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Dedicated to all women, mothers, grandmothers, daughters, housewife's, working ladies, queens and goddesses....
May their grace, generosity and perseverance be praised and remembered. They create magic of the simplest moments in spite of today's violation against their human rights and their physical, sexual, psychological and economic abuse.Every women may be a victim once in any part of their life..and every women expecting to be treated as HUMAN BEING and BEING HUMAN to them..
Help to create a better tomorrow for all of them!
Still in the Millenium there is too much to be done and the awareness has to be spread globe wise. After all, they are the mother's of each and every one of us.
Dedicated to the designers, developers and engineers who build the world’s most engaging user interfaces. From the community, for the community.
Hoysaleswara temple (Kannada: ಹೊಯ್ಸಳೇಶ್ವರ ದೇವಸ್ಥಾನ) (also spelt "Hoysaleshwara" or Hoysaleshvara") is a temple dedicated to Hindu god Shiva. It was built in Halebidu (in modern Karnataka state, India) during the rule of King Vishnuvardhana of the Hoysala Empire in the 12th century. The construction was started around 1120 CE and completed in 1150 CE. During the early 14th century, Halebidu was sacked and looted by Muslim invaders from northern India and the temple fell into a state of ruin and neglect. Previously known as Dorasamudra or Dwarasamudra, Halebidu is 16 km from Belur, 31 km from Hassan and 149 km from Mysore, in the state of Karnataka, India.
HISTORY
According to art critic and historian S. Settar, from contemporary inscriptions it is known that the temple derives its name from the Hoysala ruler at that time, King Vishnuvardhana Hoysaleswara, though interestingly, the construction of the temple was initiated and financed by wealthy Shaiva (a Hindu sect) citizens of the city, prominent among who were Ketamala and Kesarasetti. The temple building activity was taken up in competition to the construction of the Chennakesava Temple at Belur, a Vaishnava (a Hindu sect) temple. Surrounded by numerous tanks, ponds and mantapas, the temple is built in the vicinity of the large Dorasamudhra lake. The tank preceded the temple by nearly 75 years. It is one of the largest temples dedicated to the god Shiva in South India.
TEMPLE PLAN
The temple is a simple dvikuta vimana (plan with two shrines and two superstructures), one for "Hoysaleswara" (the king) and the other for "Shantaleswara" (named after Shantala Devi, queen of King Vishnuvardhana) and is built with chloritic chist (more commonly known as Soapstone or potstone). The temple complex as a whole is elevated on a jagati (platform), which according to historian Kamath, is a feature that became popular in contemporary Hoysala constructions. According to art historian Foekema, the two shrines which are adjoining, face east and each have a mantapa (hall) in front. The two mantapas are connected giving a large and imposing view of the hall. Individually, each shrine is smaller than the one at the Chennakesava Temple at Belur and contains a simple linga, the universal symbol of the god Shiva. The plan of the inside of the temple is simple but the exterior looks different because of the introduction of many projections and recesses in the walls. The towers of the shrines that are missing must have followed the star shape of the shrine, just as in many existing well-preserved towers in other Hoysala temples. The superstructure over the vestibule which connects the shrine to the mantapa, called sukanasi (a low tower that looks like an extension of the main tower), and the row of decorated miniature roofs above the eaves of the hall are all missing. The temple was built at a height that provided the architects sufficient horizontal and vertical space to depict large and small sculptures. According to the art critic James Fergusson, the overall effect of the vertical and horizontal lines, the play of the outline, the effect of light and shade and the plan of the projections and recesses all amounts to a "marvellous exhibition of human labor to be found even in the patient east and surpasses anything in Gothic art". The outer walls of these temples contain an intricate array of stone sculptures. The temple of Halebidu, has been described by art critics James Fergusson and Percy Brown as an "outstanding example of Hindu architecture" and as the "supreme climax of Indian architecture".
The temple has four porches for entry and the one normally used by visitors as main entry is actually a lateral entrance (north). There is one entry on the south side and two on the east side, facing two large detached open pavilions whose ceiling is supported by lathe turned pillars. All entry porches have miniature shrines as flanking. In addition there is a sanctuary for the Sun god Surya, whose image stands 2.1 m tall. The pavilions enshrine large images of Nandi, the bull, an attendant of Shiva. The pavilions share the same jagati as the main temple. As in the Chennakesava temple, this temple originally had an open mantapa to which outer walls with pierced window screens made with the same material were erected, making the mantapa a closed one. The window screens are devoid of any art work. The interior of the temple is quite plain except for the lathe turned pillars that run in rows between the north and south entrances. According to Settar, the four pillars in front of each shrine are the most ornate and the only ones that have the madanika (chaste maidens) sculptures in their pillar brackets. There are no other madanikas in the temple.
SCULPTURES
The Hoysaleswara temple is most well known for its sculptures that run all along the outer wall, starting with an dancing image of the god Ganesha on the left side of the south entrance and ending with another image of Ganesha on the right hand side of the north entrance. In all there are two hundred and forty such images. According to the art critic Gerard Foekema, perhaps no other Hoysala temple is as articulate in sculpture as this is and these sculptures are "second to none in all of India". The most intricate of all sculptures are found in the lintels over two of the doorways, one on the south side doorway and the other on one of the eastern doorways.
HORIZONTAL TREATMENT
In this temple the Hoysala architects have broken from the tradition of using five moldings with friezes (which is the "old stlye") at the base of the temple, below the large wall sculptures and the window screens. The outer walls have two eaves that run around the temple. The top eaves is at the roof of the temple where the superstructure meets the wall, and the second eaves is about a meter below. In between there are decorated miniature towers (aedicule). Below the lower eaves are the wall sculptures and below them, the eight moldings. Historian Kamath calls this type of relief work "horizontal treatment". Each of the eight friezes carries an array of decoration. Going from the bottom where the temple wall meets the platform, the lowest frieze depicts charging elephants which symbolize strength and stability, above which, in order, are friezes with lions which symbolize courage, floral scrolls as decoration, horses symbolizing speed, another band of floral scrolls, depictions from the Hindu epics, mythical beasts called makara and finally a frieze with hansas (swans). According to Foekema, no two animals are alike in a total frieze span of over 200 m. In the epic frieze, the epics are not continuous as they are mixed with other depictions. After the construction of this temple, Hoysala architects used this new kind of horizontal treatment only fifty years later, making it a standard style, though they reduced it to six molding friezes.
GARUDA PILLAR
Another interesting object in the temple complex is the rare Garuda Sthamba (Garuda pillar). According to Settar, these are different from virgals (Hero stone). Garudas were elite bodyguards of the kings and queens. They moved and lived with the royal family and their only purpose was to protect their master. Upon the death of their master, they committed suicide. The rare pillar on the south side depicts heroes brandishing knives and cutting their own heads. The inscription honors Kuruva Lakshma, a bodyguard of Veera Ballala II. A devoted officer, he took his life and that of his wife and other bodyguards after the death of his master. This event is narrated in an old Kannada inscription on the pillar. A 2.4 m tall sculpture of Ganesha including the platform rests at the South entrance
WIKIPEDIA
專注 [ Large Size (1024 x 683)∣Original Size (1800 x 1200) ]
Canon EOS 30D + Tamron SP 35-105mm f/2.8 ( for Nikon Mount )
April 22, 2007
by Yueh-Hua
Dedicated to the designers, developers and engineers who build the world’s most engaging user interfaces. From the community, for the community.
Dedicated to the Glory of Ukraine - 20 images - Canon EOS 40D with Legacy Super-Takumar 1:3.5 28mm Prime (M42 mount) & Fotodiox M42-EOS adapter & Polarizer - Photographer Russell McNeil PhD (Physics) lives on Vancouver Island, where he works as a writer.
Sasbahu Temple, also called the Sas-Bahu Mandir, Sas-Bahu Temples, Sahastrabahu Temple or Harisadanam temple, is an 11th-century twin temple in Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India. Near the Gwalior Fort and dedicated to Vishnu in his Padmanabha form, like most Hindu and Jain temples in this region, it is mostly in ruins and was badly damaged from numerous invasions and Hindu-Muslim wars in the region. It was built in 1093 by King Mahipala of the Kachchhapaghata dynasty, according to an inscription found in the larger of the twin temple. The twin temples are situated in the Gwalior Fort.
The temple's tower and sanctum has been destroyed, but its architecture and damaged carvings can still be appreciated from the ruins. The jagati platform is 100 feet (30 m) long and 63 feet (19 m) wide, on a square plan. The temple was three-storeyed, which was one of its distinguishing features and sophistication. It followed a central cluster concept, states Adam Hardy. The surviving elements of the temple are the entrance porch and the mandapa. According to James Harle, though the prasada (tower, spire) no longer exists, the triple storey plan with a cruciform foundation and balconies suggests that it had a North Indian Bhumija style architecture. This style, states Harle, is marked by a well proportioned superstructure, its "regularly arranged little subordinate sikharas strung out like gigantic beaded garlands".
