View allAll Photos Tagged Dedicated
Inspired by a poem from Jouste/Duncan:
" I labor and one day as I rest in the field she comes with stories and fire and we have crystal ice water and lamb's quarters in the field.
At dusk she takes flight as a solar flare and travels to her world of restoration and joy and I sleep until the labor begins anew."
The background is a print I found at the thrift store. The painting of St. Augustine is by Philippe De Champaigne (1602 - 1674)
The Theatre of Dionysus was a major open air theatre in ancient Greece, built at the foot of the Athenian Acropolis and forming part of the temenos of "Dionysus Eleuthereus" (or Eleutherios, for "Dionysus, the Liberator"). Dedicated to Dionysus, the god of plays and wine (among other things), the theatre could seat as many as 17,000 people, making it an ideal location for ancient Athens' biggest theatrical celebration, the Dionysia. It became the prototype for all theatres of ancient Greece.
It was the first stone theatre ever built[citation needed] — cut into the southern cliff face of the Acropolis — and the birthplace of Greek tragedy. The remains of a restored and redesigned Roman version can still be seen at the site today.
At the Dionysus the audience sat around three sides of a large flat playing space called the Orchestra.[1] Traditionally this was the performing area for the chorus although as Peter Arnott argues "it is quite possible that actors playing the named roles may also have used this space during the play."[1] In his book An Introduction to Greek Theatre Graham Ley argues that "the extent to which the action of the plays were confined to the Orchestra is somewhat dubious."[2] Ley highlights that in Aeschylus' Persians (472 BC) "the Queen of Persia arrives in a chariot, and in the early plays most characters arrive in the playing space from "elsewhere", apparently from side paths."[2]
Situated directly behind the Orchestra was the skene where the actors could make their entrances and this was also possibly used a dressing room." With the construction of a skene in the theater of Dionysus, it is clear that some characters appear from it, and characters may enter it.[2]
Whilst there is little doubt that the Theatre of Dionysus was a spectacular construction and pathed the way to many exciting and large scale performances it is also clear that it posed many problems to actors of the time and more importantly for audiences. The raked auditorium stretched so far back and up the natural slope of the Acropolis it is highly likely that the smallest gesture and the quietest of whispers was lost regardless of the excellent acoustics.[1] The actors would have to overcome these problems by big acting and very clear gestures. And this raises questions about just how believable the performances were. The pressures on the actors would have been enormous and when we consider that the playwright was only permitted to use three actors any one actor could be called upon to play a great number of roles.
In Classical Athens, when the theatre was the venue for the Greater Dionysia, competitions were held between Greek dramatists as part of the occasion. The categories that could be entered were Greek Tragedy, Comedy and Satyr play. The plays were performed by a Chorus, and the audience served as judges. Amongst those to have competed are all of the renowned dramatists of the Classical era, such as Sophocles, Euripides, Aristophanes and Aeschylus.
In the mid 4th century BC, racked stone tiers were constructed (where wooden benches probably resided before) in order to allow more seating. After this the theatre fell into disuse and little is recorded until 61 AD where there is evidence of major renovations done by the emperor Nero.
Currently the biggest problem we have in assessing the pros and cons of the Theatre of Dionysus is the relative lack of surviving reliable evidence. Therefore when studying this fascinating topic one should treat any evidence they find with a dose of caution
Bourges Cathedral (Cathédrale Saint-Étienne de Bourges) is a Roman Catholic cathedral, dedicated to Saint Stephen, located in Bourges, France. It is the seat of the Archbishop of Bourges.
The site occupied by the present cathedral, in what was once the northeastern corner of the Gallo-Roman walled city, has been the site of the city's main church at least since Carolingian times and probably since the foundation of the bishopric in the 3rd century. The present Cathedral was built as a replacement for a mid-11th-century structure, traces of which survive in the crypt. The date when construction began is unknown, although a document of 1195 recording expenditure on rebuilding works suggests that construction was already underway by that date. The fact that the east end protrudes beyond the line of the Gallo-Roman walls and that royal permission to demolish those walls was only granted in 1183 shows that work on the foundations cannot have started before that date. The main phase of construction is therefore roughly contemporaneous with Chartres Cathedral (begun 1194), some 200 kilometres (124 miles) to the northwest. As with most Early- and High-Gothic cathedrals, the identity of the architect or master-mason is unknown. The choir was in use (though not necessarily complete) by 1214 and the nave was finished by 1255. The building was finally consecrated in 1324. Most of the west façade was finished by 1270, though work on the towers proceeded more slowly, partly due to the unfavourable rock strata beneath the site. Structural problems with the South tower led to the building of the adjoining buttress tower in the mid-14th century. The North tower was completed around the end of the 15th century but collapsed in 1506, destroying the Northern portion of the façade in the process. The North tower and its portal were subsequently rebuilt in a more contemporary style.
Important figures in the life of the cathedral during the 13th century include William of Donjeon who was Archbishop from 1200 until his death in 1209 (and was canonised by the Pope in 1218 as St William of Bourges) as well as his grandson, Philip Berruyer (archbishop 1236-61), who oversaw the later stages of construction.
Following the destruction of much of the Ducal Palace and its chapel during the revolution, the tomb effigy of Duke Jean de Berry was relocated to the Cathedral's crypt, along with some stained glass panels showing standing prophets, which were designed for the chapel by André Beauneveu.
Generally the cathedral suffered far less than some of its peers during the French Wars of Religion and in the Revolution. Its location meant it was also relatively safe from the ravages of both World Wars.
The cathedral was added to the list of the World Heritage Sites by UNESCO in 1992.
The cathedral's nave is 15 m wide by 37m high; its arcade is 20m high; the inner aisle is 21.3 m and the outer aisle is 9.3 m high. The use of flying buttresses was employed to help the structure of the building. However, since this was a fairly new technique, one can easily see the walls were still made quite thick to take the force. Sexpartite vaults are used to span the nave.
Bourges Cathedral is notable for the simplicity of its plan, which did without transepts but which adopted the double-aisled design found in earlier high-status churches such as the Early-Christian basilica of St Peter's in Rome or in Notre Dame de Paris. The double aisles continue without interruption beyond the position of the screen (now largely destroyed though a few fragments are preserved in the crypt) to form a double ambulatory around the choir. The inner aisle has a higher vault than the outer one, while both the central nave and the inner aisle have similar three-part elevations with arcade, triforium and clerestory windows; a design which admits considerably more light than one finds in more conventional double-aisled buildings like Notre-Dame. This design, with its distinctive triangular cross section, was subsequently copied at Toledo Cathedral and in the choir at Le Mans. The flying buttresses surrounding the cathedral are relatively slender and efficient, particularly compared to the contemporary but much heavier flyers at Chartres. Their steep angle helps to channel the thrust from the nave vaults and the wind loading on the roof to the outer buttress piers more effectively.
The west façade is on a particularly grand scale when compared to earlier cathedrals. The four side aisles and central nave each have their own portal reflecting the scale of the spaces beyond. As is often the case with Gothic churches, the central portal carries sculpted scenes related to the Last Judgement, whilst the south portals are dedicated to the lives of saints - here St Ursinus and St Stephen. The north portals were destroyed when the tower collapsed but surviving fragments indicate that their sculptural programmes were dedicated to the life and death of the Virgin. Unifying all five portals is a dado screen of gabled niches which stretches the whole width of the façade. The spandrels between these niches feature an extended Genesis cycle which would originally have told the story from the beginning of Creation to God's Covenant with Noah.
Romanesque carved portals from about 1160-70, probably intended for the façade of the earlier cathedral, have been reused on the south and north doors (occupying the spaces normally reserved for transept portals). Their profuse ornamentation is reminiscent of Burgundian work.
Apart from the axial chapel, Bourges Cathedral retains most of its original ambulatory glass, which dates from about 1215 (around the same time as Chartres Cathedral). The glazing programme includes a famous Typological window (similar to examples at Sens and Canterbury), several hagiographic cycles, the story of the Old Testament patriarch, Joseph and symbolic depictions of the Apocalypse and Last Judgement. Other windows show the Passion and three of Christ's parables; the Good Samaritan, the Prodigal Son and the story of Dives and Lazarus. The French art historian Louis Grodecki identified three distinct masters or workshops involved in the glazing, one of whom may also have worked on the windows of Poitiers Cathedral (Wikipedia)/
Dedicated to the public in 1968, the Walter. H. Horning Tree Seed Orchard outside Portland, Oregon, has supported healthy trees for nearly 50 years. Thanks to the work completed at this preserve, the BLM and its partners have planted seeds to reforest areas with Douglas-fir, western white pine, sugar pine, western hemlock, western redcedar, and noble fir that will provide shade, recreation, and timber for many future generations to come.
