren
22 McKay Booked 89 min
4 Chalmers
21 Cooper
24 Trafford
11 Vigurs Booked 33 min
7 Polworth
9 Baird
16 CalderSubstituted for Bell at 56min
Substitutes
1 Esson
3 Tremarco
6 Elsdon
14 Oakley
15 Mulraney
20 Bell
23 Donaldson
21 Stewart
22 Whyte
Former UKIP MEP David Campbell Bannerman joins the Conservative Party, Monday May 23, 2011. Photo By Andrew Parsons/Parsons Media Ltd
Returning to the paddocks, after unloading grain at CBH Group grain storage site, at Mungilup. Seen here turning into Jerdacuttup Road off South Coast Highway towards Hopetoun way.
When I come across a truck of interest, I race.....er , drive carefully ahead😆, to set up for a photo shoot. Generally catching the drivers unawares haha. And yeah sometimes, I get caught out. They have already rurned before they reach me! Yeah this truck, I thought was going straight past along the highway. So yeah I got the eyeball, from the driver! because I was parked up a bit too close to the corner, for his turning!
in very non authentic condition, A4 boiler, German deflectors, kylchap/double chimney, corridor tender and LNER apple green livery.
The Postcard
A postally unused carte postale published by Lévy Fils et Cie of Paris.
The Notre-Dame Fire
On the 15th. April 2019, fire broke out in the attic beneath the cathedral's roof at 18:18. At 18:20 the fire alarm sounded and guards evacuated the cathedral. A guard was sent to investigate, but to the wrong location – the attic of the adjoining sacristy – where he found no fire. About fifteen minutes later the error was discovered, but by the time guards had climbed the three hundred steps to the cathedral attic the fire was well advanced.
The alarm system was not designed to automatically notify the fire brigade, which was summoned at 18:51 after the guards had returned. Firefighters arrived within ten minutes.
Fighting the Notre-Dame Fire
More than 400 firefighters were engaged. A hundred government employees along with police and municipal workers moved precious artefacts to safety via a human chain.
The fire was primarily fought from inside the structure, which was more dangerous for personnel, but reduced potential damage to the cathedral - applying water from outside risked deflecting flames and hot gases (at temperatures up to 800 °C) inwards. Deluge guns were used at lower-than-usual pressures to minimise damage to the cathedral and its contents. Water was supplied by pump-boat from the Seine.
Aerial firefighting was not used because water dropped from heights could have caused structural damage, and heated stone can crack if suddenly cooled. Helicopters were also not used because of dangerous updrafts, but drones were used for visual and thermal imaging, and robots for visual imaging and directing water streams. Molten lead falling from the roof posed a special hazard for firefighters.
By 18:52, smoke was visible from the outside; flames appeared within the next ten minutes. The spire of the cathedral collapsed at 19:50, creating a draft that slammed all the doors and sent a fireball through the attic. Firefighters then retreated from within the attic.
Shortly before the spire fell, the fire had spread to the wooden framework inside the north tower, which supported eight very large bells. Had the bells fallen, it was thought that the damage done as they fell could have collapsed the towers, and with them the entire cathedral.
At 20:30, firefighters abandoned attempts to extinguish the roof and concentrated on saving the towers, fighting from within and between the towers. By 21:45 the fire was under control.
Adjacent apartment buildings were evacuated due to concern about possible collapse, but on the 19th. April the fire brigade ruled out that risk. One firefighter and two police officers were injured.
Damage to Notre-Dame
Most of the wood/metal roof and the spire of the cathedral was destroyed, with about one third of the roof remaining. The remnants of the roof and spire fell atop the stone vault underneath, which forms the ceiling of the cathedral's interior. Some sections of this vaulting collapsed in turn, allowing debris from the burning roof to fall to the marble floor below, but most sections remained intact due to the use of rib vaulting, greatly reducing damage to the cathedral's interior and objects within.
The cathedral contained a large number of artworks, religious relics, and other irreplaceable treasures, including a crown of thorns said to be the one Jesus wore at his crucifixion. Other items were a purported piece of the cross on which Jesus was crucified, the Tunic of St. Louis, a pipe organ by Aristide Cavaillé-Coll, and the 14th.-century Virgin of Paris statue.
Some artwork had been removed in preparation for the renovations, and most of the cathedral's sacred relics were held in the adjoining sacristy, which the fire did not reach; all the cathedral's relics survived. Many valuables that were not removed also survived.
Lead joints in some of the 19th.-century stained-glass windows melted, but the three major rose windows, dating back to the 13th. century, were undamaged. Several pews were destroyed, and the vaulted arches were blackened by smoke, though the cathedral's main cross and altar survived, along with the statues surrounding it.