This temple mainly has three entrances from three different directions. In the fourth direction, there is a room which is currently closed. The entire temple is covered with carvings, notably 4 idols of Brahma, Vishnu and Saraswati above its entrance door. The pillar carvings show Vaishnavism, Shaivism and Shaktism related carvings. The larger temple ornamentation covers all the exterior walls and all surviving interior surfaces.
The twin temple, like elsewhere in India, has locally been called Sasbahu temple. The word Sasbahu means "mother-in-law, bride" or "a mother with her daughter-in-law", an association that implies their being together and interdependent. The Sas temple is typically the larger older temple of the twin. The Gwalior Sasbahu temple follows this style, but both temples are dedicated to Vishnu. Only the Sas temple has survived in some form, the Bahu temple is a shell structure of the original one storey with a highly ornate door frame and its defaced wall reliefs surviving. The remnants of the Bahu temple at Gwalior suggest that it may have been a smaller version of the Saas temple.
The Sas temple has a square sanctum attached to a rectangular two storey antarala and a closed three storey mandapa with three entrances. The temple main entrance porch has four carved Ruchaka ghatapallava-style pillars that are load-bearing. The walls and lintels are intricately carved, though much defaced. On the lintel of the entrances, friezes of Krishna-leela scenes are carved inside, while the outer side narrate legends from other Hindu texts. Above the lintel is Garuda, the vahana of Vishnu.
The Bahu temple also has a square sanctum with 9.33 feet (2.84 m) side, with four central pillars. Its maha-mandapa is also a square with 23.33 feet (7.11 m) side, with twelve pillars. The temple, like most Malwa and Rajputana historic temples, provides multiple entrances to the devotee. The roof consists of two rotated squares that intersect to form an octagon capped by successive overlapping circles. The pillars have octagonal bases as well, with girls carved but these have been defaced and mutilated. The sanctum has an image of damaged Vishnu, next to whom stands Brahma holding the Vedas on one side and Shiva holding the trident on the other side.
Some of you will get this one...
My favorite part of his sticker collection on his iBook.
He loves me - even with my "antisocial" tendencies and weird nicknames.
Dedicated to @flipkeat, @Greta Adores Pink & @DMC43...whom have all experienced great loss recently... <3.
My thoughts are with you...
This is from right after I graduated high school, and had broken my ankle as a result of an unfortunate encounter with a red-winged blackbird (really!). Didn't stop me from playing!
Dedicated Calder Valley Northern 158 No. 158759 runs through an eerie morning mist near Luddendenfoot today with a Manchester-Leeds service.
Top marks to the guys on the end of platform 3, braving the elements to record 60163 Tornado's latest visit to Shrewsbury, in her new coat of BR blue livery.
The working is the return Cathedrals Express, 1Z28 Shrewsbury to Paddington, 17.52 departure in extremely wet and inclement weather. The wind had got up by this time, as can be seen from the spare steam from the safety valves, my brolly turned inside out too! Saturday, 24.11.12.
The Pashupatinath Temple (Nepali: पशुपतिनाथ मन्दिर) is a famous, sacred Hindu temple dedicated to Pashupatinath and is located on the banks of the Bagmati River 5 kilometres north-east of Kathmandu Valley in the eastern city of Kathmandu, the capital of Nepal. This temple is considered one of the sacred temples of Hindu faith. The temple serves as the seat of the national deity, Lord Pashupatinath. This temple complex is on UNESCO World Heritage Sites's list Since 1979. This "extensive Hindu temple precinct" is a "sprawling collection of temples, ashrams, images and inscriptions raised over the centuries along the banks of the sacred Bagmati river" and is included as one of the seven monument groups in UNESCO's designation of Kathmandu Valley as a cultural heritage site. One of the major Festivals of the temple is Maha Shivaratri on which day over 700,000 devotees visit here.
The twelve Jyotirlinga (in India) are the body and the Jyotirlinga at Pashupatinath in Kathmandu (Nepal) is the head over this body.
The temple is one of the 275 Paadal Petra Sthalams (Holy Abodes of Shiva) on the continent. Kotirudra Samhita, Chapter 11 on the Shivalingas of the North, in Shiva Purana mentions this Shivalinga as the bestower of all wishes.
HISTORY
The temple was erected anew in the 15th century by Lichhavi King Shupuspa after the previous building had been consumed by termites. Countless further temples have been erected around this two -storied temple. These include the Vaishnav temple complex with a Ram temple from the 14th century and the Guhyeshwari Temple mentioned in an 11th-century manuscript.
LEGEND ABOUT THE TEMPLE ORIGIN
Pashupatinath Temple is the oldest Hindu temple in Kathmandu. It is not known for certain when Pashupatinath Temple was founded. But according to Nepal Mahatmaya and Himvatkhanda, the deity here gained great fame there as Pashupati, the Lord of all Pashus, which are living as well as non-living beings. Pashupatinath Temple's existence dates back to 400 A.D. The richly-ornamented pagoda houses the sacred linga or holy symbol of Lord Shiva. There are many legends describing as to how the temple of Lord Pashupatinath came to existence here. Some of them are narrated below:
THE COW LEGEND
Legend says that Lord Shiva once took the form of an antelope and sported unknown in the forest on Bagmati river's east bank. The gods later caught up with him, and grabbing him by the horn, forced him to resume his divine form. The broken horn was worshipped as a linga but overtime it was buried and lost. Centuries later an astonished herdsmen found one of his cows showering the earth with milk. Digging deep at the site, he discovered the divine linga of Pashupatinath.
THE LINCHCHAVI LEGEND
According to Gopalraj Vamsavali, the oldest ever chronicle in Nepal, this temple was built by Supuspa Deva, a Linchchhavi King, who according to the stone inscription erected by Jayadeva 11 in the courtyard of Pashupatinath in 753 AD, happened to be the ruler 39 generations before Manadeva (464-505 AD).
THE DEVALAYA LEGEND
Another chronicle states that Pashupatinath Temple was in the form of Linga shaped Devalaya before Supuspa Deva constructed a five storey temple of Pashupatinath in this place. As the time passed, the need for repairing and renovating this temple arose. It is learnt that this temple was reconstructed by a medieval King named Shivadeva (1099-1126 AD). It was renovated by Ananta Malla adding a roof to it. Thousands of pilgrims from all over the world come to pay homage to this temple, that is also known as 'The Temple of Living Beings'.
OTHER BELIEFS
There are several complex stories involving the origins of Pashupatinath. One story goes, in brief, that Shiva and Parvati came to the Kathmandu Valley and rested by the Bagmati while on a journey. Shiva was so impressed by its beauty and the surrounding forest that he and Parvati changed themselves into deers and walked into the forest. Many spots in the Kathmandu Valley are identified as places where Shiva went during his time as a deer. After a while the people and gods began to search for Shiva. Finally, after various complications, they found him in the forest, but he refused to leave. More complications ensued, but ultimately Shiva announced that, since he had lived by the Bagmati in a deer's form, he would now be known as Pashupatinath, Lord of all animals. It is said that whoever came here and beheld the lingam that appeared there would not be reborn as an animal.
FINDING OF SHIVA LINGA AT PASHIPATINATH TEMPLE
It is said that the wish-fulfilling cow Kamadhenu took shelter in a cave on the Chandravan mountain. Everyday Kamadhenu went down to the place the lingam was sunken into the soil and poured her milk on top of the soil. After ten thousand years some people saw Kamadhenu pouring milk on that same spot everyday, and started to wonder what that would be. So they removed the soil and found the beautiful shining lingam and started worshiping it.
TEMPLE COMPLEX
The area of Pashupatinath encompasses 264 hectare of land including 518 temples and monuments. Main pagoda style temple is located in the fortified courtyard within the complex guarded by Nepal Police and has a police outpost post along with living quarter within. In front of the western door there is a huge statue Nandi bull, in bronze. Along with many temples and shrines of both Vaishnav and saiva tradition.
TEMPLES AND SHRINES IN THE INNER COURTYARD
Vasuki nath temple
Unmatta Bhairav temple
Surya narayan temple
Kirti mukh bhairav shrine
Budanil kantha shrine
Hanuman shrine
184 shivaling shrine
TEMPLES AND SHRINES IN THE OUTER COMPLEX
Ram mandir
Virat swaroop temple
12 jyotirlingha and Pandra Shivalaya
Guhyeshwari Temple
MAIN TEMPLE ARCHITECTURE
This main temple is built in the Nepalese pagoda style of architecture. All the features of pagoda style is founded here like cubic constructions, beautifully carved wooden rafters on which they rest (tundal). The two level roofs are of copper with gold covering. The temple resides on a square base platform with a height of 23m 7 cm from base to pinnacle. It has four main doors, all covered with silver sheets. This temple has a gold pinnacle (Gajur). Inside are two Garbhagrihas, outer and inner. The inner garbhagriha or sanctum sanctorum is where the idol is placed and outer sanctum is an open corridor like space.