(Photo: Matt Christenson/BLM/2017)
Dedicated to grandma Eleanor (Eleanor WHU - www.flickr.com/photos/elcog2010/) as she likes so much white flowers and... the Kyoto Garden at Holland Park London
- Dahlia habillé en blanc
The French geographer and author André Thevet (1516-1590) was born in Angoulême and died in Paris. In early life he was compelled to enter a Franciscan monastery, where he dedicated himself to his studies, being gifted with a prodigious memory although not much inclined towards religion. Thevet was a protegé of Francis I, who entrusted him with various missions. While in Italy, he became acquainted with the cardinal of Lorraine, who financed his journey to the East in 1549. On his return to France, Thevet published the chronicle of his voyage, entitled "Cosmographie du Levant". In 1555 Thevet left France as chaplain to an expedition intending to found a French colony in Brazil, in order to protect the emigrants from Normandy involved with extracting an expensive red pigment from the wood of a rare tree that grows in the area. Thevet stayed on an island at the entrance to Rio de Janeiro Bay, and returned to France sick, ten weeks afterwards. In 1557, he published "Les Singularitez de la France antarctique", with his observations on the New World. This work made Thevet famous, and was translated into English and Italian. Among the novelties in Thevet’s work are the first descriptions of the pineapple, cashew nuts, the toucan bird and the tapir. He is also accredited with introducing the cultivation of tobacco to Europe. In 1560, Thevet was named Cosmographer to the King and Chaplain to Catherine de Medici. He served successively four kings of France, while at the same time building a rare collection of Greek and Roman coins, and curiosities of nature from Mexico and Brazil. From 1566, Thevet worked on a universal multi-volume geographical encyclopedia, "Cosmographie universelle", which was published in 1575. His other monumental work, the "isolario" titled "Le Grand Insulaire et Pilotage", was left unfinished, and its contents remain scattered to this day. Last, Thevet published the "Vrais portraits et vies des hommes illustres", in which he presents, in the manner of Plutarch, two hundred and twenty-four illustrious historical personalities from the places he had visited, with the corresponding illustrations.
Thevet sailed to the East from Venice. His first port of call was Crete; he makes scathing comments on Orthodox priests, writes on the mythical inhabitants the Telchines, and mentions the earthquakes to which the island is prone. Of the Aegean islands, he provides information on Chios and Lesbos. He also describes the Dardanelles and Callipolis. Thevet stayed in Constantinople for two years, probably entrusted with an obscure diplomatic mission. Notable are his chapters on the Byzantine hippodrome, lions, tigers, elephants and camels. Thevet also visited Chalcedon and the Bosporus. He voyaged to the Holy Land, visiting "en route" Rhodes, continental Greece (?), Egypt and Syria. From Cyprus he sailed to Sicily and subsequently to Marseilles.
Thevet’s personality was controversial already in his own time. Contemporary research has shown that the text of the "Cosmographie du Levant" was in fact composed by François de Belleforest (1530-1583), a scribe in his entourage. The friendship between the two men turned to mutual hatred. The chronicle was successful, mainly thanks to its twenty-five wood engravings with the curiosities (antiquities, rare flora and fauna) described in the text. However, the information it provides as a whole is a digest of ancient sources rather than a result of first-hand observation.
As Thevet scholar Frank Lestringant has demonstrated, the chronicle of this voyage incorporates descriptions by Strabo, Pliny, Solinus, Pomponius Melas, Diodorus Siculus, Herodotus, passages from the Gospels and the Epistles, as well as texts by contemporary erudite men such as the professor of Greek and Latin L. C. Rhodiginus, the humanists G. Budé and Erasmus, the lexicographer A. Calepino and the physician J. Vadianus. Additional data were “borrowed” from travellers such as La Broderie, P. Gilles, P. Belon, and the geographer S. Münster.
Written by Ioli Vingopoulou
Fransız asıllı coğrafyacı ve yazar André Thevet (1516-1590) Angoulême şehrinde doğdu ve Paris'te öldü. Küçük yaşta bir fransiskan manastırına girmek zorunda kaldığında dinle uğraşmaktan çok kendini okuma ve araştırmaya adar. Tanrı vergisi olarak müthiş bir bellek yeteneğine sahipti. Kral I. François'nın himayesinde, çeşitli görevlerle yükümlü olarak İtalya'ya seyahat eder ve burada 1549'da Doğu'ya yapacağı seyahatin masraflarını karşılayacak olan Lorraine kardinali ile tanışır. Bu seyahatin vakayinamesini Fransa'ya döndükten sonra Cosmographie du Levant başlığı altında yayınlar. 1555 yılında, Brezilya'da yörenin kırmızı renkte nadir bir odunundan elde edilen boyanın çıkarılmasında çalışan Normadiyalıların himayesi için kurulması amaçlanan fransız kolonisinin papazı olarak Brezilya'ya gider. Rio de Janeiro körfezinin girişindeki bir adada kalır, ancak on hafta sonra hasta halde Fransa'ya döner. 1557 yılında Yeni Dünya üzerindeki gözlemlerini içeren Les Singularitez de la France antarctique adlı kitabı yayınlanır. Bu kitap Thevet'yi ünlü yapıp ingilizce ve italyancaya çevrilir. Yapıtının yenilikçi unsurları arasında ananas, kaju fıstığı, tukan kuşu, tapir hakkında verdiği bilgiler yer alıyor. Ayrıca tütün ekiminin Avrupa'ya getirilmesi de Thevet sayesinde olmuştur. 1560 yılında Kral Kozmografı ünvanını alır ve kraliçe Catherine de Medici'nin papazı görevine atanır. Sırayla, dört Fransa kralına hizmet eder. Aynı zamanda eski Yunan ve Roma sikkelerinden nadir bir koleksiyon yapıp Meksika ile Brezilya'nın doğa hazinesinden alışılmamış ve garip şeyler toplar. 1566 yılından itibaren Cosmographie universelle adlı çok çiltlik bir dünya coğrafya ansiklopedisinin yazılışında çalışır, eser 1575'de yayınlanır. Thevet'nin öteki anıtsal eseri olan "Büyük Insularium" ise (Le Grand Insulaire et Pilotage) tamamlanmamış olarak bugüne dek dağınık durumda bulunmaktadır. En son yayınladığı Vrais portraits et vies des hommes illustres kitabında, Plutarkhos'un yaptığı gibi, ziyaret etmiş olduğu yörelerden iki yüz yirmi dört (224) tane önemli tarihsel kişiliğin yaşamını -resimler eşliğinde- sergiler.
Doğu yolculuğuna Venedik'ten başlayıp ilk durağı Girit olur. Yazılarında buradaki hristiyan ortodoks papazlar hakkında yıldırımlar savurur, Girit'in efsanevi sakinleri Telkhines'ler hakkında yazar ve adayı vuran depremlerden sözeder. Ege adalarından Sakız ve Midilli hakkında bilgiler verir; Çanakkale Boğazını ve Gelibolu'yu (Kallipoli) tarif eder ve büyük olasılıkla, açıklanmamış bir diplomatik görevle yükümlü olarak iki yıla yakın bir süre için İstanbul'da kalır. Yazdıkları arasında Bizans hipodromu, aslanlar, kaplanlar, fil ve develer hakkında söylediği şeyler ayrı bir ilgi uyandırıyor. Thevet, Kadıköy ve Boğaz'ı da gezer. Kutsal Yerlere gitmek üzere İstanbul'dan vapura biner, Rodos, Rumeli'yi, Mısır ve Suriye'yi ziyaret eder; daha sonra ise Kıbrıs'tan geçip Sicilya'ya ve son olarak Marsilya'ya varır.
Thevet'nin kişiliği kendi çağından beri tartışma konusu oldu. Bugünkü araştırmacılar Doğu Kozmografyası (Cosmographie du Levant) adlı yapıtının aslında maietinde bulunan yazmanlardan François de Belleforest (1530-1583) tarafından yazılmış olduğunu kanıtlamış durumda. Başlangıçtaki dostlukları nefrete dönüşmüş ancak vakayiname, özellikle 25 adet tahta gravürü ile büyük başarı kazanmıştı. Arkeoloji, botanoloji ve zooloji konuları üzerinde, garip ve ilginç şeyler tarif etmeleri sayesinde başarı kazanan bu tahta gravürlere eşlik eden bilgiler deneyimli gözleme dayanmak yerine antik Yunan ve Latin yazarlardan yapılan alıntılardan meydana gelmiştir.
