Silbury Hill is a prehistoric artificial chalk mound near Avebury in the English county of Wiltshire. It is part of the Stonehenge, Avebury and Associated Sites UNESCO World Heritage Site, and lies at grid reference SU099685.

 

At 30 metres (98 ft) high,[1] Silbury Hill – which is part of the complex of Neolithic monuments around Avebury, which includes the Avebury Ring and West Kennet Long Barrow – is the tallest prehistoric human-made mound in Europe[2] and one of the largest in the world; it is similar in size to some of the smaller Egyptian pyramids of the Giza Necropolis.[3] Its original purpose is still highly debated. Several other important Neolithic monuments in Wiltshire in the care of English Heritage, including the large henges at Marden and Stonehenge, may be culturally or functionally related to Avebury and Silbury.

 

Seen from near Swallowhead Springs

Composed mainly of chalk and clay excavated from the surrounding area, the mound stands 40 metres (131 ft) high[4] and covers about 5 acres (2 ha). It is a display of immense technical skill and prolonged control over labour and resources. Archaeologists calculate that Silbury Hill was built about 4,750 years ago and that it took 18 million man-hours, or 500 men working for 15 years (Atkinson 1974:128) to deposit and shape 248,000 cubic metres (324,000 cu yd) of earth and fill on top of a natural hill. Euan W. Mackie asserts that no simple late Neolithic tribal structure as usually imagined could have sustained this and similar projects, and envisages an authoritarian theocratic power elite with broad-ranging control across southern Britain.[5]

 

The base of the hill is circular and 167 metres (548 ft) in diameter. The summit is flat-topped and 30 metres (98 ft) in diameter. A smaller mound was constructed first, and in a later phase much enlarged. The initial structures at the base of the hill were perfectly circular: surveying reveals that the centre of the flat top and the centre of the cone that describes the hill lie within a metre of one another.[6] There are indications that the top originally had a rounded profile, but this was flattened in the medieval period to provide a base for a building, perhaps with a defensive purpose.[7]

 

The first phase, carbon-dated to 2400 BC ±100 years,[8][9] consisted of a gravel core with a revetting kerb of stakes and sarsen boulders. Alternate layers of chalk rubble and earth were placed on top of this: the second phase involved heaping further chalk on top of the core, using material excavated from an encircling ditch. At some stage during this process, the ditch was backfilled and work was concentrated on increasing the size of the mound to its final height, using material from elsewhere. The step surrounding the summit dates from this phase of construction, either as a precaution against slippage,[10] or as the remnants of a spiral path ascending from the base, used during construction to raise materials and later as a processional route.[8][9]

 

Investigations[edit]

 

Silbury Hill, seen from the nearby West Kennet Long Barrow

17th, 18th and 19th centuries[edit]

There have been several excavations of the mound. The site was first illustrated by the seventeenth-century antiquarian John Aubrey, whose notes, in the form of his Monumenta Britannica, were published by Dorset Publishing Co. between 1680 and 1682. Later, William Stukeley wrote that a skeleton and bridle had been discovered during tree planting on the summit in 1723. It is probable that this was a later, secondary burial. The excavation came in October 1776 when a team of Cornish miners overseen by the Duke of Northumberland and Colonel Edward Drax sank a vertical shaft from the top.[11] In 1849 a tunnel was dug horizontally from the edge into the centre. Other excavations were undertaken in 1867 and 1886.

 

20th century[edit]

Flinders Petrie investigated the hill after the First World War. In 1968 to 1970 professor Richard J. C. Atkinson undertook work at Silbury which was broadcast on BBC Television. This excavation revealed most of the environmental evidence known about the site, including the remains of winged ants which indicate that Silbury was begun in an August. Atkinson dug numerous trenches at the site and reopened the 1849 tunnel, where he found material suggesting a Neolithic date, although none of his radiocarbon dates are considered reliable by modern standards. He argued that the hill was constructed in steps, each tier being filled in with packed chalk and then smoothed off or weathered into a slope. Atkinson reported the C 14 date for the base layer of turf and decayed material indicated a corrected date for the commencement of Silbury was close to 2750 BC.[12]

 

21st century[edit]

After heavy rains in May 2002, a collapse of the 1776 excavation shaft caused a hole to form in the top of the hill. English Heritage undertook a seismic survey of the hill to identify the damage caused by earlier excavations and determine the hill's stability. Repairs were undertaken but the site remained closed to the public. As part of this remedial work English Heritage excavated two further small trenches and made the important discovery of an antler fragment, the first from a secure archaeological context at the site. This produced a reliable radiocarbon date of c. 2490-2340 BC, dating the second mound convincingly to the Late Neolithic (whilst not contradicting the 2750 BC date for the initial construction).

