Data Cline (資訊生態系)
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I make this image public for getting an impression of the AVIF format (can be opened in the latest IrfanView, Chrome and Firefox): Link to AVIF in Google Drive
The AVIF image compression (in the HEIF container) is a very promising format as it provides good image quality in a very small package and is (in comparison to HEIC) free of any licenses. I hope Flickr as well as Google and Microsoft products will soon have full support for this innovation.
Besides the high compression efficiency the big advantage over JPEG is that a color depth per channel of 10 and even 12 bit is supported.
The uploaded JPEG is about 17MB in size, the AVIF 1.9MB.
This sample is generated using the avifenc.exe command line encoder for windows.
I used this parameters:
avifenc.exe --cicp 2/2/1 -r limited -y 420 -j 6 --min 30 --max 40 --minalpha 30 --maxalpha 40 in.png out.avif
The result is:
- 6 threads used (for my 6 CPU cores)
- to colorspace YUV420 (422 and 444 is not supported by the Windows AV1 extension)
- 12 bit per channel
When I saw this I wasn't sure what it was or what it represented as workers were finishing the installation. Since then I've learned that it represents data visualization it reflects the global impact of food production and consumption on the environment. Part of the "Around The Table" exhibit at the New York Botanical Garden. I still don't understand it but it's nice to look at.
Under the cover of night, Eurasian forces move through an industrial area of Pristina. The target: a LORO data centre believed to contain data drives taken in the arrest of multiple Eurasian ambassadors during a meeting in Copenhagen. While the Nordic oil fields had been of prior interest, the seized data contained developing information on large reserves hidden along the Northern coast of Libya.
Pas de FAV sans commentaire.
No FAV without comment
Le spectacle "Puy de Lumières" prend date à partir du 3 mai 2019 au Puy-en-Velay.
www.puydelumieres.fr/le-projet-puy-de-lumieres/
Tous les soirs un spectacle de projections et de lumières à la tombée de la nuit sur ses monuments emblématiques :
• La Cathédrale Notre-Dame du Puy
• Le Rocher Saint-Michel d'Aiguilhe
• Le Théâtre
• L'Hôtel de Ville
• La Chapelle Saint-Alexis dans la cour de l'Hôtel du déparement
• Le musée Crozatier
• La place du Plot
• La Médiathèque de Brives-Charensac
• Le Vieux-Pont sur la Loire à Brives-Charensac
Bonne journée à tous.
Merci pour vos visites et commentaires
en ---------------
The spectacle of "Puy-de-Lights" takes the date from may 3, 2019 at le Puy-en-Velay.
Every night a spectacle of projections and lights in the dark of the night on its iconic monuments :
• The Cathedral of Notre-Dame du Puy
• The Rocher Saint-Michel d Aiguilhe
• Theatre
• The Town hall
• The Chapel Saint Alexis in the courtyard of the Hotel du déparement
• The museum Crozatier
• the place of The Plot
• The Library of Brives-Charensac
• The Old Bridge over the Loire at Brives-Charensac
Good day to all.
Thank you for your visits and comments
de ---------------
Die show "Puy de Lichter" trägt das datum vom 3. mai 2019 in le Puy-en-Velay.
Jeden abend eine show von videoprojektionen und das licht der dunkelheit auf seinen sehenswürdigkeiten :
• Die Kathedrale Notre-Dame du Puy
• Der Rocher Saint-Michel d ' aiguilhe
• Theater -
• - Hotel Stadt
• Die Kapelle Saint-Alexis im hof des Hotel déparement
• Das museum Crozatier
• platz der Plot
• Der Mediathek von Brives-Charensac
• Die Alte Brücke über die Loire in Brives-Charensac
Guten tag an alle.
Danke für eure besuche und kommentare
es ---------------
El espectáculo de "Puy-de-las Luces" se lleva la fecha de 3 de mayo de 2019 en le Puy-en-Velay.
Cada noche un espectáculo de proyecciones y luces en la oscuridad de la noche en sus monumentos emblemáticos :
• La Catedral de Notre-Dame du Puy
• El Rocher de Saint-Michel d'Aiguilhe
• Teatro
• El ayuntamiento de
• La Capilla de Saint Alexis en el patio del Hotel du déparement
• El museo Crozatier
• el lugar de La Parcela
• La Biblioteca de Brives-Charensac
• El Viejo Puente sobre el Loira en Brives-Charensac
Buen día a todos.
Gracias por sus visitas y comentarios
nl ---------------
Het spektakel van de "Puy-de-Lichten" neemt de datum van 3 mei 2019 in le Puy-en-Velay.
Elke avond een spektakel van projecties en lichten in het donker van de nacht op haar iconische monumenten :
• De Kathedraal van Notre-Dame du Puy
• De Rocher Saint-Michel d ' Aiguilhe
• Theater -
• Het stadhuis
• De Kapel Saint Alexis op de binnenplaats van het Hotel du déparement
• Het museum Crozatier
• de plaats van De Plot
• De Bibliotheek van Brives-Charensac
• De Oude Brug over de rivier de Loire in Brives-Charensac
Goede dag allemaal.
Dank u voor uw bezoeken en opmerkingen
it ---------------
Lo spettacolo di "Puy-de-Luci" prende data dal 3 maggio 2019 a le Puy-en-Velay.
Ogni sera uno spettacolo di proiezioni e luci nel buio della notte i suoi monumenti simbolo :
• La Cattedrale di Notre-Dame du Puy
• Rocher Saint-Michel d'Aiguilhe
• Teatro
• Il municipio
• La Cappella di Saint-Alexis nel cortile dell'Hotel du déparement
• Il museo Crozatier
• il luogo della Trama
• La Biblioteca di Brives-Charensac
• Il Vecchio Ponte sulla Loira a Brives-Charensac
Buona giornata a tutte.