Yolculuğun vakayinamesi, Thevet'nin eserini inceleyen Fr. Lestringand'ın kanıtlarla gösterdiği gibi, Strabon, Plinius, Solinus, Pomponio Mela, Diodorus Siculus ve Herodotos'un yazılarından; İnciller ve Havarilere mektuplardan; ayrıca, yunanca ve latince profesörü L. C. Rhodiginus gibi kendi çağdaşı aydınların, G. Budé ve Erasmus gibi hümanistlerin, sözlükçü A. Calepino ve doktor J. Vadianus'un yazılarından alınmış parçalardır. Hatta bunlara ek olarak La Broderie, P. Gilles, P. Belon gibi gezginler ve coğrafyacı S. Münster'den bilgiler de "ödünç" almıştır.
Yazan: İoli Vingopoulou
i am digging through old shots, and this is one of those. It was taken in Istanbul at a movie theater (i did not break any rules, i did not take a picture of a film, and if curious i saw casino royale, in english)... and it is dedicated to GOROD SKY's immense obsession of WC signs...
San Diego Fashion Week 2014 - SS 15 Collection - Norma Hill Designs Collection
Fine artist, photographer, fashion designer Norma Brown Hill, a native New Yorker, began her photographic journey almost 30 years ago. Her first job after graduating from Bard College was at the Metropolitan Museum of Art Photograph Library. Her interest in photography landed her a job photographing art and architecture in Europe and the Middle East. In the late 70‘s she settled in Paris where she studied darkroom techniques and learned the art of hand painting black and white photographs using oil paint. After returning to New York, she studied Polaroid Transfer techniques at the International Center of Photography in New York City. Subsequently, she was one of six artists in the country chosen to be a creative consultant to Polaroid. Hill’s signature is her manipulated photos that are often found on her garments, as well as on her fine art exhibited at Christies in NY, the French Institute, the National Arts Club in NYC, Gallery Solferino in Milan, the Heckscher Museum in Long Island, the Nassau County Museum of Fine Arts, the Edwin A. Ulrich Museum, the New York Public Library, Studio 54, as well as many other venues. Many major corporations including Miramax Productions, Smith Barney, and Oheka Castle have purchased Hill’s work. She has been featured in numerous publications, including the New York Times, Newsday, Better Homes and Gardens, and Modern Photography. Hill recently moved to San Diego where she has a studio in Leucadia. Currently her collection for FWSD is dedicated to creating artistic images combining painting and photography, incorporating sacred icons and texts from various cultures to help promote harmony in diversity through clothing. She truly has a unique way of printing her images on textiles that you don’t want to miss coming down the runway.
The Teenagers - live @ Cine/Teatro Gambrinus - Firenze - 18.06.2008 - (Pitti Uomo)
Dura la vita del buttafuori, specie se per tutta la sera spinano birra gratis. Vedere sotto...
By Menomonie School District - 5th Grade Academic Enrichment Classes from Menomonie, Wisconsin
Teacher - Joy Bergstrand
Students from 3 schools collaborated to make this panel.
Name of Panel: "Peace on Earth"
Dream Theme: Peace (also with themes related to other topics)
Participants:
Oakland School: Jake, Justin, Evan, Joshua, Brendan, TJ, Kate, Gabriela, MyKlebust, Camryn, Brooke, Lexie.
River Heights School: Brooke, Mara, Belle, Tyler, Nicole, Andrew, Kenna, Sylvia.
Wakanda School: Neil, Isak, Austin, Lexey, McKenley, Jeremy, Harlee
Materials and Techniques Used: The large earth was appliqued, the smaller squares used fabric markers. The small squares were pieced together to make the panel.
What is the story behind your groups panel?
We discussed our dreams for the future in each of the 3 schools I work in. Overwhelmingly, the students said peace was their dream. Se we decided that peace would be central in our squares, then each student designed a small square that represented a related hope (but not exactly like anyone else's square / hope). Students collaborated within their class and among students in other buildings. We finished our unit discussing the fact that dreams demand action and brainstormed what we could do to accomplish these dreams. The finale was viewing "The Lost Generation" on U-Tube. Students were really moved by it.
*Two local papers wrote news articles about the project!!!!
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★What IS THE INTERNATIONAL FIBER COLLABORATIVE?
As the leading voice for collaborative public art projects around the world, the International Fiber Collaborative is dedicated to promoting understanding and appreciation of contemporary art & craft through educational experiences. We are committed to developing vital education programs that elevate, expand, modernize and enhance the image of collaboration and education today.
★WHAT IS THE DREAM ROCKET PROJECT?
The Dream Rocket Team is collecting nearly 8,000 artworks from participants around the globe. The artwork will be assembled together to create a massive cover in which will wrap a 37 story Saturn V Moon Rocket at the U.S. Space & Rocket Center in Huntsville, Alabama. We will also be displaying submitted artwork in dozens of national venues prior to the wrapping of the Saturn V. Additionally, we are posting images of submitted artwork & their stories on our Website, Flickr, and Facebook.The Dream Rocket project uses the Saturn V Moon Rocket as a symbolism of universal values of the human spirit. Optimism, hope,
caring for our natural resources, scientific exploration, and harnessing technological advancements for a better quality of life while safeguarding our communities, are all common desires across national and international boundaries. Participants are able to express and learn about these values through this creative collaboration. With the completion of each artwork, participants are asked to write an essay explaining their artwork, and the dream theme in which they chose.
★How can I Participate & Have my Artwork Displayed?
The Dream Rocket project would like to challenge you to ‘Dare to Dream’. To dream about your future and the future of our world through dream themes such as health, community, conservation, science, technology, space, peace, and so on. We would like you to use your selected Dream Theme to express, explore, and create your vision on your section of the wrap. We hope that you are able to express and learn through this creative collaboration. With the completion of each artwork, you are asked to write a brief essay explaining your artwork, and the dream theme in which you chose.
“The Saturn V is the ideal icon to represent a big dream. This rocket was designed and built as a collaboration of nearly half-a-million people and allowed our human species to venture beyond our world and stand on ANOTHER - SURELY one of the biggest dreams of all time. ENABLING THE DREAMS of young people to touch this mighty rocket sends a powerful message in conjunction with creating an educational curriculum to engage students to embrace the power of learning through many important subjects”
-Neil deGrasse Tyson, Director of the Hayden Planetarium, New York
★I VALUE THE ARTS!!!!
The International Fiber Collaborative is able to share the power of a collaboration and art, thanks to the support of generous individual donors. We welcome any amount of donations and remember the International Fiber Collaborative is exempt under Section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code, making this gift tax deductible.
Donate Today at: www.thedreamrocket.com/support-the-dream-rocket
See our Online Flickr Photo Album at: www.flickr.com/photos/thedreamrocket/
★★★SIGN UP AT WWW.THEDREAMROCKET.COM
This beautiful event is dedicated to Lord Shiva. Together with Sri Swami Vishwananda and devotees from around the world we celebrated the whole Shivaratri Night through.
It took place at Bhakti Marga's main Ashram Shree Peetha Nilaya in Heidenrod-Springen (close to Frankfurt).
Find out more visit:
Fan Randy Price, from Kerens, TX. had fun with a razor and face paint, shaving his head, then painting the "T" team logo as the Texas Rangers played the Cleveland Indians in their Major League Baseball season opener at The Ballpark in 2009. (Copyright Fort Worth Star-Telegram/Paul Moseley) May not be downloaded, copied or reproduced for any reason. Check out a great newspaper at www.star-telegram.com/
Dedicated to my future wife! <3
Wait for me my beloved wife
You are the flower of my life
Blossom my dearest of all
I'll surround you as a whole
Let me smell your scent and dream
Of us in a world .. almost surreal
Give me your hand and close your eyes
Puts the ring in her finger .. she cries
btw sorry for not writing a good enough poem, i made it in 5/10min :P lol
Photo: I wanted to see how the pic will turn out if i played with the colour temperature and this is what i came up with =D i have also increased the shadow a bit ^_^
UAE Photography Club, Sharjah
Copyright 2008 - Abdulla (ThE~uNiQuE)
This was taken in Crete, Greece, a small chapel built inside the Milatos Cave. The chapel is called Saint Thomas Chapel, built in 1935 a chapel dedicated to Apostle Thomas, which celebrates on St. Thomas Sunday. On the same day, a local fest is celebrated and deads are commemorated.