 

Other recent work has focused on the role of the surrounding ditch, which may not have been merely a source of chalk for the hill but a purpose-built water-filled barrier placed between the hill and the rest of the world.

 

In March 2007, English Heritage announced that a Roman village the size of 24 football pitches had been found at the foot of Silbury Hill. It contained regularly laid out streets and houses.[13]

 

On 11 May 2007, contractors Skanska, under the overall direction of English Heritage,[14] began a major programme of stabilisation, filling the tunnels and shafts from previous investigations with hundreds of tonnes of chalk. At the same time a new archaeological survey was conducted using modern equipment and techniques.[15] The work finished in Spring 2008: a "significant" new understanding of the monument's construction and history had been obtained.[16]

 

In February 2010, letters written by Edward Drax concerning the 1776 excavation were found in the British Library describing a 40-foot (12 m) "perpendicular cavity" 6 inches (15 cm) wide. As wood fragments thought to be oak have been found it has been suggested that this may have held an oak tree or a 'totem pole'.[17]

 

Artefacts[edit]

Few prehistoric artefacts have ever been found on Silbury Hill: at its core there is only clay, flints, turf, moss, topsoil, gravel, freshwater shells, mistletoe, oak, hazel, sarsen stones, ox bones, and antler tines. Roman and medieval items have been found on and around the site since the nineteenth century and it seems that the hill was reoccupied by later peoples.

 

Purpose[edit]

 

Aerial view of Silbury Hill and the A4 road

The exact purpose of the hill is unknown, though various suggestions have been put forward:

 

Folklore[edit]

According to legend, Silbury is the last resting place of a King Sil, represented in a lifesize gold statue and sitting on a golden horse. A local legend noted in 1913[18] states that the Devil was carrying a bag of soil to drop on the citizens of Marlborough, but he was stopped by the priests of nearby Avebury. In 1861 it was reported[19] that hundreds of people from Kennett, Avebury, Overton and the neighbouring villages thronged Silbury Hill every Palm Sunday.

 

Other suggestions[edit]

Professor John C. Barret asserts that although we no longer know what was at the top of Silbury Hill and cannot suggest what specific rituals or beliefs were associated with it, we can tease out basic spatial concepts.[20] He notes that any ritual at Silbury Hill would have involved physically raising a few individuals far above the level of everyone else. These few individuals in a privileged position would have been visible for miles around and at several other monuments in the area. This would possibly indicate an elite group, perhaps a priesthood, powerfully displaying their authority.

 

Writer, artist and prehistorian Michael Dames has put forward a composite theory of seasonal rituals, in an attempt to explain the purpose of Silbury Hill and its associated sites (West Kennet Long Barrow, the Avebury henge, The Sanctuary and Windmill Hill), from which the summit of Silbury Hill is visible.[21]

 

Paul Devereux observes that Silbury and its surrounding monuments appear to have been designed with a system of inter-related sightlines, focusing on the step several metres below the summit. From various surrounding barrows and from Avebury, the step aligns with hills on the horizon behind Silbury, or with the hills in front of Silbury, leaving only the topmost part visible. In the latter case, Devereux hypothesises that ripe cereal crops grown on the intervening hill would perfectly cover the upper portion of Silbury, with the top of the corn and the top of Silbury coinciding.

 

Jim Leary and David Field (2010) [22] provide an overview of the evolving archaeological information and interpretations of the site and conclude that the actual purpose of this artificial earth mound (Tumulus) cannot be known and the multiple and overlapping construction phases – almost continuous remodelling – suggest there was no blueprint and that the process of building was probably the most important thing of all: perhaps the process was more important than the Hill.

 

Location[edit]

 

Silbury Hill with associated archaeological sites in the Avebury region ca. 2600 to 2300BC

Silbury Hill is located in the Kennett Valley, at OSGB grid reference SU099685 (51°24′56″N 1°51′27″W). It is close to the A4, between the towns of Marlborough and Calne, also the route of a Roman road which runs between Beckhampton and West Kennett and runs to the south of the hill. In 1867 the Wiltshire Archaeological and Natural History Society excavated the east side of the hill to see if traces of the Roman Road were underneath it. No traces were found and later excavations south of the hill located the road in fields to the south making a pronounced swerve to avoid the base of the hill. This was conclusive proof that the hill was there before the road – but the hill provided an alignment sight-line for the road.[23]

 

Biology[edit]

The hill's vegetation is species-rich chalk grassland, dominated by Upright Brome and False Oat-grass, but with many species characteristic of this habitat, including a strong population of the rare Knapweed Broomrape. This vegetation has led to a 2.3 hectares (5.7 acres) area of the site being notified as a Site of Special Scientific Interest, this notification initially being given in 1965. The site is unique in that its slopes have 360-degree aspects, allowing comparison between growth of the flora on the differently-facing slopes of the hill.