Grazie per le vostre visite e commenti
pt ---------------
O espetáculo de "Puy-de-Luzes" tem a data de 3 de maio de 2019, em le Puy-en-Velay.
A cada noite, um espetáculo de projeções e luzes, no escuro da noite, em seus monumentos :
• A Catedral de Notre-Dame du Puy
• O Rocher de Saint-Michel d'Aiguilhe
• Teatro
• A câmara municipal
• A Capela de Saint Alexis, no pátio do Hotel du déparement
• museu Crozatier
• o lugar da Trama
• A Biblioteca de Brives-Charensac
• A Velha Ponte sobre o rio Loire em Brives-Charensac
Bom dia a todos.
Obrigado por suas visitas e comentários de
Monitoring the data.worldbank.org/ launch from the hotel room. Ian Ward did most of the heavy lifting from his office in Ayacucho/Peru.
The Mata-Nui mainframe has been infected by the Makuta Virus. Engage Data Knight Kopaka to freeze the virus's operations and cool the overheated GPU.
My entry into Ron's What If...? contest. I decided to reimagine Kopaka as a sort of cybertech knight dude in a Tron-esque data scape. Originally this was going to be a very different character design, but I ended up splitting it into this and another MOC I'll be sharing in October since the two concepts didn't really merge well.
Photo Recipe:
580EX2 fired off camera using TTL cord, into water tank from camera left. Black paper and foam used as background, sides, and bottom.
This dramatic image of a 6 km diameter crater in the northern plains of Mars was captured by the CaSSIS camera on the ESA-Roscosmos ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter during local evening when half the crater was in shadow.
Intriguing features can be seen both inside and outside the crater. During an impact event vast volumes of material are flung out of the central cavity, which may create radiating patterns like the grooves seen here extending away from the crater.
Inside the crater, material slumps towards the centre, while more recently formed gullies are evident on walls and rim.
The crater is located at 134°12'13.0"W/43°14'59.7"N.
TGO arrived at Mars in 2016 and began its full science mission in 2018. The spacecraft is not only returning spectacular images, but also providing the best ever inventory of the planet’s atmospheric gases, and mapping the planet’s surface for water-rich locations. It will also provide data relay services for the second ExoMars mission comprising the Rosalind Franklin rover and Kazachok platform, when it arrives on Mars in 2023.
Credits: ESA/Roscosmos/CaSSIS, CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO
The area that was to become West Palm Beach was settled in the late 1870s and 1880s by a few hundred settlers who called the vicinity "Lake Worth Country." These settlers were a diverse community from different parts of the United States and the world. They included founding families such at the Potters and the Lainharts, who would go on to become leading members of the business community in the fledgling city. The first white settlers in Palm Beach County lived around Lake Worth, then an enclosed freshwater lake, named for Colonel William Jenkins Worth, who had fought in the Second Seminole War in Florida in 1842. Most settlers engaged in the growing of tropical fruits and vegetables for shipment the north via Lake Worth and the Indian River. By 1890, the U.S. Census counted over 200 people settled along Lake Worth in the vicinity of what would become West Palm Beach. The area at this time also boasted a hotel, the "Cocoanut House", a church, and a post office. The city was platted by Henry Flagler as a community to house the servants working in the two grand hotels on the neighboring island of Palm Beach, across Lake Worth in 1893, coinciding with the arrival of the Florida East Coast railroad. Flagler paid two area settlers, Captain Porter and Louie Hillhouse, a combined sum of $45,000 for the original town site, stretching from Clear Lake to Lake Worth.
On November 5, 1894, 78 people met at the "Calaboose" (the first jail and police station located at Clematis St. and Poinsettia, now Dixie Hwy.) and passed the motion to incorporate the Town of West Palm Beach in what was then Dade County (now Miami-Dade County). This made West Palm Beach the first incorporated municipality in Dade County and in South Florida. The town council quickly addressed the building codes and the tents and shanties were replaced by brick, brick veneer, and stone buildings. The city grew steadily during the 1890s and the first two decades of the 20th century, most residents were engaged in the tourist industry and related services or winter vegetable market and tropical fruit trade. In 1909, Palm Beach County was formed by the Florida State Legislature and West Palm Beach became the county seat. In 1916, a new neo-classical courthouse was opened, which has been painstakingly restored back to its original condition, and is now used as the local history museum.
The city grew rapidly in the 1920s as part of the Florida land boom. The population of West Palm Beach quadrupled from 1920 to 1927, and all kinds of businesses and public services grew along with it. Many of the city's landmark structures and preserved neighborhoods were constructed during this period. Originally, Flagler intended for his Florida East Coast Railway to have its terminus in West Palm, but after the area experienced a deep freeze, he chose to extend the railroad to Miami instead.
The land boom was already faltering when city was devastated by the 1928 Okeechobee hurricane. The Depression years of the 1930s were a quiet time for the area, which saw slight population growth and property values lower than during the 1920s. The city only recovered with the onset of World War II, which saw the construction of Palm Beach Air Force Base, which brought thousands of military personnel to the city. The base was vital to the allied war effort, as it provided an excellent training facility and had unparalleled access to North Africa for a North American city. Also during World War II, German U-Boats sank dozens of merchant ships and oil tankers just off the coast of West Palm Beach. Nearby Palm Beach was under black out conditions to minimize night visibility to German U-boats.