Some paintings, apparently only smoke-damaged, are expected to be transported to the Louvre for restoration. The rooster-shaped reliquary atop the spire was found damaged but intact among the debris. The three pipe organs were not significantly damaged. The largest of the cathedral's bells, the bourdon, was also not damaged. The liturgical treasury of the cathedral and the "Grands Mays" paintings were moved to safety.
Environmental Damage
Airparif said that winds rapidly dispersed the smoke, carrying it away aloft along the Seine corridor. It did not find elevated levels of particulate air pollution at monitoring stations nearby. The Paris police stated that there was no danger from breathing the air around the fire.
The burned-down roof had been covered with over 400 metric tons of lead. Settling dust substantially raised surface lead levels in some places nearby, notably the cordoned-off area and places left open during the fire. Wet cleaning for surfaces and blood tests for children and pregnant women were recommended in the immediate area.
People working on the cathedral after the fire did not initially take the lead precautions required for their own protection; materials leaving the site were decontaminated, but some clothing was not, and some precautions were not correctly followed; as a result, the worksite failed some inspections and was temporarily shut down.
There was also more widespread contamination; testing, clean-up, and public health advisories were delayed for months, and the neighbourhood was not decontaminated for four months, prompting widespread criticism.
Reactions to the Notre-Dame Fire
President of France Emmanuel Macron, postponing a speech to address the Yellow Vests Movement planned for that evening, went to Notre-Dame and gave a brief address there. Numerous world religious and government leaders extended condolences.
Through the night of the fire and into the next day, people gathered along the Seine to hold vigils, sing and pray.
White tarpaulins over metal beams were quickly rigged to protect the interior from the elements. Nettings protect the de-stabilised exterior.
The following Sunday at Saint-Eustache Church, the Archbishop of Paris, Michel Aupetit, honoured the firefighters with the presentation of a book of scriptures saved from the fire.
Investigation Into The Notre-Dame Fire
On the 16th. April, the Paris prosecutor said that there was no evidence of a deliberate act.
The fire has been compared to the similar 1992 Windsor Castle fire and the Uppark fire, among others, and has raised old questions about the safety of similar structures and the techniques used to restore them. Renovation works increase the risk of fire, and a police source reported that they are looking into whether such work had caused this incident.
The renovations presented a fire risk from sparks, short-circuits, and heat from welding (roof repairs involved cutting, and welding lead sheets resting on timber). Normally, no electrical installations were allowed in the roof space due to the extreme fire risk.
The roof framing was of very dry timber, often powdery with age. After the fire, the architect responsible for fire safety at the cathedral acknowledged that the rate at which fire might spread had been underestimated, and experts said it was well known that a fire in the roof would be almost impossible to control.
Of the firms working on the restoration, a Europe Echafaudage team was the only one working there on the day of the fire; the company said no soldering or welding was underway before the fire. The scaffolding was receiving electrical supply for temporary elevators and lighting.
The roofers, Le Bras Frères, said it had followed procedure, and that none of its personnel were on site when the fire broke out. Time-lapse images taken by a camera installed by them showed smoke first rising from the base of the spire.
On the 25th. April, the structure was considered safe enough for investigators to enter. They unofficially stated that they were considering theories involving malfunction of electric bell-ringing apparatus, and cigarette ends discovered on the renovation scaffolding.
Le Bras Frères confirmed its workers had smoked cigarettes, contrary to regulations, but denied that a cigarette butt could have started the fire. The Paris prosecutor's office announced on the 26th. June that no evidence had been found to suggest a criminal motive.
The security employee monitoring the alarm system was new on the job, and was on a second eight-hour shift that day because his relief had not arrived. Additionally, the fire security system used confusing terminology in its referencing parts of the cathedral, which contributed to the initial confusion as to the location of the fire.
As of September, five months after the fire, investigators thought the cause of the fire was more likely an electrical fault than a cigarette. Determining the exact place in which the fire started was expected to take a great deal more time and work. By the 15th. April 2020, investigators stated:
"We believe the fire to have been
started by either a cigarette or a
short circuit in the electrical system".
Reconstruction of Notre-Dame Cathedral
On the night of the fire Macron said that the cathedral, which is owned by the state, would be rebuilt, and launched an international fundraising campaign. France's cathedrals have been owned by the state since 1905, and are not privately insured.
The heritage conservation organisation Fondation du Patrimoine estimated the damage in the hundreds of millions of euros, but losses from the fire are not expected to substantially impact the private insurance industry.
European art insurers stated that the cost would be similar to ongoing renovations at the Palace of Westminster in London, which currently is estimated to be around €7 billion.
This cost does not include damage to any of the artwork or artefacts within the cathedral. Any pieces on loan from other museums would have been insured, but the works owned by the cathedral would not have been insurable.
While Macron hoped the cathedral could be restored in time for the 2024 Paris Summer Olympics, architects expect the work could take from twenty to forty years, as any new structure would need to balance restoring the look of the original building, using wood and stone sourced from the same regions used in the original construction, with the structural reinforcement required for preventing a similar disaster in the future.
