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Boletus luridus.
synonyms: Bolet blafard, Lurid Bolete, Netzstieliger Hexenröhrling
location: North America and Europe.
edibility: Poisonous/Suspect
fungus colour: Yellow, Grey to beige
normal size: 5-15cm
cap type: Convex to shield shaped
stem type: Simple stem
flesh: Flesh discolours when cut, bruised or damaged
spore colour: Olivaceous
habitat: Grows in woods, Grows on the ground
Boletus luridus Schaeff. ex Fr. Netzstieliger Hexenröhrling Bolet blafard Lurid Bolete Cap 6–14cm, snuff brown or olive brown with rusty or bay tints, slightly downy at first then becoming smooth and polished, bruising dark brownish or blue-black. Stem 80–140 x 10–30mm yellowish red with orange-red net, bruising blue. Flesh lemon-yellow in cap soon becoming greenish-blue to dark blue on cutting with a persistent red line above tubes, lemon in stem and blackish-red in stem base. Taste and smell not distinctive. Tubes yellowish-green, blue on cutting. Pores small, orange-red, more yellow at margin, bruising dark blue. Spore print olivaceous snuff-brown. Spore subfusiform to broadly ellipsoid, 11–15 x 4.5–6.5µ. Habitat in broad-leaved woods, particularly with oak or beech and on calcareous soils. Season summer to autumn. Occasional. Edible when cooked, but has been known to cause gastric upsets. (Two forms illustrated.) Distribution, America and Europe.
info by Roger Phillips:
The 1961-64 Mercury Monterey’s body and chassis was shared with the Ford Galaxie, 1963 with concave grille, 1964; convex and the fenders protruded past the grille, available in 2 or 4 door Sedan, 2 or 4 door Hardtop, 2 door Fastback and Custom Convertible. The S-55 was the performance model in 2 or 4 door Hardtop, Fastback and Convertible.
The Marauder was an option on the Monterey 2 door Fastback in 1963, the base model and the S-55. Its Ford equivalent was the Galaxie 500 XL. Like the Galaxie 500 XL, it had a fastback roofline, bucket seats and console. This more aerodynamic roofline was developed for campaigning in the NASCAR circuit.
Engines; 385hp 406 Marauder 4V V8,
405hp 406 Super Marauder V8.
410hp 427 Marauder 4V V8 and
425hp 427 Super Marauder V8.
Near maximum length (c.35mm) for the species.
1: posterior profile slightly convex.
2: anterior profile straight.
3: excavated vertex patch.
SPECIES DESCRIPTION part A BELOW
SPECIES DESCRIPTION part B 2Pd flic.kr/p/AfbFkR
Key id. features 3Pd flic.kr/p/Ay7bhf
PDF version at www.researchgate.net/profile/Ian_Smith19/research
OTHER SPECIES ALBUMS www.flickr.com/photos/56388191@N08/collections/
Patella_depressa Pennant, 1777
Current taxonomy: World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS)
www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=151374
Synonyms: Patella intermedia Murray in Knapp,1857; Patella vulgata var. intermedia Jeffreys, 1865; Patella athletica [as dark variant of] Forbes & Hanley,1849;
Jeffreys (1865) mistakenly took the rudimentary description of P. depressa by Pennant (1777) to be what is currently (2015) called P. ulyssiponensis Gmelin, 1791 (syn. P. athletica). Until 1923, most authors followed Jeffreys in applying the name P. depressa Pennant to the wrong species, and in using the name P. intermedia Jeffreys for what is now recognised as P. depressa Pennant. Examination of Pennant's type specimen by Tomlin (1923) exposed the error and authors started to use the name P. athletica Bean, 1844, for what is now called P. ulyssiponensis but, probably to avoid confusion, many retained use of P. intermedia Jeffreys for the true P. depressa Pennant, despite Pennant's priority, until the 1970s (e.g.Yonge & Thompson, 1976).
Vernacular names: Black footed limpet (English); Brenigen dorddu (Welsh); Platte schaalhoren (Dutch); Patelle bernique (French);
Meaning of name:
Patella (Latin) = little pan. depressa (Latin) = depressed /low.
Terms in text used with restricted or specialised meaning are marked with hashtag#; refer to GLOSSARY below.
Shell Description
Patellid limpets have great geographical variation within and between species. This account refers to typical British specimens.
Usual maximum length c.35mm and height# 12mm 1Pd flic.kr/p/BaSA3C . Strong. Conoid; apex is positioned to anterior of centre. The base is ovoid , widest and sometimes angulated at posterior. Profile usually low (H/L 25-37% in sample of twelve typical shells from S.W.England and N.W. Wales) 2Pd flic.kr/p/AfbFkR . In profile, anterior and posterior usually slightly convex or almost straight. Sculpture of narrow, radiating, whitish ribs that tend to be arranged in triplets; one major flanked by a minor each side 10Pd flic.kr/p/BaScwq . Ribs project as points from aperture-rim of unworn shells 3Pd flic.kr/p/Ay7bhf , but often majority have ribs rounded, and rib-points reduced, by erosion, and outer shell-layer eroded away from apical half of the shell 4Pd flic.kr/p/Bc5Hk6 to almost whole shell 5Pd flic.kr/p/Ay7kFz . Dark radiating rays in grooves of exterior shell-layer visible externally only on uneroded parts 4Pd flic.kr/p/Bc5Hk6 , but usually clearly visible on interior through transparent, iridescent skirt-shell-layer# for much 6Pd flic.kr/p/Ay7i76 or most 7Pd flic.kr/p/AfbuN8 of the way to opaque, whitish, pallial-groove-band#. On interior, whitish projecting points of ribs have short, unglazed, chalky-white central line, but reduced or lacking where projecting point of rib eroded 8Pd flic.kr/p/Ay6YL9 . Pedal-retractor muscle leaves translucent horseshoe-shape scar 7Pd flic.kr/p/AfbuN8 , often containing an opaque white line 9Pd flic.kr/p/Ay7bJg . Mouth of horseshoe-scar is closed by thin anterior mantle-attachment scar 9Pd flic.kr/p/Ay7bJg ; the two scars enclose area shaped like fat amphora# filled with blackish 10Pd flic.kr/p/BaScwq , grey 11Pd flic.kr/p/Bd4YEr , orange-cream 12Pd flic.kr/p/Af3iJS , opaque-white and/or yellowish-cream 7Pd flic.kr/p/AfbuN8 shell-layer. Some have excavated, colourless, translucent patch near vertex#, 13Pd flic.kr/p/AApFbT , perhaps caused by re-absorption of shell-material. Juvenile spat lack ridges on main antero-posterior axis and have broad, prominent, mid-lateral pigment lines from apex to lip that are swept forwards on left and backwards on right.
Body description
Translucent white head, darkened to purple-pink by internal odontophore 14Pd flic.kr/p/Bc5hcv ; has substantial snout , slit at posterior, with large mouth (transverse when shut) fringed by thick outer lips 15Pd flic.kr/p/Ay6H2J . Distal end of snout and lips tinted pale yellow 14Pd flic.kr/p/Bc5hcv . When outer lips opened, dull-yellow inner lips exposed. Inner lips open laterally to expose radula with crimson ribbon and golden teeth, and white, cuticularized, triangular licker 15Pd flic.kr/p/Ay6H2J . Sturdy pale grey cephalic tentacles have small black eye in slight swelling at base 2Pd flic.kr/p/AfbFkR . Eye is primitive (or degenerate) cavity, open to seawater and lined with black retina cells. Mantle-skirt translucent buff 16Pd flic.kr/p/Afb9yv ; colour most saturated and translucency least when skirt retracted from shell-periphery 17Pd flic.kr/p/BaRWfU . Mantle cavity consists of nuchal cavity over head, and pallial groove filled with pallial gills around entire periphery of foot-head 16Pd flic.kr/p/Afb9yv ; no ctenidium. Each gill is tongue-shaped leaflet attached by stalk to distal wall of pallial-groove, and has densely ciliated groove on stalk and thickened rim 18Pd flic.kr/p/Bc59v8 . Efferent pallial vessel in mantle-skirt, close to pallial-groove, enters nuchal cavity on left 16Pd flic.kr/p/Afb9yv . Mantle-edge has many opaquely-pigmented chalky-white pallial tentacles, becoming translucent and less intensely coloured only in a small distal portion; tentacles distinct from translucent, buff mantle-skirt that they arise from 19Pd flic.kr/p/Af37zY . Around perimeter, pallial tentacles alternate single long with several short. Length of pallial tentacles, and their position relative to shell, vary with degree of extension of mantle skirt 20Pd flic.kr/p/Ay6PEH , 21Pd flic.kr/p/Azyo2Q and 17Pd flic.kr/p/BaRWfU . Pedal-retractor muscle arranged in horseshoe pattern of white muscle bundles demarcated by gaps 20Pd flic.kr/p/Ay6PEH ; muscle attaches body/foot to shell (a.k.a. shell muscle) 17Pd flic.kr/p/BaRWfU . Sole of foot approximately circular 20Pd flic.kr/p/Ay6PEH to oval with slightly tapered posterior 21Pd flic.kr/p/Azyo2Q , pitch-brown to black with pale peripheral rim, colour most saturated when foot contracted 17Pd flic.kr/p/BaRWfU . White sides of foot lack features such as epipodial tentacles 2Pd flic.kr/p/AfbFkR . When crawling, usually only extended pallial tentacles and, perhaps, tips of cephalic tentacles protrude beyond shelter of shell 22Pd flic.kr/p/BexkLe . No penis as fertilization external.
Further detail visible with simple dissection
Shell removal by severing pedal-retractor muscle shows muscle-bundles clearly 23Pd flic.kr/p/AzykaY ; anterior bundle on each side is largest and strongest as must firmly pull down shell further to anterior where bundles are absent. Removal of viscera reveals that muscle bundles continue far into foot 24Pd flic.kr/p/BdwNkP towards median groove of large blood-sinus 25Pd flic.kr/p/ABS7Sp . Shell removal exposes entire mantle 23Pd flic.kr/p/AzykaY subdivided into a) pale translucent mantle-skirt, b) narrow black band over pallial-groove containing gills, c) large black amphora-shaped area, often with pale vertex patch, over viscera and d) separated from amphora by pale anterior-mantle attachment, smaller black area over the nuchal cavity containing the head and anterior pallial gills 26Pd flic.kr/p/BciErS . Pale patch within black amphora may be related to excavated patch near shell-vertex, see 11Pd flic.kr/p/Bd4YEr , a feature frequently found on P. depressa. If mantle skirt is folded back, 26Pd flic.kr/p/BciErS , collapsed pallial gills exposed. Careful removal of black amphora area of mantle reveals translucent membrane over viscera 27Pd flic.kr/p/AzysF8 ; when removed, clear view, 28Pd flic.kr/p/BbdZum , of digestive gland, intestine and rectum. Efferent pallial vessel in mantle-skirt, 26Pd flic.kr/p/BciErS carries blood from mantle to right of nuchal cavity 29Pd flic.kr/p/AguVDE and through it to elongated heart behind left of cavity 30Pd flic.kr/p/Bex7R6 . When roof of nuchal cavity folded back, translucent white head showing purple-red of internal odontophore visible 26Pd flic.kr/p/BciErS . Removal of head's epithelium reveals odontophore and anterior of radula with hyaline shield 28Pd flic.kr/p/BbdZum . Removal of viscera reveals entire long radula, folded and coiled to fit in body 24Pd flic.kr/p/BdwNkP . P. depressa probably has longest radula relative to shell-length, up to 270%, of any British mollusc 31Pd flic.kr/p/BbdUdE (Fretter & Graham, 1962, p.172). Fully mineralized, golden radular teeth, ready for action, clearly visible at anterior where radula rests on transparent hyaline shield on top of odontophore 32Pd flic.kr/p/Bcivym . Inner lips enclosed at sides and anterior by white chitinous unarticulated jaw# 24Pd flic.kr/p/BdwNkP . White, cuticularized, triangular licker at tip of radula is divided into plate-like ridges by deep transverse grooves 32Pd flic.kr/p/Bcivym . Teeth obscured by white translucent radular sac to posterior of hyaline shield. When radular sac removed by treatment with 10% solution NaOH, posterior of radula clearly seen to have white ribbon with slightly pigmented teeth as mineralization at early stage 33Pd flic.kr/p/ABRUWR while further forward ribbon is rich crimson, and teeth strongly pigmented golden with strong hard minerals of iron and silica. Each row of teeth arranged in docoglossan formula, 3+D+2+R+2+D+3: at centre, two pairs of large, unicuspid, pigmented lateral teeth (with small, unpigmented rachidian/median tooth hidden from easy view at their base), and near each margin of ribbon a single, tricuspid, pigmented, dominant-marginal tooth with, close-by, three inconspicuous, unicuspid, marginal teeth 33Pd flic.kr/p/ABRUWR . Middle cusp of dominant-marginal on P. depressa and P. vulgata is largest; on P. ulyssiponensis outer cusp largest. Before and during spring-autumn breeding season, large gonads (20% of female's mass) occur in mature adults between viscera and foot and, when fully developed, spread up around periphery of visceral mass 30Pd flic.kr/p/Bex7R6 . Male testes are pinkish/orange/yellow with numerous interconnected tubules seen side-on 34Pd flic.kr/p/ABRUor or end-on 35Pd flic.kr/p/BbdNHb . Female gonads not observed by IFS (four adults dissected in late September; two with testes, two without gonads- spent females?) but as reproductive systems similar in the genus, probably greenish and granular as in P. vulgata .
SPECIES DESCRIPTION part B at 2Pd flic.kr/p/AfbFkR
GLOSSARY
amphora – (on interior of limpet shell) Roman amphora-shaped area enclosed by scars of pedal-retractor muscle and anterior mantle-attachment.
aperture – mouth of gastropod shell; outlet for head and foot.
apex - earliest formed part of a gastropod shell, the summit of the cone. (In this limpet-account restricted to the exterior of the shell, and “vertex” used for the interior.)
cephalic – (adj.) of or on the head.
cilia – (pl.) microscopic linear extensions of membrane that move in rhythmic waves to create locomotion, or move particles and liquids e.g. inhalent water currents. (“cilium” singular). (Electron scanning microscope image at flic.kr/p/qQB5zj )
ciliary – (adj.) relating to or involving cilia.
coll. – in the collection of (named person or institution) (compare with legit).
conoid – shaped like a cone.
ctenidium – comb-like molluscan gill; usually an axis with a row of filaments either side (missing from Patella spp.).
distal - away from centre of body or point of attachment.
ditaxic - (of locomotion waves on foot) double series of waves, out of phase with each other, one series on each side of median line on sole.
ELWS – extreme low water spring tide level (usually near March and September equinoxes).