The 1950s saw another boom in population, partly due to the return of many soldiers and airmen who had served in the vicinity during the war. Also, the advent of air conditioning encouraged growth, as year-round living in a tropical climate became more acceptable to northerners. West Palm Beach became the one of the nation's fastest growing metropolitan areas during the 1950s; the city's borders spread west of Military Trail and south to Lake Clarke Shores. However, many of the city's residents still lived within a narrow six-block wide strip from the south to north end. The neighborhoods were strictly segregated between White and African-American populations, a legacy that the city still struggles with today. The primary shopping district remained downtown, centered around Clematis Street.
In the 1960s, Palm Beach County's first enclosed shopping mall, the Palm Beach Mall, and an indoor arena were completed. These projects led to a brief revival for the city, but in the 1970s and 1980s crime continued to be a serious issue and suburban sprawl continued to drain resources and business away from the old downtown area. By the early 1990s there were very high vacancy rates downtown, and serious levels of urban blight.
Since the 1990s, developments such as CityPlace and the preservation and renovation of 1920s architecture in the nightlife hub of Clematis Street have seen a downtown resurgence in the entertainment and shopping district. The city has also placed emphasis on neighborhood development and revitalization, in historic districts such as Northwood, Flamingo Park, and El Cid. Some neighborhoods still struggle with blight and crime, as well as lowered property values caused by the Great Recession, which hit the region particularly hard. Since the recovery, multiple new developments have been completed. The Palm Beach Mall, located at the Interstate 95/Palm Beach Lakes Boulevard interchange became abandoned as downtown revitalized - the very mall that initiated the original abandonment of the downtown. The mall was then redeveloped into the Palm Beach Fashion Outlets in February 2014. A station for All Aboard Florida, a high-speed passenger rail service serving Miami, Fort Lauderdale, West Palm Beach, and Orlando, is under construction as of July 2015.
Credit for the data above is given to the following website:
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Please provide attribution via a link to blogtrepreneur.com/tech
You get convenient access to this free original data security breach themed image in exchange for a simple attribution.
All content posted in the Blogtrepreneur Flickr Photostream is available for use under the Creative Commons Attribution License.
Please provide attribution via a link to howtostartablogonline.net
You get convenient access to this free original image in exchange for a simple attribution.
two weeks ago I was confronted with my data in a hard way. My large storage device “Drobo” refused to operate after I upgraded it with another 2TB drive. The drive became unresponsive and after a while it did came back giving me the opportunity to retrieve some data…since this was my largest storage device I had to make sacrifices to the data I could retrieve, so I had to delete all my movies, series and software I had collected over the years. Luckily I did manage to backup my photography work.
That same week my laptop died and it has been sent back to Apple for repairs.
Fortunatly I do hold regular backup sessions, but it’s still a hassle and I’m once again aware that all data is fleeting, and no storage medium is safe from harm. Photo’s can burn, disk drives will fail…it’s time holographic data crystals are made…at least they seem stable enough….
Ryoji Ikeda
Book :
Ryoji Ikeda
Continuum
Centre Pompidou
Editions Xavier Barral
2018
This book, published on the occasion the exhibition at the Centre Pompidou, presents the complex work of the Japanese artist. Continuum explores the links between mathematics, code and visual installation from an unpublished work exhibited in Paris, based on two spaces creating a visual and audio immersive path. The reader, as the visitor in the exhibition, would cross these two spaces orchastrated as an opposition : Datascape and Environnement Sonore.
CD + Booklet :
Ryoji Ikeda
Music For Percussion
Codex Edition
CD-001
Composed by Ryoji Ikeda
Performed by Eklekto
Produced by Ryoji Ikeda
Art Direction by Takuya Minami
Design by Takeshi Asano . Keigo Shiotani . Hiroyoshi Suzuki . Hiroshi Toyama
The accompanying booklet features 37 images and text by Chris Sharp, contemporary music programmer of the Barbican Centre London
Codex Edition
The single source of Ryoji Ikeda’s publishing and recordings
Established in 2018
iTunes :
Ryoji Ikeda
Data . Complex
Raster - Noton
RN68
Data . GMA ...
NASA’s Origins, Spectral Interpretation, Resource Identification, Security-Regolith Explorer (OSIRIS-REx) spacecraft completed its 1.2 billion-mile (2 billion-kilometer) journey to arrive at the asteroid Bennu Monday. The spacecraft executed a maneuver that transitioned it from flying toward Bennu to operating around the asteroid.
Now, at about 11.8 miles (19 kilometers) from Bennu’s Sun-facing surface, OSIRIS-REx will begin a preliminary survey of the asteroid. The spacecraft will commence flyovers of Bennu’s north pole, equatorial region, and south pole, getting as close as nearly 4 miles (7 kilometers) above Bennu during each flyover.
The primary science goals of this survey are to refine estimates of Bennu’s mass and spin rate, and to generate a more precise model of its shape. The data will help determine potential sites for later sample collection.
This image of Bennu was taken by the OSIRIS-REx spacecraft from a distance of around 50 miles (80 km).
Image credit: NASA/Goddard/University of Arizona
Conocido como el monumento a la coima. En todo el mundo hay monumentos a héroes, a soldados desconocidos, a estadistas, pero a coimeros...solo en nuestro país!
Y esto data de los 30, digamos que el escultor se inspiró en algún precursor de los coimeros modernos.
Está en en el edificio del actual ministerio de desarrollo social, y salud... ex-ministerio de obras públicas. Toda una premonición de la época. El edificio y la escultura son de cuando Discépolo escribió Cambalache. Hasta donde pude averiguar esta fue la manera de protestar del constructor por las "colaboraciones" que tuvo que hacer para poder terminar el edificio.
Para los que no son de Buenos Aires, está en uno de los lugares mas vistos de la ciudad, el edificio se destaca del resto. Pero los porteños apenas si sabemos de la existencia de esta escultura tan curiosa.