Cave of Milatos is well known for the tragedy that took place here in February 1823.
Read More www.cretanbeaches.com/Caves/Lassithi-Caves/milatos-cave/
Dedicated to my beautiful wife Donna - the love of my life - celebrating our 39th wedding anniversary.
Please don't use this image on websites, blogs or other media without my explicit permission. © All rights reserved.
Underground Industries is proud to team up with some new and very talented artists to bring you UNDERGROUND SOUND!
This night will give you a mouthful of awesomesauce & a dancefloor of energy!
BENNY VENOM (California)
Electro | Dubstep | Trap | Moombahton
Benny Venom has been spinning the hardest tracks EDM has had to offer for the past 5 years. He is well known in his hometown for his high energy performances, dirty tracks, and superb mixing ability. Hailing from northern California, he has performed in cities all around his hometown and the bay area including San Francisco, Berkeley, San Jose, Santa Cruz, and Oakland. Though he enjoys spinning tech house and trance, he has earned his name through consistently dropping the freshest in electro, dubstep, and trap for the underground rave scene.
www.facebook.com/pages/Benny-Venom/309715166662
DIGITAL MIZCHIEF (Virginia) BoP Promo
Psytrance
(B.A.R.S., DMSS, LOB, Bop, Skitz.)
DIGITAL MIZCHIEF (Robert Delano) has been a underground staple for the last decade or better. With hundreds of gigs under his belt, he is a master showman, recording engineer, producer, and talented DJ, his sets come strong with a agressive, nothing held back, insane style.
Flavors to a tasty set can include Psycotic Psy to Screaming Americian Hardstylz, Filthy Electro to Disco, and everything inbetween.
Robert is also owner and chief recording engineer of Blue Aura Recording Studio, and owner of DIGITAL MIZCHIEF Stage Systems.
CHARLIE BROWN SUPERSTAR
Charlie Brown Superstar (aka Brett Fuller) has been spinning records in Huntington's most popular nightclubs since
1994, covering a wide range of musical genres. He currently holds residency at the V Club, where he DJ's the area's most popular and longest-running dance night, New Moon on Mondays, mixing the best new wave, rock and pop that the 80's had to offer. He has had the honor of performing with such nationally recognized recording artists as Arrested Development and Electric Six.
Charlie Brown Superstar is also one of the first House music dj's in the area and was the resident at the legendary local venue Gyrationz (the first club to feature an all EDM format) He is known for his marathon sets of Deep House and Electro.
In addition, Charlie Brown Superstar is an LBA Records recording artist and has been composing original electronic music since 1999. He did sampling for and toured with the popular local rock band, Chum, during the mid-90's and is currently a member of the critically acclaimed drone/doom metal band, Hyatari. His influences include everything from Mercury Rev, Gary Numan, Curtis Mayfield, H.G. Lewis, robots and even B-movies.
www.facebook.com/charliebrownsuperstar
soundcloud.com/#charlie-brown-supersta
WE ENCOURAGE PEACE, LOVE, UNITY & RESPECT! PLEASE BRING THE ATTITUDE WITH YOU! ♥
LED'S ENCOURAGED!
Photo/Video by Tophu Photo. www.facebook.com/TophuPhoto?fref=ts
Brought to you by the always dedicated Underground Industries. www.facebook.com/undergroundind
.... two flickr stalwarts honing their skills with a bit of practice fodder in the shape of 66003, with a Ketton to Toton light engine move at Ratcliffe on Trent. Silson RR and Richie B, Wednesday 17.7.13
The H. P. Lovecraft Memorial Plaque was unveiled on 19-August-1990 by The Friends of H. P. Lovecraft; and officially dedicated on 20-August-1990 by The City of Providence, Brown University, and The Friends of H. P. Lovecraft.
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Marc A. Michaud, founder and publisher of The Necronomicon Press.
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The Friends of H. P. Lovecraft, the brainchild of Jon B. Cooke, really took off in earnest on May 11, 1990, when Cooke teamed up with S. T. Joshi and Will Murray to broadcast an appeal for funds for the H. P. Lovecraft Memorial Plaque to be dedicated to the Providence fantasy writer on the grounds of Brown University's John Hay Library on the centennial of Lovecraft's birth on Monday, August 20, 1990. The full story of how this all came about can be read in the 1990 Necronomicon Press booklet, "The H. P. Lovecraft Memorial Plaque" by "The Friends of H. P. Lovecraft".
Photo taken by Will Hart on 20-August-1990.
See and hear more Lovecraftian Items at the sister sites to these Flickr collections at:
and
Mayadevi Temple also called Chhayadevi Temple is located in the Konark temple complex. This temple is dedicated to Godess Chayadevi, believed to have been on The temple facing east, consists of a sanctum (deul) and a porch (Jagamohana) standing over a raised platform, façade of which is relieved with ornamentation. The superstructures of the sanctum and porch are missing. The interior of the porch is notable for their sculptural treatment while the sanctum is devoid of any deity. Stylistically, the temple is assignable to circa late eleventh century AD.
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Konark Sun Temple ([koɳarəkə]; also Konârak) is a 13th-century Sun Temple at Konark in Odisha, India. It is believed that the temple was built by king Narasimhadeva I of Eastern Ganga Dynasty around 1250 CE. The temple is in the shape of a gigantic chariot elaborately carved stone wheels, pillars and walls. A major part of the structure is now in ruins. The temple is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and has also featured on various list of Seven Wonders of India.
ETYMOLOGY
The name Konark derives from the combination of the Sanskrit words, Kona (corner) and Arka (sun), in reference to the temple which was dedicated to the Sun god Surya.
The monument was also called the Black Pagoda by European sailors. In contrast, the Jagannath Temple in Puri was called the White Pagoda. Both temples served as important landmarks for the sailors.
ACHITECTURE
The temple was originally built at the mouth of the river Chandrabhaga, but the waterline has receded since then. The temple has been built in the form of a giant ornamented chariot of the Sun god, Surya. It has twelve pairs of elaborately carved stone wheels which are 3 meters wide and is pulled by a set of seven horses (4 on the right and 3 on the left). The temple follows the traditional style of Kalinga architecture. It is carefully oriented towards the east so that the first rays of sunrise strikes the principal entrance. The temple is built from Khondalite rocks.
The original temple had a main sanctum sanctorum (vimana), which was supposedly 70 m tall. Due to the weight of the super structure and weak soil of the area the main vimana fell in 1837. The audience hall (Jagamohana), which is about 30 m tall, still stands and is the principal structure in the surviving ruins. Among the structures, which have survived to the current day, are the dance hall (Nata mandira) and dining hall (Bhoga mandapa).
The Konark temple is also known for its erotic sculptures of maithunas.
Two smaller ruined temples have been discovered nearby. One of them is called the Mayadevi Temple and is located southwest from the entrance of the main temple. It is presumed to have been dedicated to Mayadevi, one of the Sun god's wives. It has been dated to the late 11th century, earlier than the main temple. The other one belongs to some unknown Vaishnava deity. Sculptures of Balarama, Varaha and Trivikrama have been found at the site, indicating it to be a Vaishnavite temple. Both temples have their primary idols missing.
A collection of fallen sculptures can be viewed at the Konark Archaeological Museum which is maintained by the Archaeological Survey of India.
HISTORY
ANCIENT TEXTS
According to Bhavishya Purana and Samba Purana, there may have been a sun temple in the region earlier than current one, dating to the 9th century or earlier. The books mention three sun temples at Mundira (possibly Konark), Kalapriya (Mathura), and Multan.
According to the scriptures, Samba, the son of Krishna, was cursed with leprosy. He was advised by the sage, Kataka, to worship the sun god to cure his aliment. Samba underwent penance for 12 years in Mitravana near the shores of Chandrabhaga. Both the original Konark temple and the Multan temple have been attributed to Samba.
The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea (1st Century CE) mentions a port called Kainapara, which has been identified as current day Konark.
SUN DIAL AND TIME
The wheels of the temple are sundials which can be used to calculate time accurately to a minute including day and night.