THE DEITY
The sacro sanctum, or the main idol is a stone Mukhalinga with a silver yoni base bound with silver serpent. The lingam is one metre high and has faces in four directions. These faces represents various ascepts of Shiva; Sadyojata (also known as Barun), Vamdeva (also known as Ardha nareshwor), Tatpurusha, Aghor & Ishana (imaginative). Facing West, North, East, South and Zenith respectively representing five primary elements namely earth, water, air, light and ether. Each face has tiny protruding hands holding rudraksha mala on right hand and a kamandalu on the other.Unlike other shiva lingams in India and Nepal this pashupati shiva lingam is always Dressed in its golden vastra except during abhishakam, so pouring milk and ganga jal is only possible during abhishakam through the main priests.
PRIESTS
Daily rituals of Pashupatinath are carried out by two sets of priests ;one being the Bhatt priests and other Bhandari. Bhatta or Bhatt are the one who performs the daily ritual and can touch the lingam, where as Bhadaris are the helper and temple care taker priests but are not qualified perform pooja rituals or to touch the deity.
Bhatta or Bhat are highly educated Vedic bhramin Scholars from Brahmin family from South Indian State Karnataka.Unlike other Hindu temples priesthood of Pashupatinath is not hereditary. Priests are selected from a group of scholars educated by Shri Shankaracharya Dakshinamnaya Peeth Sringeri on Rig Vedic Recitation, initiated in Pashupata Yoga by Kashi Math,Shiva Āgama and learned Recitation of Samaveda from Haridwar.After qualifying and fulfilling all those criteria they will be selected for Priesthood by Raj Guru of Pashupatinath Temple undergoing strict examination on Vedas and Shiva Agamas and then the qualifies are sent to Kathmandu for performing Puja and Daily Worship of Lord Shri Pashupatinath This tradition is reported to have started by the request of Adi Shankaracharya in the 8th century, who sought to unify the different states of Bharatam (Unified India) by encouraging cultural exchange. This procedure is also followed in other temples around Bharata-varsa which were sanctified by Adi Shankaracharya. The unique feature of this temple is that only 4 Bhatta priests can touch the deity.Current Bhatt priests of the temple are;
Ganesh Bhat (15th head priest of the Pashupatinath Temple aka Mool Bhat) from Udupi.
Ram Karanth Bhat from Mangaluru.
Girish Bhat from Sirsi.
Narayan Bhat(Recently appointed) from Bhatkal
Raghavendra Bhat (Priest for Vasuki Nath temple only)
Bhandaris or Rajbhandari are the treasurers, temple caretakers, and assistant priest of the temple.
These Bhandaris are the descendants of helper priests brought up by early Bhatts, but were allowed to settle in Kathmandu valley and later assimilated in existing Newar caste of Rajbhandari - a high-caste Chathariya/Kshatriya clan of Kashyapa gotra. Their main function is to help the Bhatta priest and perform maintenance of the inner Garbhagriha. They can have little or no Vedic knowledge but still qualify as assistant priests if they belong from the same family lineage and undergo some basic criteria like caste, gotra, lineage purity, educational qualification, etc. They work in set of four and change in every full moon day. There are a total of 108 Bhandaris.
ENTRY AND DARSHAN
Temple courtyard has 4 entrances in all directions.The western entrance is the main entrance to the temple courtyard and rest three entrances are only opened during big festival . Temple security (Armed Police Force Nepal) is selective regarding who is allowed entry into the inner courtyard . Practicing Hindus and buddhist of Indian and Tibetan descendent are only allowed into temple courtiyard . Practicing Hindus of western descent are not allowed into the temple complex along with other non Hindu Visitors. Sikh and Jain groups are allowed into the temple compound if they are of Indian ancestry. Others can look at the main temple from adjacent side of the river and has to pay a nominal fee of $10 (1000 Nepali rupee) for visiting hundreds of small temples in the external premises of the temple complex . The inner temple courtyard remains open from 4 am to 7 pm for the devotee but the Inner Pashupatinath Temple where the Lingam of lord Pashupatinath is established is open from 5am to 12 pm for the morning ritual and viewing and from 5pm to 7 pm for evening ritual. Unlike many other Saiva temples devotees are not allowed to enter in the inner-most Garbhagriha but are allowed to view from the exterior premises of the outer Garbhagriha.
FESTIVALS
There are many festivals throughout the year .Thousands of people attend these festival.The most important festival is the Maha Shiva Ratri .Bala chaturthi and Teej.
CONTROVERSY OF 2009
In January 2009, after the forced resignation by the chief priest of Pashupatinath temple, the Maoist-led government of Nepal "hand picked" Nepalese priests to lead the temple, thus bypassing the temple's long-standing requirements. This appointment was contested by the Bhandaris of the temple, stating that they were not against the appointment of Nepalese priests but against the appointment without proper procedure. After the appointment was challenged in a civil court, the appointment was overruled by Supreme Court of Nepal.However, the government did not heed the ruling and stood by its decision. This led to public outrage and protests over a lack of transparency. The paramilitary group of the CPN (Maoist), called YCL, attacked the protesters, leading to over a dozen injuries. Lawmakers and activists from opposition parties joined protests, declaring their support for the Bhatta and other pro-Bhatta protesters. After long dissatisfaction and protest by Hindus both in and outside Nepal, the government was forced to reverse its decision that had been declared illegal by the Supreme Court of Nepal and reinstate Bhatta priests.
2015 EARTHQUAKE
The main temple complex of Pashupatinath and the sanctum sanctorum was left untouched but some of the outer buildings in the World Heritage Site were damaged by the April 2015 Nepal earthquake.
WIKIPEDIA
Dedicated to Екатерина Аверкина and her colours (and Eka Shonya). But you're much better than me as photographers.
Dedicated to the memory of our dear friend, John Fawcett, Head of Collection Development, Buswell Library, Wheaton College, Illinois. A man of great soul, mighty laughter, profound depth of faith, a counselor of others, a musician, and, in his long battle with cancer, an inspiration and amazement to us all. For Margie, Charlotte, and Josiah, may you find yourselves wrapped in the tender love of family and friends, as you suffer this great loss.
For my double portrait of John & Margie, and tribute to them both, see also:
www.flickr.com/photos/walford/2363827457/
While the doctors thought John would die the night before this poem was written, in his great fortitude, he pressed on until the end of May, defying all possible expectations, and inspired many in the intervening months. Such was John!
John Fawcett's funeral was a three-hour epic of music and celebration for a life richly lived and devoted to the worship and service of the God he loved. It was masterfully crafted and composed--in all its parts--around a dazzlingly rich array of musical sound and acclaimed Word of God--that took all present through a full gamut of emotions, from the grieving of our loss, to the joyful celebration of the resurrection, the latter aspect of which included all the many children dancing in the aisles--something I have never seen at a funeral. It was a fitting culmination to his long recent months (and years) of battle with cancer, and the tone of the service was triumphal, while not escapist, nor pretending that death is not anything but our last and worst enemy. I have never experienced anything like it, and I presume that John himself orchestrated the entire musical production, which included a piece composed and performed especially for the event, by his friend, professional pianist, Danial Paul Horn, also of Wheaton College.
Dedicated Home Cinema Room- Anthem MRX 500,Artcoustic 65-50SL 4-2s Speakers, Rako Lighting, Screen Research Screen, JVC X30 3D Projector. Sounding & Looking Amazing!
This image forms part of the digitised photographs of the Ross and Pat Craig Collection. Ross Craig (1926-2012) was a local historian born in Stockton and dedicated much of his life promoting and conserving the history of Stockton, NSW. He possessed a wealth of knowledge about the suburb and was a founding member of the Stockton Historical Society and co-editor of its magazine. Pat Craig supported her husbandâs passion for history, and together they made a great contribution to the Stockton and Newcastle communities. We thank the Craig Family and Stockton Historical Society who have kindly given Cultural Collections at the University of Newcastle, NSW, Australia, access to the collection and allowed us to publish the images. Thanks also to Vera Deacon for her liaison in attaining this important collection.
Please contact Cultural Collections at the University of Newcastle, NSW, Australia, if you are the subject of the image, or know the subject of the image, and have cultural or other reservations about the image being displayed on this website and would like to discuss this with us.
Some of the images were scanned from original photographs in the collection held at Cultural Collections, other images were already digitised with no provenance recorded.