ENGLISH
Known as the monument to the bribery. All over the world there are monuments to heroes, unknown soldiers, statesmen, but bribes ... only in our country!
And this dates from the 30s, let's say that the sculptor was inspired by some precursor of modern bribes.
It is in the building of the current ministry of social development, and health, former ministry of public works. Quite a premonition of the time. The building and the sculpture are from when Discépolo wrote Cambalache. As far as I could find out, this was the builder's way of protesting the "collaborations" he had to do in order to finish the building.
For those who are not from Buenos Aires, it is in one of the most viewed places in the city, the building stands out from the rest. But the local people hardly know about the existence of this curious sculpture.
You can never have too much Data.
--
Learn more about this image at the source.
Source: photos.jdhancock.com/photo/2012-09-28-001422-big-data.html
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Washi
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Meravigliosa Natura!
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Inn AMÒR ati della NATURA anche tu!
Il mio tempo in Montagna!
Preoccupiamoci della Natura il nostro futuro dipende da essa!
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La Vallée d'Aoste à ma guise - La Valle d'Aosta a modo mio - Aosta Valley in my own way
Vivre en Montagne, au quotidien, pour satisfaire la Curiosité de la Photographie de la Nature...
Valle d'Aosta - Vallée d'Aoste
(Une Montagne d'émotions...)
Clickalps Photography - Troise Carmine - Washi
I miei Video amatoriali su:
www.youtube.com/user/Washi59/videos
www.linkedin.com/in/troisecarminewashi?trk=nav_responsive...
Fotocamere:
Canon 5D Mark lV
Canon EOS 7D Mark ll
Obiettivi:
Canon EF 100-400mm f/4.5-5.6 L IS USM II
Canon EF 24-105mm f/4L IS USM II
Canon EF 16-35mm f/4L IS USM
Canon EF 50mm f/1.4 USM
Canon EF 100mm f/2.8 Macro USM
Treppiede Manfrotto 190 X Prob
Testa Manfrotto a sfera compact nera con attacco rapido 496RC2 con frizione
Piastra a sgancio rapido 200PL
`Evolution' of storage mediums.
On the bottom a 3½-inch HD floppy (1986). On the left in the foreground a SD card, to the right a micro SD card. Behind the SD cards a USB stick (256 MB capacity). Right in the background another USB stick (1 GB capacity). And last but not least on the left side in the background, a network cable, so you can access your data in the cloud.
I wish you all a happy Macro Monday and a great week.
Last July, the Webb telescope released its very first image: the deepest and sharpest image ever seen. Zooming in on the data, scientists found 3 young, distant galaxies similar to rare, small galaxies called “green peas” in our cosmic backyard. Because the light has traveled so far to get to us, we’re seeing these 3 galaxies as they were up to 13.1 billion years ago.
Specifically, the galactic trio share chemical characteristics — oxygen, hydrogen, and neon signatures — with “green pea” galaxies. (“Green peas” resembled green dots in their discovery images.) Due to their similarities, researchers may be able to study nearby “green peas” in detail to learn more about distant early galaxies.
While Webb’s infrared vision is incredibly sensitive, in this case Webb had some help from space’s “magnifying glass.” The effect of gravitational lensing meant that the mass of the galaxy cluster in Webb’s image actually magnified these tiny, distant galaxies by up to 10 times.
The farthest of the 3 galaxies contains only 2% the oxygen found in a galaxy like ours. This suggests the galaxy is extremely young, as it contains very few heavy elements (like oxygen) recycled from earlier stars. Learn more: www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2023/nasa-s-webb-telescope-r...
In this image: The James Webb Space Telescope’s Near-Infrared Spectrograph captured the chemical fingerprints of selected galaxies behind SMACS 0723, including three faint, distant objects. When corrected for the wavelength stretch caused by the expansion of space over billions of years, the spectra of these galaxies (shown in red) exhibit features emitted by oxygen, hydrogen, and neon that show a stunning resemblance to those seen from so-called green pea galaxies found nearby (in green). Additionally, the Webb observations made it possible to measure the amount of oxygen in these cosmic dawn galaxies for the first time. The spectral lines have been stretched vertically in order to clarify these relationships.
Credit: NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center/Rhoads et al. 2023
Image description: Two different sets of spectral data, comparing the chemical fingerprints of green pea galaxies with young, distant galaxies observed by the Webb telescope. On the top is the green pea galaxies data, shown in two squiggly horizontal lines of bright green, and below that is the Webb data, shown in three lines of red. The data sets share remarkably similar line patterns representing the elemental signatures of oxygen, neon, and hydrogen. From left to right, both data sets generally start off with a high frequency of peaks and dips, which gradually taper out into just occasional peaks by the end.
Lt. Commander Data in his officers uniform. He is holding a trusty tricorder and composing a poem for his good friend Spot.
I'm waiting for the day that lego makes the brickheadz eyes in yellow...
This model may be found on Mecabricks here: mecabricks.com/en/models/qxv4BDbQ2dJ
open.substack.com/pub/countryroads/p/plan-for-data-center...
open.substack.com/pub/countryroads/p/data-center-bill-wou...
open.substack.com/pub/countryroads/p/data-center-plan-dra...
www.facebook.com/share/p/1YwnauK5JV/
www.facebook.com/share/p/1HEyGXX59f/
www.facebook.com/share/p/1ANd1fX9M7/
www.instagram.com/trash_palace_impressions/
www.facebook.com/share/15eD7iFVEk/
open.substack.com/pub/countryroads/p/data-center-timeline...
open.substack.com/pub/countryroads/p/smith-says-data-cent...
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www.wsj.com/us-news/climate-environment/west-virginia-dat...