EHWS - extreme high water spring tide level (usually near March and September equinoxes).
epipodial - (adj.) of the epipodium (collar or circlet running round sides of foot of some gastropods).
epithelium – membranous covering of internal and external surfaces of animal's body, e.g. skin and lining of tubes and cavities.
head scar – term used by many British authors for patch of different shell-material, and often different colour, near vertex of interior of limpet shell; misnomer as the mobile head, free of any attachment to the shell or mantle-roof of the nuchal cavity cannot make a scar. A preferable term is “vertex patch”.
height – (of limpet) perpendicular distance from apex to plane of aperture-rim (best measured with callipers).
hyaline shield – transparent sheet of chitin at anterior of radula that rests on bolsters of odontophore; attachment point for retractor muscles of radula; helps guide food particles into mouth.
interspecific – existing or arising between different species.
intraspecific – occuring within a single species or involving members of one species.
jaw - unarticulated chitinous structure that encloses inner lips of Patella spp. at sides and anterior.
legit – (abbreviation; leg.) collected/ found by (compare with coll.)
licker - cuticularized structure with plate-like ridges and deep transverse grooves at tip of radula of Patella spp.; retains and sweeps up food particles.
mantle – sheet of tissue covering visceral mass of molluscs. Secretes shell of shelled species, and forms part or all of dorsal body surface (notum) of those without shells. (See mantle skirt.)
mantle skirt – extension on gastropods of mantle proper as a flap roofing a cavity containing gills, genital and renal openings, anus etc. On limpets, skirt and cavity extend around periphery of animal.
MHWN - mean high water neap tide level (mean level reached by weakest high tides for a few days every fortnight. i.e. those that rise the least).
MLWN – mean low water neap tide level (mean level reached by weakest low tides for a few days every fortnight. i.e. those that fall the least).
MLWS - mean low water spring tide level (mean level reached by lowest low tides for a few days every fortnight; Laminaria or Coralline zone on rocky coasts).
nuchal – (adj.) of nape of the neck.
nuchal cavity – cavity roofed by mantle skirt that contains head of limpet; part of mantle cavity (remainder consists of pallial groove on each side of body).
ovoid – egg-shaped, as a solid or in outline.
pallial groove band – shell material deposited on interior of shell by strip of black mantle roofing the pallial groove that contains the gills. On British Patella spp. it is often clouded-white.
pedal retractor muscle – strong muscle that retracts foot into shell of most gastropods, but on limpets is used to clamp shell to substrate, a.k.a. “foot muscle”.
retrograde - (of locomotion waves on foot) waves travel from anterior to posterior.
scar – mark on shell made by attachment point of muscle or other body part.
skirt shell layer - shell material deposited on interior of shell by mantle skirt. On British Patella spp. colourless when deposited, and clouded white, or transparent showing the colours of the outer layer. Crystalline structure causes short lines of blue iridescence parallel to the aperture rim on all four British species of Patella when the light is right.
trochophore – spherical or pear-shaped larva that swims with aid of girdle of cilia. Stage preceding veliger, passed within gastropod egg in most spp. but free in plankton for patellid limpets, most Trochidae and Tricolia pullus.
tricuspid - (of tooth) having three points.
unicuspid - (of tooth) having a single point.
veliger – shelled larva of marine gastropod or bivalve mollusc which moves by beating cilia of a velum (bilobed flap).
vertex – angle at highest point on interior of limpet-shell. [Synonym of “apex”, chosen (by IFS) to help avoid confusion with the highest point, apex, on the exterior. Gmelin used “vertex” when describing the interior of Patella ulyssiponensis, and in classical Latin “vertex” was used for the “pole of the heavens”; obviously only seen from below.]
vertex patch –layer of different shell-material, and often different colour, at vertex of interior of limpet shell. (See “head scar”.)
For over 20 years I have been taking selfie photos whenever I see a convex mirror. These are most common at the end of driveways so drivers can see cars coming from each direction.
I enjoy reading reports of how young photographers are finding new ways of using their cameras.
www.nytimes.com/2023/01/24/style/selfies-blind-spot-mirro...
What got me worked up about this article is not the article itself, but the large number of comments by people criticizing the photographers for being self-centered and Instagram oriented.
The more we can spread fun and creativity the better!
Keep it up, Gen Z!
Picture taken in Tadoba-Andhari Tiger Reserve, India
The Gaur (Bos gaurus, previously Bibos gauris) is a large, dark-coated bovine animal of South Asia and Southeast Asia. The biggest populations are found today in India. The gaur is the largest species of wild cattle, bigger than the Cape buffalo, water buffalo and bison. It is also called seladang or in context with safari tourism Indian bison, although this is technically incorrect. The domesticated form of the gaur is called gayal or mithun.
The gaur is recognized by the high convex ridge on the forehead between the horns, which bends forward, causing a deep hollow in the profile of the upper part of the head. The ridge on the back is very strongly marked, and there is no distinct dewlap on the throat and chest. The flattening of the horns at the base is very decided, and the horns are regularly curved throughout their length, and are bent inward and slightly backward at their tips. The ears are very large, the tail only just reaches the hocks, and in old bulls the hair becomes very thin on the back.
In colour the adult male gaur is dark brown, approaching black in very old individuals; the upper part of the head, from above the eyes to the nape of the neck, is, however, ashy gray, or occasionally dirty white; the muzzle is pale coloured, and the lower part of the legs pure white. The cows and young bulls are paler, and in some instances have a rufous tinge, which is most marked in individuals inhabiting dry and open districts. The colour of the horns is some shade of pale green or yellow throughout the greater part of their length, but the tips are black.
Gaur are said to look like the front of a water buffalo with the back of a domestic cow. They are the heaviest and most powerful of all wild cattle. Males have a highly muscular body, with a distinctive dorsal ridge and a large dewlap, forming a very powerful appearance. Females are substantially smaller, and their dorsal ridge and dewlaps are less developed.
Body Length: 250-360 cm / 8.3-12 ft.
Shoulder Height: 170-220 cm / 5.6-7.2 ft. On average, males stand about 1.8 - 1.9 m at the shoulder, females about 20cm less.
Tail Length: 70-100 cm / 28-40 in.
Weight: Males often 1000 - 1500 kg / 2200 - 3300 lb, females 700 - 1000 kg / 1540 - 2200 lb. Weight vary between subspecies. Among the 3 subspecies, the South-east Asian gaur is the largest, and the Malayan gaur, or seladang, is the smallest. The male Indian gaurs average 1300 kg, and the largest individuals may exceed 2000 kg, or 2.2 tons; whereas a Malayan gaur usually weigh 1000 - 1300 kg. The largest of all gaur, the southeast Asian gaur, weigh about 1500 kg (1.5 tons) for an average male.
Gaurs are the only wild bovids to exceed a shoulder height of 2m. Size varies by region. The dark brown coat is short and dense, while the lower legs are white to tan in colour. There is a dewlap under the chin which extends between the front legs. There is a shoulder hump, especially pronounced in adult males. The horns are found in both sexes, and grow from the sides of the head, curving upwards. Yellow at the base and turning black at the tips, they grow to a length of 80 cm / 32 inches. A bulging grey-tan ridge connects the horns on the forehead.
The horns are flattened to a greater or less degree from front to back, more especially at their bases, where they present an elliptical cross-section; this characteristic being more strongly marked in the bulls than in the cows. The tail is shorter than in the typical oxen, reaching only to the hocks. The animals have a distinct ridge running from the shoulders to the middle of the back; the difference in height between the shoulders and rump may be as much as five inches in height. This ridge is caused by the great height of the spines of the vertebrae of the fore part of the trunk as compared with those of the loins. This characteristic much less developed in the bantering than in either of the other two species. The three species have also a characteristic colouration, the adult males being dark brown or nearly black, the females and young males being either paler or reddish brown, while in both sexes the legs from above the knees and hocks to the hoofs are white or whitish. The hair is short, fine, and glossy, and the hoofs are narrow and pointed
In the wild, gaurs live in small herds of up to 40 individuals and graze on grasses, shoots and fruits. Where gaurs have not been disturbed, they are basically diurnal, being most active in the morning and late afternoon and resting during the hottest time of the day. But where populations have been disturbed by human populations, gaurs have become largely nocturnal, rarely seen in the open after 8:00 in the morning. During the dry season, herds congregate and remain in small areas, dispersing into the hills with the arrival of the monsoon. While gaurs depend on water for drinking, they do not seem to bathe or wallow.
Due to their formidable size and power, the gaur has few natural enemies. Saltwater Crocodiles, leopards, and dhole packs occasionally attack unguarded calves or unhealthy animals, but only the tiger has been reported to kill a full-grown adult. One of the largest bull gaur seen by George Schaller during the year 1964 in Kanha national park was killed by a tiger[3]. On the other hand, there are several cases of tigers being killed by gaur. In one instance, a tiger was repeatedly gored and trampled to death by a gaur during a prolonged battle. In another case, a large male tiger carcass was found beside a small broken tree in Nagarahole national park, being fatally struck against the tree by a large bull gaur a few days earlier. When confronted by a tiger, the adult members of a gaur herd often form a circle surrounding the vulnerable young and calves, shielding them from the big cat. A herd of gaur in Malaysia encircled a calf killed by a tiger and prevented it from approaching the carcass; while in Nagarahole, upon sensing a stalking tiger, a herd of gaur walked as a menacing phalanx towards it, forcing the tiger to retreat and abandon the hunt. Gaurs are not as aggressive toward humans as Wild Asian Water Buffaloes.
The average population density is about 0.6 animals per square kilometre, with herds having home ranges of around 80 square kilometres.
The gaur belongs to the wild oxen family, which includes wild water buffaloes. In some regions in India where human disturbance is minor, the gaur is very timid and shy, and often shuns humans. When alarmed, gaurs crash into the jungle at a surprising speed. However, in South-east Asia and south India, where they are used to the presence of humans, gaurs are said by locals to be very bold and aggressive. They are frequently known to go down fields and graze alongside domestic cattle, sometimes killing them in fights. Gaur bulls may charge unprovoked, especially during summer time when the heat and parasitic insects make them more short-tempered than usual. To warn other members of its herd of approaching danger, the gaur lets out a high whistle for help.
Chapeau convexe avec ombon lisse blanc avec teint de jaune.
Lames libre blanc crème serrées
Pied égal atténue vers le haut avec anneau pendant semi ample
Volve marginate depressed sale couleur blanc rosâtre.
Croissance avec pins occidentalis
Fujifilm X-T2 with Metabones Speed Booster and Canon 35mm F2 SSC Lens (convex with thorium elements for extra yellow cast)
Vintage Kodachrome Recipe from Fuji X Weekly (via X-Raw Studio)
fujixweekly.com/2017/10/21/my-fujifilm-x100f-vintage-koda...
Classic Chrome
Dynamic Range: DR200
Highlight: +4
Shadow: -2
Color: +4
Sharpening: +1
Noise Reduction: -3
Grain: Strong
White Balance: Auto, +2 Red, -4 Blue
ISO: Auto up to ISO 6400
Exposure Compensation: -1/3 to -1 (typically)
Height 32% of length, typical for P. depressa. (In sample of twelve typical shells from S.W.England and N.W. Wales range 25-37%).
Posterior and anterior profiles slightly convex.
Grey cephalic tentacles
Small black eye is primitive (or degenerate) cavity, open to seawater and lined with black retina cells.
White sides of foot lack features such as epipodial tentacles.
SPECIES DESCRIPTION part B BELOW
SPECIES DESCRIPTION part A 1Pd flic.kr/p/BaSA3C
Key id. features 3Pd flic.kr/p/Ay7bhf
PDF version at www.researchgate.net/profile/Ian_Smith19/research
OTHER SPECIES ALBUMS www.flickr.com/photos/56388191@N08/collections/
Identification of British patellid limpets.
Shell-exterior cannot be relied on, and shell-interiors can be confusing. Examination, in good light under magnification, of extended pallial tentacles on living animals is essential for consistent accurate discrimination of the three rock-dwelling Patella species. Best achieved with specimen adhering to underside of supported glass-sheet in black-based container of seawater.
Some morphologically intermediate forms can only be reliably identified by sequencing DNA or allozyme study 36Pd flic.kr/p/BdwtN8 and 37Pd flic.kr/p/AzydCD . Intermediates result from similar environmental factors affecting different species in similar ways and are not hybrids (Sanna et al., 2011 and Sá-Pinto et al., 2007). For the purpose of recording for distribution schemes it is advisable to disregard intermediates unless DNA or allozymes can be employed, especially beyond or on the limits of known distributions. Intermediates most frequent near limit of distributions of P. depressa and P. ulyssiponensis in Isle of Wight , perhaps because conditions not optimal (Fretter and Graham, 1994).
Key identification features of typical British specimens.
Patella depressa
[1&2 in combination, not singly, diagnostic of typical specimens but excludes intermediates.]
1. Pigmented pallial tentacles are opaque chalky-white for more than half of extended-length; may have translucent tip; distinctly whiter than buff mantle-skirt from which they arise 19Pd flic.kr/p/Af37zY . Even when mantle-skirt retracted, pallial tentacles often clearly visible contrasting with the darker mantle17Pd flic.kr/p/BaRWfU .
2. Sole of foot pitch-brown 16Pd flic.kr/p/Afb9yv to black 17Pd flic.kr/p/BaRWfU .
3. On shell-interior, whitish projecting points of ribs have short, unglazed, chalky, pure-white central line, but reduced or lacking where projecting points of ribs eroded 8Pd flic.kr/p/Ay6YL9 . [This feature recently recognised by S. Payne, and applies to all in large sample examined by IFS. ]
Before making records of this species further north than NW Anglesey it is advisable to familiarize oneself with specimens in areas where it is known to be frequent such as S. Devon, Channel Islands or Brittany.
Confirmation/correction can be sought by posting clear photo of pallial tentacles and foot on British Marine Molluscs Group at www.facebook.com/groups/british.marine.mollusca/
Similar species
Patella ulyssiponensis
1. Pallial tentacles have opaque pigment; white, off-white, cream or, on large specimens, yellowish or orange for about half of length; distal-half fades to translucent. Opaque basal parts often distinct from translucent mantle-skirt that they arise from so possible to confuse with P. depressa; important to use pallial tentacles in combination with foot-colour/shell-length for identification 41Pd flic.kr/p/ABFYRn .
2. Foot not pitch-brown/black; whitish when young 42Pd flic.kr/p/ALnSTW becoming yellowish 43Pd flic.kr/p/Ber2rm and often orange with age 44Pd flic.kr/p/ALnJ39 . Beware of juveniles under 12mm length that lack gonads above sole as dark viscera may show as blackish-shadow through thin pale translucent foot 42Pd flic.kr/p/ALnSTW . Green ovaries resting on interior surface of foot of mature female may show as faint greenish tinted zone along median line of foot where it is thinnest 43Pd flic.kr/p/Ber2rm .
Patella vulgata
Extremely variable species; foot colours and nearly all shell-features have overlaps with P. depressa and P. ulyssiponensis.
1. Pigment-less pallial tentacles are slender, translucent and same colour as mantle-skirt they arise from 45Pd flic.kr/p/AiLHRg .
Cautions:
Pallial tentacles may look white when arise from colourless mantle-skirt in some lighting, but no pigment and not chalky-white 46Pd flic.kr/p/AE15Wx .