You are welcome to freely use the images for study and personal research purposes. Please acknowledge as âCourtesy of the Ross and Pat Craig Collection, University of Newcastle (Australia)" For commercial requests please consider making a donation to the Vera Deacon Regional History Fund.
These images are provided free of charge to the global community thanks to the generosity of the Vera Deacon Regional History Fund. If you wish to donate to the Vera Deacon Fund please download a form here: uoncc.wordpress.com/vera-deacon-fund/
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The Jewish Square, Vienna 1, formed in the Middle Ages under the name of "schoolyard" the center of the former Jewish Town, extending next to the Ducal court. It was closed from the rest of the city by four gates. Here there were school, bathhouse, synagogue and the house of the rabbi. The school was one of the most important of German-speaking countries. The community existed from about 1190 to the Vienna Geserah in 1421.
The stemming from the 15th century Jordan House, Nr. 2, bears a late Gothic relief with the representation of Jesus' baptism in the Jordan. This is not only a reference to the name of the house owner, Jörg Jordan, but also to the Vienna Geserah which the accompanying text endorses. On the initiative of Cardinal Christoph Schönborn, the Archdiocese of Vienna donated a plaque which Cardinal Franz König on 29 October 1998 unveiled. Its text reads: "Kiddush HaShem" means "sanctification of God". With this awareness, chose Viennese Jews in the synagogue here on Jewish Square - the center of an important Jewish community - at the time of persecution 1420/21 the suicide to escape a feared by them forced baptism. Others, about 200, were burnt alive in Erdberg (today 3rd district of Vienna) at the stake. Christian preachers of that time spread superstitious anti-Jewish ideas and thus incited against the Jews and their faith. So influenced, Christians in Vienna acquiesced without resistance, approved it and became perpetrators. Thus, the liquidation of the Vienna Jewish Town in 1421 was already a looming omen for what happened in our century throughout europe during the Nazi dictatorship. Medieval popes pronounced unsuccessfully against the anti-Jewish superstition, and individual believers struggled unsuccessfully against the racial hatred of the Nazis. But those were too few. Today Christendom regrets its involvement in the persecution of Jews and recognizes its failures. "Sanctification of God" today for Christians can only mean: asking for forgiveness and hope in God's salvation. October 29, 1998
Already in 1910, consisted the plan here the poet of the Enlightenment, Gotthold Ephraim Lessing (1729-1781), who in his play "Nathan the Wise" the interdenominational tolerance has put up a literary monument, to honor with a statue. In 1935, a sculpture by Siegfried Charoux was unveiled, but only four years later, in 1940, taken off and melted down for armaments. In 1968, the same artist created again a Lessing monument, which came first on the Morzin square and 1981 on the original site.
Since 2000, the place is a unique ensemble of remembering with the memorial by Rachel Whiteread for the 65,000 Austrian victims of the Shoah. 1995 the foundations of the in 1420 destroyed synagogue were excavated which now with finds constitute a part of the branch of the Jewish Museum Vienna. A computer-animated walk leads into one of the largest Jewish communities in Europe which existed here in the early 15th century. Another room is dedicated to the Shoah documentation.
Der Judenplatz, Wien 1, bildete im Mittelalter unter dem Namen „Schulhof“ den Mittelpunkt der einstigen Judenstadt, die sich neben dem Herzogshof erstreckte. Sie war durch vier Tore von der übrigen Stadt abgeschlossen. Hier befanden sich Schule, Badestube, Synagoge und das Haus des Rabbiners. Die Schule war eine der bedeutendsten des deutschen Sprachraums. Die Gemeinde bestand ab etwa 1190 bis zur Wiener Geserah im Jahre 1421.
Das aus dem 15. Jahrhundert stammende Jordanhaus, Nr. 2, trägt ein spätgotisches Relief mit der Darstellung der Taufe Jesu im Jordan. Dieses ist nicht nur eine Anspielung auf den Namen des Hausbesitzers, Jörg Jordan, sondern auch auf die Wiener Geserah, die der beigefügte Text gut heißt. Auf Initiative von Kardinal Christoph Schönborn stiftete die Erzdiözese Wien eine Gedenktafel, die Kardinal Franz König am 29. Oktober 1998 enthüllte. Ihr Text lautet: „Kiddusch HaSchem“ heißt „Heiligung Gottes“ Mit diesem Bewußtsein wählten Juden Wiens in der Synagoge hier am Judenplatz — dem Zentrum einer bedeutenden jüdischen Gemeinde — zur Zeit der Verfolgung 1420/21 den Freitod, um einer von ihnen befürchteten Zwangstaufe zu entgehen. Andere, etwa 200, wurden in Erdberg auf dem Scheiterhaufen lebendig verbrannt. Christliche Prediger dieser Zeit verbreiteten abergläubische judenfeindliche Vorstellungen und hetzten somit gegen die Juden und ihren Glauben. So beeinflusst nahmen Christen in Wien dies widerstandslos hin, billigten es und wurden zu Tätern. Somit war die Auflösung der Wiener Judenstadt 1421 schon ein drohendes Vorzeichen für das, was europaweit in unserem Jahrhundert während der nationalsozialistischen Zwangsherrschaft geschah. Mittelalterliche Päpste wandten sich erfolglos gegen den judenfeindlichen Aberglauben, und einzelne Gläubige kämpften erfolglos gegen den Rassenhaß der Nationalsozialisten. Aber es waren derer zu wenige. Heute bereut die Christenheit ihre Mitschuld an den Judenverfolgungen und erkennt ihr Versagen. „Heiligung Gottes“ kann heute für die Christen nur heißen: Bitte um Vergebung und Hoffnung auf Gottes Heil. 29. Oktober 1998
Schon 1910 bestand der Plan, dem Dichter der Aufklärung Gotthold Ephraim Lessing (1729-1781), der in seinem Stück „Nathan der Weise“hat Lessing der interkonfessionellen Toleranz ein literarisches Denkmal gesetzt hat, hier mit einem Standbild zu ehren. 1935 wurde eine Plastik von Siegfried Charoux enthüllt, doch schon vier Jahre später entfernt und 1940 für Rüstungszwecke eingeschmolzen. 1968 schuf der selbe Künstler wieder ein Lessing-Denkmal, das zunächst auf den Morzinplatz und 1981 an den ursprünglichen Aufstellungsort kam.
Seit 2000 ist der Platz ein einzigartiges Ensemble des Erinnerns mit dem Mahnmal von Rachel Whiteread für die 65.000 österreichischen Opfer der Schoa. 1995 wurden die Fundamente der 1420 zerstörten Synagoge ergraben, die nun mit Funden einen Teil der Außenstelle des Jüdischen Museums Wien ausmachen. Ein computeranimierter Spaziergang führt in eine der größten jüdischen Gemeinden Europas, die Anfang des 15. Jahrhundert hier bestand. Ein weiterer Raum ist der Schoa-Dokumentation gewidmet.
austria-forum.org/af/Wissenssammlungen/Schicksalsorte/Jud...
The Lakshmana Temple is a Hindu temple located in Khajuraho, India. Dedicated to Vaikuntha Vishnu - an aspect of Vishnu.
This temple is located in the Western Temple complex in Khajuraho. Khajuraho is a small village in Chattarpur District of Madhya Pradesh, India.
It is a Sandhara Temple of the Panchayatana Variety. The entire temple complex stands on a high platform (Jagati). The structure consists of all the elements of Hindu temple architecture. It has entrance porch (ardh-mandapa), Mandapa, Maha-Mandapa, Antarala and Garbhagriha.
Unlike other temples in Khajuraho, its sanctum is Pancharatha on plan. Its sikhara is clustered with minor urushringas.
The wall portion is studded with balconied windows with ornate balustrades.
It has two rows of sculptures including divine figures, couples and erotic scenes.
The sanctum doorway is of seven sakhas (vertical panels). The central one being decorated with various incarnation of Lord Vishnu. The Lintel depicts goddess Lakshmi in the centre flanked by Brahma and Vishnu. The sanctum contains four-armed sculpture of Vishnu.
Main image is of tri-headed & four-armed sculpture of Vaikuntha Vishnu.
The central head is of human, and two sides of boar (depicting Varaha) and lion (depicting Narshima).
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Der Lakshmana-Tempel ist der erste wirklich große Tempelbau der Chandella-Dynastie im Tempelbezirk von Khajuraho; zu seiner Bauzeit (ca. 930−950) war er der größte Tempel im Norden Indiens. Der Tempel ist dem Gott Vishnu in seinem Aspekt als Vaikuntha ('Herr des Paradieses') geweiht; im Zentrum der Cella (garbhagriha) steht eine dreiköpfige Vishnu-/Vaikuntha-Figur.