Exif data
Easy Mode
High Dynamic Range
HDR
Camera
Canon PowerShot SX60 HS
</B
Exposure
0.006 sec (1/160)
Aperture
f/5.0
Focal Length
27.1 mm aka 150 mm
ISO Speed
250
London Eye by different Exchangeable image file format (Exif) data:Camera model - NIKON D5100Focal Length - 18mmExposure Time - 1/3 sec.F-Stop - f/5.6 ISO - 1000 — at London Eye.
Banko Cantina, a Mexican restaurant and tequila bar is located at 114 S. Olive Avenue. in West Palm Beach, FL. Originally home to the American National Bank. The building was later also known as the Commercial and Savings Bank and Morrison's Cafeteria
This 1923 landmark building was added to the U.S. National Register of Historic Places in 1997.
An era remembered for its unprecedented prosperity, glamour, and fanfare, the Roaring 20s were also marked by prohibition, underground speakeasies, notorious gangsters and glorified outlaws – during which time tequila trade became a lucrative business.
Banco Cantina and the second-floor club, La Terraza, will restore the fervor that once resided inside the very same walls through its delicious food and beautiful crowd – writing a story for the next generation to tell!
Don’t forget to take the stairs or elevator to the 3rd-floor rooftop of Banko Cantina. Enjoy beautiful views of downtown West Palm Beach along with a cold beverage to enjoy your day or night!
Don’t forget to take the stairs or elevator to the 3rd-floor rooftop of Banko Cantina. Enjoy beautiful views of downtown West Palm Beach along with a cold beverage to enjoy your day or night!
Credit for the data above is given to the following websites:
www.zillow.com/homedetails/114-S-Olive-Ave-West-Palm-Beac...
www.pbcgov.org/papa/Asps/PropertyDetail/PropertyDetail.as...
www.loopnet.com/property/114-s-olive-ave-west-palm-beach-...
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_National_Bank_Building_(West_Palm_Beach,_Florida)
© All Rights Reserved - you may not use this image in any form without my prior permission.
Oh hello! I have a Blueberry secret that we have been working on for ages and are finally ready to reveal!
We have updated our color packs, and after compiling data (yes, we are nerds), we realized that berries love most of our colors. But we also wanted to do something fun and fresh so we decided to do the only thing that made sense. We added even more colors. 😍😍😍
Meet our new color packs. They will be making their debut today at The Fifty opening at noon SLT on our brand-new release Charm!
Can't wait to hear your feedback!
Rochester is a town and historic city in the unitary authority of Medway in Kent, England. It is situated at the lowest bridging point of the River Medway about 30 miles (50 km) from London.
Rochester was for many years a favourite of Charles Dickens, who owned nearby Gads Hill Place, Higham,[1] basing many of his novels on the area. The Diocese of Rochester, the second oldest in England, is based at Rochester Cathedral and was responsible for the founding of a school, now The King's School in 604 AD,[2] which is recognised as being the second oldest continuously running school in the world. Rochester Castle, built by Bishop Gundulf of Rochester, has one of the best preserved keepsin either England or France, and during the First Barons' War (1215–1217) in King John's reign, baronial forces captured the castle from Archbishop Stephen Langton and held it against the king, who then besieged it.[3]
Neighbouring Chatham, Gillingham, Strood and a number of outlying villages, together with Rochester, nowadays make up the MedwayUnitary Authority area. It was, until 1998,[4]under the control of Kent County Council and is still part of the ceremonial county of Kent, under the latest Lieutenancies Act.[5]
Toponymy[edit]
The Romano-British name for Rochester was Durobrivae, later Durobrivis c. 730 and Dorobrevis in 844. The two commonly cited origins of this name are that it either came from "stronghold by the bridge(s)",[6] or is the latinisation of the British word Dourbruf meaning "swiftstream".[7]Durobrivis was pronounced 'Robrivis. Bede copied down this name, c. 730, mistaking its meaning as Hrofi's fortified camp (OE Hrofes cæster). From this we get c. 730 Hrofæscæstre, 811 Hrofescester, 1086 Rovescester, 1610 Rochester.[6] The Latinised adjective 'Roffensis' refers to Rochester.[7]
Neolithic remains have been found in the vicinity of Rochester; over time it has been variously occupied by Celts, Romans, Jutes and/or Saxons. During the Celtic period it was one of the two administrative centres of the Cantiaci tribe. During the Roman conquest of Britain a decisive battle was fought at the Medway somewhere near Rochester. The first bridge was subsequently constructed early in the Roman period. During the later Roman period the settlement was walled in stone. King Ethelbert of Kent(560–616) established a legal system which has been preserved in the 12th century Textus Roffensis. In AD 604 the bishopric and cathedral were founded. During this period, from the recall of the legions until the Norman conquest, Rochester was sacked at least twice and besieged on another occasion.
The medieval period saw the building of the current cathedral (1080–1130, 1227 and 1343), the building of two castles and the establishment of a significant town. Rochester Castle saw action in the sieges of 1215 and 1264. Its basic street plan was set out, constrained by the river, Watling Street, Rochester Priory and the castle.
Rochester has produced two martyrs: St John Fisher, executed by Henry VIII for refusing to sanction the divorce of Catherine of Aragon; and Bishop Nicholas Ridley, executed by Queen Mary for being an English Reformation protestant.