SECOND TEMPLE
According to the Madala Panji, there was another temple in the region. It was built by one Pundara Kesari. He may have been Puranjaya, the 7th century ruler, of the Somavasmi Dynasty.
NARASIMHADEVA I
The current temple is attributed to Narasimhadeva I of the Eastern Ganga Dynasty. His reign spanned from 1238 to 1264 CE. The temple may have been a monument to his victory against Tughral Tughan Khan.
DHARMAPADA´S TALE
According to local folklore, Narasimhadeva I had hired a chief architect called Bisu Maharana to build the temple. After a period of twelve years, a workforce of twelve thousand almost finished the construction. But, they failed to mount the crown stone. The impatient king ordered the temple to be finished in three days or the artisans be put to death. At the time, Bisu Maharana's twelve-year-old son, Dharmapada arrived at the site. Bisu Maharana had never seen his son, as he had left his village when his wife was still pregnant. Dharmapada successfully proposed a solution to mount the crown stone. But, the artisans were still apprehensive that the king will be displeased to learn that a boy succeeded where his best artisans failed. Dharmapada climbed onto the temple and leapt into the water to save his father and his co-workers.
COLLAPSE
There have been several proposed theories for the collapse of the main sanctum. The date of the collapse is also not certain.
The Kenduli copper plates of Narasimha IV (Saka 1305 or 1384 CE) states the temple to be in a perfect state.
In the 16th century Ain-i-Akbari, Abul Fazl also mentions Konark being in a proper state. The account also mentions the cost of construction being 12 years of revenue.
The cause of collapse is also placed on Kalapahad who invaded Odisha in 1568.
In 1627, the then Raja of Khurda had removed the sun idol from Konark and moved it to the Jagannath temple in Puri.
James Fergusson (1808–1886) had the opinion that marshy foundation had caused the collapse. But, the structure has shown no sign of sinking into its foundation. Fergusson, who visited the temple in 1837, recorded a corner of the main sanctum still standing. It also fell down in 1848 due to a strong gale.
According to Percy Brown (1872–1955), the temple was not properly completed and so it collapsed. This contradicts earlier recorded accounts of the temple being in a proper state.
In 1929, an analysis of a moss covered rock estimated the date of abandonment at around 1573.
Other proposed causes include lightning and earthquake.
ARUNA STAMBHA
In the last quarter of the 18th century, when worship had ceased in the temple, the Aruna stambha (Aruna pillar) was removed from the entrance of Konark temple and placed at the Singha-dwara (Lion's Gate) of the Jagannath temple in Puri by a Maratha Brahmachari called Goswain (or Goswami). The pillar is made of monolithic chlorite and is 10.26 m tall . It is dedicated to Aruna, the charioteer of the Sun god.
PRESERVATION EFFORTS
In 1803, requests were made for conservations by the East India Marine Board, but only removal of stones from the site was prohibited by the Governor General. As a result, a part of the main tower, which was still standing, collapsed in 1848.
The then Raja of Khurda removed some stones and sculptures to use in a temple he was building in Puri. A few gateways and some sculptures were destroyed in the process. In 1838, after the depredation of the Raja of Khurda, Asiatic Society of Bengal requested conservation, but the requests were denied and only preventative of human-caused damages were guaranteed. The Raja was forbidden to remove any more stones.
In 1859, Asiatic Society of Bengal proposed moving an architrave depicting the navagraha to the Indian Museum in Calcutta. The first attempt in 1867 was abandoned as the funds ran out.
In 1894, thirteen sculptures were moved to the Indian Museum.
In 1903 when a major excavation was attempted nearby, the then Lieutenant governor of Bengal, J. A. Baurdilon, ordered the temple to be sealed and filled with sand to prevent the collapse of the Jagamohana.
In 1906, casuarina and punnang trees were planted facing the sea to buffer the site against sand-laden winds.
In 1909, the Mayadevi temple was discovered while removing sand and debris.
The temple was granted World Heritage Site status by the UNESCO in 1984.
WIKIPEDIA
Meiji Shrine (明治神宮 Meiji Jingū?), located in Shibuya, Tokyo, is the Shinto shrine that is dedicated to the deified spirits of Emperor Meiji and his wife, Empress Shōken.[1] When Emperor Meiji died in 1912 and Empress Shōken in 1914, the Japanese people wished to pay their respects to the two influential Japanese figures. It was for this reason that Meiji Shrine was constructed and their souls enshrined on November 1, 1920.[2]
After the emperor's death in 1912, the Japanese Diet passed a resolution to commemorate his role in the Meiji Restoration. An iris garden in an area of Tokyo where Emperor Meiji and Empress Shōken had been known to visit was chosen as the building's location. Construction began in 1915, and the shrine was built in the traditional Nagarezukuri style and is made up primarily of Japanese cypress and copper. It was formally dedicated in 1920, completed in 1921, and its grounds officially finished by 1926.[3]
The original building was destroyed during the Tokyo air raids of World War II. The present iteration of the shrine was funded through a public fund raising effort and completed in October, 1958.[4]
Meiji Shrine was brought into the flow of current events with the 2009 visit of United States Secretary of State Hillary Clinton. After arriving in Tokyo on her first foreign trip representing the newly elected President Barack Obama, she made her way to this shrine in advance of meetings with Japan's leaders to show her "respect toward history and the culture of Japan." [5]
Meiji Shrine is located in a forest that covers an area of 700,000 square-meters (about 175 acres). This area is covered by an evergreen forest that consists of 120,000 trees of 365 different species, which were donated by people from all parts of Japan when the shrine was established. The forest is visited by many people both as a spiritual home of the people and as a recreation and relaxation area in the center of Tokyo.[2] The shrine itself is comprised of two major areas:
[edit]Naien
The Naien is the inner precinct, which is centered on the shrine buildings and includes a treasure museum that houses articles of the Emperor and Empress. The treasure museum is built in the Azekurazukuri style.
[edit]Gaien
The Gaien is the outer precinct, which includes the Meiji Memorial Picture Gallery that houses a collection of 80 large murals illustrative of the events in the lives of the Emperor and his consort. It also includes a variety of sports facilities, including the National Stadium, and is seen as the center of Japanese sports. It also includes the Meiji Memorial Hall, which was originally used for governmental meetings, including discussions surrounding the drafting of the Meiji Constitution in the late 19th century. Today it is used for Shinto weddings.
As the New Flyer XDE60 lays over for MUNI, a TEMSA bus for Netflix runs a San Francisco Van Ness commute route. This bus route is a "private" route of sorts for Netflix employees to park their cars and ride a dedicated bus to work daily.
©FranksRails Photography, LLC.
Dedicated to all the children, teachers and administrators who are back to school today - Have a wonderful day! Thanks for your visit:)
Kanapaha Botanical Gardens, Gainesville, Florida, USA.
After the Museum of Natural History, we drove to the nearby Kanapaha Botanical Garden, also in Gainesville.
This standing portrait of John Singleton Copley, designed by sculptor Lewis Cohen, was dedicated in Copley Square, on October 23, 2002. John Singleton Copley (1738-1815), a Boston native, was he foremost artist in colonial America. Virtually self-taught as a portraitist, he created powerful characterizations of his famous Boston sitters. After he emigrated to London in 1774, Copley began to specialize in narrative scenes from history and joined the influential artistic institution, the Royal Academy of Art.
Copley Square, a Victorian Square bounded by Boylston Street, Clarendon Street, St. James Street and Darmouth Street, was created following the 1858 filling of most of the Back Bay Fens. Named after John Singleton Copley, it is the only square in the country named after an artist. The founding buildings of MIT were located int he notheast corner of the square until the institution moved to a new campus in Cambridge in 1916. Huntington Avenue diagonally bisected the square until it was terminated at the corner of Dartmouth and St. James as part of a 1966 site plan, designed by Sasaki, Dawson & DeMay. The park was redesigned in 1989, and rededicated in 1991. Today, Copley Square has come to informally represent a larger area extending approximately two blocks east and west along Boylston, Huntington and St. James.
DEDICATED TO MRS. HAMIM
This Photo is dedicated to dolly, Wife of Our Flickr friend
www.flickr.com/photos/hamim-chowdhury/
Prayers of healing and peace.......
Purple combines the calm stability of blue and the fierce energy of red. The color purple is often associated with royalty, nobility, luxury, power, and ambition. Purple also represents meanings of wealth, extravagance, creativity, wisdom, dignity, grandeur, devotion, peace, pride, mystery, independence, and magic.
