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The 25 de Abril Bridge is a suspension bridge connecting the city of Lisbon, capital of Portugal, to the municipality of Almada on the left (south) bank of the Tagus river. It has a total length of 2,277 metres, making it the 46th longest suspension bridge in the world.
From its inauguration in 6 August 1966 up to 1974, the bridge was named Salazar Bridge (Ponte Salazar), after Portuguese Prime Minister António de Oliveira Salazar, who ordered its construction. After the Carnation Revolution, which overthrew the remnants of Salazar's regime, the bridge was renamed for April 25, the date of the revolution. It is also commonly called the Tagus River Bridge.
Later changes had to be made due to the rapid increase in population. In the 1990s, a fifth car lane was added, and in 1999, a lower deck, used as a railway track, which was planned since the beginning, was finally built. Today, the upper deck carries six car lanes while the lower deck carries a double track railway, electrified at 25 kV AC.
From the late 19th century, there had been proposals to build a bridge across the Tagus. In 1929, the idea advanced when the Portuguese engineer and entrepreneur, António Bello, requested a government concession for a railway crossing between Lisbon and Montijo (where the Vasco da Gama Bridge, the second bridge serving Lisbon, was later built in 1998). As a result, the Minister of Public Works, Duarte Pacheco, created a commission in 1933 to analyse the request. The commission reported in 1934, and proposed building a road and rail bridge. Bids were obtained, but the proposal was subsequently put aside in favor of a bridge crossing the river at Vila Franca de Xira, 35 kilometres north of Lisbon.
In 1953, a new government commission started work and, in 1958, recommended building the bridge, choosing the southern anchor point adjacent to the recently built monument to Christ the King (Cristo-Rei). In 1959, the international invitation to tender for the project received four bids. In 1960, the winner was announced as a consortium headed by the United States Steel Export Company, which had also submitted a bid in 1935. The American School of Lisbon was founded largely to educate the children of the American engineers brought to Portugal to work on the construction of the bridge.
Construction began on 5 November 1962. Forty-five months later, six months ahead of schedule, the bridge was inaugurated on 6 August 1966. Presiding at the ceremony was the President of Portugal, Admiral Américo Thomaz. Also present were the Prime-Minister, António de Oliveira Salazar, and the Patriarch of Lisbon, Cardinal Manuel Gonçalves Cerejeira. The bridge was named Salazar Bridge (Ponte Salazar), after Prime Minister Salazar.
United States Steel International Inc., based in New York, was prime contractor for the bridge. Morrison-Knudsen of Portugal Ltd., an American firm based in Boise, Idaho, was U.S. Steel's principal associate. Morrison-Knudsen had previously worked on the San Francisco Bay Bridge. The bridge was designed by Steinman, Boynton, Gronquist and London of New York, and Tudor Engineering Company of San Francisco. The steel was imported from the US. Four workers lost their lives, out of a total of 3,000 who worked on the site. Construction took a total of 2,185,000 man-hours of work. The total cost of the bridge came to 2.2 billion Portuguese escudos, or US$32 million (US$225 million in 2011 adjusted for inflation).
Soon after the Carnation Revolution in 1974, the bridge was renamed the 25 de Abril Bridge, the day the revolution had occurred. A symbol of those times was captured on film, with citizens removing the large brass letters spelling "Salazar" from one of the main pillars of the bridge and painting a provisional "25 de Abril" in its place.
The upper platform, running 70 m above water, had four car lanes, two in each direction, with a dividing guardrail. On 23 July 1990, the guardrail was removed and a fifth, reversible lane was created. On 6 November 1998, the side walls were extended and reinforced to make space for the present six lanes. Cars crossing the bridge make a peculiar hum because the two inner lanes are made of metallic grating rather than asphalt to minimize aerodynamic forces by means of pressure equalization.
Since 30 June 1999, the lower platform has carried a double track railway. To accommodate that, the bridge underwent extensive structural reinforcements, including a second set of main cables, placed above the original set, and the main towers were increased in height. The railway had been part of the initial design, but was eliminated for economy, so the initial structure was lightened. The original builder American Bridge Company was called again for the job, performing the first aerial spinning of additional main cables on a loaded, fully operational suspension bridge.