The city was raided by the Dutch as part of the Second Anglo-Dutch War. The Dutch, commanded by Admiral de Ruijter, broke through the chain at Upnor[8] and sailed to Rochester Bridge capturing part of the English fleet and burning it.[9]
The ancient City of Rochester merged with the Borough of Chatham and part of the Strood Rural District in 1974 to form the Borough of Medway. It was later renamed Rochester-upon-Medway, and its City status transferred to the entire borough. In 1998 another merger with the rest of the Medway Towns created the Medway Unitary Authority. The outgoing council neglected to appoint ceremonial "Charter Trustees" to continue to represent the historic Rochester area, causing Rochester to lose its City status – an error not even noticed by council officers for four years, until 2002.[10][11]
Military History
Rochester has for centuries been of great strategic importance through its position near the confluence of the Thames and the Medway. Rochester Castle was built to guard the river crossing, and the Royal Dockyard's establishment at Chatham witnessed the beginning of the Royal Navy's long period of supremacy. The town, as part of Medway, is surrounded by two circles of fortresses; the inner line built during the Napoleonic warsconsists of Fort Clarence, Fort Pitt, Fort Amherst and Fort Gillingham. The outer line of Palmerston Forts was built during the 1860s in light of the report by the Royal Commission on the Defence of the United Kingdomand consists of Fort Borstal, Fort Bridgewood, Fort Luton, and the Twydall Redoubts, with two additional forts on islands in the Medway, namely Fort Hoo and Fort Darnet.
During the First World War the Short Brothers' aircraft manufacturing company developed the first plane to launch a torpedo, the Short Admiralty Type 184, at its seaplane factory on the River Medway not far from Rochester Castle. In the intervening period between the 20th century World Wars the company established a world-wide reputation as a constructor of flying boats with aircraft such as the Singapore, Empire 'C'-Class and Sunderland. During the Second World War, Shorts also designed and manufactured the first four-engined bomber, the Stirling.
The UK's decline in naval power and shipbuilding competitiveness led to the government decommissioning the RN Shipyard at Chatham in 1984, which led to the subsequent demise of much local maritime industry. Rochester and its neighbouring communities were hit hard by this and have experienced a painful adjustment to a post-industrial economy, with much social deprivation and unemployment resulting. On the closure of Chatham Dockyard the area experienced an unprecedented surge in unemployment to 24%; this had dropped to 2.4% of the local population by 2014.[12]
Former City of Rochester[edit]
Rochester was recognised as a City from 1211 to 1998. The City of Rochester's ancient status was unique, as it had no formal council or Charter Trustees nor a Mayor, instead having the office of Admiral of the River Medway, whose incumbent acted as de facto civic leader.[13] On 1 April 1974, the City Council was abolished under the Local Government Act 1972, and the territory was merged with the District of Medway, Borough of Chatham and most of Strood Rural District to form a new a local government district called the Borough of Medway, within the county of Kent. Medway Borough Council applied to inherit Rochester's city status, but this was refused; instead letters patent were granted constituting the area of the former Rochester local government district to be the City of Rochester, to "perpetuate the ancient name" and to recall "the long history and proud heritage of the said City".[14] The Home Officesaid that the city status may be extended to the entire borough if it had "Rochester" in its name, so in 1979, Medway Borough Council renamed the borough to Borough of Rochester-upon-Medway, and in 1982, Rochester's city status was transferred to the entire borough by letters patent, with the district being called the City of Rochester-upon-Medway.[13]
On 1 April 1998, the existing local government districts of Rochester-upon-Medway and Gillingham were abolished and became the new unitary authority of Medway. The Department of Environment, Transport and the Regions informed the city council that since it was the local government district that officially held City status under the 1982 Letters Patent, the council would need to appoint charter trustees to preserve its city status, but the outgoing Labour-run council decided not to appoint charter trustees, so the city status was lost when Rochester-upon-Medway was abolished as a local government district.[15][16][17] The other local government districts with City status that were abolished around this time, Bath and Hereford, decided to appoint Charter Trustees to maintain the existence of their own cities and the mayoralties. The incoming Medway Council apparently only became aware of this when, in 2002, it was advised that Rochester was not on the Lord Chancellor's Office's list of cities.[18][19]
In 2010, Medway Council started to refer to the "City of Medway" in promotional material, but it was rebuked and instructed not to do so in future by the Advertising Standards Authority.[20]
Governance[edit]
Civic history and traditions[edit]
Rochester and its neighbours, Chatham and Gillingham, form a single large urban area known as the Medway Towns with a population of about 250,000. Since Norman times Rochester had always governed land on the other side of the Medway in Strood, which was known as Strood Intra; before 1835 it was about 100 yards (91 m) wide and stretched to Gun Lane. In the 1835 Municipal Corporations Act the boundaries were extended to include more of Strood and Frindsbury, and part of Chatham known as Chatham Intra. In 1974, Rochester City Council was abolished and superseded by Medway Borough Council, which also included the parishes of Cuxton, Halling and Cliffe, and the Hoo Peninsula. In 1979 the borough became Rochester-upon-Medway. The Admiral of the River Medway was ex-officio Mayor of Rochester and this dignity transferred to the Mayor of Medway when that unitary authority was created, along with the Admiralty Court for the River which constitutes a committee of the Council.[21]
Like many of the mediaeval towns of England, Rochester had civic Freemen whose historic duties and rights were abolished by the Municipal Corporations Act 1835. However, the Guild of Free Fishers and Dredgers continues to the present day and retains rights, duties and responsibilities on the Medway, between Sheerness and Hawkwood Stone.[22] This ancient corporate body convenes at the Admiralty Court whose Jury of Freemen is responsible for the conservancy of the River as enshrined in current legislation. The City Freedom can be obtained by residents after serving a period of "servitude", i.e. apprenticeship (traditionally seven years), before admission as a Freeman. The annual ceremonial Beating of the Boundsby the River Medway takes place after the Admiralty Court, usually on the first Saturday of July.