Pigment-less translucency and fineness often make discernment difficult, especially when mantle skirt retracted from shell-rim and pallial tentacles viewed against shell 47Pd flic.kr/p/BeqQNY ; often virtually invisible when out of water as may be retracted into mantle 48Pd flic.kr/p/ABFF5R .
Foot colour varies, sometimes as dark as on P. depressa 47Pd flic.kr/p/BeqQNY .
Habits and ecology
On rocky shores with mild winters (January mean air temperature 42°F/5.6°C and above 40Pd flic.kr/p/BewPND ) with Ballantine (1961) wave exposure scale 1-5 (extremely exposed to fairly sheltered) where turbidity does not prevent plant growth. On bedrock in shallow pools, seawater trickles or other damp positions, not on shingle or boulders. Not sublittoral; lower limit varies, usually somewhere between MLWN and MLWS; upper limit MHWN, or EHWS if frequent swell-splash or in pools. Average size of adults decreases up shore (Branch, 1981a); unable to produce very large, thick, high-domed shells, like those of some P. vulgata 49Pd flic.kr/p/ABGb4o , to resist dessication on drained rock on upper shore, though some intermediate forms show a tendency towards a high profile 36Pd flic.kr/p/BdwtN8 . P.depressa is reported to be a rigidly homing species (Branch, 1981a), adults always after feeding-excursions seeking to return to same position. Foot longitudinally divided on interior by deep median groove of large blood sinus 25Pd flic.kr/p/ABS7Sp . Locomotion by retrograde waves alternating on each side (ditaxic) of sole; muscles alternately compress/relax against blood trapped between them to create waves 25Pd flic.kr/p/ABS7Sp . Feeds, mainly at night (Branch, 1981a) , on algal sporelings, detritus containing diatoms and organic remains, and on short algal growths, including encrusting calcareous spp. Grazing rock surfaces is facilitated by powerful muscles on large buccal mass 32Pd flic.kr/p/Bcivym , and by hard, iron-mineralized teeth on long ribbon with plentiful replacements for worn teeth 33Pd flic.kr/p/ABRUWR . Length varies seasonally; shorter when wear of active feeding exceeds growth rate. Patella spp. wear out up to two rows of teeth per day (Sigel, 2008 ). About four rows of teeth are in contact with substrate during feeding 15Pd flic.kr/p/Ay6H2J ; loose particles are retained by rim of surrounding jaw# 24Pd flic.kr/p/BdwNkP and the licker 32Pd flic.kr/p/Bcivym which sweeps them up at the end of the radula stroke. Long coiled intestine 30Pd flic.kr/p/Bex7R6 compacts faeces into firm faecal strings that will not contaminate gills in pallial groove; compensates for adults lacking hypobranchial gland to produce mucus to bind particles exiting from nuchal cavity. Cilia on roof of nuchal cavity and side of foot conduct faecal matter from anus in nuchal cavity to middle of right side 38Pd flic.kr/p/AguFeC . Faeces and debris accumulate there until periodic sharp contraction of pedal-retractor muscle clamps shell down and forcefully flushes water and waste out of shell (Fretter & Graham 1962 & 1994). When limpets removed from rock, accumulated pile of faecal strings often found in position. Cilia also create inhalent water-current from left of head through nuchal cavity, where urogenital openings located, and thence carry excreta and ova/sperm to exterior. Predators reported to be able to dislodge P. vulgata shells probably take P. depressa too; they include gulls (Larus spp.), oystercatchers (Haematopus ostralegus), crabs, starfish and rats. Nucella lapillus bores through the shell, usually to the pedal-retractor muscle where the adjacent viscera are accessible obliquely to its radula without having to bore through the thick amphora# shell-layers covering the viscera. Boring takes several days, but is rewarded with a large food supply, providing the Nucella isn't dislodged before completion 39Pd flic.kr/p/AguCY5 . Absence or scarcity of P.depressa from very sheltered sites, where crabs are abundant, and from the sublittoral fringe, where starfish occur, might be because of greater susceptibilty of this small species to them than of the larger P. vulgata and P. ulyssiponensis. Respiration: gill-cilia create gentle local inhalent respiratory water currents all around perimeter of animal from adjacent shell-rim onto gills, and exhalent currents below gills back to shell-rim 38Pd flic.kr/p/AguFeC (Yonge & Thompson, 1976). Densely ciliated groove on stalk and rim of each gill-lamella catches and removes large particles of detritus that would clog gill (Fretter & Graham, 1994) 18Pd flic.kr/p/Bc59v8 . Blood passes from viscera and foot via vessels through gaps in encircling shell-muscle 20Pd flic.kr/p/Ay6PEH into gills for oxygenation, and thence into encircling efferent pallial vessel 26Pd flic.kr/p/BciErS which takes it through nuchal cavity 29Pd flic.kr/p/AguVDE to heart for recirculation to head, foot and viscera (Fretter & Graham, 1994) .
Breeds spring to autumn, perhaps with summer pause (Fretter & Graham, 1994). May vary geographically; Yonge & Thompson (1976) said breeds sporadically all year with summer maximum. External fertilization so close proximity of sexes required for success; new populations unlikely to be established by isolated strays. Sperm and ova shed into water column, ova individually. Eggs hatch as free trochophore larvae (stage passed within egg by most “less-primitive” spp.) in plankton before transforming to veligers and, after a short planktonic-life, settling on lower shore and assuming limpet form. Spat, when 1mm long, have ten radiating ridges; P. vulgata has five ridges on right, four on left. P. ulyssiponensis has eight (Fretter & Graham, 1994). Move higher up shore when shell-length 5mm.
Distribution and status
P. depressa is a North-east Atlantic species extending northwards from Senegal (Trigo et al., 2018) through western Iberia and France to its northern limits in North Wales, eastern part of south coast England and Normandy. It extends only a short way into the Mediterranean. Trigo et al. (2018) states to Malaga, but an image with diagnostic foot and pallial tentacles shows it extends to Almeira 51Pd flic.kr/p/2k6xwit . Its absence further into the Mediterranean might be because the slight tidal rise and fall there does not produce a sufficient intertidal zone for this purely eulittoral species. The precise northern limits fluctuate, generally polewards in warm periods and receding in cooler periods, though other factors may have an influence 40Pd flic.kr/p/BewPND . In Britain, it is restricted to areas with mild winters with February mean Sea Surface Temperatures above 8°C. Consistently present populations occur between the Isle of Wight and mid Wales with zones of fluctuation beyond those points (Kendall et al. 2004). The most recent published information (Oróstica et al., October 2020 ) shows that, as would be expected in this period of exceptional temperature increase, the range has extended with scattered rare specimens reaching Beachy Head in south-east England, near Dunster in Somerset and Barry in Glamorgan but, unexpectedly, it has not reoccupied the north-western side of Lleyn or north-west Anglesey where it was recorded in the 1950s and lost in the 1980s.
The absence of P. depressa records on the mild-winter coasts of Ireland obviously requires explanation. Its distribution is used in Lewis (1964) as an exemplar of “southern species” with an explanation for its absence from Ireland. This eulittoral species cannot crawl across wide sublittoral areas. It is possible that it reached Britain in the warming after the Ice Age before sea-level rise cut Britain off from the continent but after Ireland had been cut off from Britain. Planktonic larvae can traverse sublittoral areas, but the phase is short in P. depressa so time is limited and it is difficult if currents are adverse. External fertilization requires a minimum population density with the sexes in close proximity for successful establishment of a sustained population; there may have been occasional small settlements in Ireland that have subsequently failed (Lewis, 1964). Records in Ireland, Scotland and the North Sea on distribution maps should be regarded as misidentifications unless there is photographic evidence of both brown-black foot and chalk-white opaque pallial tentacles.
Acknowledgements
I gratefully acknowledge the help of Jan Light and Sebastian Payne with information and discussion, and in providing many specimens for examination. Any errors or omissions are the responsibility of the author. I thank Samuel Santos García for use of his photograph of a specimen from Almeira.
Links and references
Akşit, D. & Falakil Mutaf, B. 2011. The external morphology of the gill of Patella caerulea L. (Mollusca: Gastropoda). Turk. J. Zool. 35(4) 603-606. Tübitak. Turkey. PDF contains SEM images of gill lamellae.
www.google.co.uk/search?q=patella+gill+ciliated+groove&am...
Ballantine, W.J. 1961. A biologically-defined exposure scale for comparative description of rocky shores. Field studies 1(3): 1-19. Free pdf at: fsj.field-studies-council.org/media/344345/vol1.3_17.pdf
Barber, A.H., Lu, D. & Pugno, N.M. 2015 Extreme strength observed in limpet teeth The Royal Society.
rsif.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/12/105/20141326
Branch, G.M. 1981a. The biology of limpets. Oceangr. Mar. Biol. Ann. Rev. learning.watfordboys.org/mod/resource/view.php?id=4730
Branch, G.M. 1981b. The biology of limpets. Oceangr. Mar. Biol. Ann. Rev. www.google.co.uk/search?q=Patella+vulgata+blood+circulati...
Cohen, A.L. & Branch, G.M. 1992. Environmentally controlled variation in the structure and mineralogy of Patella granularis shells from the coast of southern Africa: implications for palaeotemperature assessments. Palaeogeography, palaeoclimatology, palaeoecology, 91: 49-57. www.whoi.edu/fileserver.do?id=163844&pt=2&p=36767
Forbes, E. & Hanley S. 1849-53. A history of the British mollusca and their shells. vol. 2 (1849), London, van Voorst. (As dark-bodied variety of their P. athletica) ; Free PDF at archive.org/stream/historyofbritish02forb#page/428/mode/2up Use slide at base of page to select pp.428 for footnote.
Fretter, V. and Graham, A. 1962. British prosobranch molluscs. London, Ray Society.
Fretter, V. and Graham, A. 1994. British prosobranch molluscs. Revised and updated edition. London, Ray Society.
Goshima, S., Ilano A.S. & Ito, A. 2002. Seasonal and tidal-height variations in body weight and radular length in Nodilittorina radiata (Eydoux & Souleyet, 1852) J. Mollus. Stud. 68(3): 197-203.
mollus.oxfordjournals.org/content/68/3/197.full.pdf+html
Graham, A. 1988. Prosobranch and pyramidellid gastropods. London.
Heppel, D. 1964. Recorder's report: marine Molluscs. J. Conch. Lond., 25: 308-313.
Hughes, S.L., Holliday, N.P., Kennedy, J., Berry, D.I., Kent, E.C., Sherwin, T., Dye, S., Inall, M., Shammon, T. and Smyth, T. 2010. Temperature (Air and Sea) in MCCIP Annual Report Card 2010-11, MCCIP Science Review, 16pp. www.mccip.org.uk/arc
Jeffreys, J.G. 1862-69. British conchology. vol. 3 (1865). London, van Voorst. (As var.3 intermedia of Patella vulgata. Note that var.4 depressa describes P. ulyssiponensis features); Free PDF at archive.org/stream/britishconcholog03jeff#page/230/mode/2up . Use slide at base of page to select pp.230- 241.
Lewis, J.R. 1964. The ecology of rocky shores. London, Hodder & Stoughton.
Light, J. A guide to limpet identification for the general naturalist www.glaucus.org.uk/Limpet.htm
MacClintock, C. 1967. Shell structure of patelloid and bellerophontid gastropods (Mollusca). Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University. Bulletin 22.pdf at
www.google.co.uk/?gws_rd=ssl#q=MacClintock%2C+C.+1967.+Sh....
215 pages, may take a few minutes to download. Contents on page v.(= p.6 of pdf). To find pages on pdf add 1 to Roman numerals, and add 11 to Arabic numerals.
McKay, D.W. and Smith, S.M. 1979. Marine mollusca of East Scotland. Edinburgh, Royal Scottish Museum.
Moore, H.B. 1937. Marine fauna of the Isle of Man. University Press of Liverpool. (“P. depressa Pennant” listed for I.O.M., but “[= P. athletica Bean] Forbes & Hanley 1853” shows record is actually of P. ulyssiponensis following the taxonomic misunderstanding of Jeffreys, and Forbes & Hanley).
Oróstica, M. H 2018. Living at the edge: Ecology of Patella species in Britain. PhD thesis. Bangor University.
research.bangor.ac.uk/portal/files/22310847/2018OrosticaP...
Oróstica, M. H., Hawkins, S. J., Broitman, B. R. and Jenkins S. R. 2020. Performance of a warm-water limpet species towards its poleward range edge compared to a colder-water congener. Mar Ecol Prog Ser doi.org/10.3354/meps13461
Pennant, T. 1777 British zoology London.
Page 142 biodiversitylibrary.org/item/127011#page/168/mode/1up
Pl. 89 fig.146. biodiversitylibrary.org/item/127011#page/361/mode/1up
Sanna, D., Dedola, G. L., Lai, T., Curini-Galletti, M. & Casu, M. 2011. PCR-RFLP: A practical method for the identification of specimens of Patella ulyssiponensis s.l. (Gastropoda: Patellidae), Italian Journal of Zoology,
pdf at www.researchgate.net/publication/233126771_PCR-RFLP_A_pra...
Sá-Pinto, A., Branco,M., Harris, D.J. & Alexandrino, P. 2005. Phylogeny and phylogeography of the genus Patella based on mitochondrial DNA sequence data. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 325: 95-110.
Sá-Pinto, A., Alexandrino, P. & Branco,M. 2007. High genetic differentiation with no evidence of hybridization between four limpet species (Patella spp.) revealed by allozyme loci. Scientia Marina 71(4): 801-810. Barcelona. pdf at www.vliz.be/imisdocs/publications/131981.pdf
Sigel, A., Sigel, H. and Sigel, R.K.O., (Editors) 2008. Biomineralization: from nature to application. Chichester, Wiley. Page 299 (to access this page on-line Google-search “limpet wear teeth” and scroll down results to find title) books.google.co.uk/books?id=TiwK2VQhPMkC&pg=PA299&...
Tomlin, J.R.Le B. 1923. Patella depressa Pennant. J. Conch. Lond., 17: 34.
Trigo, J.E.; Diaz Agras, G.J.; Garcia Alvarez, O.L.; Guerra, A.; Moreira, J.; Pérez, J.; Rolán, E.; Troncoso, J.S,; Urgorri, V.. 2018. Guia de los Moluscos Marinos de Galicia. Servicio de Publicacións da Universidade de Vigo.
Yonge, C.M. and Thompson, T.E. 1976. Living marine molluscs. London.
Current taxonomy: World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS)
www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=151374
GLOSSARY
amphora – (on interior of limpet shell) Roman amphora-shaped area enclosed by scars of pedal-retractor muscle and anterior mantle-attachment.
aperture – mouth of gastropod shell; outlet for head and foot.
apex - earliest formed part of a gastropod shell, the summit of the cone. (In this limpet-account restricted to the exterior of the shell, and “vertex” used for the interior.)
cephalic – (adj.) of or on the head.
cilia – (pl.) microscopic linear extensions of membrane that move in rhythmic waves to create locomotion, or move particles and liquids e.g. inhalent water currents. (“cilium” singular). (Electron scanning microscope image at flic.kr/p/qQB5zj )
ciliary – (adj.) relating to or involving cilia.
coll. – in the collection of (named person or institution) (compare with legit).
conoid – shaped like a cone.
ctenidium – comb-like molluscan gill; usually an axis with a row of filaments either side (missing from Patella spp.).
distal - away from centre of body or point of attachment.
ditaxic - (of locomotion waves on foot) double series of waves, out of phase with each other, one series on each side of median line on sole.