In den Ecken der Tempelplattform sind noch vier Begleitschreine erhalten und so ergibt sich das seltene Bild eines kompletten nordindischen Tempelkomplexes (panchayatana), wie es schon im frühen 6. Jahrhundert im Dashavatara-Tempel von Deogarh geplant und verwirklicht wurde, sich aber dort nicht erhalten hat.
ETYMOLOGIE
Der Name Vaikuntha ist wahrscheinlich von den Sanskritwörtern vi und kuntha herzuleiten und bedeutet in etwa 'ohne Bruch' im Sinne von 'ganzheitlich' oder 'vollkommen'. Vaikuntha ist für viele Anhänger Vishnus (vaishnavas) Ziel und Ort nach Erreichung der Erlösung (moksha), d. h. nach der Befreiung aus dem endlosen Kreislauf der Wiedergeburten (samsara). Dieser Ort − in etwa gleichzusetzen mit dem Paradies − liegt an den Hängen des Weltenbergs Meru und besteht nur aus Gold und kostbaren Edelsteinen; der Ganges fließt mitten durch ihn hindurch. Das Bildnis im Innern der Cella wurde − da seine ursprüngliche Bedeutung in Vergessenheit geraten war − in späterer Zeit volkstümlich auch als Lakshmana, Ramachandra oder Chaturbuja bezeichnet; der Name 'Lakshmana-Tempel' ist haften geblieben.
BAUGESCHICHTE
Eine während der Ausgrabungs- und Restaurierungsarbeiten zu Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts in der Nähe gefundene Steinplatte mit einer Weiheinschrift aus dem Jahr 953/4, die sich auf eine Vaikuntha-Statue bezieht, erwähnt den Chandella-Herrscher Yasovarman (reg. ca. 925−950) als Bauherren und Stifter. Bei einer angenommenen Bauzeit von etwa 20 Jahren dürfte der Baubeginn des Tempels etwa um das Jahr 930 anzusiedeln sein, als die Chandellas gegenüber ihren Lehnsherren, den Pratiharas, mehr und mehr an Einfluss und Macht gewannen. Die Inschriftenplatte ist heute in der kleinen Vorhalle (mukhamandapa) des Tempels angebracht.
ARCHITEKTUR
Der komplett aus Sandstein errichtete Tempel ist ca. 21,5 m hoch, etwa 24,5 m lang und ca. 14,5 m breit. Er erhebt sich auf einer rechteckigen, ca. 3 m hohen, ca. 40 m langen und ca. 27 m breiten Umgangsplattform (jagati), die über einen vorgezogenen Treppenaufgang erreichbar ist. Der Tempel selbst ruht auf einem mehrfach gegliederten und leicht zurückgestuften Unterbau (adhishthana), so dass ein weiterer, ebenfalls etwa 3 m hoher Treppenaufgang notwendig ist um in den Portikus (mukhamandapa oder ardhamandapa) zu gelangen; es folgt die Vorhalle (mandapa), dann die Große Vorhalle (mahamandapa) und schließlich der Sanktumsbereich mit innenliegender Cella (garbhagriha) sowie einem Umgang (pradakshinapatha).
Sanktumsbereich und Große Vorhalle sind flächenmäßig etwa gleich groß − ein Schema, dass bereits ca. 250 Jahre früher beim Kalika-Mata-Tempel in Chittorgarh erstmals auftritt und über Zwischenstufen in Rajasthan und Gyaraspur nach Khajuraho gelangte. Da die Dachaufbauten des Tempels im Wesentlichen auf Pfeilern ruhen, konnten die drei Vorhallen sowie der Umgangsbereich der Cella durch schräggestellte Brüstungen mit gedrechselten Steinsäulchen, vor denen sich im Innern steinerne Sitzbänke befinden, nach außen geöffnet werden.
Die verschiedenen Räume sind durch Stufen voneinander getrennt und haben somit ein geringfügig wechselndes Bodenniveau; die Cella des Tempels mit dem Vaikuntha-Bildnis hat von allen Räumen das höchste Fußbodenniveau und wird von einem Shikhara-Turm mit kleinen Begleittürmchen (urushringas) überhöht. Die Vorhallen sind jeweils von pyramidenförmigen Dächern (phamsanas) bedeckt. Im Äußeren entsteht so das Bild eines die umgebende Landschaft überragenden Gebirges oder Bergstocks, doch auch im Innern müssen die Gläubigen einige Stufen überwinden um zum "Höchsten", dem Vaikuntha-Bildnis, zu gelangen.
Im Innern wie im Äußeren ist jedes Bauteil des Tempels reich gegliedert und mit Skulpturen oder abstrakten geometrischen oder vegetabilischen Ornamenten bedeckt; eine Wand- bzw. Steinsichtigkeit wird also weitgehend vermieden.
SKULPTUREN
Die obere Ebene der mehrfach gestuften Sockelzone ist als etwa 35 cm hoher umlaufender Fries mit über hundert kleinen Elefanten gestaltet, die den gesamten Tempel auf dem Rücken tragen − ein Hoheitszeichen, das sich an keinem der anderen Tempel Khajurahos findet. Die Elefanten werden von jeweils zwei Wärtern (mahuts) begleitet.
Plattform und Tempel sind mit über tausend kleineren und größeren Figuren geschmückt. Vor allem die größeren Skulpturen sind nicht mehr – wie früher – von Architekturelementen oder Nischen eingerahmt, sondern stehen nahezu vollplastisch auf Steinplatten, d. h. sie sind kaum noch mit dem rückwärtigen Reliefgrund verbunden. Sie sind nicht mehr als künstliche Abbilder gemeint, sondern als lebendige, lebensnahe Figuren. Die etwas hervorstehenden Bauteile zeigen zumeist Götterfiguren (Shiva, Vishnu u. a.), die seitlich in den etwas zurückspringenden Teilen von gleich großen weiblichen Figuren – leicht bekleideten 'Schönen Mädchen' (surasundaris) in unterschiedlichen Posen und aus bildhauerischen Gründen stets mit aufgebundenem Haar – begleitet werden. Die etwas breiteren, aber am stärksten zurückgestuften Mittelregister der drei Außenwände des Sanktums präsentieren in der unteren Ebene erotische Szenen aller Art, für die die Tempel von Khajuraho in der ganzen Welt berühmt sind; darüber finden sich 'Himmlische Liebespaare' (mithunas). Die oberste Zone zeigt in der Mitte ein Götterbild mit Begleitfiguren; die seitlichen Dekorfelder (udgamas) zeigen ornamentalen Schmuck bestehend aus neben- und übereinander angeordneten kleinen Fensternischen (chandrasalas).
PLATTFORM
Als einziger Tempel in Khajuraho hat der Lakshmana-Tempel einen weitgehend erhaltenen und die gesamte Plattform umschließenden Figurenfries mit Szenen aus dem höfischen Alltagsleben – Unterricht, Kriegszug, Musikanten, erotisch-sexuelle Liebesszenen etc.; Götterfiguren oder Dämonen sind dagegen hier nicht zu sehen. Die Szenen des etwa in Augenhöhe angebrachten Frieses sind zwar originell, aber von keiner großen handwerklichen oder künstlerischen Meisterschaft.
TEMPEL (AUSSEN)
Während die kleinen Vorhallen außen keinerlei Figurenschmuck besitzen, sind die Eckpfeiler zwischen Vorhalle (mandapa) und Großer Vorhalle (mahamandapa) in zwei Ebenen mit Figuren versehen. Hauptsächlich ist jedoch der Bereich zwischen Großer Vorhalle (mahamandapa) und Sanktum in mehreren Ebenen und überreich mit Figuren besetzt. Hier überwiegen ganz eindeutig Götterfiguren, 'Himmlische Liebespaare' (mithunas) und 'Schöne Mädchen' (surasundaris). Nur die unteren Ebenen der Mittelregister zeigen auch erotisch-sexuelle Szenen; somit ist am Lakshmana-Tempel noch die Hierarchie zwischen der oberen (himmlischen) Ebene und der unteren (erdnahen) Ebene gewahrt.
TEMPEL (INNEN)
Zu den interessantesten und künstlerisch bedeutsamsten Figuren im Innern des Tempels gehören die weiblichen Nymphen (apsaras) an den Streben im Deckenbereich der Großen Vorhalle (mahamandapa); diese zeigen sich in verschiedenen − oft extrem verdrehten − Posen beim Musizieren, beim Ballspiel aber auch beim Entkleiden. In den Wandnischen finden sich diverse Götterfiguren, darunter auch einige nicht (mehr) identifizierbare.