Please also visit my Photoblog at brohardphotography.blogspot.com

 

Follow me and become Fan at Facebook Loïc Brohard Photography

 

Consider to join the group Photography Websites & Photoblogs Group on Facebook to promote your work !

 

The Gūr-e Amīr or Guri Amir is a mausoleum of the Asian conqueror Tamerlane (also known as Timur) in Samarkand, Uzbekistan. It occupies an important place in the history of Persian Architecture as the precursor and model for later great Mughal architecture tombs, including Humayun's Tomb in Delhi and the Taj Mahal in Agra, built by Timur's descendants, the ruling Mughal dynasty of North India. It has been heavily restored.

Gur-e Amir is Persian for "Tomb of the King". This architectural complex with its azure dome contains the tombs of Tamerlane, his sons Shah Rukh and Miran Shah and grandson Ulugh Beg and Muhammad Sultan. Also honoured with a place in the tomb is Timur's teacher Mir Sayyid Baraka.

 

The earliest part of the complex was built at the end of the 14th century by the orders of Muhammad Sultan. Now only the foundations of the madrasah and khanaka, the entrance portal and a part of one of four minarets remains.

 

The construction of the mausoleum itself began in 1403 after the sudden death of Muhammad Sultan, Tamerlane's heir apparent and his beloved grandson, for whom it was intended. Timur had built himself a smaller tomb in Shahrisabz near his Ak-Saray palace. However, when Timur died in 1405 on campaign on his military expedition to China, the passes to Shahrisabz were snowed in, so he was buried here instead. Ulugh Beg, another grandson of Tamerlane, completed the work. During his reign the mausoleum became the family crypt of the Timurid Dynasty.

The entrance portal to the Muhammad Sultan ensemble is richly decorated with carved bricks and various mosaics. The decoration of the portal was accomplished by the skilled craftsman (ustad) Muhammad bin Mahmud Isfahani. Outwardly the Gur-e Amir Mausoleum is a one-cupola building. It is famous for its simplicity of construction and for its solemn monumentality of appearance. It is an octahedral building crowned by an azure fluted dome (see picture). The exterior decoration of the walls consists of the blue, light-blue and white tiles organized into geometrical and epigraphic ornaments against a background of terracotta bricks. The dome (diameter - 15 m (49.21 ft), height - 12.5 m (41.01 ft)) is of a bright blue color with deep rosettes and white spots. Heavy ribbed fluting gives an amazing expressiveness to the cupola.

During the reign of Ulugh Beg a doorway was made to provide an entrance into the mausoleum.

 

Inwardly the mausoleum appears as a large, high chamber with deep niches at the sides and diverse decoration. The lower part of the walls covered are by onyx slabs composed as one panel. Each of these slabs is decorated with refined paintings. Above the panel there is a marble stalactite cornice. Large expanses of the walls are decorated with painted plaster; the arches and the internal dome are ornamented by high-relief papier-mache cartouches, gilded and painted. The ornate carved headstones in the inner room of the mausoleum merely indicate the location of the actual tombs in a crypt directly underneath the main chamber. Under Ulugh Beg's government a solid block of dark green jade was placed over the grave of Tamerlane. Formerly this stone had been used at a place of worship in the Chinese emperor's palace, then as the throne of Kabek Khan (a descendant of Genghis Khan) in Karshi. Next to Tamerlane's grave lie the marble tombstones of his sons Miran Shah and Shah Rukh and also of grandsons - Muhammad Sultan and Ulugh Beg. Tamerlane's spiritual teacher Mir Said Baraka, also rests here. In 1740, the Persian warlord Nadir Shah tried to carry off the valuable tomb stone, but it broke in two. This was interpreted as a bad omen. His advisers urged him to leave the stone to its rightful place. The second time the stone was disturbed was on June 19, 1941 when Soviet archaeologists opened the crypt. The anthropologist Mikhail Gerasimov was able to reconstruct Tamerlane's facial features from his skull, and it was also confirmed that he was 172 cm in height, a giant for his day, and would have walked with a pronounced limp. Further historical information about the assassination of Ulugh Beg and the authenticity of the other graves was also confirmed. Timur's skeleton and that of Ulugh Beg, his grandson, were reinterred with full Islamic burial rites in November 1942, at the beginning of the Battle of Stalingrad.