There is discussion of whether to reconstruct the cathedral in modified form. Rebuilding the roof with titanium sheets and steel trusses has been suggested; other options include rebuilding in the original lead and wood, or rebuilding with modern materials not visible from the outside (like the reinforced concrete trusses at Reims Cathedral).
Another option would be to use a combination of restored old elements and newly designed ones. Chartres Cathedral was rebuilt with wrought iron trusses and copper sheeting after an 1836 fire.
French prime minister Édouard Philippe announced an architectural design competition for a new spire that would be:
"Adapted to the techniques
and the challenges of our era."
The spire replacement project has gathered a variety of designs and some controversy, particularly its legal exemption from environmental and heritage rules. After the design competition was announced, the French senate amended the government's restoration bill to require the roof to be restored to how it was before the fire.
On the 16th. July, 95 days after the fire, the law that will govern the restoration of the cathedral was finally approved by the French parliament. It recognises its UNESCO World Heritage Site status and the need to respect existing international charters and practices, to:
"Preserve the historic, artistic and architectural
history of the monument, and to limit any
derogations to the existing heritage, planning,
environmental and construction codes to a
minimum".
On the 15th. April 2020, Germany offered to restore some of the large clerestory windows located far above eye level with three expert tradesmen who specialize in rebuilding cathedrals. Monika Grütters, Germany's Commissioner for Culture was quoted as saying that her country would shoulder the costs.
As of the 30th. November all of the tangled scaffolding was removed from the spire area, and was therefore no longer a threat to the building.
The world will now have to wait for Notre-Dame de Paris to be restored to its former magnificence.
Model - Louise croft
MUA Emily Lennord
Hair Racheal Platts
Southern Strobist Club meet. Poole,UK
Nikon D300 - Nikkor 24-70mm f/2.8 @ 42mm iso200 f/9 1/250th
Elinchrom Quadra's used as main light source.
main light fired thru 1metre Eli octobox (bare) with gold deflector (cam left)
second light fired thru Eli 40x40 softbox (bare) with silver deflector (cam right)
Both units aimed down from just above eye level at roughly 45 degrees.
Post edit - Photoshop CS5
Many Thanks to Elie from Southern Strobists for setting the shoot up.
And a big thanks to all the MUA's, wardrobe artists & models for working their socks off throughout the day.
The wonderfully talented Christina Maria Long thinks I might be interesting enough to disclose 16 things about myself. So, here it goes:
1. I am reserved to the point of paralysis when it comes to divulging anything personal about myself.
2. While I wouldn't say that I am dishonest, I can probably relay a bunch of information without really telling you anything at all.
3. I'm the type of guy who makes jokes to deflect vulnerability.
4. But, I like you. So, maybe I could open up a little bit:
5. My greatest regret is that my mother never met her grandchildren. (Obama conveyed a similar sentiment during an interview once, and I had to leave the room to cry)
6. For some reason, since becoming a father, I am prone to tears at relatively ridiculous times. Until three years ago, I'd never been much of a crier. But, now, if there's a kid dying on Grey's Anatomy, I'm fighting back tears. Those Johnson & Johnson "Having-a-baby-changes-everything " commercials make my eyes water! "If you have not wept and want to, have a child." (from a David Foster Wallace short story [I forget which one])
7. ...Ahem [deeply grumbled in masculine fashion] Fight Club and The Royal Tenenbaums are my favorite movies, the latter of which makes me cry now - at the end, when Ben Stiller tells Gene Hackman that he's been having a hard time.And Gene says, "I know you have, son."
8. I haven't been to a movie theater in three years, which is not entirely coincidental with our oldest son's age. I think the last movie I saw in a theater was The Lion, The Witch, and the Wardrobe, which was really disappointing and not at all what my last theater experience should have been.
9. We are avid patrons of Netflix now.
10. I read the best book I've ever read - ever! - three years ago, and use that as an excuse not to bother reading anymore works of fiction until the kids grow up and move out of the house.
11. We're presently hoping to move to a larger house with a larger yard. Our small lot and neighborhood are not conducive to the energies of little boys.
12. I like hoping for things. I spent four years hoping for a DSLR and finally bought our D80 last summer. I spent another three months hoping for a D300 and finally obtained one last week.
13. I'm also currently hoping that Blake will grow out of his aggressive phase very soon, that he'll be potty trained in time for pre-school, and that he'll grow up to be as amazing as I think he is right now. I hope for that last thing for Elliot, too. Hope is a funny thing.
14. When I was fifteen, I met the girl I hoped I would marry. We were in a high school drama class together and dated for almost a year before breaking up. Two years later, I met that girl again, and we've been together ever since.