ELWS – extreme low water spring tide level (usually near March and September equinoxes).
EHWS - extreme high water spring tide level (usually near March and September equinoxes).
epipodial - (adj.) of the epipodium (collar or circlet running round sides of foot of some gastropods).
epithelium – membranous covering of internal and external surfaces of animal's body, e.g. skin and lining of tubes and cavities.
head scar – term used by many British authors for patch of different shell-material, and often different colour, near vertex of interior of limpet shell; misnomer as the mobile head, free of any attachment to the shell or mantle-roof of the nuchal cavity cannot make a scar. A preferable term is “vertex patch”.
height – (of limpet) perpendicular distance from apex to plane of aperture-rim (best measured with callipers).
hyaline shield – transparent sheet of chitin at anterior of radula that rests on bolsters of odontophore; attachment point for retractor muscles of radula; helps guide food particles into mouth.
interspecific – existing or arising between different species.
intraspecific – occuring within a single species or involving members of one species.
jaw - unarticulated chitinous structure that encloses inner lips of Patella spp. at sides and anterior.
legit – (abbreviation; leg.) collected/ found by (compare with coll.)
licker - cuticularized structure with plate-like ridges and deep transverse grooves at tip of radula of Patella spp.; retains and sweeps up food particles.
mantle – sheet of tissue covering visceral mass of molluscs. Secretes shell of shelled species, and forms part or all of dorsal body surface (notum) of those without shells. (See mantle skirt.)
mantle skirt – extension on gastropods of mantle proper as a flap roofing a cavity containing gills, genital and renal openings, anus etc. On limpets, skirt and cavity extend around periphery of animal.
MHWN - mean high water neap tide level (mean level reached by weakest high tides for a few days every fortnight. i.e. those that rise the least).
MLWN – mean low water neap tide level (mean level reached by weakest low tides for a few days every fortnight. i.e. those that fall the least).
MLWS - mean low water spring tide level (mean level reached by lowest low tides for a few days every fortnight; Laminaria or Coralline zone on rocky coasts).
nuchal – (adj.) of nape of the neck.
nuchal cavity – cavity roofed by mantle skirt that contains head of limpet; part of mantle cavity (remainder consists of pallial groove on each side of body).
ovoid – egg-shaped, as a solid or in outline.
pallial groove band – shell material deposited on interior of shell by strip of black mantle roofing the pallial groove that contains the gills. On British Patella spp. p.g. band is often clouded-white.
pedal retractor muscle – strong muscle that retracts foot into shell of most gastropods, but on limpets is used to clamp shell to substrate, a.k.a. “foot muscle”.
retrograde - (of locomotion waves on foot) waves travel from anterior to posterior.
scar – mark on shell made by attachment point of muscle or other body part.
skirt shell layer - shell material deposited on interior of shell by mantle skirt. On British Patella spp. colourless when deposited, and clouded white, or transparent showing the colours of the outer layer. Crystalline structure causes short lines of blue iridescence parallel to the aperture rim on all four British species of Patella when the light is right.
trochophore – spherical or pear-shaped larva that swims with aid of girdle of cilia. Stage preceding veliger, passed within gastropod egg in most spp. but free in plankton for patellid limpets, most Trochidae and Tricolia pullus.
tricuspid - (of tooth) having three points.
unicuspid - (of tooth) having a single point.
veliger – shelled larva of marine gastropod or bivalve mollusc which moves by beating cilia of a velum (bilobed flap).
vertex – angle at highest point on interior of limpet-shell. [Synonym of “apex”, chosen (by IFS) to help avoid confusion with the highest point, apex, on the exterior. Gmelin used “vertex” when describing the interior of Patella ulyssiponensis, and in classical Latin “vertex” was used for the “pole of the heavens”; obviously only seen from below.]
vertex patch –layer of different shell-material, and often different colour, at vertex of interior of limpet shell. (See “head scar”.)
"Proportionately large tail flukes with convex, ragged trailing edge (notch in centre with pointed tips)."
"grey body, marbled and blotched (scarred)paler, with numerous pale barnacles and small parasitic crustaceans encrusted."
The gray whale (Eschrichtius robustus),[1] also known as the grey whale,[3] gray back whale, Pacific gray whale, or California gray whale[4] is a baleen whale that migrates between feeding and breeding grounds yearly. It reaches a length of 14.9 meters (49 ft), a weight of 36 tonnes (40 short tons), and lives between 55 and 70 years.[5] The common name of the whale comes from the gray patches and white mottling on its dark skin.[6] Gray whales were once called devil fish because of their fighting behavior when hunted.[7] The gray whale is the sole living species in the genus Eschrichtius, which in turn is the sole living genus in the family Eschrichtiidae. This mammal descended from filter-feeding whales that appeared at the beginning of the Oligocene, over 30 million years ago. Source: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gray_whale
Comparison of (on left) T. nitida, height 26.3 mm, with T. reticulata, height 27.2 mm.
Beached shells collected together from Blackwater Estuary, Essex, England in September 2019 by S. Taylor.
Recognition of Tritia nitida (Jeffreys, 1867) in Britain and Ireland.
Ian F. Smith (text) and Simon Taylor (fieldwork).
A pdf of this article can be downloaded from www.researchgate.net/publication/336441072_Recognition_of...
[Click 'file available' and then 'download'.]
Odd numbers for T. nitida. Even numbers for T. reticulata sensu stricto (Linnaeus, 1758).
1: spire whorls convex. (Tumidity of T. nitida varies in Mediterranean.)
2: spire whorls almost flat.
3: translucent parietal lip exposes colour of underlying body whorl. (Occasionally opaque in Mediterranean.)
4: opaque white parietal lip, semicircular, conceals colour of body whorl.
5: protoconch eroded on this one and nearly all T. nitida in sample. (Generally eroded on live T. nitida in Ria de Vigo.)
6: protoconch intact. (Generally intact on T. reticulata in Ria de Vigo.)
7: siphonal canal meets palatal lip at obtuse angle (120° in this case).
8: siphonal canal meets palatal lip at acute or right angle (80° in this case).
(Angle on both species alters if eroded; fresh unworn shells required.)
Tritia nitida was first described by Jeffreys (1867) from the muddy estuaries of the Thames, Orwell and Roach rivers in Essex, south-east England. The Blackwater is a similar muddy estuary located between the Orwell and Roach. Jeffreys wrote, “I propose it as a distinct species with some misgiving; for, although I have not yet seen any intermediate form, it has not been ascertained that the two live together, and the present form seems to be peculiar to brackish water and mud.” In September 2019, S. T. collected a sample of 220 shells from the Blackwater. His find almost replicated Jeffreys’ experience as all accorded with his description, with the exception of a single typical T. reticulata (Linnaeus, 1758), shown in fig. 1, which stood out as paler, having almost flat whorls, and being larger than all but four of the others (Jeffreys stated that those he found were smaller than T. reticulata). The exception diminishes Jeffreys’ misgiving about the two species not living together as it was in good condition, suggesting it had not been transported far and probably lived near the T. nitida.
Sympatric populations of the two species living in the Ria de Vigo, Spain, have been described in detail by Rolan and Luque (1994). Some of the differentiating features that they listed, and which are visible in fig.1, are listed above and have been labelled by odd numbers for T. nitida and even numbers for T. reticulata.
The World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) accepts T. nitida as a valid species, supported by chromotology (Collyer, 1961), comparative morphology (Rolan & Luque, 1994), allozymes (Sanjuan et al., 1997) and DNA (Couceiro et al., 2012). There is widespread recognition of it by recorders in continental Europe and continental identification guides such as Trigo et al. (2018) but, strangely for a species first described by an Englishman with English specimens, virtually no recognition of it by recorders in Britain and Ireland. In 1895 in the Journal of Conchology, Marshall wrote;
“This is so obviously a variety of N. reticulata, that it has been tacitly ignored as a species as published in [Jeffreys, 1867] British Conchology. - - - the number of ribs [costae] in the type [N. reticulata] are exceedingly variable, being nearly twice as many in some specimens as in others.”
The numbers of costae vary within each species, and an overlap occurs between the species in southern Europe, but other morphological features and DNA separate them. No overlap in number of costae on the body whorl of non-juveniles was found in a comparison of T. nitida (10 to 14) from Essex with T. reticulata (15 to 23) from widespread sites in Britain (I.F.S. pers. obs.).
Marshall’s opinion has held sway in Britain and Ireland through Chaster et al. (1901), McClelland (1926), Winckworth (1932), and Turk (1973). Some publications mention it as a variety of T. reticulata. McMillan (1968), Fretter and Graham (1985) and Graham (1988) mention the possibility that it might be a separate species, but deal with it within the description of T. reticulata.
At the time of writing, NBN Atlas does not have a U.K. distribution map for T. nitida, but the UK Species Inventory, on which the NBN Atlas Species Dictionary is based, is to be altered to encapsulate the current concept of T. reticulata into a sensu lato concept for all the pre-split records and to create the two new concepts of T. reticulata sensu stricto (Linnaeus, 1758) and T. nitida (Jeffreys, 1867), (C. Raper, [the Natural History Museum] 2019, pers.comm. 27th September). There are no on-line available records of it in Ireland, but its distinctive egg capsules, in the proximity of adults, have been photographed in County Galway at Aughrus Pier and Killary Fjord (fig. 2 flic.kr/p/2hqPSy3 ). T. nitida egg capsules have also been photographed in the Oosterschelde (fig. 3 flic.kr/p/2hqSEns ) on the Dutch coast facing the Essex coast. All these sites are sheltered waters, like the Essex estuaries and Ria de Vigo.
The lack of recognition of T. nitida in Britain and Ireland has probably been perpetuated by the species account of T. reticulata [as Hinia reticulata] in Graham (1988), which is widely regarded as the standard British identification guide for shelled marine gastropods. T. reticulata is also described at greater length in its forerunner, Fretter and Graham, (1985). In both books, the same two specimens are illustrated. One from Harwich near the mouth of the Orwell Estuary, the type locality of T. nitida, captioned Hinia reticulata var. nitida is obviously T. nitida, though the lack of columellar or parietal tubercles often found on T. reticulata and absent from T. nitida is explained away by saying it is not fully mature, despite being 24mm high and near the maximum height of T. nitida from Essex. The other specimen illustrated, though not labelled var. nitida, is also T. nitida with convex whorls, no tubercles/teeth within either outer or inner lips and coming from Hellebaek on the low and variably saline Øresund, suited to the tolerant T. nitida. Egg capsules with the shape of those of T. nitida, drawn by G. Thorson who studied the marine invertebrates in the Øresund, are illustrated and labelled T. reticulata in Yonge and Thompson (1976).
Users of Graham (1988) with a specimen of T. nitida to identify will have found a close fit with the images purporting to be T. reticulata and almost certainly recorded it as such. Conversely, many, including I.F.S. will have been puzzled by the poor match of the illustrations when identifying typical flat-whorled T. reticulata specimens.
With the help of several contributors, an illustrated account is being created which will compare the two species in more detail. In the meantime, we hope this will raise awareness of the situation and prompt close examination of Tritia specimens, especially from sheltered waters such as the rias of south-west England. We have many specimens of beached T. nitida shells, but the colours are faded and most are partially eroded. We would be very grateful to receive recently live-collected T. nitida shells from Britain or Ireland for photography for the account. (We have generous contributions of live-collected shell images in standard postures from the Adriatic.)
Acknowledgements
We are most grateful to Mark Thomas and Bas van der Sanden for use of their images in this article.
Links and references
Chaster, G.W.; Knight, G.A.F.; Melvill, J.C. and Hoyle, W.E. 1901. List of British marine mollusca and brachiopoda. Manchester, Conchological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
Collyer, D.M. 1961. Differences revealed by paper partition chromatography between the gastropod Nassarius reticulatus (L.) and specimens believed to be N. nitida (Jeffreys). J. Mar. Biol. Ass. 41(3): 683 to 693.
Couceiro, L., López, L., Sotka, E.E., Ruiz, J.M. & Barreiro, R. 2012. Molecular data delineate cryptic Nassarius species and characterize spatial genetic structure of N. nitidus. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. 92(5): 1175 to 1182.
Fretter, V. and Graham, A. 1985. The prosobranch molluscs of Britain and Denmark. Part 8 – Neogastropoda. Suppl. 15, J. Moll. Stud.
Graham, A. 1988. Molluscs: prosobranch and pyramidellid gastropods. Synopses of the British Fauna (New Series) no.2 (Second edition). Leiden, E.J.Brill/Dr. W. Backhuys. 662 pages.
Jeffreys, J.G. 1862-69. British conchology. vol. 4 (1867). London, van Voorst. (As Nassa reticulata) p346 in pdf archive.org/stream/britishconcholog04jeffr#page/346/mode/2up .
Original description of T. nitida (as Nassa nitida) on p349 at archive.org/stream/britishconcholog04jeffr#page/348/mode/2up
Marshall, J. T. 1895. Alterations in ‘British Conchology’. J. Conch. 8: 24 to 41.
www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/99811#page/60/mode/1up [p38 as Nassa nitida]
McClelland, H. 1926. General index of all families, genera, species and varieties described and noted in the Journal of Conchology vols. I – XVI, 1874 to 1922. Proceedings of the Malacological Society of London vols. I – XV, 1893 to 1923. The Conchologist vols I – II, 1891 to 1893, continued as the Journal of Malacology vols. III – XII, 1894 to 1905. Birmingham, Birbeck and sons.
McMillan, N.F. 1968. British shells. London, F. Warn.
Rolan, E. and Luque, A.A. 1994. Nassarius reticulatus (Linnaeus, 1758) and Nassarius nitidus (Jeffreys, 1867) (Gastropoda, Nassariidae), dos especies válidas de los mares de
Europa. Iberus, 12 (2): 59-76.
www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/32628640#page/153/mode/1up
Sanjuan, A., Pérez-Losada, M. & Rolan, E. 1997. Allozyme evidence for cryptic speciation in sympatric populations of Nassarius spp. (Mollusca: Gastropoda). J. Mar. Biol. Ass. 77(3): 773 to 784.
Thorson, G. 1946. Reproduction and larval development of Danish marine bottom invertebrates; with special reference to the planktonic larvae in the Sound (Øresund). Meddelelser fra Kommissionen for Danmarks Fiskeri- og Havundersøgelser. Serie Plankton. 4 (1): 1–523.
Trigo, J.E.; Diaz Agras, G.J.; Garcia Alvarez, O.L.; Guerra, A.; Moreira, J.; Pérez, J.; Rolán, E.; Troncoso, J.S,; Urgorri, V.. 2018. Guia de los Moluscos Marinos de Galicia. Servicio de Publicacións da Universidade de Vigo.