574. Dedicated to Captain Glossop and crew. Moreover, in 1928, HMAS SYDNEY [I] starred in a silent film about herself, with the famous Ken. G. Hall as co-director, and producer.
Naval historian Lew Lind refers to the title as 'The SYDNEY-EMDEN Battle' in his book 'The Royal Australian Navy; Historic Naval Events Year By Year.'
After a search, we think he is referring to the Australian adaption of a 1926 German film called 'The Exploits of the EMDEN ' [Unsere Emden]. Australian footage was added for the 1928 Australian version, shot in Jervis Bay.
Here's the National Film and Sound Archive entry on it:
Title No: 6979
Title: THE EXPLOITS OF THE EMDEN
Production Date: 1928
Release Date: 21 September 1928
Produced as: Feature Films
Category: Silent film
Media: Film
Summary: The film is a combination of documentary and dramatised incidents relating to the SYDNEY-EMDEN naval battle: "Dedicated to the heroes - both German and British - who fought that memorable engagement off Cocos Island on the morning of Monday November 9th 1914". General notes: Originally a 9000 foot German film, 'Unsere Emden' [1926], additional footage was shot by Ken Hall which retells the Australian involvement with the action of HMAS SYDNEY. Made on location at Jervis Bay, New South Wales, with the cooperation of the Australian Naval Board and the crew of the SYDNEY, Hall and his cameramen exposed 6000 feet of film in a week. Intertitles in the surviving reels read of the "Grand picnic" that turns into "greatest tragedy" whilst showing authentic enlistment and naval parades. The typical Hall touch of broad humour, common in his features of the 1930s, involved a sailor concerned with collecting his debts from shipmates on the eve of battle. The film was heavily promoted and did well from its release on the 21st September 1928 at the Prince Edward Theatre, Sydney. Originally 10 000 feet, surviving the first two reels, 2121 feet of 35mm (32 mins @ 18fps). Some nitrate damage is visible. Access copies: 16mm.
Country of Origin: Australia
Subjects: Australia. Royal Australian Navy; EMDEN (Battle cruiser); World War, 1914-1918
Credits
Cast: Australia. Royal Australian Navy
Cinematographer/Director of photography: Claud C. Carter
Ray Vaughan
Director: Louis Ralph
Ken G. Hall
Producer: Ken G. Hall
Production company: First National Pictures
Photo: National Library olf Australia,. music archive: No. an6837200-s1-v
*Advertisement ref. Port Augusta Dispatch 23-5-1882.
St Gabriel’s, the former Roman Catholic Church at Cradock in the Flinders Ranges.
The building bears a sign “St Cecilia” as a consequence of murder mystery evenings held there.
The church was designed by Thomas Burgoyne of Port Augusta, who was an architect, the first editor of The Dispatch, one-time Mayor of Port Augusta and member of the South Australian Parliament.
Tenders for the erection of a Catholic Church at Cradock appeared in the Port Augusta Dispatch on 23 May 1882.
Building commenced with the foundation stone being laid by the Right Reverend Dr Reynolds, Roman Catholic Bishop of Adelaide, on 12 March 1882. He arrived at Cradock from Wilson on 11 March, accompanied by Father Nevin, and followed by a number of people in vehicles and horsemen.
The day was most disagreeable, the wind blowing a hurricane and dense clouds of dust rendering it at time impossible to see the procession.
On his arrived in the township, although covered with dust and fatigued, the Bishop met the congregation.
The following morning the Bishop celebrated mass in Peter Connor’s new general store: after which a procession was formed and proceeded to the church site. Bishop Reynolds laid the foundation stone and preached an eloquent sermon. £80 was collected, and £6 in promises, which was very good considering the bad seasons.
St Gabriel's was opened on 30 September 1883.
There had been a delay in the building of this Gothic style church because the contractor went into liquidation when the walls reached only approximately six feet in height. As a consequence, it was not until 1914 before the finishing touches were completed.
Bishop Reynolds returned to Cradock and dedicated the church on 12 July 1885. He also administered confirmation to 50 young people.
The finishing touches included the building of the sanctuary and vestry: the new vestry replacing an earlier wooden one. Cost £260.
The opening of the new work occurred on 23 March 1914 the day after additions to Sts Philip and James Roman Catholic Church at Hawker were blessed and opened.
The work was blessed on 23 March 1914. Bishop Norton administered confirmation.
The former St Gabriel’s Roman Catholic Church at Cradock was added to the South Australian Heritage Register in 1982.
It is of architectural significance because of the high quality of the design and detailing and as a significant example of the work of Thomas Burgoyne.
It is a landmark in the township of Cradock.
Refs: Observer 18-2-1882, Advertiser 23-3-1882 and 14-3-1914, Christian Colonist 17-7-1885, State Heritage Register.
LEGOLAND Windsor a theme park dedicated to children aged 3-12 years old and of course big kid adults.
An inspirational land where the kids are the hero and adults relive their childhood.
The fun never stops and imagination knows no bounds, a family attraction like no other.
Set in 150 acres of beautiful parkland, LEGOLAND Windsor is a unique family theme park with over 55 interactive rides, live shows, building workshops, driving schools and attractions.
It's amazing what can be built with LEGO bricks - nearly 55 million of them!
From comical camels to fearsome fire-breathing dragons, world landmarks to musical pirates, young and old alike will be fascinated by the incredible LEGO models throughout the park.
Fun Facts about LEGOLAND Windsor
There are 34 LEGO pieces in an average Miniland figure.
The largest model in Miniland is the Canary Wharf Tower which is 5.2 metres tall and took 3 model makers 850 hours to complete using 200,000 LEGO Bricks!
The smallest models are the pigeons in Trafalgar Square which contain 5 LEGO bricks each
New in 2011 - Atlantis Submarine Voyage
Take a deep breath and submerge yourself in an underwater adventure.
Plunge into the depths with this world-first LEGO® submarine ride and immerse yourself in a magical underwater adventure.
So what’s New in 2012
STAR WARS MINILAND EXPERIENCE - The Force has arrived at LEGOLAND
Take a trip to a galaxy far, far away at the UK’s only indoor LEGO® Star Wars™ Miniland Experience at the LEGOLAND®Windsor Resort. Enjoy seven of the most famous scenes from the six live-action Star Wars movies, as well as a scene from the animated series Star Wars: The Clone Wars™ all made out of 1.5 million LEGO® bricks built in 1:20 scale. Follow the chronological path through the Star Wars timeline and retrace the major events of the beloved Saga featuring 2,000 LEGO® models, authentic sounds and lighting effects in the ultimate LEGO®Star Wars experience.
LEGOLAND WINDSOR RESORT HOTEL - Now open
An exciting LEGO adventure awaits you, as the amazing 150 room, fully themed LEGOLAND Hotel opens at LEGOLAND Windsor RESORT!
Staying overnight at the new LEGOLAND Windsor Resort Hotel is a must for all LEGO fans. From the spectacular dragon-guarded entrance and interactive LEGO features through to the brightly coloured pirate splash pool and fully themed bedrooms, the new hotel will inspire imaginations and create laugh-out loud memories. With dedicated indoor play areas, entertainment and a buffet-style restaurant serving child-friendly meals, it’s the perfect family treat.
Vishvanath Temple - dedicated to Lord Shiva, also called Vishwanath [master of the universe]. In the same premises, a temple dedicated to Nandi, holds a huge statue of Nandi [the Bull, the companion, attendant and closest aide of Lord Shiva].
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The Khajuraho Group of Monuments is a group of Hindu and Jain temples in Madhya Pradesh, India. About 175 kilometres southeast of Jhansi, they are one of the UNESCO World Heritage Sites in India. The temples are famous for their nagara-style architectural symbolism and their erotic sculptures.
Most Khajuraho temples were built between 950 and 1050 CE by the Chandela dynasty. Historical records note that Khajuraho temple site had 85 temples by 12th century, spread over 20 square kilometers. Of these, only about 20 temples have survived, spread over 6 square kilometers. Of the various surviving temples, the Kandariya temple is decorated with a profusion of sculptures with intricate details, symbolism and expressiveness of ancient Indian art.
The Khajuraho group of temples were built together but were dedicated to two religions namely Hinduism and Jainism - suggesting a tradition of acceptance and respect for diverse religious views among Hindus and Jains.