VAIKUNTHA-KULTBILD
Das freiplastisch aus einer großen Steinplatte herausgearbeitete Götterbildnis ist in ganz Indien nahezu einzigartig und zeigt Vishnu/Vaikuntha mit vier zerstörten Armen, so dass keinerlei Attribute mehr vorhanden sind, sowie drei Köpfen (Mensch, Eber und Löwe). Ein rückwärtiger vierter Kopf, der die Universalität Vishnus vervollkommnet hätte, ist nicht ausgeführt; stattdessen findet sich ein in Indien einzigartiger durchbrochener und gezackter Strahlenkranz um Vaikunthas Haupt. Die Figur ist umgeben von einem – aus derselben Steinplatte herausgearbeiteten – Rahmen mit Wächterfiguren sowie Ganga und Yamuna im Sockelbereich und jeweils drei darüber befindlichen vorstehenden Nischen mit Vishnu-Avataras (Matsya, Varaha, Vamana, Kurma, Narasimha, Parashurama). Zwei seitliche Pfeiler mit reichem z. T. freiplastischen Architektur- und Figurendekor und einem doppelten, aus dem aufgerissenene Mäulern von Wasserungeheuern (makaras) hervorquellenden Torana-Bogen als verbindendem oberem Abschluss bilden den äußeren Rahmen des Kultbildes.
BEDEUTUNG
Der Lakshmana-Tempel (ca. 930−950) mit seinen vier hintereinanderliegenden und in der Höhe gestaffelten Bauteilen sowie seiner − im Wesentlichen auf Pfeilern ruhenden − Bauweise gilt als früher Höhepunkt der Chandella-Architektur und war nach seiner Fertigstellung für etliche Jahrzehnte der größte Tempelbau Indiens. Spätere Tempelbauten in Khajuraho wurden von ihm maßgeblich beeinflusst, darunter auch der Kandariya-Mahadeva-Tempel.
Das außergewöhnliche Vaikuntha-Bildnis in der Cella sowie der reiche, beinahe vollplastische Figurenschmuck sind innen wie außen nahezu vollständig erhalten und bezeugen die handwerkliche und künstlerische Meisterschaft der Bildhauer der damaligen Zeit.
Mit seinem mehrteiligen Grundriss, einer von einem Umgang umschlossenen Cella und in Teilen seines Dekors (Balkonbrüstungen mit gedrechselten Säulchen) ist der Lakshmana-Tempel wahrscheinlich direkt beeinflusst von dem ca. 50 Jahre zuvor erbauten, aber insgesamt noch der Pratihara-Architektur zuzurechnenden Maladevi-Tempel in Gyaraspur.
WIKIPEDIA
Germanwings confirmed its flight #4U9525 from Barcelona to Dusseldorf crashed in the French Alps with 144 passengers and six crew members on board.
My thoughts go out to families of the victims :'(
www.reuters.com/article/2015/03/24/us-france-crash-airbus...
Dedicated and erected in 2006 to the ones who gave their lives to save millions.
Behind this memorial is the actual power plant, Chernobyl's reactor 4 that exploded on that fateful day in 1986.
Foz do Arelho, Portugal.
Dedicated to my Flickr friend Sunset Luísa, wishing you a less stressing year.
The long text below has to do with the Portuguese language and the way we should write "sunset" in Portuguese : "pôr-do-sol", "por-do-sol", "por do sol", "pôr do sol" or "pôr do Sol" ? Believe me or not, there are Portuguese using all those forms - and I shall not tell you about the problems with the plural!
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Dedicada à minha amiga do Flickr Luísa-dos-pores-do-sol, desejando-te um ano menos desgastante.
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Nota para o/a visitante de língua portuguesa, que anda muito baralhado/a
(pois, pois, a maioria das pessoas, professores e tudo, anda no Flickr a escrever "o sol" e não "o Sol", como devia e, se calhar, também me apanham a mim)
Escreve-se "pôr-do-sol" e o plural é "pores-do-sol".
"Pôr" tem acento, para não se confundir com a preposição "por", mas os verbos por si formados (supor, compor, repor, etc.) não têm, pois não são susceptíveis de confusão. Perde o acento no plural. E escreve-se com hífenes, quando nos referimos ao momento do dia e não ao astro em determinada posição. "Sol" passa a "sol com minúscula, porque não se usam maiúsculas entre hífens.
Fontes:
ciberduvidas.sapo.pt/pergunta.php?id=486
ciberduvidas.sapo.pt/pergunta.php?id=541
ciberduvidas.sapo.pt/pergunta.php?id=2845
ciberduvidas.sapo.pt/pergunta.php?id=268 (quanto ao plural)
www.gramaticaonline.com.br/gramaticaonline.asp?menu=3&... (fonte brasileira)
Discorda? Siga para o 1º comentário, s.f.f.
I decided to make a trip to Winchester on the 24th July 2018. I had never been before. Winchester is a city and the county town of Hampshire, England. It is situated about 61 miles south west of London and around 13 from Southampton which is its closest city. Winchester developed from the Roman town of Venta Belgarum. The city is, home to the University of Winchester and Winchester College, the oldest public school in the United Kingdom still using its original buildings. There is so much to see here in this fine city and spending a day here you would find it difficult to cover all the famous sites.
To name a few the Cathedral, Wolvesey Castle or Old Bishop's Palace the River Itchen walk, the old site of Winchester Castle the Great Hall being all that remains now, The Guild Hall, Winchester City Museum, The Royal Hampshire Regiment Museum and Memorial Gardens, Westgate Museum, The Royal Green Jackets Museum, Winchester's Military Museums, King Alfred the Great - Statue which stands in The Broadway, Winnall Moors Nature Reserve which can be found at Durngate Place, Winchester, Abbey Gardens, 21 Colebrook St, Winchester, After spending about 5 hours here I was defeated it was in the blazing sun of the heat wave we had in July 2018. I managed to walk the River Itchen walk, see Winchester Cathedral, along with Wolvesey Castle, The Great Hall.
Winchester Cathedral is a Church of England cathedral in Winchester. It is one of the largest cathedrals in Europe, with the longest nave and the greatest overall length of any Gothic cathedral in Europe. Dedicated to the Holy Trinity,Saint Peter, Saint Paul, and before the Reformation, Saint Swithun, it is the seat of the Bishop of Winchester and centre of the Diocese of Winchester. The cathedral is a Grade I listed building. The cathedral was founded in 642 AD on a site immediately to the north of the present one.
The River Itchen in Winchester flows from mid Hampshire to join with Southampton Water below the Itchen Bridge in Southampton. The river has a total length of 28 miles and is noted as one of the world's premier chalk streams for fly fishing. Watercress thrives all along the Itchen valley in its once pristine, crystal clear waters, now affected by some farming practices.
Wolvesey Castle, Old Bishop's Palace, was created by Henry of Blois in 1141 by linking the two Norman halls with a curtain wall which would have finally obliterated any remaining parts of the Anglo-Saxon palace. The extensive surviving ruins are owned and maintained by English Heritage. The castle has had Grade I listed status since March 1950, along with the palace located on the same site. A fair amount of the curtain wall remains, but nearly all the inner arrangements are gone, though it is possible to make out the hall, in which there is a good round arch and one surviving Norman window.
Winchester Castle is a medieval building and was founded in 1067. Only the Great Hall remains which houses a museum of the history of Winchester. The Great Hall is one of the finest surviving halls of the 13th century, contains the greatest symbol of medieval mythology, King Arthur’s Round Table and is all that now remains of Winchester Castle. See the iconic Round Table of Arthurian legend that has dominated Winchester’s ancient Great Hall for centuries.
Winchester College is an independent boarding school for boys in the British public school tradition, situated in Winchester, Hampshire. It has existed in its present location for over 600 years. Founded in 1382 Winchester College is believed to be the oldest continuously running school in the country. Our guided tours concentrate on the medieval heart of the College, and include Chamber Court; the 14th century Gothic Chapel, with one of the earliest examples of a wooden vaulted roof; College Hall, the original Scholars' dining room; School, the seventeenth century redbrick schoolroom and the original medieval cloister.
LEGOLAND Windsor a theme park dedicated to children aged 3-12 years old and of course big kid adults.
An inspirational land where the kids are the hero and adults relive their childhood.
The fun never stops and imagination knows no bounds, a family attraction like no other.
Set in 150 acres of beautiful parkland, LEGOLAND Windsor is a unique family theme park with over 55 interactive rides, live shows, building workshops, driving schools and attractions.
It's amazing what can be built with LEGO bricks - nearly 55 million of them!
From comical camels to fearsome fire-breathing dragons, world landmarks to musical pirates, young and old alike will be fascinated by the incredible LEGO models throughout the park.
Fun Facts about LEGOLAND Windsor
There are 34 LEGO pieces in an average Miniland figure.
The largest model in Miniland is the Canary Wharf Tower which is 5.2 metres tall and took 3 model makers 850 hours to complete using 200,000 LEGO Bricks!
The smallest models are the pigeons in Trafalgar Square which contain 5 LEGO bricks each
So what’s New in 2011
Atlantis Submarine Voyage - Now Open!