Yonge, C.M. and Thompson, T.E. 1976. Living marine molluscs. Collins, London. [Fig. 52G shows Danish egg capsules of T. nitida labelled as Nassarius reticulatus.]
Current taxonomy: World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=890057
Modular origami, no cuts, no glue, 5 squares of copy paper, 10,5 x 10,5 cm.
Designed and folded by Francesco Guarnieri, May 2017.
In 2017 the diagrams were published in the booklet of the Centro Diffusione Origami, QQM 60, Poesie e geometrie di carta:
In 2018 the diagrams were published in the journal of the Asociación Española de Papiroflexia, Pajarita n° 144
Other information: guarnieri-origami.blogspot.it/2017/05/stella-convessa-con...
Pairs of convex and concave buddles were used to separate the tin or copper grains of ore from the waste material (gangue). The wooden frameworks which held the rotating brushes have long since rotted away, leaving just the concrete bases.
The Australian XL Falcon was built from August 1962-Feb 1964, it got a new convex grille (XK was concave), squarer roofline, parkers in the bumper, fake bonnet scoop, wings on the guards. Tail lights changed from a double outer ring to single.
Sedan, Wagon, Utility and Panel Van.
Standard or Deluxe (Deluxe had stainless steel window frames, a chrome side strip with the golden wings badge and a better interior.
New was the luxury Futura Sedan and Squire wagon. The Futura sedan had a chrome side strip with a red insert, bucket seats and a console and the Squire wagon got fake wood side panels.
In 1962 an XL Falcon won the Armstrong 500 at Phillip Island driven by Harry Firth and Bob Jane.
Engines; 90hp 144 cu in 6 cyl and 101hp 170 cu in Pursuit 6 cyl.
PICTURES
(All oil paintings unless otherwise stated)
LOT
1
C. Lucy — Portrait of Cromwell, seated in a chair, the base with inscription, "Sicillum Reipub Angliæ," 80in. by 60in.
2
Ed. Hughes, 1894 — Portrait of two young ladies, in landscape, in pierced and carved frame, 94in. by 58in.
3
Kneller — Full-length portrait of Doddington, Duchess of Manchester, wife of Chas., Duke of Manchester, co-heir of Lord Brooke, 94in. by 56in., in carved gilt acorn-pattern frame
4
Cervas — Full-length portrait of George Montague, 2nd Earl of Halifax, 1715, 94in. by 54in., in painted carved frame
5
English School — A portrait of L. W. Debaines, Esq., 1861, standing with horse, in landscape, "presenting to Duchess of Manchester by members of Duke of Manchester’s Corps of Light Horse Volunteers, 1866," 96in. by 94in., gilt compo frame
6
Rubens and Snyders — Promethus chained to rock being attached by eagle, gilt compo frame, 922in. by 80in.
7
Sir Joshua Reynolds — Portrait of Eliza, Duchess of Manchester, and her son, as Diana and Cupid, in landscape, carved gilt leaf-pattern frame, 100in. by 66in.
8
Van Somer — Full-length portrait of Nathaniel Rich, brother of Earl of Warwick, wearing linen ruff and cloak, holding sword, carved gilt frame, 82in. by 48 in.
9
P. Nason — Full-length portrait of Sir Oliver St. John, wearing cloak, lace collar and cuffs, standing on a terrace, carved gilt scroll frame, 86in. by 60in.
10
Van dyck (after) — A portrait group of the children of Chas. I, 66in. by 78in., carved gild gadroon-pattern frame
11
Mytens — A portrait of Robert Rich, Earl of Warwick, High Admiral, standing on a terrace, holding stick, 86in. by 54in., in gilt compo acorn-pattern frame
12
Wissing — A full-length portrait of Robert, son of Earl of Manchester, wearing ermine cloak, flowing brown hair, right arm resting on a pedestal, in carved gilt leaf and shell-pattern frame, 92in. by 58in.
13
Wissing — A portrait of King William III., flowing hair, wearing ermine cloak, standing with right hand on hip, curtain background, 88in. by 54in., in painted carved floral and leaf-pattern frame
14
Kneller — Full-length portrait of Queen Anne, in similar frame
15
Veronese — The Marriage at Cana, 54in. by 74in., in carved gilt gadroon-pattern frame
16
Claude — Mountainous landscape, with waterfall and figures, carved gilt acanthus-pattern frame, 44in. by 68in.
17
Van Dyck — A portrait group of Joceline, Earl of Northumberland, wife and child, in carved leaf and gadroon frame, 52in. by 72in.
18
Van Dyck — Portrait group of Countesses Rutland and Southampton, and a child as cupid, curtain background, carved leaf and gadroon frame, 52in. by 60in.
19
Bassano — The Agony in the Garden, carved gilt egg and tongue frame, 42in. by 56in.
20
Gal Gabron — A squirrel with fruit, flagon, etc., on a table covered with a Persian carpet, plain moulded gilt frame, 60in. by 48in.
21
Van Dyck — Portrait group of Lady Kingston and Lady Brooke, carved gilt gadroon frame, 52in. by 60in.
22
Correggio — Peter denying Christ, carved gilt egg and tongue frame, 44in. by 62in.
23
Mignard — Two children of Robert, 4th Lord Brooke, with dwarf servant, two holding fruit, the other a cross-bow, carved gilt gadroon frame, 52in. by 622in.
24
Van Dyck — Portrait of Lord George Goring and Henry, Earl of Holland, and child, in carved gilt gadroon frame, 51in. by 59in.
25
Tintoretto — Christ in the House at Emmaus, at supper, carved gilt leaf-pattern frame, 50in. by 96in.
Van Dyck — Portrait of Lord George Goring and Henry, Earl of Holland, and child, in carved gilt gadroon frame, 51in. by 59in.
25
Tintoretto — Christ in the House at Emmaus, at supper, carved gilt leaf-pattern frame, 50in. by 96in.
26
Veronese — Christ in the House of Pharisees, inscribed "Fecit D Covi Magnu Levi, A.D. MDLLXXIII, Lucæ Cap V. Die XX Apl.," 52in. by 92in., carved gilt frame
27
Kneller School — Portrait of Anne, daughter of Sir Christopher Yelverton, Bt., married Robert, Earl of Manchester, and secondly, Chas., Earl of Halifax, carved gilt leaf-pattern frame, 82in. by 44in.
28
Van Somer — Full-length portrait of Sir Henry Sidney, wearing lace-trimmed cloak, holding sword, 90in. by 56in., in carved gilt acorn-pattern frame
29
Canaletto — Venetian canal scene, showing Grand Square and St. Mark’s, and landing of Chas., Earl of Manchester, carved gilt gadroon frame, 54in. by 104in. (Exhibited Art Treasures Exhibition, 1857)
30
Snyders — Still Life, boar’s head, lobster, etc., on table, carved gilt frame, 36in. by 55in.
31
Rubens — Descent from the Cross, plain gilt frame, 52in. by 38in.
32
Mary Beale (1632-1697) [Pupil of Sir Peter Lely] — Half-length portrait of Elizabeth Pelham, married Ed. Montague, seated, wearing blue cloak, signed and dated 1683, moulded gilt frame, 50in. by 40in.
33
Dobson — A portrait of Lord Mandeville (son of 2ndEarl) as a youth, brown flowing hair, wearing lace collar and cuffs, landscape background, carved gilt frame, 44in. by 34in.
34
Mor — Portrait, "Sir Ed. Montague of Boughton, Kt., Chief Justice, Exor. of King Henry VIII., anno. 1556," panel, 44in. by 33in. (Exhibited National Portrait Exhibition, 1866)
35
Lely — Portrait, "Lady Anne, Daughter of Robt. Montague, Earl of Manchester, married James, Earl of Suffolk," three-quarter length, seated, wearing blue cloak, carved gilt leaf-pattern frame, 48in. by 38in.
36
Hudson — A portrait, half-length, of Ann Montague, daughter of Duke of Manchester, married Lord Torrington, wearing pale green dress, with blue ribbon, carved gilt frame, 50in. by 40in.
37
Van Dyck — Half-length portrait of Dorothy Sydney, Countess of Sunderland, wearing pearl necklace and head-dress, brown satin dress, carved gilt frame, 48in. by 38in.
38
Van Dyck — Half-length portrait of Lady Ann Carr, daughter of Robert, Earl of Somerset, married to William, 1st Duke of Bedford, wearing pearl earrings and necklet, crimson dress, carved gilt frame, 44in. by 34in.
39
Van Dyck — A half-length portrait of James Godfrey, husband of Arabella Churchill, sister of John, Duke of Marlborough, brown flowing hair, lace collar and cuffs, dark green coat, carved gilt frame, 44in. by 36in.
40
Baptiste — Flowerpiece, black frame, 32in. by 36in.
41
Mytens — A half-length portrait of Sir Ed. Montague, seated, wearing slashed sleeves, and Order of Bath, carved gilt gadroon frame, 46in. by 36in.
42
Le Nain — The Poor Artist’s Studio, 44in. by 38in.
43
Ribera — Bearded man reading book, carved gilt frame, 38in. by 28in.
44
Mytens — A portrait of Sir Hy. Montague, 1st Earl of Manchester, three-quarter length, wearing lace ruff and cuffs, dark coat, holding a letter, latticed mahogany panel, carved gilt frame, 44in. by 32in. (Exhibited National Portrait Exhibition, 1866)
45
Sir A. More (after) — A three-quarter length portrait, " Sir Ed. Montague, of Boughton, Knight, Chief Justice, and Exor. to Henry VIII., anno 1556," carved gilt frame, panel, 44in. by 31in.
46
Early Italian School — The Crucifixion, panel, 45in. by 35in.
47
Mynx, Rome, 1758 — A full-length portrait of George, Duke of Manchester, in period dress, standing by a table on which is a map of the Mediterranean, 96in. by 68in., carved gilt frame
48
Jansen — A full-length portrait of Lady Ann Rich, Viscountess Mandeville, married 2nd Earl, in embroidered cream satin dress, plaiting hair by a table covered in lace, carved gilt acorn-pattern frame, 87in. by 54in.
49
Sir Peter Lely — A full-length portrait of Edward, 2nd Earl of Manchester, holding staff and wearing Order of Garter, brown flowing hair, carved gilt acorn-pattern frame, 93in. by 57in.
50
Zoffany — A full-length portrait of Queen Charlotte, wearing cream robes, left hand resting on a table on which is ermine cloak and crown, carved gilt frame, with crown pediment, 93in. by 57in.
51
Kneller — Full-length portrait, "Charles, Duke and Earl of Manchester, son of Robert, Earl of Manchester," standing by a table on which is a coronet, carved gilt floral and leaf frame, 93in. by 57in.
52
Jansen — A portrait of Sir Henry Montague, 1st Earl of Manchester, holding staff, in crimson and ermine robe, full-length, with curtain background, carved gilt acorn-pattern frame, 93in. by 57in.
53
Van Dyck — A half-length portrait, "Lord Kimbolton, Gentleman of the Parliament Force of Charles I," wearing breast-plate and sword, holding staff, carved gilt frame, surmounted by helmet, and with military trophies in high relief, 49in. by 39in.
54
Desanges — Portrait of Louise, Duchess of Manchester, wife of 7th Duke, full-length, wearing jewelled cream dress, pearl necklace and green cloak, 66in. by 38in.
55
Desanges — Portrait of George, 6th Duke of Manchester, in frock coat, 66in. by 38in.
56
Desanges, about 1850 — A portrait of The Duchess of Manchester, married 6th Duke, wearing green satin dress, trimmed lace, arched top, 66in. by 38in.
57
Carlo Lotti — The Good Samaritan with two attendant figures, carved gilt frame, 45in. by 66in.
58
Dutch School, 16th Century — Portrait of a Statesman seated in chair, wearing lace trimmed cap and ruff, carved gilt frame, 50in. by 39in.
59
Early Dutch School — Landscape, with figures boar hunting, with dogs, 2 windmills to left, mountains and buildings to right, 32in. by 60in.
60
Kneller — Portrait of George, Earl of Halifax, three-quarter length, with powdered hair and ermine cloak, carved and moulded frame, 46in. by 34in.
61
Jansen — Portrait of Sir Henry Montague, Earl of Manchester, Lord Privy Seal, etc., oval, carved gilt frame, 72in. by 422in.
62
Larguilliere School — Portrait of Duke of Montague, three-quarter length, wearing armour and holding staff, powdered hair, 46in. by 36in.
63
Mid-Victorian School — Portrait of a lady seated, wearing green dress and holding posy of flowers, landscape background, 49in. by 39in.
64
Swinton — A portrait of Millicent, Countess Manchester, wife of 6th Duke, in black dress, seated at a table with hands crossed, 50in. by 39in.
65
Kneller School — Portrait of Edward Montague, brown flowing hair, wearing breast-plate and red cloth, landscape background, 50in. by 41in.
66
J. Duvall — A horse in stable, "Doncaster," 28in. by 37in.
67
English School — A portrait of a Lawyer, three-quarter length, powdered wig, holding a sealed document, 48in. by 38in.
68
Lely — A portrait of a nobleman wearing lace scarf, brown flowing hair, brown dress, curtain background, 46in. by 37in.
69
Wissing — A portrait of Brig.-Gen. Montague when a child, wearing plumed hat and holding bow, unframed, 50in. by 40in.
70
Riley — A portrait of a statesman with chain necklet, lawn collar and cuffs, flowing hair, curtain background, 47in. by 38in.
71
Murray — Portrait of William, Duke of Manchester, three-quarter length, powdered hair, wearing ermine trimmed red dress and order, carved and moulded frame, 46in. by 34in.
72
Larguilliere School — A portrait of a child holding a torch, as cupid, gesso frame, 36in. by 29in.
73
Jansen — Portrait of lady seated in a chair, brown hat, wearing wide linen and lace collar and cuffs, green satin dress, 42in. by 32in.
74
A. Bierstadt — Woody landscape, with pine trees, pool, and equestrian figure, 39in. by 30in.
75
Gladstone Eyre — Portrait of a bearded gentleman, wearing blue tie, grey hair, oval, 32in. by 24in.
76
Victorian School — A male portrait, full-length, in Shakespearean costume, 36in. by 28in.
77
Jansen — A portrait of Edward, Baron Montague, bearded, wearing muslin ruff, and order, three-quarter length, inscribed "A.E. 39,"2 and armorial crest, and date 1607, braced panel, unframed, 45in. by 35in.
78
Jansen — Portrait of Sir William Montague, wearing lace ruff and cuffs, in crimson cloak, panel, 45in. by 32in.
79
Jansen — Portrait of a Statesman of the Commonwealth, laced jacket, with lace collar and cuffs, holding staff, unframed, 42in. by 34in.
80
Baptiste — Flowerpiece, 37in. by 44in.
81
Baptiste — Vase of flowers, on a pedestal, 37in. by 30in.
See Illustration Plat No.1
82
Baptiste — Vase of flowers, 32in. by 37in.
83
Jansen — Portrait of Henry, 1st Earl of Manchester, in lace trimmed cap, lace ruff and cuffs, carved gilt frame, 32in. by 24in.