15. Neither of us are doing what we hoped we'd be doing at this point in our lives. But that's okay.
16. If I never accomplish a single thing in the course of my life, I will die proud of myself for being a part of the family you see in these photos. My boys are the air I breathe, and Em is my heart.
(Since all of my regular contacts have already been tagged at least once, I think I'll just tag all those suspicious Orkut kids who keep adding me as a contact so they can steal photos of my kids.)
This series of black & white transparencies are from the collection of the late Gordon Pitway, although I suspect they are commercial, as they are just too perfect. Still a great selection of Bulleid Pacifics at their classic home depots
DE IZQUIERDA A DERECHA
1. VERSION STANDARD
2. VERSION COMPLETA
BAJO PEDIDO
FACIL INSTALACION, YA TRAE LO NECESARIO PARA HACERLA
PREGUNTAR PRECIO
HOMBRECABRIO@HOTMAIL.COM
Conocidos también como bloqueador de viento, este minimiza el ruido y el aire a los pasajeros cuando el auto esta en movimiento. He aquí algunos beneficios del deflector:
Elimina la mayoría de la turbulencia del viento y el ruido.
Se puede hablar más claramente en el celular.
Tener conversaciones con los pasajeros sin levantar la voz.
Tomar viajes largos mas tranquilamente, escuchar mas claramente el stereo y ayudar a mantener la temperatura en tu convertible. Estas las manejo sobre pedido.
Preguntar Precio
Hombrecabrio@hotmail.com
Close up of the ventral saucer details, including primary and secondary deflectors and torpedo launcher.
The ball deflects off of the block from Jake Gibb (USA, #1) following a powerful spike from Saymon Santos (BRA, #2). Gustavo Caryalhaes (BRA, #1) is covering. WSOBV Long Beach 2015 Main Draw, Pool A.
Reducing Water Turbulence
To eliminate a potential hazard to navigation when water enters the river from the Raccoon Mountain powerhouse, a series of deflector cells were installed opposite the intake / discharge tunnel. These cells, or pilings, are strategically placed to reduce the surface velocity of both the water leaving the tunnel as well as water entering the tunnel as the upper reservoir is filled during pumping operations.
Three 32-foot diameter cells are located directly opposite the intake/discharge tunnel. Sixteen additional cells of the same size were installed closer to the main river channel. A further precaution was the installation of a curtain wall between the individual cells preventing boats from entering the area.
This unusual structure offers sports fishermen access to some of the finest fishing on Nickajack Reservoir. Because of rapid fluctuations in the water level, fishing is NOT permitted on the upper reservoir.
DRG Class "01" (later DB Class "001") 4-6-2 No.01 150 in almost original condition, apart from Witte smoke deflectors and 2'2'T34 tender. 231 2-cylinder "01's" were built by DRG in 1926-38 (plus 10 which were converted from 1925-built "02" 4-cylinder compounds in 1937-42). At the end of World War II, 171 were in West Germany and 70 in the East. The DB rebuilt 5 in 1950-51 with (rivetted) boilers with combustion chambers, feed water heaters and, in place of the original "elephant ears" smoke deflectors, de Witte smoke deflectors (these were withdrawn 1968) then in 1958-61 50 were extensively rebuilt with all-welded boilers, feed water heaters, wide chimneys, Witte smoke deflectors, modified frames and roller bearings whilst the front fall-plate was removed. These were fine performing engines. On the DB, the last "01" (an unrebuilt example) was withdrawn in 1973, on the DR (which rebuilt 35 to "01.5's"), the last unrebuilt example was withdrawn in 1982.
Oil sheen on open water, deflective boom removed during '89 oil spill demobilization -
Chenega Bay, Evans lsland (Prince William Sound)
September 28, 1989
SAN DIEGO (March 19, 2015) Aviation Boatswain’s Mate (Equipment) Airman Michael Hyatt, a native of Knoxville, Tenn., performs functioning jet blast deflector drills aboard the aircraft carrier USS Ronald Reagan (CVN 76). Reagan is homeported in San Diego and is undergoing a Planned Incremental Availability (PIA) maintenance period at Naval Base Coronado. (U.S. Navy photo by Mass Communication Specialist 3rd Class Cody Hendrix/Released)
Former UKIP MEP David Campbell Bannerman joins the Conservative Party, Monday May 23, 2011. Photo By Andrew Parsons/Parsons Media Ltd
Taken on March 20 from the top of Haleakala on the isle of Maui, planet Earth, the first sunrise of northern spring is pictured in this vacation snapshot. The telephoto view from the volcanic caldera above a sea of clouds also captures an elusive green flash near the Sun's upper limb. Atmospheric layers with sharp temperature changes cause the colorful flash as the Sun rises behind a distant cloud bank. Refraction along sight lines through the layers creates multiple distorted images of the Sun, and for a moment, can visibly deflect shorter wavelength green light. via NASA ift.tt/1RKyvGz