Take a deep breath and submerge yourself in an underwater adventure.
Plunge into the depths with this world-first LEGO® submarine ride and immerse yourself in a magical underwater adventure.
Today marks the 33rd anniversary since the Opening Ceremony of the Sarajevo 1984 Olympic Winter Games and so I dedicated my afternoon to capturing some of its history. The most remarkable location is the Bob Sled track, which was built in concrete and survives to this day. It remains now as a living monument to the Games, although for the locals, it feels also like a forgotten place.
Draped in overgrown foliage and graffiti, I learned that it has become a popular place to come walking and, while the snow was too deep to walk its length today, I had the chance to see a few of its turns.
It's hard to know how to place this as an Olympic legacy. It has become a tourist attraction, that much is clear. But it does not resonate with conventional legacy language. After all, it has become a line of desire rather than a purposeful sports facility. Yet, I think it is all the richer for this, and there is something truly authentic about it, as a manifestation of cultural heritage, re-worked by the local community.
Clearly, the 1990s war broke continuity for the city, in terms of many things, but also that Olympic legacy. The cable car running from the city to the mountain venue was lost - but is being re-built I am told. Also, many Olympic buildings were destroyed. So, there is something also compelling about the robustness of this unusually permanent concrete bob sled run.
My trip here has been all the richer for venturing out to see this amazing site and I hope you will agree that there is a beauty to this Olympic heritage, even if it was not the one intended when it was imagined.
Hoysaleswara temple (Kannada: ಹೊಯ್ಸಳೇಶ್ವರ ದೇವಸ್ಥಾನ) (also spelt "Hoysaleshwara" or Hoysaleshvara") is a temple dedicated to Hindu god Shiva. It was built in Halebidu (in modern Karnataka state, India) during the rule of King Vishnuvardhana of the Hoysala Empire in the 12th century. The construction was started around 1120 CE and completed in 1150 CE. During the early 14th century, Halebidu was sacked and looted by Muslim invaders from northern India and the temple fell into a state of ruin and neglect. Previously known as Dorasamudra or Dwarasamudra, Halebidu is 16 km from Belur, 31 km from Hassan and 149 km from Mysore, in the state of Karnataka, India.
HISTORY
According to art critic and historian S. Settar, from contemporary inscriptions it is known that the temple derives its name from the Hoysala ruler at that time, King Vishnuvardhana Hoysaleswara, though interestingly, the construction of the temple was initiated and financed by wealthy Shaiva (a Hindu sect) citizens of the city, prominent among who were Ketamala and Kesarasetti. The temple building activity was taken up in competition to the construction of the Chennakesava Temple at Belur, a Vaishnava (a Hindu sect) temple. Surrounded by numerous tanks, ponds and mantapas, the temple is built in the vicinity of the large Dorasamudhra lake. The tank preceded the temple by nearly 75 years. It is one of the largest temples dedicated to the god Shiva in South India.
TEMPLE PLAN
The temple is a simple dvikuta vimana (plan with two shrines and two superstructures), one for "Hoysaleswara" (the king) and the other for "Shantaleswara" (named after Shantala Devi, queen of King Vishnuvardhana) and is built with chloritic chist (more commonly known as Soapstone or potstone). The temple complex as a whole is elevated on a jagati (platform), which according to historian Kamath, is a feature that became popular in contemporary Hoysala constructions. According to art historian Foekema, the two shrines which are adjoining, face east and each have a mantapa (hall) in front. The two mantapas are connected giving a large and imposing view of the hall. Individually, each shrine is smaller than the one at the Chennakesava Temple at Belur and contains a simple linga, the universal symbol of the god Shiva. The plan of the inside of the temple is simple but the exterior looks different because of the introduction of many projections and recesses in the walls. The towers of the shrines that are missing must have followed the star shape of the shrine, just as in many existing well-preserved towers in other Hoysala temples. The superstructure over the vestibule which connects the shrine to the mantapa, called sukanasi (a low tower that looks like an extension of the main tower), and the row of decorated miniature roofs above the eaves of the hall are all missing. The temple was built at a height that provided the architects sufficient horizontal and vertical space to depict large and small sculptures. According to the art critic James Fergusson, the overall effect of the vertical and horizontal lines, the play of the outline, the effect of light and shade and the plan of the projections and recesses all amounts to a "marvellous exhibition of human labor to be found even in the patient east and surpasses anything in Gothic art". The outer walls of these temples contain an intricate array of stone sculptures. The temple of Halebidu, has been described by art critics James Fergusson and Percy Brown as an "outstanding example of Hindu architecture" and as the "supreme climax of Indian architecture".
The temple has four porches for entry and the one normally used by visitors as main entry is actually a lateral entrance (north). There is one entry on the south side and two on the east side, facing two large detached open pavilions whose ceiling is supported by lathe turned pillars. All entry porches have miniature shrines as flanking. In addition there is a sanctuary for the Sun god Surya, whose image stands 2.1 m tall. The pavilions enshrine large images of Nandi, the bull, an attendant of Shiva. The pavilions share the same jagati as the main temple. As in the Chennakesava temple, this temple originally had an open mantapa to which outer walls with pierced window screens made with the same material were erected, making the mantapa a closed one. The window screens are devoid of any art work. The interior of the temple is quite plain except for the lathe turned pillars that run in rows between the north and south entrances. According to Settar, the four pillars in front of each shrine are the most ornate and the only ones that have the madanika (chaste maidens) sculptures in their pillar brackets. There are no other madanikas in the temple.
SCULPTURES
The Hoysaleswara temple is most well known for its sculptures that run all along the outer wall, starting with an dancing image of the god Ganesha on the left side of the south entrance and ending with another image of Ganesha on the right hand side of the north entrance. In all there are two hundred and forty such images. According to the art critic Gerard Foekema, perhaps no other Hoysala temple is as articulate in sculpture as this is and these sculptures are "second to none in all of India". The most intricate of all sculptures are found in the lintels over two of the doorways, one on the south side doorway and the other on one of the eastern doorways.
HORIZONTAL TREATMENT
In this temple the Hoysala architects have broken from the tradition of using five moldings with friezes (which is the "old stlye") at the base of the temple, below the large wall sculptures and the window screens. The outer walls have two eaves that run around the temple. The top eaves is at the roof of the temple where the superstructure meets the wall, and the second eaves is about a meter below. In between there are decorated miniature towers (aedicule). Below the lower eaves are the wall sculptures and below them, the eight moldings. Historian Kamath calls this type of relief work "horizontal treatment". Each of the eight friezes carries an array of decoration. Going from the bottom where the temple wall meets the platform, the lowest frieze depicts charging elephants which symbolize strength and stability, above which, in order, are friezes with lions which symbolize courage, floral scrolls as decoration, horses symbolizing speed, another band of floral scrolls, depictions from the Hindu epics, mythical beasts called makara and finally a frieze with hansas (swans). According to Foekema, no two animals are alike in a total frieze span of over 200 m. In the epic frieze, the epics are not continuous as they are mixed with other depictions. After the construction of this temple, Hoysala architects used this new kind of horizontal treatment only fifty years later, making it a standard style, though they reduced it to six molding friezes.
GARUDA PILLAR
Another interesting object in the temple complex is the rare Garuda Sthamba (Garuda pillar). According to Settar, these are different from virgals (Hero stone). Garudas were elite bodyguards of the kings and queens. They moved and lived with the royal family and their only purpose was to protect their master. Upon the death of their master, they committed suicide. The rare pillar on the south side depicts heroes brandishing knives and cutting their own heads. The inscription honors Kuruva Lakshma, a bodyguard of Veera Ballala II. A devoted officer, he took his life and that of his wife and other bodyguards after the death of his master. This event is narrated in an old Kannada inscription on the pillar. A 2.4 m tall sculpture of Ganesha including the platform rests at the South entrance
WIKIPEDIA
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St. Salvator's Cathedral, dedicated to the Risen Savior and to St. Donatian and located in Bruges , is the main church of the Diocese of Bruges .
History
This church was not built to become the city's cathedral. She only assumed this status in 1834. Originally, Sint-Salvator was a Romanesque stone church founded in the 9th century . Then the Sint-Donaaskerk , in the heart of Bruges, on the Burgplein , was one of the most important religious buildings of the city. At the end of the 18th century, Bishop Felix Brenart went into exile. The diocese was abolished and St Donaa's Cathedral was sold as a national asset and demolished.
In 1834, the diocese of Bruges was re-established and the Ghent auxiliary bishop Frans René Boussen became the new bishop of Bruges. The St. Salvator's Church officially became the St. Salvators and St. Donaas Cathedral. However, the building did not quite resemble a cathedral. It was less impressive than the nearby Church of Our Lady . Sint-Salvator therefore had to be adapted to his new status. This was done, among other things, through the internal decoration, in which works of art from the former St. Donaas Cathedral were recovered.