84
English School, 17th Centry — Portrait of Cecil, Earl of Salisbury, in Elizabethan costume, holding pendant in left hand and baton in right hand, panel, unframed, 31in. by 224in.
85
Flemish School — Bust portrait of an elderly man, wearing ruff and cloth hat, panel, unframed, 23in. by 18in.
86
Ruysch — The Annunciation, and The Holy Family with attendant figures and floral borders, painted in ovals, carved gilt frames, a pair, 43in. by 36in.
87
Guido (after) — The Magdalen, three-quarter length, carved gilt frame, 39in. by 32in.
88
Early Italian School — Angels, in landscape, carved laurel wreath frame, 28in. by 37in.
89
Jansen — Portrait of Sir Charles Montague in armour, left hand resting on sword, armorial crests to the top corners, 38in. by 28in.
90
Opie, 1787 — Portrait of Mrs. Hannah More, white hair, green dress with white collar, carved gilt frame, 30in. by 224in.
Exhibited National Portrait Exhibition 1868
91
Mary Beale — A portrait of Princess Sophia of Hanover, half-length, painted in an oval, panel, 29in. by 23in.
92
Flemish School, 16th Century — Portrait of Le Comte Bloudoff, with seal at back, carved gilt frame, 28in. by 19in.
93
Pickersgill — Portrait of Millicent, wife of 6th Duke of Manchester, in green dress, wearing bracelet, seated, 30in. by 25in.
94
Hudson — Portrait of George Montague, son of Brig.-Gen. Edward Montague wearing ruff and green coat, half-length, carved gilt acanthus frame, 30in. by 25in.
95
C. Doyster, 1872 (after Rembrandt).- Rembrandt’s self portrait, 24in. by 20in.
96
Cornelius Johnson, 1671 — Portrait of a lady with slashed sleeves, wearing pearl necklace, painted in an oval, signed and dated, carved gilt frame, 29in. by 24in.
97
Ramsay — Portrait of young lady, half-length, in low dress, wearing jewelled necklace, high lace collar, painted in an oval, 229in. by 23in.
98
P. Gade, 1945 — Portrait of Gaston de Foix, wearing breast-plate, a youth with hand on his shoulder, panel, 30in. by 23in., initialled P.G., and dated
99
W. Beechey — Half-length portrait of Lord Frederick Montague, wearing brown coat and linen ruff, brown flowing hair, 25in. by 20in
100
Saunders — Portrait of William, 5th Duke of Manchester, wearing green jacket, linen jabot, curtain background, 25in. by 20in.
101
Jansen — Portrait of Francis St. John, son of Oliver St. John, wearing dark coat, embroidered, with lawn collar, brown flowing hair, oval, 27in. by 22in.
102
Jansen — Bust portrait of King James 1., painted in an oval, profile left, carved gilt frame, 28in. by 23in.
103
Raeburn — Portrait of Alexander, 4th Duke of Gordon, in military uniform, half-length, 36in. by 28in.
Exhibited National Portrait Exhibition 1868
104
Gilbert Stuart — Portrait of Gen. Boyd, wearing dark coat and linen jabot, half-length, panel, oval, 28in. by 23in.
105
Molinaer — Landscape, with river, cottages and figures, an inn to the left, and the companion picture, River view, with avenue of trees, figures, etc., panels, 24in. by 40in., a pair
106
Jordaens — Bust portrait of a bearded man, wearing dark coat and linen collar, right hand across chest, panel, 222in. by 17in.
107
Ricci — A Roman triumph, with Consul and numerous figures, carved gilt frame, 24in. by 16in.
108
Barrocio — Hagar and Ishmael in garden, carved acanthus frame, 20in. by 16in.
109
Rottenhamer (1564-1606) — St. Katherine and St. Agnes, painted within oval floral borders, 25in. by 20in., pierced and carved gilt frames, a pair
110
Carlo Dolci — Ecce Homo, panel, 20in. by 16in., in Florentine carved gilt frame
111
Early Italian School — A half-length portrait of a cleric wearing dark cloak and linen collar and apron, curtain background, on copper, 18in. by 12in., carved gilt frame
112
Flemish School, 16th Century — Portrait of Catherine Russell, Lady Brooke, wearing dark head-dress, with linen collar and posy of flowers, panel, 15in. by 11in.
113
Kneller — Portrait, full-length, of Anne, Countess of Suffolk, daughter of Robert, Earl of Manchester, 16in. by 11in.
114
Ferrato — Madonna and Child, panel, 20in. by 15in., carved gilt frame
115
Russell — Portrait of Lady Kingston, with curled hair, in white bodice, wearing pearl earrings and necklace, panel, 15in. by 12in., carved gilt frame
116
Russell — Bust portraits of Charles I. and Queen Henrietta Maria, panels, 14in. by 12in., in carved gilt frames
117
Russell — Bust portrait of Algernon Percy, Earl of Northumberland, Lord High Admiral, 1640, panel, 15in. by 12in., carved gilt frame
118
Russell — Bust portrait of Henry, Earl of Holland, wearing breast-plate and sash, panel, 15in. by 12in., carved gilt frame
119
Russell — Bust portrait of a gentleman, brown flowing hair, lawn collar, panel, 15in. by 12in., carved gilt frame
120
Buck — Portrait of a gentleman and child, in landscape, stream at distance, water-colour drawing, 18in. by 13in., glazed
121
Ed. Hopley, 1851 — A wood nymph reclining, oval, in landscape, 6in. by 9in., glazed
122
Bernadino Luini — A sibyl, bust portrait, panel, 14in. by 12in.
123
Van Dyck School — Portrait of group of two ladies, one in red dress, and one in cream dress, panel, 8in. by 9_in., carved gilt frame
124
Sir Thos. Lawrence — Portrait study of Duchess of Manchester, head and shoulders, coloured chalks, 16in. by 10in.
125
John Sargent, R.A. — Portrait of a lady, head and shoulders, charcoal drawing, 24in. by 18in.
126
English School, 18th Century — Bust portrait of a man in armour, brown hair, panel, 28in. by 24in.
127
Pickersgill — Portrait of a young lady, holding book, lace collar, curled hair, 29in. by 24in.
128
Henry Bambrick — Copy of a portrait of "Col. William Southwell, 1676," 30in. by 24in.
129
Shayer — Figures and horses in landscape, with dead game, 24in. by 41in.
130
C. Doyster, 1872, after Soldi — A Venetian lady, 39in. by 30in.
131
A painting — Christ on the Cross, another, A Country Mansion, and another, panel, Male portrait in Tudor Costume 3
132
English School — Portrait of a man with brown flowing hair and linen collar, 30in. by 24in., and another, Susanah and the Elders, 50in. by 40in.
133
Lely School — Portrait of lady in green dress, holding veil, 30in. by 25in.
134
G. Jekyll, 1865 — "Jehu," a chariot driver, with two horses, 28in. by 22in.
135
J. Swinton, 1852 — Portrait of Viscountess Mandeville, Louise, wife of the 7th Duke of Manchester, crayon, oval, 30in. by 25in.
136
Thirty small etchings after Millais, Hook, etc., in two frames, glazed
Exhibited International Exhibition, 1862 — The Etching Club
137
L. Desanges, 1872 — Two young ladies (Louise, Duchess of Manchester and Lady Mary Montague), a study in crayon, 29in. by 24in.
138
English School, 18th Century — Half-length portrait of gentleman with powdered hair, wearing jabot and embroidered coat, 30in. by 24in.
139
Flemish School, 18th Century — Landscapes, with cattle, figures and huntsmen, in white frames, a pair, 28in. by 44in.
140
Jansen — Portrait of a middle-aged lady in white-brimmed hat and Elizabethan dress, holding a book, 29in. by 24in.
141
Lely School — Portrait of a lady, half-length, 34in. by 26in., and another painting of a bearded man in dark coat, 31in. by 26in.
142
Wissing — Portrait of a young man, half-length, wearing brown cloak and lace jabot, oval, 228in. by 23in.
143
Kneller School — Portrait of a gentleman with powdered hair, light coat and cravat, painted in an oval, 30in. by 24in.
144
Ramsay — Portrait of Mary, daughter of Sir John Bernard, in decolette blue dress trimmed ermine, painted in an oval, 30in. by 24in.
145
English School, 18th Century — Bust portrait of an officer wearing armour, 30in. by 24in., and another of an elderly man wearing ruff and dark coat, 30in. by 24in.
146
English School — Half-length portrait of Oliver St. John, wearing cloth cap and brown coat, 35in. by 26in.
147
Pickersgill — Half-length portrait of George, 6thDuke of Manchester, in red cloak, 30in. by 25in.
148
Walker — Half-length portrait of a gentleman wearing green cloak and tasselled linen collar, carved gilt frame, 30in. by 24in.
149
Mary Beale — Bust portrait of a nobleman of the time of James II., with brown flowing hair and lace jabot, painted in an oval, carved gilt frame, 30in. by 24in.
150
Guido School — Magdalen, Florentine gilt frame, 27in. by 22in.
151
Italian School — A sibyl, Florentine gilt frame, 25in. by 19in.
152
Richards — Half-length portrait of a young lady in green dress, painted in an oval, 28in. by 24in.
153
Mary Beale (1632-1697) (Pupil of Sir Peter Lely) — Half-length portrait of Dodington, Countess of Manchester, wife of 1st Duke, brown dress with white sleeves, carved gilt frame, 30in. by 24in.
154
Unknown — Half-length portrait of a young lady in embroidered dress and red cloak, oval, 35in. by 27in.
155
Russell — Portrait of a young lady, half-length, wearing brown and white dress, holding a rose, 28in. by 24in.
156
W. Wissing (1656-1687) — Portrait of Bishop Burnett in Commonwealth dress, oval, 26in. by 23in.
157
Mierevelt — Bust portrait of Gustavus Adolphus, King of Sweden, with pointed beard, lace collar, 26in. by 22in.
158
A painting — A Tyrolese view, with lake, bridge and church, the latter set with clock in box case, striking on three gongs, 23in. by 28in.
159
Titian — A Doge of Venice, 48in. by 38in., in carved gilt frame
160
Fried Kaulbach, Kimbolton Castle, 1859 — A portrait, full-length of Louisa, Duchess of Manchester, in red velvet dress, wearing pearl necklace, 92in. by 58in.
161
L. W. Desanges — Portrait of Louise, Duchess of Manchester, wife of 7th Duke, full-length, hands resting on a chair, carved gilt frame, 94in. by 58in.
162
A pair of oleographs — Full-length portrait, labelled "Ol. Cromwell," as a young soldier in armour, and the companion portrait, Charles I., in armour, 86in. by 52in.
163
A pastel portrait of a girl wearing white dress and blue sash, petting a dog, 29in. by 23in., in carved frame, glazed
164
Professor W. B. Richmond, A.R.A. — Portrait of a lady wearing pink-lined blue cloak, convex mirror background, 30in. by 24in., carved gilt frame
165
Canaletto — The Grand Canal Venice, showing the State Barge, with innumerable gondolas, figures and buildings, unframed, 35in. by 54in.
See Illustration Plat No. 2
166
Hudson — A portrait of Sir John Hartopp, grandfather of Lady Bernard, seated in a chair, powdered flowing hair, brown coat, white scarf, 36in. by 28in.
167
Soldi — A three quarter-length portrait of William, 2nd Duke of Manchester, wearing crimson and ermine cloak, left hand resting on sword, right hand on hip, carved gilt frame, 50in. by 40in.
168
Sir Peter Lely — A portrait of a nobleman with brown flowing hair, dark coat, with linen collar and cuffs, half-length, holding staff and key, carved gilt frame, 50in. by 40in.
169
Sir Godfrey Kneller — A portrait of Ann, Countess of Manchester, wearing brown dress and ermine trimmed cloak, a coronet on a table, carved gilt frame, 50in. by 40in.
170
Mytens — A portrait of Sir Wm. Roper, three quarter-length, holding sword and gloves, inscribed "Anno. Dom. 1610, Spes. Mea in Deo," lattice braced mahogany panel, 44in. by 34in.
Exhibited National Portrait Exhibition, 1866
171
Sir Peter Lely — Portrait of Edward, 2nd Earl of Manchester, brown flowing hair, in blue and cream cloak with sash, holding staff, 50in. by 40in.
Exhibited Art Treasures Exhibition, 1857
172
Andrea Soldi, 1741 — Portrait of Harriett Dunch, wife of Robt. Montague, seated, holding child, carved gilt acanthus frame, 50in. by 40in.
173
Bassano — Elevation of the Host, a High Priest, with figures kneeling in the Temple, carved gilt frame, 58in. by 42in.
174
Fiammingo — The Deluge, carved gilt frame, 35in. by 47in.
175
L. Desanges, 1851 — a three-quarter-length portrait of Lady Olivia Montague, Countess of Tankerville, seated, holding a fan, 50in. by 34in.
176
Corregio School ("Caraggio, Testa Gallery, Bologna") — Christ scourged, carved gilt frame, 53in. by 42in.
177
T. B. Oudrey — Fox with pheasant, signed and dated, carved leaf-pattern frame in bold relief, 36in. by 54in.
178
Kneller — Boy in landscape, with dog, castle background, black and gilt frame, 54in. by 42in.
179
Soldi — Portrait of William, 2nd Duke of Manchester, three-quarter-length, carved gilt frame, 50in. by 40in.
180
Titian — Holy Family, carved gilt frame, 39in. by 46in.
181
Bassano — Portrait of a bearded man, with linen cravat, holding a book, carved gilt gadroon frame, 44in. by 34in.
Exhibited Art Treasures Exhibition, 1857
182
Riley — Portrait of Robert, 4th Lord Brook, holding sword, and petting a dog, carved gilt frame, 50in. by 40in.
183
Titian — Portrait of Francis, 1st Grand Duke of Tuscany, and his Secretary, one writing with a quill pen, the other holding a deed, inscribed "Grand Duke and Machiavel," carved gilt gadroon frame, 42in. by 46in.
184
Lely - Portrait of Charles, 4th Earl of Manchester, seated, wearing jabot, brown cloak and linen sleeves, carved gilt frame, 50in. by 40in.
Exhibited Belfast Library Art Loan Exhibition, 1888
185
Hudson — Portrait, inscribed "Lady Oxenden, daughter of Edmund Dunch, married to Sir Geo. Oxenden, Bart.," and the companion picture, "Sir Geo. Oxenden, Comisr. Treasury," carved gilt frames, 50ins by 40in., a pair
186
Sir Peter Lely — Portrait of "Elizabeth, daughter of Earl of Southampton, married to Jocelin, last Earl of Northumberland, and afterwards to Ralph, Lord Montague," carved gilt frame, 50in. by 40in.
187
Soldi — Portrait of "Isabella, daughter of John, Duke of Montague, married to William, 2nd Duke of Manchester," seated in landscape as Diana, carved gilt frame, 50in. by 40in.
188
Hudson — Portrait of "Robert, 3rd Duke and Earl of Manchester, 2nd son of Charles, Duke and Earl of Manchester," carved gilt frame, 50in. by 40in.