Hunter Panel's trademarked Cool-Vent product, a rigid roof insulation panel composed of polyiso foam core, is manufactured as a ventilated nailbase insulation panel. This quality steep-slope insulation board offers sustainable thermal insulating characteristics while also allowing air circulation within the roof assemble. A standard 1-inch air space permits airflow in all directions to give improved cooling and ventilation; this ventilation space helps reduce moisture vapor and heat build-up.

 

-3-part product consisting of a 4’ x 8’ NexGen Chemistry(tm) polyiso foam insulation board, a middle layer of wood spacers, and a top layer of 4’ x 8’ plywood.

 

-Cool-Vent provides 92% open air space and allows for 75% lateral air movement throughout the roof assembly

 

-The vented, Cool-Vent insulation keeps a continuous flow of air moving through the roof system that cools the metal roof panels and helps keep rooftop snow and ice from melting.

 

Visit our product literature for more information: www.hpanels.com/2009/pages/pdfs/Lit_Prod_Color/Cool-Vent.pdf

My friend and professional photographer Ed is looking for images to catch in the church San Bernardino delle Ossa. ( Milan, Italy)

 

www.beeldvanger.nl

 

San Bernardino alle Ossa is a church in Milan, best known for its ossuary, a small side chapel decorated with numerous human skulls and bones. In 1210, when an adjacent cemetery ran out of space, a room was built to hold bones. A church was attached in 1269.

    

©Alex Felipe

 

In October 2003 11,105 hectares were awarded as ancestral land to the Tala-andig tribe that has inhabited the area since before the founding of the Philippine republic.

 

Mia (as it's locally called) is composed of many small hamlets in the valley between Mt. Kitanglad and Mt. Kalatungan, each differing in appearance and status.

 

When I visited in late March 2005 I was housed in "Centro," the most developed of the hamlets and the only one with electricity. It was an odd halfway-house kind of place, it straddled older and newer ways of life. Some of the homes were wood and bamboo structures without electricity, while others had TVs and a second floor.

 

In all the hamlets pigs, chickens and cows were everywhere, and pretty much everyone's income was still bound to the land. The most common crop were carrots, but cabbage, potatoes, and corn are also grown. The problem though was the lack of transport infrastructure and the reliance of middle-men to sell the produce.

 

While I was there the carrots were being harvested and sold for a measly P5 (approx $0.10USD) a kilo. At the beginning of the harvest season the carrots were going for around P20-30/kg, but then with the rush to harvest the market was flooded and within days the price dropped.

 

At first glace most of the land seemed covered in crops, on closer inspection you'd see that a lot of the land lay barren. You see, some of the people didn't have the start up capital to farm their land, or they preferred to bypass the uncertainty and either work for wealthier individuals, or for the large asparagus agri-corp on the mountain. A lot of these people (especially those in the former group) were the poorest of the poor in the region. Local landowners paid as low as P50-P70 a day ($1-1.40 USD) to adults and even less to children. The main draw came from a reliable salary paid daily and thus not having to wait until harvest to get paid an uncertain amount.

 

This shot was taken in Salavan, a smaller hamlet of less than a couple dozen families. The simple wood home in the middle of a carrot field faces the public square and is fenced around by bamboo. The kids posed by the window as I was there and I had to make a choice of whether to get closer, or to change to a longer lens, or to just shoot. I chose the latter.

 

Started drawing some icons for our compose button. My faves are the pencil/paper one, and the keyboard (even though I know the keyboard isn't too clear, I think it's pretty fun).

 

Votes and suggestions welcome! Icons are fun.

Lava tubes, caves composed of lava

A molecule composed of one triangle twist surrounded by 3 rhombus twists forming the spiral.

 

This is the first of several variations. In this one, 6 molecules join in the middle from pleats coming from each rhombus. 6 double size triangle twists complete the center.

 

EH paper and 80 divisions grid.

 

Una molécula compuesta por un giro triangular rodeado de 3 giros rómbicos que forman la espiral.

 

Esta es la primera de diversas variaciones. En ésta, 6 moléculas se unen en el centro, partiendo de pliegues que salen de cada rombo. Y 6 giros triangulares dobles completan el centro.

 

Papel EH y trama de 80 divisiones.