The building
The Romanesque-Gothic west tower (79 m) still has the tuff and sandstone substructure of the Romanesque church from 1127-1166. This is the oldest part of the church. Three echo holes, traces of the Scheldt Gothic , were discovered during repairs in 1992-1993 and reopened.
The outside gives the impression of a sturdy castle. This tall Gothic building has no flying buttresses but heavy buttresses. The lateral pressure of the vaults is absorbed by the western tower, side aisles and transepts; sufficient for the relatively short church nave. The corner turrets of the transepts refer to the Scheldt Gothic.
Characteristic of the High Gothic period are the transepts, completely opened up by the large windows with rich tracery, divided into four parts, along which a gallery runs.
The expansion from 1480 to 1550 created an unusual relationship between the parts of the building. The choir, the transepts and the ambulatory with the five radiating chapels take up more than half of the surface. The Brabant late Gothic style is noticeable on the outside through the large windows with variously refined tracery and the elaborate cornice.
Overview of construction history
Like many other medieval buildings, St. Salvator's Cathedral has often undergone renovations and changes:
9th century: Romanesque chapel
According to tradition, Sint-Elooi built a chapel around 646. Historically, the church was founded in the 9th century by the older parish of Snellegem , which may trace its roots back to Sint-Eloi. The small chapel was elevated to a parish church in 1089.
1127: Romanesque church
After a fire in 1116, construction of a large Romanesque church began in 1127, which was destroyed by another fire in 1166. The lower structure of the tower has been preserved.
1250–1350: Gothic church
The main parts still have characteristics of the Scheldt Gothic, a transitional style between Romanesque and Gothic style. The choir, modeled on that of Tournai, was strongly influenced by French High Gothic.
1480-1550: ambulatory and radiating chapels
After a third fire in 1358, the church was expanded during the restoration. Jan van den Poele built the ambulatory with five radiating chapels in Brabant late Gothic from around 1480.
1834: cathedral
A new chapter building was built next to the south aisle from 1837 onwards. Karel Verschelde 's proposal to demolish the tower and extend the nave of the church by three bays and complete it with a new tower did not go ahead.
1839: fire and new tower
After the fire of 1839, the tower was restored and a higher superstructure built in the neo-Romanesque style (1843-1846), based on a design by the English architect Robert Chantrell , executed by the Bruges architect Pierre Buyck . In 1871 the tower was topped with a spire, designed by architect Eugène Carpentier .
Significant interior embellishment works were carried out, some of which were carried out on the advice of architect Jean Bethune and in neo-Gothic style (1874-1875).
1912-2010
In 1912, the chapter building from 1838 was demolished and new chapter and museum rooms were built according to a design by Adolf Duclos .
In 1935, Bishop Hendrik Lamiroy decided for liturgical reasons to move the rood loft and organ to the back of the church, thereby opening up the choir.
From 1976 onwards, thorough restoration and consolidation of the tower and the external church were carried out for a quarter of a century. Archaeological excavations also took place in the church.
In 2011, the thorough renovation of the church began, with extensive painting and restoration. In 2013, the repairs and refreshing of the nave and the aisles were completed. In 2014, similar work began on the choir, the transept, the ambulatory, the garland chapels and the sacristy, completed in 2017. This was followed by the controversial restoration and duplication of the organ into two organs.
Pulpit
The pulpit in rococo and Louis XVI style was built between 1777 and 1785, according to a design by Hendrik Pulinx . Opinions about the aesthetic quality in the 19th century were not unambiguously positive. For example, Karel Verschelde spoke about “the most precious yet most insignificant piece of art that the church council created in the course of the 18th century”, which has “neither life nor expression”, regretting that “the stiff and insensitive construction style of that time was preferred”. Medard Verkest is also not entirely convinced: “The pulpit is somewhat stiff; it lacks life and grace in conception and yet it is remarkable as a material embodiment. More craftsmen and artists worked on not one piece of furniture in this church; not one has cost more." The pulpit is made of acajou wood and the wood, from the Caribbean, for the tub was supplied by carpenter Andreas Lombaert .
Organs
In 2015, the file was approved for the restoration of the two organs in the cathedral. The file explained the restoration as follows:
The romantic Klais organ will be placed at the back of the rood loft and the baroque Van Eynde organ on a rood loft in front of the choir entrance of the southern transept. Because the pipework of the Van Eynde organ is located in the Klais organ, the restoration of both organs must be done simultaneously.
The restoration of the Van Eynde organ is complex, because the historic interior has suffered a lot of damage due to neglect: for example, the 18th century windchests of the main organ were left outside in the elements for a long time. The restoration of the organ case with its abundant ornamentation and numerous statues also requires intensive and specialized restoration work. The designers declare that Van Eynde's masterpiece will once again be heard in its full sound richness and at a suitable pitch.
A largely new cabinet will be made for the Klais organ in which a symphonic organ will sound: according to the designers, more powerful and mainly more differentiated than in its existing state. The existing Klais organ is one of the most monumental in Flanders, thanks to the imposing Van Eynde case, which forms the central part of it. The new organ case will be slightly larger than the existing case, and will mainly have more depth so that appropriate space is freed up for sounding out the pipes and for maintenance and tuning work. In its new state, the organ will also consist of a main work, a positive, a swell work and a pedal work, together accounting for 55 registers or games. The total number of pipes is 3562, the largest of which will be more than 8 meters long. The design of pipes and cabinet is contemporary.
Main works of art
St. Salvator's Cathedral has many works of art, some of which come from the destroyed predecessor St. Donatian. Most striking are the tapestries from Brussels, which were woven by Jasper van der Borcht in 1731, following the example of the paintings of the Brussels painter Jan van Orley . They were purchased by Bishop Hendrik Jozef van Susteren for Saint Donatianus. Sint-Salvator also owns the original paintings that were made as cardboards for the tapestries.
From the choir you can admire the original 17th century rood loft, which was moved in the twentieth century, and the cathedral organ is also worth mentioning. The image of God the Father in the center of the rood screen is by Artus Quellinus the Younger . The cathedral has 17 paintings by Jacob van Oost . In addition, there is also work by Rogier Van der Weyden , Dirk Bouts , Jan Garemijn , Lanceloot Blondeel , Pieter Pourbus and Hugo van der Goes .
In the church hangs a portrait of Count Charles the Good , murdered in 1127, from St. Donaas Cathedral .
The triptych with the Martyrdom of Saint Hippolytus by Dirk Bouts and his studio hangs in the museum (called treasury) of St. Salvator's Cathedral. Hugo van der Goes painted the founders on the left panel. There is also the Calvary from around 1520.
Art theft
In November 2009 , several masterpieces from the goldsmith's collection were stolen in a spectacular art theft . The thieves broke into the sacristy of the canons and destroyed the secure display cases. The alarm system did not work sufficiently. The stolen pieces are of a difficult to estimate value.
Among the looted pieces are:
the signet ring of Hendrik Lamiroy ;
the pectoral of Hendrik Jozef van Susteren ;
a tower monstrance by Jan (Baptist) Vandamme (1900);
an 18th-century chalice by Jan Baptist Walgrave;
a chalice by François Gheuns (1639 to 1640): inscription, inside the base: + DVDZEELE 16 [coat of arms] 40 PROC HIE;
a reliquary cross by François Gheuns, ca 1624-1625 made of rock crystal, marbled stone, semi-precious stones and enamel;
a chalice donated by the Van Zuylen van Nyevelt family ;
a rock crystal reliquary cross, 18th century (height 38.5 cm);
a relic monstrance of St. Elooi, 15th/16th century;
a ray monstrance, with crystals by Thomas Lyns, 17th century (70 cm);
a neo-Gothic chalice by Bourdon (1896) gilt and enamel, with inscription, engraved: Calicem salutaris accipiam et nomen Domini invocabo;
a ray monstrance by Adriaan Pierins senior, 17th century with precious stones;
a chalice by Antoon Kerckhove with the inscription DEKEN S ... IER + ... STRAETE + ... ROES + PIE ... VS + IA ... ... GREFFIER.
Prairie dogs (genus Cynomys) are burrowing rodents native to the grasslands of North America. There are five different species of prairie dogs: black-tailed, white-tailed, Gunnison's, Utah and Mexican prairie dogs. They are a type of ground squirrel, found in the United States, Canada and Mexico. In the U.S., they range primarily to the west of the Mississippi River, though they have also been introduced in a few eastern locales. They are herbivorous, and will eat all sorts of vegetables and fruits. Prairie dogs are named for their habitat and warning call, which sounds similar to a dog's bark. Its genus, Cynomys, derives from the Greek for dog mouse.