LOCATION
Khajuraho group of monuments are located in the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh, in Chhatarpur District, about 620 kilometres southeast of New Delhi. The temples are in a small town also known as Khajuraho, with a population of about 20,000 people (2001 Census).
Khajuraho is served by Khajuraho Airport (IATA Code: HJR), with services to Delhi, Agra and Mumbai. The site is also linked by Indian Railways service, with the railway station approximately six kilometer from the monuments entrance.
The monuments are about 10 kilometres off the east-west National Highway 75, and about 50 kilometres from the city of Chhatarpur, that is connected to Bhopal - the state capital - by the SW-NE running National Highway 86.
HISTORY
The Khajuraho group of monuments were built during the rule of Rajput Chandela dynasty. The building activity started almost immediately after the rise of their power, throughout their kingdom to be later known as Bundelkhand. Most temples were built during the reigns of the Hindu kings Yashovarman and Dhanga. Yashovarman's legacy is best exhibited by Lakshmana temple. Vishvanatha temple best highlights King Dhanga's reign.:22 The largest and currently most famous surviving temple is Kandariya Mahadeva built in the reign of King Ganda from 1017-1029 CE. The temple inscriptions suggest many of the currently surviving temples were complete between 970 to 1030 CE, with few more temples completed in decades thereafter.
The Khajuraho temples were built about 35 miles from the medieval city of Mahoba, the capital of Chandela dynasty, in Kalinjar region. In ancient and medieval literature, their kingdom has been called Jijhoti, Jejahoti, Chih-chi-to and Jejakabhukti.
Khajuraho were mentioned by Abu Rihan-al-Biruni, the Persian historian who accompanied Mahmud of Ghazni in his raid of Kalinjar in 1022 CE; he mentions Khajuraho as the capital of Jajahuti. The raid was unsuccessful, and a peace accord was reached when the Hindu king agreed to pay a ransom to Mahmud of Ghazni to end the attack and leave.
Khajuraho temples were in active use through the end of 12th century. This changed in the 13th century, after the army of Delhi Sultanate, under the command of the Muslim Sultan Qutb-ud-din Aibak, attacked and seized the Chandela kingdom. About a century later, Ibn Battuta, the Moroccan traveller in his memoirs about his stay in India from 1335 to 1342 CE, mentioned visiting Khajuraho temples, calling them “Kajarra” as follows:
...near (Khajuraho) temples, which contain idols that have been mutilated by the Moslems, live a number of yogis whose matted locks have grown as long as their bodies. And on account of extreme asceticism they are all yellow in colour. Many Moslems attend these men in order to take lessons (yoga) from them.
— Ibn Battuta, about 1335 CE, Riḥlat Ibn Baṭūṭah, Translated by Arthur Cotterell
Central Indian region, where Khajuraho temples are, remained in the control of many different Muslim dynasties from 13th century through the 18th century. In this period, some temples were desecrated, followed by a long period when they were left in neglect. In 1495 CE, for example, Sikandar Lodi’s campaign of temple destruction included Khajuraho. The remoteness and isolation of Khajuraho protected the Hindu and Jain temples from continued destruction by Muslims. Over the centuries, vegetation and forests overgrew, took over the temples.
In the 1830s, local Hindus guided a British surveyor, T.S. Burt, to the temples and they were thus rediscovered by the global audience. Alexander Cunningham later reported, few years after the rediscovery, that the temples were secretly in use by yogis and thousands of Hindus would arrive for pilgrimage during Shivaratri celebrated annually in February or March based on a lunar calendar. In 1852, Maisey prepared earliest drawings of the Khajuraho temples.
NOMENCLATURE
The name Khajuraho, or Kharjuravāhaka, is derived from ancient Sanskrit (kharjura, खर्जूर means date palm, and vāhaka, वाहक means "one who carries" or bearer). Local legends state that the temples had two golden date-palm trees as their gate (missing when they were rediscovered). Desai states that Kharjuravāhaka also means scorpion bearer, which is another symbolic name for deity Shiva (who wears snakes and scorpion garlands in his fierce form).
Cunningham’s nomenclature and systematic documentation work in 1850s and 1860s have been widely adopted and continue to be in use. He grouped the temples into the Western group around Lakshmana, Eastern group around Javeri, and Southern group around Duladeva.
Khajuraho is one of the four holy sites linked to deity Shiva (the other three are Kedarnath, Kashi and Gaya). Its origin and design is a subject of scholarly studies. Shobita Punja has proposed that the temple’s origin reflect the Hindu mythology in which Khajuraho is the place where Shiva got married; with Raghuvamsha verse 5.53, Matangeshvara honoring ‘’Matanga’’, or god of love.
DESCRIPTION
The temple site is within Vindhya mountain range in central India. An ancient local legend held that Hindu deity Shiva and other gods enjoyed visiting the dramatic hill formation in Kalinjar area. The center of this region is Khajuraho, set midst local hills and rivers. The temple complex reflects the ancient Hindu tradition of building temples where gods love to play.
The temples are clustered near water, another typical feature of Hindu temples. The current water bodies include Sib Sagar, Khajur Sagar (also called Ninora Tal) and Khudar Nadi (river). The local legends state that the temple complex had 64 water bodies, of which 56 have been physically identified by archeologists so far.
All temples, except one (Chaturbhuja) face sunrise - another symbolic feature that is predominant in Hindu temples. The relative layout of temples integrate masculine and feminine deities and symbols highlight the interdependence. The art work symbolically highlight the four goals of life considered necessary and proper in Hinduism - dharma, kama, artha and moksha.
Of the surviving temples, 6 are dedicated to Shiva and his consorts, 8 to Vishnu and his affinities, 1 to Ganesha, 1 to Sun god, 3 to Jain Tirthanks. For some ruins, there is insufficient evidence to assign the temple to specific deities with confidence.
An overall examination of site suggests that the Hindu symbolic mandala design principle of square and circles is present each temple plan and design. Further, the territory is laid out in three triangles that converge to form a pentagon. Scholars suggest that this reflects the Hindu symbolism for three realms or trilokinatha, and five cosmic substances or panchbhuteshvara. The temple site highlights Shiva, the one who destroys and recycles life, thereby controlling the cosmic dance of time, evolution and dissolution.
The temples have a rich display of intricately carved statues. While they are famous for their erotic sculpture, sexual themes cover less than 10% of the temple sculpture. Further, most erotic scene panels are neither prominent nor emphasized at the expense of the rest, rather they are in proportional balance with the non-sexual images. The viewer has to look closely to find them, or be directed by a guide. The arts cover numerous aspects of human life and values considered important in Hindu pantheon. Further, the images are arranged in a configuration to express central ideas of Hinduism. All three ideas from Āgamas are richly expressed in Khajuraho temples - Avyakta, Vyaktavyakta and Vyakta.
The Beejamandal temple is under excavation. It has been identified with the Vaidyanath temple mentioned in the Grahpati Kokalla inscription.
Of all temples, the Matangeshvara temple remains an active site of worship. It is another square grid temple, with a large 2.5 metres high and 1.1 metres diameter lingam, placed on a 7.6 metres diameter platform.
The most visited temple, Kandariya Mahadev, has an area of about 6,500 square feet and a shikhara (spire) that rise
s 116 feet.
Jain templesThe Jain temples are located on east-southeast region of Khajuraho monuments. Chausath jogini temple features 64 jogini, while Ghantai temple features bells sculptured on its pillars.
ARCHITECTURE OF THE TEMPLES
Khajuraho temples, like almost all Hindu temple designs, follow a grid geometrical design called vastu-purusha-mandala. This design plan has three important components - Mandala means circle, Purusha is universal essence at the core of Hindu tradition, while Vastu means the dwelling structure.
The design lays out a Hindu temple in a symmetrical, concentrically layered, self-repeating structure around the core of the temple called garbhagriya, where the abstract principle Purusha and the primary deity of the temple dwell. The shikhara, or spire, of the temple rises above the garbhagriya. This symmetry and structure in design is derived from central beliefs, myths, cardinality and mathematical principles.
The circle of mandala circumscribe the square. The square is considered divine for its perfection and as a symbolic product of knowledge and human thought, while circle is considered earthly, human and observed in everyday life (moon, sun, horizon, water drop, rainbow). Each supports the other. The square is divided into perfect 64 sub-squares called padas.