 

Schweiz / Wallis - Matterhorn

 

seen from Gornergrat

 

gesehen vom Gornergrat

 

The Matterhorn (/ˈmætərhɔːrn/, German: [ˈmatɐˌhɔʁn]; Italian: Cervino, [tʃerˈviːno]; French: Cervin, [sɛʁvɛ̃]; Romansh: Mont(e) Cervin(u)) is a mountain of the Alps, straddling the main watershed and border between Switzerland and Italy. It is a large, near-symmetric pyramidal peak in the extended Monte Rosa area of the Pennine Alps, whose summit is 4,478 metres (14,692 ft) high, making it one of the highest summits in the Alps and Europe. The four steep faces, rising above the surrounding glaciers, face the four compass points and are split by the Hörnli, Furggen, Leone/Lion, and Zmutt ridges. The mountain overlooks the Swiss town of Zermatt, in the canton of Valais, to the northeast; and the Italian town of Breuil-Cervinia in the Aosta Valley to the south. Just east of the Matterhorn is Theodul Pass, the main passage between the two valleys on its north and south sides, which has been a trade route since the Roman Era.

 

The Matterhorn was studied by Horace-Bénédict de Saussure in the late eighteenth century, and was followed by other renowned naturalists and artists, such as John Ruskin, in the 19th century. It remained unclimbed after most of the other great Alpine peaks had been attained and became the subject of an international competition for the summit. The first ascent of the Matterhorn was in 1865 from Zermatt by a party led by Edward Whymper, but during the descent, a sudden fall claimed the lives of four of the seven climbers. This disaster, later portrayed in several films, marked the end of the golden age of alpinism. The north face was not climbed until 1931 and is among the three biggest north faces of the Alps, known as "The Trilogy". The west face, the highest of the Matterhorn's four faces, was completely climbed only in 1962. It is estimated that over 500 alpinists have died on the Matterhorn, making it one of the deadliest peaks in the world.

 

The Matterhorn is mainly composed of gneisses (originally fragments of the African Plate before the Alpine orogeny) from the Dent Blanche nappe, lying over ophiolites and sedimentary rocks of the Penninic nappes. The mountain's current shape is the result of cirque erosion due to multiple glaciers diverging from the peak, such as the Matterhorn Glacier at the base of the north face. Sometimes referred to as the Mountain of Mountains (German: Berg der Berge), it has become an indelible emblem of the Alps in general. Since the end of the 19th century, when railways were built in the area, the mountain has attracted increasing numbers of visitors and climbers. Each year, numerous mountaineers try to climb the Matterhorn from the Hörnli Hut via the northeast Hörnli ridge, the most popular route to the summit. Many trekkers also undertake the 10-day-long circuit around the mountain. The Matterhorn has been part of the Swiss Federal Inventory of Natural Monuments since 1983.

 

Names

 

The name Matterhorn derives from the German words Matte ("meadow") and Horn ("horn"), and is often translated as "the peak of the meadows".

 

In the Schalbetter map, printed by Sebastian Münster in 1545, the valley is labelled Mattertal, but the mountain has the Latin name Mons Silvius as well as the German name Augstalberg, in concord with the Aosta Valley (German Augstal). The 1548 map by Johannes Stumpf gives only Mons Silvius.

 

The French name Cervin, from which the Italian term Cervino derives, stems from the Latin Mons Silvanus (or Mons Sylvanus), where silva means "forest"; this was corrupted to Selvin and then Servin. The change of the first letter "s" to "c" is attributed to Horace Bénédict de Saussure, who thought the word was related to "deer" (French: cerf and Italian: cervo).

 

Josias Simler hypothesized in De Alpibus Commentarius (1574) that the name Mons Silvius was readopted by T. G. Farinetti: "Silvius was probably a Roman leader who sojourned with his legions in the land of the Salassi and the Seduni, and perhaps crossed the Theodul Pass between these two places. This Silvius may have been that same Servius Galba whom Caesar charged with the opening up of the Alpine passes, which from that time onward traders have been wanting to cross with great danger and grave difficulty. Servius Galba, in order to carry out Caesar's orders, came with his legions from Allobroges (Savoy) to Octodurum (Martigny) in the Valais, and pitched his camp there. The passes which he had orders to open from there could be no other than the St. Bernard, the Simplon, the Theodul, and the Moro; it therefore seems likely that the name of Servius, whence Silvius and later Servin, or Cervin, was given in his honour to the famous pyramid." It is unknown when the new name of Servin, or Cervin, replaced the old, from which it seems to be derived.

 

The Matterhorn is also named Gran Bècca ("big mountain") by the Valdôtains and Horu by the local Walliser German speaking people.

 

Because of its recognizable shape, many other similar mountains around the world were named or nicknamed the 'Matterhorn' of their respective countries or mountain ranges.