189
English School, circa 1600 — Portrait of "Sir John Popham, Kt., Lord Chiefe Iustice of England and of her MAtis. Most Honorable Prive Covnsell," panel, with crest, 44in. by 34in.
(He was Lord Chief Justice in 1592 in which year he was knighted. He presided at the Trials of Guy Fawkes and Sir Walter Raleigh)
190
John Burton — Portrait of a young officer in scarlet tunic, wearing an Order, half-length, 36in. by 28in.
191
John Burton, 1849 — Portrait of a young gentleman wearing linen collar and plum-coloured cloak, 36in. by 28in.
192
Hudson — Portrait, "Harriett, daughter of Edmund Dunch, married to Robt., Duke of Manchester," seated, wearing green dress, left arm resting on table, carved gilt frame, 50in. by 40in.
193
Kneller — Portrait, "Ann Montague, married to James Howard, Earl of Suffolk," wearing brown dress, right arm resting on a vase, carved frame, 50in. by 40in.
194
Ribera — A Hermit (an elderly beared man in brown cloak), octagonal, carved gilt frame, 34in. by 29in.
195
W. C. Knell, 1859 — Coast scene, Dover, with sailing and rowing boats, rough sea, 28in. by 44in.
196
Jansen — Portrait, "Wm. Montague, Lord of the Manor of Oakley, son of Sir Ed. Montague, ÆTATIS SVA, 88, 1619," 45in. by 34in.
197
Thos. Heaphy — "Proserpine in the Garden of Enna," 11in. diameter
198
Henry Tidey — 1861 — "Dar Thula," a woman with shield and a soldier with lance, water-colour drawing, glazed, 51in. by 30in.
199
Ten engravings, etc., various, including the Sistine Madonna, etc.
200
A set of four engravings by T. Cook, after Hogarth, "Canvassing for votes," "The Polling," "The Election entertainment," and "The Chairing"
201
Eight large engravings, etc. (six in oak frames, two in gilt frames)
202
Ten similar, various
203
Twelve similar, including photographs
204
Victorian School — A portrait of an officer in dark cloak, holding helmet, and the companion portrait of a lady in cream satin dress, oval, a pair, 22in. by 17in.
205
English School — A portrait of Queen Elizabeth, panel, 222in. by 17in., and a painting, Children of Charles I., 14in. by 16in.
206
A set of Hogarth engravings (1735), "Marriage à la Mode," in oak frames, glazed (14)
207
W. Brocas, 1843 and 1845 — Three water-colour drawings, Interiors, with figures, and a sketchbook by the same, 1843
207a
J. W. Whymper, 1884 — Landscape, with castle ruins and figures, water-colour drawing
208
D. Macdonald, 1847 — Five portraits, various, crayons, framed and glazed
209
A large sepia etching, quay scene, and four other etchings, etc., various
210
Five paintings of Horses, unframed
211
H. Duvell — Four paintings of horses and cattle, in gilt frames
212
Eug. Doveria, ’48 — Tyrolese peasants, a pair, water-colour drawings, touched up with white
213
G., 1872 — A military review; another, Castle and grounds; and another, Seapiece, with boat, water-colour drawings (3)
214
F. de Prades — An officer on horseback; an arched painting, Terrace figures; and another, "Portrait of a gentleman in Victorian dress" (3)
215
G. Morland, 1794 — A pigsty with figure at door, 10in. by 12in., signed and dated
216
English School, 17th Century — The Music Lesson, Youth and Maid by Spinet, panel, 12in. by 15in.
217
A pair of water-colour drawings, Italian lake scenes, and two others, Coast scenes
218
Victorian School — Portrait of Susan, wife of 5thDuke of Manchester, in landscape, wearing pink dress and flowered h at, 18in. by 14in.
219
Dutch School, 16th Century — Bust portrait of a bearded man, with lace ruff and crimson cloak, panel, 19in. by 17in.
220
English School — River view, with sailing boats and figures, unframed, 13in. by 18in.
221
Matthew Thornicraft — Derwent Water, and Grange in Borrowdale, Cumberland, a pair, 18in. by 24in.
222
Three old sepia drawings, Roman triumphs, and another, coloured, Procession in Rome, much faded
223
Italian School — Two paintings in painted wall frames, Coast scene, with dog in foreground, and Landscape, with figures, and four others, Coat of Arms, a Landscape, Cupids at play, and Male portrait (6)
224
Twenty-four engravings, prints, etc., various, framed
225
Twenty-four ditto
226
Twenty-four ditto (mostly personal photographs)
227
Dutch School — A village scene, with church and cavalry, black painted carved frame, 29in. by 22in.
228
A painting, a dog, another, a hare, another, Castle and grounds with two horses, and another, Forest scene with two stags4
229
Six drawings, Studies of young ladies, and a water-colour ditto
230
Twenty-four photographs, etc., various, framed
231
M. Morley — Pride and Impudence, after Landseer; another, Dying Gaul, charcoal drawings
232
Four pairs of stipple sepia prints, Cupid, Psyche, etc., after Bartolozzi, and a pair of ditto in colour
233
An engraving, Village Politicians, after Wilkie, another, Cathedral and lock, by Lucas, after Constable, and two others, Dover and Hastings, after Turner
234
Ten portrait engravings, Louis XV. and Charles I., etc., framed
235
L. Dashwood, 1764 — Portrait of a young lady, half-length, in blue and white wrap, pastel
236
A pastel — A portrait of Elizabeth, 4th Duchess of Manchester, profile right, reading a book, carved gilt frame, glazed
237
A pastel portrait of a child with dog, oval, carved gilt frame
238
A similar portrait of a young lady in pale blue and white dress, half-length, in carved gilt frame
239
A small oval pastel portrait, Lady Anna Maria Montague, and an oblong pastel portrait, Viscount Mandeville, son of George, Duke of Manchester
240
Victorian School — Portrait of elderly lady in black dress, seated, reading a book, 72in. by 44in.
241
Four gilt picture frames and two easels
242
A Russian Ikon, 9in. by 7in., in moulded pearwood frame
Fitted in Dining Room
243
Lucatelli — Bay scene, with buildings, figures and boats (inset to wall over door), 322in. by 78in.
Fitted in Entrance Hall
244
Pelegrini — The Children of Charles, 1st Duke of Manchester (inset to panelling over fireplace), in carved pine frame, 101in. by 79in.
245
Lucatelli — Landscapes, with figures, in carved pine frames, approx. 32in. by 78in. (inset to panelling as overdoors), a set of four
This building was almost torn down
Chicago Cultural Center, saved from the wrecking ball by Sis Daley, wife of Da Mayor. Amazing mind blowing beauty and art. To add to the atmosphere, the building was filled with live classical music. That dome is Tiffany glass btw, more photos to follow....
Completed in 1897 as Chicago’s first central public library, the building was designed to impress and to prove that Chicago had grown into a sophisticated metropolis. The country’s top architects and craftsmen used the most sumptuous materials, such as rare imported marbles, polished brass, fine hardwoods, and mosaics of Favrile glass, mother-of-pearl and colored stone, to create an architectural showplace. Located on the south side of the building, the world’s largest stained glass Tiffany dome ― 38 feet in diameter with some 30,000 pieces of glass ― was restored to its original splendor in 2008. On the north side of the building is a 40-foot-diameter dome with some 50,000 pieces of glass in an intricate Renaissance pattern, designed by Healy & Millet... from the Cultural Center web site.
location: North America, Europe
edibility: Edible
fungus colour: Red or redish or pink, Brown, Grey to beige, Orange
normal size: 5-15cm
cap type: Convex to shield shaped
stem type: Ring on stem, Bulbous base of stem
spore colour: White, cream or yellowish
habitat: Grows in woods, Grows on the ground, Grows on wood
Armillaria mellea (Vahl. ex Fr.) Kummer syn. Clitocybe mellea (Vahl. ex Fr.) Ricken Hallimasch, Armillaire couleur de miel, Tête de meduse, Honey Fungus or Boot-lace Fungus Cap 3–12cm across, very variable, convex then flattened and centrally depressed or wavy, yellow ochre, tawny, to dark brown, often with an olivaceous tinge, covered in darker fibrillose scales especially at the centre. Stem 60–150×5–15mm, often tapering towards the base, yellowish becoming reddish-brown at the base, initially with a thick whitish to yellow cottony ring. Flesh white. Taste astringent, smell strong. Gills white at first then yellowish becoming pinkish-brown and often darker spotted with age. Spore print pale cream. Spores elliptic, 8–9 x 5–6µ. Habitat in dense clusters on or around trunks or stumps of deciduous and coniferous trees and Hazel. Season summer to early winter. Very common. Edible when cooked but should only be eaten in small amounts as some forms are known to cause stomach upsets. Distribution, America and Europe.
The fungus spreads by long black cords called rhizomorphs resembling bootlaces which can be found beneath the bark of infected trees, on roots or in the soil where they can travel large distances to infect other trees. This is one of the most dangerous parasites of trees, causing an intensive white rot and ultimately death; there is no cure and the fungus is responsible for large losses of timber each year.
info by Roger Phillips:
Taken in 2005.
Two wings of the Intercontinental Boston on Atlantic Avenue, one concave (on the left, luxury condos) and one convex (on the right, luxury hotel).
Project 365 = Day 61 = 2 Mar 2025
Day 1157 (Since 1 Jan 2022)
© 2025 Jeff Stewart. All rights reserved.
Highest profile (H/L 34%) in sample of eighteen.
In profile, anterior and posterior slightly convex.
SPECIES DESCRIPTION part B BELOW
SPECIES DESCRIPTION part A flic.kr/p/BG8mKq
Key id. features 4Pu flic.kr/p/BG8hhs
OTHER SPECIES ALBUMS www.flickr.com/photos/56388191@N08/collections/
GLOSSARY below.
Patella_ulyssiponensis Gmelin, 1791
Identification of British patellid limpets.
With the exception of shells with height >50% of length (only P. vulgata grows that high, but many P. vulgata have low shells), shell-exteriors cannot be relied on, and shell-interiors can be confusing. Examination, in good light under magnification, of extended pallial tentacles on living animals is essential for consistent accurate discrimination of the three rock-dwelling Patella species. Best achieved with specimen adhering to underside of supported glass-sheet in black-based container of seawater.
Some morphologically intermediate forms can only be reliably identified by sequencing DNA or allozyme study. Intermediates result from similar environmental factors affecting different species in similar ways and are not hybrids (Sanna et al., 2011 and Sá-Pinto et al., 2007). For the purpose of recording for distribution schemes it is advisable to disregard intermediates unless DNA or allozymes can be employed, especially beyond or on the limits of known distributions. Intermediates most frequent near limit of distributions of P. depressa and P. ulyssiponensis in Isle of Wight , perhaps because conditions not optimal (Fretter and Graham, 1994).
Key identification features of typical British specimens.
Patella ulyssiponensis
1. Basal half of pallial tentacles has opaque pigment which can be white, off-white, cream or, on large specimens, yellowish or orange. The distal half fades to a translucent tip. Opaque basal half is often distinct from translucent mantle-skirt that they arise from, so it is possible to confuse with P. depressa. It is important to use pallial tentacles in combination with foot-colour/shell-length for identification. Examples at 26Pu flic.kr/p/BGqszN .
2. Foot that is NOT pitch-brown/black or dark khaki. It can be whitish when young 30Pu flic.kr/p/BGqk4q becoming yellowish 31Pu flic.kr/p/BGrKw1 and, sometimes, orange with age 21Pu flic.kr/p/AUuNww . Juveniles under 12mm length may show a blackish internal shadow through the thin pale translucent foot 30Pu flic.kr/p/BGqk4q as they lack gonads above the foot that mask the dark viscera in adults.
Similar species
Patella vulgata
Extremely variable species; foot colours and nearly all shell-features have overlaps with P. depressa and P. ulyssiponensis.
1. Pigment-less pallial tentacles are slender, translucent and same colour as mantle-skirt they arise from. 40Pu flic.kr/p/BPJ1vQ .
Cautions:
Pallial tentacles of P. vulgata may look white when arise from colourless mantle-skirt in some lighting, but no pigment 41Pu flic.kr/p/AUxuXs .
Translucency and fineness of pallial tentacles of P. vulgata often make discernment difficult, especially when mantle skirt retracted from shell-rim and pallial tentacles viewed against shell 42Pu flic.kr/p/BGtg3y ; often virtually invisible when out of water as may be retracted as well as highly translucent 43Pu flic.kr/p/AUDqUz .
Foot colour of P. vulgata varies greatly, sometimes orange resembling P. ulyssiponensis 53Pu flic.kr/p/BPKsw5.
Shell interior can be white or tinted orange in P. vulgata 53Pu flic.kr/p/BPKsw5 and 44Pu flic.kr/p/BPKJ6G .
Patella depressa
[1 & 2 in combination, not singly, are diagnostic of typical specimens but exclude intermediates.]
1. Pigmented pallial tentacles are opaque chalky-white for more than half of extended-length; may have translucent tip; distinctly whiter than buff mantle-skirt from which they arise 45Pu flic.kr/p/BJLMBx . Even when mantle-skirt retracted, pallial tentacles often clearly visible contrasting with the darker mantle 46Pu flic.kr/p/AUxm6u .
2. Sole of foot pitch-brown 47Pu flic.kr/p/AUDiJH to black 46Pu flic.kr/p/AUxm6u .
3. On shell-interior, whitish projecting points of ribs have short, unglazed, chalky, pure-white central line, but reduced or lacking where projecting points of ribs eroded 48Pu flic.kr/p/BS4e7v . [This feature recently recognised by S. Payne, and applies to all in large sample examined by IFS. Unsure yet if universal on P. depressa and exclusive of P. vulgata and P. ulyssiponensis.]
Caution:
Shell interior can be orange-cream in P. depressa 49Pu flic.kr/p/BixiVz
Patella caerulea Linnaeus, 1758.
Does not occur in Britain. In Iberia and Mediterranean, separation from it of some specimens of P. ulyssiponensis could not be achieved with foot colour and shell morphology by Sanna et al. (2011) who relied on the use of DNA sequencing. They did not mention attempting the use of pallial tentacle colour on live specimens; it may be worth investigation. See Sanna et al. for images of P. caerulea.