Most Khajuraho temples deploy the 8x8 padas grid Manduka Vastupurushamandala, with pitha mandala the square grid incorporated in the design of the spires. The primary deity or lingas are located in the grid’s Brahma padas.The architecture is symbolic and reflects the central Hindu beliefs through its form, structure and arrangement of its parts. The mandapas as well as the arts are arranged in the Khajuraho temples in a symmetric repeating patterns, even though each image or sculpture is distinctive in its own way. The relative placement of the images are not random but together they express ideas, just like connected words form sentences and paragraphs to compose ideas. This fractal pattern that is common in Hindu temples. Various statues and panels have inscriptions. Many of the inscriptions on the temple walls are poems with double meanings, something that the complex structure of Sanskrit allows in creative compositions. All Khajuraho temples, except one, face sunrise, and the entrance for the devotee is this east side.
Above the vastu-purusha-mandala of each temple is a superstructure with a dome called Shikhara (or Vimana, Spire). Variations in spire design come from variation in degrees turned for the squares. The temple Shikhara, in some literature, is linked to mount Kailash or Meru, the mythical abode of the gods.
In each temple, the central space typically is surrounded by an ambulatory for the pilgrim to walk around and ritually circumambulate the Purusa and the main deity. The pillars, walls and ceilings around the space, as well as outside have highly ornate carvings or images of the four just and necessary pursuits of life - kama, artha, dharma and moksa. This clockwise walk around is called pradakshina.
Larger Khajuraho temples also have pillared halls called mandapa. One near the entrance, on the east side, serves as the waiting room for pilgrims and devotees. The mandapas are also arranged by principles of symmetry, grids and mathematical precision. This use of same underlying architectural principle is common in Hindu temples found all over India. Each Khajuraho temple is distinctly carved yet also repeating the central common principles in almost all Hindu temples, one which Susan Lewandowski refers to as “an organism of repeating cells”.
CONSTRUCTION
The temples are grouped into three geographical divisions: western, eastern and southern.
The Khajuraho temples are made of sandstone, with a granite foundation that is almost concealed from view. The builders didn't use mortar: the stones were put together with mortise and tenon joints and they were held in place by gravity. This form of construction requires very precise joints. The columns and architraves were built with megaliths that weighed up to 20 tons. Some repair work in the 19th Century was done with brick and mortar; however these have aged faster than original materials and darkened with time, thereby seeming out of place.
The Khajuraho and Kalinjar region is home to superior quality of sandstone, which can be precision carved. The surviving sculpture reflect fine details such as strands of hair, manicured nails and intricate jewelry.
While recording the television show Lost Worlds (History Channel) at Khajuraho, Alex Evans recreated a stone sculpture under 4 feet that took about 60 days to carve in an attempt to develop a rough idea how much work must have been involved. Roger Hopkins and Mark Lehner also conducted experiments to quarry limestone which took 12 quarrymen 22 days to quarry about 400 tons of stone. They concluded that these temples would have required hundreds of highly trained sculptors.
CHRONOLOGY
The Khajuraho group of temples belong to Vaishnavism school of Hinduism, Saivism school of Hinduism and Jainism - nearly a third each. Archaeological studies suggest all three types of temples were under construction at about the same time in late 10th century, and in use simultaneously. Will Durant states that this aspect of Khajuraho temples illustrates the tolerance and respect for different religious viewpoints in the Hindu and Jain traditions. In each group of Khajuraho temples, there were major temples surrounded by smaller temples - a grid style that is observed to varying degrees in Hindu temples in Angkor Wat, Parambaran and South India.
The largest surviving Saiva temple is Khandarya Mahadeva, while the largest surviving Vaishnava group includes Chaturbhuja and Ramachandra.
Kandarya Mahadeva temple plan is 109 ft in length by 60 ft, and rises 116 ft above ground and 88 ft above its own floor. The central padas are surrounded by three rows of sculptured figures, with over 870 statues, most being half life size (2.5 to 3 feet). The spire is a self repeating fractal structure.
TEMPLE NAME - DEITY - YEAR COMPLETED
Chausath Yogini - Devi, 64 Yoginis - 885
Brahma - Vishnu - 925
Lalgun Mahadev - Shiva - 900
Matangeshwar - Shiva - 1000
Varaha - Vishnu - 950
Lakshmana - Vaikuntha Vishnu - 939
Parshvanath - Parshvanath - 954
Visvanatha - Shiva - 999
Devi Jagadambi - Devi, Parvati - 1023
Chitragupta - Sun, Chitragupta - 1023
Kandariya Mahadeva - Shiva - 1029
Vamana - Vamana - 1062
Adinath Jain Temple - Rishabha - 1027
Javeri - Vishnu - 1090
Chaturbhuja - Vishnu - 1110
Duladeo (Duladeva) - Shiva - 1125
Ghantai - Jain Tirthankara - 960
Vishnu-Garuda - Vishnu - 1000
Ganesha - Shiva - 1000
Hanuman - Hanuman - 922
Mahishasuramardini - Devi - 995
ARTS AND SCULPTURE
The Khajuraho temples feature a variety of art work, of which 10% is sexual or erotic art outside and inside the temples. Some of the temples that have two layers of walls have small erotic carvings on the outside of the inner wall. Some scholars suggest these to be tantric sexual practices. Other scholars state that the erotic arts are part of Hindu tradition of treating kama as an essential and proper part of human life, and its symbolic or explicit display is common in Hindu temples. James McConnachie, in his history of the Kamasutra, describes the sexual-themed Khajuraho sculptures as "the apogee of erotic art":
"Twisting, broad-hipped and high breasted nymphs display their generously contoured and bejewelled bodies on exquisitely worked exterior wall panels. These fleshy apsaras run riot across the surface of the stone, putting on make-up, washing their hair, playing games, dancing, and endlessly knotting and unknotting their girdles . . Beside the heavenly nymphs are serried ranks of griffins, guardian deities and, most notoriously, extravagantly interlocked maithunas, or lovemaking couples."
The temples have several thousand statues and art works, with Kandarya Mahadeva temple alone decorated with over 870. Some 10% of these iconographic carvings contain sexual themes and various sexual poses. A common misconception is that, since the old structures with carvings in Khajuraho are temples, the carvings depict sex between deities; however the kama arts represent diverse sexual expressions of different human beings. The vast majority of arts depict various aspects the everyday life, mythical stories as well as symbolic display of various secular and spiritual values important in Hindu tradition. For example, depictions show women putting on makeup, musicians making music, potters, farmers, and other folks in their daily life during the medieval era. These scenes are in the outer padas as is typical in Hindu temples.
There is iconographic symbolism embedded in the arts displayed in Khajuraho temples. Core Hindu values are expressed in multitude of ways. Even the Kama scenes, when seen in combination of sculptures that precede and follow, depict the spiritual themes such as moksha. In the words of Stella Kramrisch,
This state which is “like a man and woman in close embrace” is a symbol of moksa, final release or reunion of two principles, the essence (Purusha) and the nature (Prakriti).
— Stella Kramrisch, 1976
The Khajuraho temples represent one expression of many forms of arts that flourished in Rajput kingdoms of India from 8th through 10th century CE. For example, contemporary with Khajuraho were the publications of poems and drama such as Prabodhacandrodaya, Karpuramanjari, Viddhasalabhanjika and Kavyamimansa. Some of the themes expressed in these literary works are carved as sculpture in Khajuraho temples. Some sculptures at the Khajuraho monuments dedicated to Vishnu include the Vyalas, which are hybrid imaginary animals with lions body, and are found in other Indian temples. Some of these hybrid mythical art work include Vrik Vyala (hybrid of wolf and lion) and Gaja Vyala (hybrid of elephant and lion). These Vyalas may represent syncretic, creative combination of powers innate in the two.
TOURISM AND CULTURAL EVENTS
The temples in Khajuraho are broadly divided into three parts : the Eastern group, the Southern Group and the Western group of temples of which the Western group alone has the facility of an Audio guided tour wherein the tourists are guided through the seven eight temples. There is also an audio guided tour developed by the Archaeological Survey of India which includes a narration of the temple history and architecture.
The Khajuraho Dance Festival is held every year in February. It features various classical Indian dances set against the backdrop of the Chitragupta or Vishwanath Temples.
The Khajuraho temple complex offers a light and sound show every evening. The first show is in English language and the second one in Hindi. It is held in the open lawns in the temple complex, and has received mixed reviews.
The Madhya Pradesh Tourism Development has set up kiosks at the Khajuraho railway station, with tourist officers to provide information for Khajuraho visitors.
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