 

Height

 

The Matterhorn has two distinct summits, situated at either end of a 100-metre-long (330 ft) exposed rocky crest which forms the Italian/Swiss border. In August 1792, the Genevan geologist and explorer Horace Bénédict de Saussure made the first measurement of the Matterhorn's height, using a sextant and a 50-foot-long (15 m) chain spread out on the Theodul glacier. He calculated its height as 4,501.7 m (14,769 ft). In 1868 the Italian engineer Felice Giordano measured a height of 4,505 m (14,780 ft) by means of a mercury barometer, which he had taken to the summit. The Dufour map, which was afterwards followed by the Italian surveyors, gave 4,482 m (14,705 ft) as the height of the Swiss summit. 

 

In 1999, the summit height was precisely determined to be at 4,477.54 m (14,690 ft) above sea level by using Global Positioning System technology as part of the TOWER Project (Top of the World Elevations Remeasurement) and to an accuracy of less than one centimetre, which allows future changes to be tracked.

 

The topographic prominence of the Matterhorn is 1,042 metres (3,419 ft) as the ridge connecting it with a higher summit (in this case the Weisshorn, which is the culminating point of the range west of the Mattertal valley) sinks to a height of 3,436 m (11,273 ft) at the Col Durand, a saddle between the Pointe de Zinal and the Mont Durand. The topographic isolation is 13.9 km (8.6 mi), as the nearest point of higher elevation is the one-metre (3 ft 3 in) higher Western Liskamm

 

Considering mountains with a topographic prominence of at least 300 m (980 ft), the Matterhorn is the sixth-highest summit in the Alps and Europe outside the Caucasus Mountains. It is the fifth-highest summit of Valais and Switzerland and the third highest summit of the Aosta Valley and Italy. Locally, it is the third-highest summit in the municipality of Zermatt and the highest summit in the municipality of Valtournenche. On the official International Climbing and Mountaineering Federation list of Alpine four-thousanders, which also includes subsidiary summits of higher mountains such as the nearby Monte Rosa, the Matterhorn is the 12th highest summit in the Alps.

 

Geography

 

The Matterhorn has a pyramidal shape with four faces nearly facing the four compass points. Three of them (north, east and west) are on the Swiss side of the border and watershed (Mattertal valley) and one of them (south) is on the Italian side of the border (Valtournenche valley). The north face overlooks the Ober Gabelhorn (7 km away) across the Zmutt Glacier and valley (above Zermatt), the east face overlooks the Gorner Glacier system between the Gornergrat and Monte Rosa (respectively 10 and 17 km away) across the Theodul Pass, the west face overlooks the upper basin of the Zmutt Glacier between the Dent Blanche and the Dent d'Hérens (respectively 7 and 4 km away) and the south face fronts the resort town of Breuil-Cervinia and overlooks a good portion of the Valtournenche. The Matterhorn does not form a perfect square pyramid, as the north and south faces are wider than the west and east faces. Moreover, the latter faces do not actually meet on the summit but are connected by a 100-metre-long horizontal west–east ridge between the north and south faces.

 

The Matterhorn's faces are steep, and only small patches of snow and ice cling to them; regular avalanches send the snow down to accumulate on the glaciers at the base of each face, the largest of which are the Tiefmattengletscher to the west, part of the Zmutt Glacier, and the Matterhorn Glacier to the north. Smaller glaciers lie at the base of the south face (the Lower Matterhorn Glacier) and the east face (unnamed). In this area, the border between Switzerland and Italy coincides with the main Alpine watershed, separating the drainage basin of the Rhone on the north (Mediterranean Sea) and that of the Po on the south (Adriatic Sea). The north side is drained by the Zmuttbach (west and north faces) and the Gornera through the Furggbach (east face), tributaries of the Rhone through the (Matter) Vispa. The south side and face is drained by the Marmore torrent, a tributary of the Po through the Dora Baltea (or Doire baltée). The Theodul Pass, located on the watershed between the Matterhorn and the Breithorn, at 3,295 metres, is the easiest passage between the two valleys and countries (the slightly lower Furggjoch not being used as a pass). The pass was used as a crossover and trade route for the Romans and the Romanised Celtic population Salassi between 100 BCE and 400 CE. The area is now heavily glaciated and covered on the north side by the Theodul Glacier.

 

Well-known faces are the east and north, visible from the area of Zermatt, although mostly hidden from the Mattertal by the chain of the Weisshorn. The east face is 1,000 metres high and, because it is "a long, monotonous slope of rotten rocks", presents a high risk of rockfall, making its ascent dangerous. The north face is 1,200 metres high and is one of the most dangerous north faces in the Alps, in particular for its risk of rockfall and storms. The south face, well visible from the Valtournenche, is 1,350 metres high and offers many different routes. The west face, the highest at 1,400 metres, has the fewest ascent routes and lies in a more remote area than the other faces.