Rochester first obtained City status in 1211, but this was lost due to an administrative oversight when Rochester was absorbed by the Medway Unitary Authority.[10] Subsequently, the Medway Unitary Authority has applied for City status for Medway as a whole, rather than merely for Rochester. Medway applied unsuccessfully for City status in 2000 and 2002 and again in the Queen's Diamond Jubilee Year of 2012.[23] Any future bid to regain formal City status has been recommended to be made under the aegis of Rochester-upon-Medway.
Ecclesiastical parishes[edit]
There were three medieval parishes: St Nicholas', St Margaret's and St Clement's. St Clement's was in Horsewash Lane until the last vicar died in 1538 when it was joined with St Nicholas' parish; the church last remaining foundations were finally removed when the railway was being constructed in the 1850s. St Nicholas' Church was built in 1421 beside the cathedral to serve as a parish church for the citizens of Rochester. The ancient cathedral included the Benedictine monastic priory of St Andrew with greater status than the local parishes.[24] Rochester's pre-1537 diocese, under the jurisdiction of the Church of Rome, covered a vast area extending into East Anglia and included all of Essex.[25]
As a result of the restructuring of the Church during the Reformation the cathedral was reconsecrated as the Cathedral Church of Christ and the Blessed Virgin Mary without parochial responsibilities, being a diocesan church.[26] In the 19th century the parish of St Peter's was created to serve the burgeoning city with the new church being consecrated in 1859. Following demographic shifts, St Peter's and St Margaret's were recombined as a joint benefice in 1953 with the parish of St Nicholas with St Clement being absorbed in 1971.[27] The combined parish is now the "Parish of St Peter with St Margaret", centred at the new (1973) Parish Centre in The Delce (St Peter's) with St Margaret's remaining as a chapel-of-ease. Old St Peter's was demolished in 1974, while St Nicholas' Church has been converted into the diocesan offices but remains consecrated. Continued expansion south has led to the creation of an additional more recent parish of St Justus (1956) covering The Tideway estate and surrounding area.[28]
A church dedicated to St Mary the Virgin at Eastgate, which was of Anglo-Saxon foundation, is understood to have constituted a parish until the Middle Ages, but few records survive.[29]
Geography
Rochester lies within the area, known to geologists, as the London Basin. The low-lying Hoo peninsula to the north of the town consists of London Clay, and the alluvium brought down by the two rivers—the Thames and the Medway—whose confluence is in this area. The land rises from the river, and being on the dip slope of the North Downs, this consists of chalksurmounted by the Blackheath Beds of sand and gravel.
As a human settlement, Rochester became established as the lowest river crossing of the River Medway, well before the arrival of the Romans.
It is a focal point between two routes, being part of the main route connecting London with the Continent and the north-south routes following the course of the Medway connecting Maidstone and the Weald of Kent with the Thames and the North Sea. The Thames Marshes were an important source of salt. Rochester's roads follow north Kent's valleys and ridges of steep-sided chalk bournes. There are four ways out of town to the south: up Star Hill, via The Delce,[30] along the Maidstone Road or through Borstal. The town is inextricably linked with the neighbouring Medway Towns but separate from Maidstone by a protective ridge known as the Downs, a designated area of Outstanding Natural Beauty.
At its most limited geographical size, Rochester is defined as the market town within the city walls, now associated with the historic medieval city. However, Rochester historically also included the ancient wards of Strood Intra on the river's west bank, and Chatham Intra as well as the three old parishes on the Medway's east bank.
The diocese of Rochester is another geographical entity which can be referred to as Rochester.
Climate[edit]
Rochester has an oceanic climate similar to much of southern England, being accorded Köppen Climate Classification-subtype of "Cfb" (Marine West Coast Climate).[31]
On 10 August 2003, neighbouring Gravesend recorded one of the highest temperatures since meteorogical records began in the United Kingdom, with a reading of 38.1 degrees Celsius (100.6 degrees Fahrenheit),[32]only beaten by Brogdale, near Faversham, 22 miles (35 km) to the ESE.[33] The weather station at Brogdale is run by a volunteer, only reporting its data once a month, whereas Gravesend, which has an official Met Office site at the PLA pilot station,[34] reports data hourly.
Being near the mouth of the Thames Estuary with the North Sea, Rochester is relatively close to continental Europe and enjoys a somewhat less temperate climate than other parts of Kent and most of East Anglia. It is therefore less cloudy, drier and less prone to Atlanticdepressions with their associated wind and rain than western regions of Britain, as well as being hotter in summer and colder in winter. Rochester city centre's micro-climate is more accurately reflected by these officially recorded figures than by readings taken at Rochester Airport.[35]
North and North West Kent continue to record higher temperatures in summer, sometimes being the hottest area of the country, eg. on the warmest day of 2011, when temperatures reached 33.1 degrees.[36]Additionally, it holds at least two records for the year 2010, of 30.9 degrees[37] and 31.7 degrees C.[38] Another record was set during England's Indian summer of 2011 with 29.9 degrees C., the highest temperature ever recorded in the UK for October.
North and North West Kent continue to record higher temperatures in summer, sometimes being the hottest area of the country, eg. on the warmest day of 2011, when temperatures reached 33.1 degrees.[36]Additionally, it holds at least two records for the year 2010, of 30.9 degrees[37] and 31.7 degrees C.[38] Another record was set during England's Indian summer of 2011 with 29.9 degrees C., the highest temperature ever recorded in the UK for October.
Building
Rochester comprises numerous important historic buildings, the most prominent of which are the Guildhall, the Corn Exchange, Restoration House, Eastgate House, as well as Rochester Castle and Rochester Cathedral. Many of the town centre's old buildings date from as early as the 14th century up to the 18th century. The chapel of St Bartholomew's Hospital dates from the ancient priory hospital's foundation in 1078.