Traffic soon increased well beyond predictions, and has remained at maximum capacity despite the enlargement from four to six lanes, the addition of the railway, and the building of a second bridge serving Lisbon, the Vasco da Gama Bridge. A third bridge has been on and off government plans for some time, but the idea has been dropped presently, due to Portugal's budget constraints.
30 second exposure of Coal Harbour, Vancouver.
The ominous clouds parted over Coal Harbour around sunset to create this "halo" effect. I used my trusty 6 stop B+W ND filter to stop the light down sufficiently to smooth the water.
Please can you leave actual feedback, and not just copy and paste awards, as it means a lot more to me. Thank you so much.
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On a miserable damp morning US Army S160 class, 6046 steams its way away from Paignton whilst hauling the 10.00 Queens Park-Kingswear service.
Exposure: 1/500 @ f4 200ISO
Date: 11 June 2019
For more photos please visit my website APRATIM SAHA
Create a warm and interesting decor with those mesh accents!
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All the details @ Pixel Model
Create your Morn Cartoon Character Modeling and Animation with GameYan 3D Animation Studio. GameYan has done cloth simulation and Hair simulation in Maya 16 and detailed in Zbrush. Along with modeling and rigging, we did rig to this character as well.
Read More: goo.gl/pgzWKe
#Character #Modeling #sculpting #Rigging #artist #design #3DCharacterModeling #Charactersculptingartist #CharacterModelingandRigging #Charactersculptingartist
Created in Wombo Dream.
Style: Expressionism
Filters: PSE21 and Topaz Studio.
So much hand painting.
(Wombo thinks birds have three feet and one leg.)
Thanks for your visit, faves, and kind comments.
Cranmer Courts was very badly damaged in the quakes that unexpectedly hit Christchurch. Originally big photographs were put into the holes where the doors and windows were, but now these massive pictures have been put across the boarded up ends of the buildings to keep them alive in the minds of the people of Christchurch.
The project was thought up by Mike Hewson.
Hi guys!
Fortunately, my motivation for creating new builds hasn’t faded away yet, so today I am back with another MOC, which was created during last 4 weeks. It is so special for me because it resembles my way that I am now following, in my science, sport and passion career. Also it was good for me to show how I am feeling inside right now by capturing my thoughts with plastic bricks.
That is why I show you a little diorama, which consists of the master practicing even though he accomplished more than anyone in the particular field.
Created/taken in Second life
Modified (slight modifications) outside of sl. This is not a morph.
* lighting and background changes, etc.
8x8 Vignette with the Monster Scientist from the Collectable Minifigures Series 14 and The Monster from The Series 4.
Built for the Eurobricks Mega Building LEGO CMFs Contest 2016.
Contact : gregorygodest@yahoo.fr
Inspired by " Lord of the rings " , of course !
N.B : All elements in this picture have been shooted or created by me and come from my personal bank of images
Created with Midjourney AI engine. PP work in Adobe PS Elements Graphics Gradient Blue Texture for background.
Thank you all for the visit, kind remarks and invites, they are very much appreciated! 💝 I may reply to only a few comments due to my restricted time spent at the computer.
All art works on this website are fully protected by Canadian and international copyright laws, all rights reserved. The images may not be copied, reproduced, manipulated or used in any way, without written permission from the artist. Link to copyright registration:
www.canada.ca Intellectual property and copyright.
Created with AI The original photo was taken by me, and the final edit was done also by me. AI and edit in Photoshop.
Created for Kreative People, TT177.
Source image with thanks, from Skagitrenee.
Clarkia flowers, a wonderful gift from a beautiful friend :)
Mannequin courtesy of Pixabay.
Brushes purchased from Renderosity.
Texture - In the Mood, mine. (With an inversion - not published.)
1974 AirCooled Porsche 911 3.2 Litre Carrera Classic Coupe Created by Rindt Vehicle Design. Only 1000 miles driven since Restoration Completed.
Created for "Smile on saturday", theme "Bangles
Photo space by Nasa marshall
Bangles by Andeshita
Alien by pixabay
My texture yellow wall
Created for Down Under Challenge # 161 . Original image provided by mfrankb69/a>
The real bird in this image is a great blue heron that I caught just as he was touching down for a landing.