 

The four main ridges separating the four faces are the main climbing routes. The least difficult technical climb and the usual climbing route, the Hörnli ridge (Hörnligrat), lies between the east and north faces and is aligned towards the Oberrothorn above Zermatt. To its west lies the Zmutt ridge (Zmuttgrat), between the north and west faces and aligned towards the Wandfluehorn; this is, according to Collomb, "the classic route up the mountain, its longest ridge, also the most disjointed." The Lion ridge (Cresta del Leone / Arête du lion), lying between the south and west faces and aligned towards the Dent d'Hérens is the Italian normal route and goes across Pic Tyndall; Collomb comments, "A superb rock ridge, the shortest on the mountain, now draped with many fixed ropes, but a far superior climb compared with the Hörnli." Finally the south side is separated from the east side by the Furggen ridge (Furggengrat), which is aligned towards the Klein Matterhorn. It is, according to Collomb, "the hardest of the ridges [...] the ridge still has an awesome reputation but is not too difficult in good conditions by the indirect finish".

 

While the Matterhorn is the culminating point of the Valtournenche on the south, it is only one of the many 4000 metres summits of the Mattertal valley on the north. Its height is exceeded by four major summits: the Weisshorn (4,505 m), the Dom (4,545 m), the Liskamm (4,527 m) and the second-highest in the Alps, Monte Rosa (4,634 m). This section of the Pennine Alps, including the Matterhorn, the Zinalrothorn, the Dent Blanche, the Dent d'Hérens, the Breithorn, the Strahlhorn, the Rimpfischhorn and the Alphubel, concentrates most of western Europe's highest mountains and forms a crown of peaks around Zermatt. The deeply glaciated region between the Matterhorn and Monte Rosa (named Dent Blanche-Matterhorn-Monte Rosa) is listed in the Federal Inventory of Landscapes and Natural Monuments since 1983.

 

Weather

 

The Matterhorn is an isolated mountain. Because of its position on the main Alpine watershed and its great height, the Matterhorn is exposed to rapid weather changes. In addition, the steep faces of the mountain and its isolated location make it prone to banner clouds formation, with the air flowing around the mountain producing condensation of the air on the lee side and also creating vortices.

 

Geology

 

The Matterhorn's pyramid is composed of Paleozoic rocks, which were thrusted over the Matterhorn's Mesozoic base during the Cenozoic. Quaternary glaciation and weathering give the mountain its current shape.

 

Apart from the base of the mountain, the Matterhorn is composed of gneiss belonging to the Dent Blanche klippe, an isolated part of the Austroalpine nappes, lying over the Penninic nappes. The Austroalpine nappes are part of the Apulian plate, a small continent that broke up from Africa before the Alpine orogeny. For this reason, the Matterhorn has been popularized as an African mountain. The Austroalpine nappes are mostly common in the Eastern Alps.

 

The Swiss explorer and geologist Horace-Bénédict de Saussure, inspired by the view of the Matterhorn, anticipated modern theories of geology:

 

What power must have been required to shatter and to sweep away the missing parts of this pyramid; for we do not see it surrounded by heaps of fragments; one only sees other peaks - themselves rooted to the ground - whose sides, equally rent, indicate an immense mass of débris, of which we do not see any trace in the neighbourhood. Doubtless, this is that débris which, in the form of pebbles, boulders, and sand, fills our valleys and our plains.

 

Formation

 

The formation of the Matterhorn (and the whole Alpine range) started with the break-up of the Pangaea continent 200 million years ago into Laurasia (containing Europe) and Gondwana (containing Africa). While the rocks constituting the nearby Monte Rosa remained in Laurasia, the rocks constituting the Matterhorn found themselves in Gondwana, separated by the newly formed Tethys Ocean.

 

100 million years ago the extension of the Tethys Ocean stopped and the Apulian plate broke from Gondwana and moved toward the European continent. This resulted in the closure of the western Tethys by subduction under the Apulian plate (with the Piemont-Liguria Ocean first and Valais Ocean later). The subduction of the oceanic crust left traces still visible today at the base of the Matterhorn (accretionary prism). The orogeny itself began after the end of the oceanic subduction when the European continental crust collided with the Apulian continent, resulting in the formation of nappes.