Economy
Thomas Aveling started a small business in 1850 producing and repairing agricultural plant equipment. In 1861 this became the firm of Aveling and Porter, which was to become the largest manufacturer of agricultural machinery and steam rollers in the country.[39] Aveling was elected Admiral of the River Medway (i.e. Mayor of Rochester) for 1869-70.
Culture[edit]
Sweeps Festival[edit]
Since 1980 the city has seen the revival of the historic Rochester Jack-in-the-Green May Day dancing chimney sweeps tradition, which had died out in the early 1900s. Though not unique to Rochester (similar sweeps' gatherings were held across southern England, notably in Bristol, Deptford, Whitstable and Hastings), its revival was directly inspired by Dickens' description of the celebration in Sketches by Boz.
The festival has since grown from a small gathering of local Morris dancesides to one of the largest in the world.[40] The festival begins with the "Awakening of Jack-in-the-Green" ceremony,[41] and continues in Rochester High Street over the May Bank Holiday weekend.
There are numerous other festivals in Rochester apart from the Sweeps Festival. The association with Dickens is the theme for Rochester's two Dickens Festivals held annually in June and December.[42] The Medway Fuse Festival[43] usually arranges performances in Rochester and the latest festival to take shape is the Rochester Literature Festival, the brainchild of three local writers.[44]
Library[edit]
A new public library was built alongside the Adult Education Centre, Eastgate. This enabled the registry office to move from Maidstone Road, Chatham into the Corn Exchange on Rochester High Street (where the library was formerly housed). As mentioned in a report presented to Medway Council's Community Services Overview and Scrutiny Committee on 28 March 2006, the new library opened in late summer (2006).[45]
Theatre[edit]
There is a small amateur theatre called Medway Little Theatre on St Margaret's Banks next to Rochester High Street near the railway station.[46] The theatre was formed out of a creative alliance with the Medway Theatre Club, managed by Marion Martin, at St Luke's Methodist Church on City Way, Rochester[47] between 1985 and 1988, since when drama and theatre studies have become well established in Rochester owing to the dedication of the Medway Theatre Club.[48]
Media[edit]
Local newspapers for Rochester include the Medway Messenger, published by the KM Group, and free newspapers such as Medway Extra(KM Group) and Yourmedway (KOS Media).
The local commercial radio station for Rochester is KMFM Medway, owned by the KM Group. Medway is also served by community radio station Radio Sunlight. The area also receives broadcasts from county-wide stations BBC Radio Kent, Heart and Gold, as well as from various Essex and Greater London radio stations.[49]
Sport[edit]
Football is played with many teams competing in Saturday and Sunday leagues.[50] The local football club is Rochester United F.C. Rochester F.C. was its old football club but has been defunct for many decades. Rugby is also played; Medway R.F.C. play their matches at Priestfields and Old Williamsonians is associated with Sir Joseph Williamson's Mathematical School.[51]
Cricket is played in the town, with teams entered in the Kent Cricket League. Holcombe Hockey Club is one of the largest in the country,[52]and is based at Holcombe Park. The men's and women's 1st XI are part of the England Hockey League.[53] Speedway was staged on a track adjacent to City Way that opened in 1932. Proposals for a revival in the early 1970s did not materialise and the Rochester Bombers became the Romford Bombers.[54]
Sailing and rowing are also popular on the River Medway with respective clubs being based in Rochester.[55][56]
Film[edit]
The 1959 James Bond Goldfinger describes Bond driving along the A2through the Medway Towns from Strood to Chatham. Of interest is the mention of "inevitable traffic jams" on the Strood side of Rochester Bridge, the novel being written some years prior to the construction of the M2 motorway Medway bypass.
Rochester is the setting of the controversial 1965 Peter Watkins television film The War Game, which depicts the town's destruction by a nuclear missile.[57] The opening sequence was shot in Chatham Town Hall, but the credits particularly thank the people of Dover, Gravesend and Tonbridge.
The 2011 adventure film Ironclad (dir. Jonathan English) is based upon the 1215 siege of Rochester Castle. There are however a few areaswhere the plot differs from accepted historical narrative.
Notable people[edit]
Charles Dickens
The historic city was for many years the favourite of Charles Dickens, who lived within the diocese at nearby Gads Hill Place, Higham, many of his novels being based on the area. Descriptions of the town appear in Pickwick Papers, Great Expectations and (lightly fictionalised as "Cloisterham") in The Mystery of Edwin Drood. Elements of two houses in Rochester, Satis House and Restoration House, are used for Miss Havisham's house in Great Expectations, Satis House.[58]
Sybil Thorndike
The actress Dame Sybil Thorndike and her brother Russell were brought up in Minor Canon Row adjacent to the cathedral; the daughter of a canon of Rochester Cathedral, she was educated at Rochester Grammar School for Girls. A local doctors' practice,[59] local dental practice[60] and a hall at Rochester Grammar School are all named after her.[61]
Peter Buck
Sir Peter Buck was Admiral of the Medway in the 17th century; knightedin 1603 he and Bishop Barlow hosted King James, the Stuart royal familyand the King of Denmark in 1606. A civil servant to The Royal Dockyardand Lord High Admiral, Buck lived at Eastgate House, Rochester.
Denis Redman
Major-General Denis Redman, a World War II veteran, was born and raised in Rochester and later became a founder member of REME, head of his Corps and a Major-General in the British Army.
Kelly Brook
The model and actress Kelly Brook went to Delce Junior School in Rochester and later the Thomas Aveling School (formerly Warren Wood Girls School).
The singer and songwriter Tara McDonald now lives in Rochester.
The Prisoners, a rock band from 1980 to 1986, were formed in Rochester. They are part of what is known as the "Medway scene".
Kelly Tolhurst MP is the current parliamentary representative for the constituency.