Habits and ecology
P. ulyssiponensis is a southern species which reaches its northern limit in south-west Norway and locally at cold winter-sea areas of Baltic, North Sea and north-east Irish Sea. It lives on rocky shores with Ballantine (1961) wave exposure scale 1- 4 or 5 where turbidity does not prevent algal growth. It is often the dominant species of limpet at mid- and low-tide levels on extremely and very exposed shores (scales 1 & 2). It can be common on exposed (scale 3) lower shores, and present on semi-exposed shores (scale 4) but largely confined to lower levels or to pools lined with encrusting calcareous algae at higher shore levels. On fairly sheltered (scale 5) shores it is absent or confined to pools. It is usually found on bedrock, not on shingle or loose boulders, and it extends into the sublittoral zone. It is unable to produce very large, thick, high-domed shells, like those of some P. vulgata 50Pu flic.kr/p/AUDcK8 , to resist desiccation on drained rock on upper shores. P. ulyssiponensis is reported to be a consistently homing species (Branch, 1981a); adults always after feeding-excursions seeking to return to same position where a deep home-scar can be developed when substrate is relatively soft encrusting calcareous algae 7Pu flic.kr/p/AUibCP . Differences in amount of opaque, white, porcelaneous material on interior of shells at different localities may be due differences in suitability of environment 15Pu flic.kr/p/AUm6kt . Locomotion by retrograde waves alternating on each side (ditaxic) of sole; muscles alternately compress/relax against blood trapped between them to create waves. Feeding: most frequently grazes on calcareous encrusting algae and Corallina, ingesting the algae and organic deposits on their surface. Grazing is facilitated by powerful muscles in large buccal mass, and by rust-coloured iron-reinforced teeth on long radula with plentiful replacements for worn teeth 36Pu flic.kr/p/AUvMhW . Length varies seasonally; shorter when wear of active feeding exceeds growth rate. Patella spp. wear out up to two rows of teeth per day (Sigel, 2008 ). About four rows of teeth are in contact with substrate during feeding; loose particles are retained by rim of surrounding jaw# and the licker 38Pu flic.kr/p/BJKboP which sweeps them up at the end of the radula stroke. Long coiled intestine compacts faeces (often yellowish from high lime content obtained from calcareous algae) 35Pu flic.kr/p/BivTv4 into firm faecal strings that will not contaminate gills in pallial groove; compensates for adults lacking hypobranchial gland to produce mucus to bind particles exiting from nuchal cavity. Cilia on roof of nuchal cavity and side of foot conduct faecal matter from anus in nuchal cavity to middle of right side 24Pu flic.kr/p/BS1DhR . Faeces and debris accumulate there until periodic sharp contraction of pedal-retractor muscle clamps shell down and forcefully flushes water and waste out of shell (Fretter & Graham 1962 & 1994). When limpets removed from rock, accumulated pile of faecal strings often found in position. Cilia also create inhalent water-current from left of head through nuchal cavity, where urogenital openings located, and thence carry excreta and ova/sperm to exterior. Colourless interior shell-layers may be stained orange by digestive gland when feeding on red algae in both P. ulyssiponensis 4Pu flic.kr/p/BG8hhs and P. vulgata 43Pu flic.kr/p/AUDqUz Predators reported to be able to dislodge P. vulgata shells probably take P. ulyssiponensis too; they include gulls (Larus spp.), oystercatchers (Haematopus ostralegus), crabs, starfish and rats. Nucella lapillus bores through the shell, usually to the pedal-retractor muscle where the adjacent viscera are accessible obliquely to its radula without having to bore through the thick amphora# shell-layers covering the viscera 51Pu flic.kr/p/AUDb42 . Boring takes several days, but is rewarded with a large food supply, providing the Nucella isn't dislodged before completion . Respiration: gill-cilia create gentle local inhalent respiratory water currents all around perimeter of animal from adjacent shell-rim onto gills, and exhalent currents below gills back to shell-rim 24Pu flic.kr/p/BS1DhR (Yonge & Thompson, 1976). Densely ciliated groove on stalk and rim of each gill-lamella catches and removes large particles of detritus that would clog gill (Fretter & Graham, 1994) 25Pu flic.kr/p/BGqt5A . Blood passes from viscera and foot via vessels through gaps in encircling pedal-retractor muscle 23Pu flic.kr/p/BGqwhs into gills for oxygenation, and thence into encircling efferent pallial vessel in mantle-skirt, which carries blood to left of nuchal cavity and through its roof to elongated heart behind left of cavity 52Pu flic.kr/p/BpVk1S for recirculation to head, foot and viscera (Fretter & Graham, 1994). On shells with thick porcellaneous interior layers, efferent pallial-vessel leaves a mark where it passes through gap in gills to enter nuchal cavity 1Pu flic.kr/p/BpzHx5 & 14Pu flic.kr/p/BpCkES . Breeding season varies geographically; June-September N.E. England, June-November S.W. England, and precise timing varies year to year (Fretter & Graham, 1994). External fertilization, so close proximity of sexes required for success. Sperm and ova shed into water column, ova individually. Eggs hatch as free trochophore larvae (stage passed within egg by most “less-primitive” spp.) in plankton before transforming to veligers and, after a short planktonic-life, settling on lower shore and assuming limpet form. Spat, when 1mm long, have eight radiating ridges; P. vulgata has five ridges on right, four on left. P. depressa has ten (Fretter & Graham, 1994). Some move to mid-tide level when shell-length 5mm.
Distribution and status
Mediterranean, Black Sea and North-east Atlantic from Morocco to Shetland and Bergen, Norway (Høisæter, 2009). Not in the colder waters of a) the Baltic b) North Sea from Stavanger to Le Havre and from Flamborough to Beachy Head c) north-east of Irish Sea from Kircudbright or Dumfries to Anglesey.
GBIF map www.gbif.org/species/5190390 ; Belgian and Dutch records are from flotsam (Fretter & Graham, 1994, p.464) and records on Macaronesian islands are misidentified P. aspera Röding, 1798 (“note” at www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=456570)
U.K. distribution map NBN species.nbnatlas.org/species/NHMSYS0021056398
Acknowledgements
I gratefully acknowledge Dr Sebastian Payne for information, discussion and help during shore-work. Any errors or omissions are the responsibility of the author.
Links and references
Akşit, D. & Falakil Mutaf, B. 2011. The external morphology of the gill of Patella caerulea L. (Mollusca: Gastropoda). Turk. J. Zool. 35(4) 603-606. Tübitak. Turkey. PDF contains SEM images of gill.
www.google.co.uk/search?q=patella+gill+ciliated+groove&am...
Backeljau, T. 1986. Lijst van de recente mariene mollusken van Belgie Koninklijk Belgisch Instituut voor Natuurwetenschappen, Brussels.
PDF at www.marinespecies.org/imis.php?module=ref&refid=4414
Barber, A.H., Lu, D. & Pugno, N.M. 2015 Extreme strength observed in limpet teeth The Royal Society.
rsif.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/12/105/20141326
Branch, G.M. 1981a. The biology of limpets. Oceangr. Mar. Biol. Ann. Rev. learning.watfordboys.org/mod/resource/view.php?id=4730
Branch, G.M. 1981b. The biology of limpets. Oceangr. Mar. Biol. Ann. Rev. www.google.co.uk/search?q=Patella+vulgata+blood+circulati...
Cohen, A.L. & Branch, G.M. 1992. Environmentally controlled variation in the structure and mineralogy of Patella granularis shells from the coast of southern Africa: implications for palaeotemperature assessments. Palaeogeography, palaeoclimatology, palaeoecology, 91: 49-57. www.whoi.edu/fileserver.do?id=163844&pt=2&p=36767
Forbes, E. & Hanley S. 1849-53. A history of the British mollusca and their shells. vol. 2 (1849), London, van Voorst. (As Patella athletica; PDF at archive.org/stream/historyofbritish02forb#page/424/mode/2up Use slide at base of page to select pp.425-429.)
Fretter, V. and Graham, A. 1962. British prosobranch molluscs. London, Ray Society.
Fretter, V. and Graham, A. 1994. British prosobranch molluscs. Revised and updated edition. London, Ray Society.
Gmelin, J.F. (1791) Vermes. In Gmelin J.F. (Ed.) Caroli a Linnaei Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, Editio Decima Tertia, Aucta Reformata. Tome 1, Pars 6 (Vermes). G.E. Beer, Lipsiae [Leipzig], pp. 3021-3910., available online at www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/83098#5 Original description on p.692 of PDF .
Goshima, S., Ilano, A.S., Ito, A. & Nakao, S. 2002. Seasonal and tidal-height variations in body weight and radular length in Nodilittorina radiata (Eydoux & Souleyet, 1852). J. Mollus. Stud. 68: 197-203.
PDF at mollus.oxfordjournals.org/content/68/3/197.full.pdf+html
Graham, A. 1988. Prosobranch and pyramidellid gastropods. London.
Høisæter, T. 2009. Distribution of marine, benthic, shell bearing gastropods along the Norwegian coast. Fauna Norvegica 28: 5-106.
pdf at www.ntnu.no/ojs/index.php/fauna_norvegica/article/view/563
Jeffreys, J.G. 1862-69. British conchology. vol. 3 (1865). London, van Voorst. (As Patella vulgata var. 4 depressa, incorrectly attributed to Pennant.); Free PDF at archive.org/stream/britishconcholog03jeff#page/236/mode/2up . Use slide at base of page to select pp.237.
MacClintock, C. 1967. Shell structure of patelloid and bellerophontid gastropods (Mollusca). Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University. Bulletin 22. pdf at
www.google.co.uk/?gws_rd=ssl#q=MacClintock%2C+C.+1967.+Sh....
215 pages, may take a few minutes to download. Contents on page v.(= p.6 of pdf). To find pages on pdf add 1 to Roman numerals, and add 11 to modern numerals.
Pennant, T. (1777). British Zoology, vol. IV. Crustacea. Mollusca. Testacea. London. i-viii, 1-154, pls. 1-93.,
Page 142 biodiversitylibrary.org/item/127011#page/168/mode/1up
Pl. 89 fig.146. biodiversitylibrary.org/item/127011#page/361/mode/1up
Sanna, D., Dedola, G. L., Lai, T., Curini-Galletti, M. & Casu, M. 2011. PCR-RFLP: A practical method for the identification of specimens of Patella ulyssiponensis s.l. (Gastropoda: Patellidae), Italian Journal of Zoology,
pdf at www.researchgate.net/publication/233126771_PCR-RFLP_A_pra...
Sá-Pinto, A., Branco,M., Harris, D.J. & Alexandrino, P. 2005. Phylogeny and phylogeography of the genus Patella based on mitochondrial DNA sequence data. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 325: 95-110.
Sá-Pinto, A., Alexandrino, P. & Branco,M. 2007. High genetic differentiation with no evidence of hybridization between four limpet species (Patella spp.) revealed by allozyme loci. Scientia Marina 71(4): 801-810. Barcelona. pdf at www.vliz.be/imisdocs/publications/131981.pdf
Yonge, C.M. and Thompson, T.E. 1976. Living marine molluscs. London.
Current taxonomy: World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS)
www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=140684
GLOSSARY
amphora – (on interior of limpet shell) Roman amphora-shaped area enclosed by scars of pedal-retractor muscle and anterior mantle-attachment.
anteroposterior – (of linear feature) aligned from anterior to posterior.
aperture – mouth of gastropod shell; outlet for head and foot.
apex - earliest formed part of a gastropod shell, the summit of the cone. (In this limpet-account restricted to the exterior of the shell, and “vertex” used for the interior.)
auct. - (abbreviation of “auctorum” = “of authors”) name, often of another valid species, used in error for this one by other author(s). en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auctorum
cephalic – (adj.) of or on the head.
cilia – (pl.) microscopic linear extensions of membrane that move in rhythmic waves to create locomotion, or move particles and liquids e.g. inhalent water currents. (“cilium” singular). (Electron scanning microscope image at flic.kr/p/qQB5zj )
ciliary – (adj.) relating to or involving cilia.
coll. – in the collection of (named person or institution) (compare with legit).
conoid – shaped like a cone.
ctenidium – comb-like molluscan gill; usually an axis with a row of filaments either side.
ELWS – extreme low water spring tide (usually near March and September equinoxes).
epipodial - (adj.) of the epipodium (collar or circlet running round sides of foot of some gastropods).
epithelium – membranous covering of internal and external surfaces of animal's body, e.g. skin and lining of tubes and cavities.
head scar – term used by many British authors for patch of different shell-material, and often different colour, near vertex of interior of limpet shell; misnomer as the mobile head, free of any attachment to the shell or mantle-roof of the nuchal cavity cannot make a scar. A preferable term is “vertex patch”.
height – (of limpet) perpendicular distance from apex to plane of aperture-rim (best measured with callipers).
hyaline shield – transparent sheet of chitin at anterior of radula that rests on bolsters of odontophore; attachment point for retractor muscles of radula; helps guide food particles into mouth.
jaw - unarticulated chitinous structure that encloses inner lips of Patella spp. at sides and anterior.
legit – (abbreviation; leg.) collected/ found by (compare with coll.)
licker - cuticularized structure with plate-like ridges and deep transverse grooves at tip of radula of Patella spp.; retains and sweeps up food particles.
Macaronesia – Madeira, Canary Islands, Cape Verde Islands and Azores.
mantle – sheet of tissue covering visceral mass of molluscs. Secretes shell of shelled species, and forms part or all of dorsal body surface (notum) of those without shells. (See mantle skirt.)
mantle skirt – extension on gastropods of mantle proper as a flap roofing a cavity containing gills, genital and renal openings, anus etc. On limpets, skirt and cavity extend around periphery of animal.
MLWS - mean low water spring tide level (mean level reached by lowest low tides for a few days every fortnight; Laminaria or Coralline zone on rocky coasts).
nuchal – (adj.) of nape of the neck.
nuchal cavity – cavity roofed by mantle skirt that contains head of limpet; part of mantle cavity (remainder consists of pallial groove on each side of body).
ovoid – egg-shaped, (as a solid or in outline).
ovate – egg-shaped, (as a solid or in outline).
pallial groove band – shell material deposited on interior of shell by strip of black mantle roofing the pallial groove that contains the gills. On British Patella spp. it is often clouded-white.
pedal retractor muscle – strong muscle that retracts foot into shell of most gastropods, but on limpets is used to clamp shell to substrate, a.k.a. “foot muscle”.
porcellaneous – resembling vitreous glazed ceramic material.
retrograde - (of locomotion waves on foot) waves travel from anterior to posterior.
scar – mark on shell made by attachment point of muscle or other body part.
skirt shell layer - shell material deposited on interior of shell by mantle skirt. On British Patella spp. colourless when deposited, and clouded white, or transparent showing the colours of the outer layer. Crystalline structure causes short lines of blue iridescence parallel to the aperture rim on all four British species of Patella when the light is right.
tricuspid - (of tooth) having three points.
trochophore – spherical or pear-shaped larva that swims with aid of girdle of cilia. Stage preceding veliger, passed within gastropod egg in most spp. but free in plankton for patellid limpets, most Trochidae and Tricolia pullus.
unicuspid - (of tooth) having a single point.
veliger – shelled larva of marine gastropod or bivalve mollusc which swims by beating cilia of a velum (bilobed flap).
vertex – angle at highest point on interior of limpet-shell. [Synonym of “apex”, chosen (by IFS) to help avoid confusion with the highest point, apex, on the exterior. In classical Latin “vertex” was used for the “pole of the heavens”, obviously only seen from below.]
vertex patch –layer of different shell-material, and often different colour, at vertex of interior of limpet shell. (See “head scar”.)
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Convex mirrors in dust storm whiteout.
"Compound Eye" aka "Compound I" was a sculpture covered with circular convex (or "bubble-shape") mirrors.by Kirsten Berg.
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Photo taken at the Burning Man 2012 festival (Black Rock Desert, Nevada).
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