 

The Matterhorn acquired its characteristic pyramidal shape in much more recent times as it was caused by natural erosion over the past million years. At the beginning of alpine orogeny, the Matterhorn was only a rounded mountain like a hill. Because its height is above the snowline, its flanks are covered by ice, resulting from the accumulation and compaction of snow. During the warmer period of summer, part of the ice melts and seeps into the bedrock. When it freezes again, it fractures pieces of rock because of its dilatation (freeze-thaw), forming a cirque. Four cirques led to the shape of the mountain.

 

Rocks

 

Most of the base of the mountain lies in the Tsaté nappe, a remnant of the Piedmont-Liguria oceanic crust (ophiolites) and its sedimentary rocks. Up to 3,400 metres the mountain is composed of successive layers of ophiolites and sedimentary rocks. From 3,400 metres to the top, the rocks are gneisses from the Dent Blanche nappe (Austroalpine nappes). They are divided into the Arolla series (below 4,200 m) and the Valpelline zone (the summit). Other mountains in the region (Weisshorn, Zinalrothorn, Dent Blanche, Mont Collon) also belong to the Dent Blanche nappe.

 

Tourism and trekking

 

Since the eighteenth century, the Alps have attracted more and more people and fascinated generations of explorers and climbers. The Matterhorn remained relatively little known until 1865, but the successful ascent followed by the tragic accident of the expedition led by Edward Whymper caused a rush on the mountains surrounding Zermatt.

 

The construction of the railway linking the village of Zermatt from the town of Visp started in 1888. The first train reached Zermatt on 18 July 1891 and the entire line was electrified in 1930. Since 1930 the village is directly connected to St. Moritz by the Glacier Express panoramic train. However, there is no connection with the village of Breuil-Cervinia on the Italian side. Travellers have to hire mountain guides to cross the 3,300-metre-high glaciated Theodul Pass, separating the two resorts. The town of Zermatt remains almost completely free of internal combustion vehicles and can be reached by train only. (Apart from the local police service which uses a Volkswagen car, and the refuse collection lorry, only electric vehicles are used locally).

 

Rail and cable-car facilities have been built to make some of the summits in the area more accessible. The Gornergrat railway, reaching a record altitude of 3,100 metres, was inaugurated in 1898. Areas served by cable car are the Unterrothorn and the Klein Matterhorn (Little Matterhorn) (3,883 m, highest transportation system in Europe). The Hörnli Hut (3,260 m), which is the start of the normal route via the Hörnli ridge, is easily accessible from Schwarzsee (2,600 m) and is also frequented by hikers. The Zermatt and Breuil-Cervinia resorts function as separate ski resort all year round and are connected by skilifts over the Theodul Pass. In 2015 it was expected that there would be constructed a cable car link between Testa Grigia (or Tête grise) and Klein Matterhorn. It will finally provide a link between the Swiss and Italian side of the Matterhorn.

 

The Matterhorn Museum (Zermatt) relates the general history of the region from alpinism to tourism. In the museum, which is in the form of a reconstituted mountain village, the visitors can relive the first and tragic ascent of the Matterhorn and see the objects that belonged to the protagonists.

 

The Tour of the Matterhorn can be effected by trekkers in about 10 days. Considered by some as one of the most beautiful treks in the Alps, it follows many ancient trails that have linked the Swiss and Italian valleys for centuries. The circuit includes alpine meadows, balcony trails, larch forests and glacial crossings. It connects six valleys embracing three different cultures: the German-speaking high Valais, the French-speaking central Valais and the bilingual French/Italian-speaking Aosta Valley. Good conditions are necessary to circumnavigate the peak. After reaching Zinal from Zermatt by the Augstbord and Meiden passes, the trekker crosses the Col de Sorebois and the Col de Torrent before arriving at Arolla. Then the Arolla Glacier and the Col Collon must be crossed on the way to Prarayer, followed by the Col de Valcournera to Breuil-Cervinia. In the last and highest section, the Theodul Pass must be crossed before returning to Zermatt. In total, seven passes between 2,800 and 3,300 metres must be crossed on relatively difficult terrain.

 

As of 2015, almost two million visitors arrive at Zermatt annually. An average of around twelve people per year have died on Matterhorn in the ten years from 2005 to 2015.

 

Climbing history

 

The Matterhorn was one of the last of the main Alpine mountains to be ascended, not because of its technical difficulty, but because of the fear it inspired in early mountaineers. The first serious attempts were all from the Italian side, although, despite appearances, the southern routes are technically harder. The main figures were Jean-Antoine Carrel and his uncle Jean-Jacques Carrel, from the Valtournenche area, who made the first attempts in 1857 and 1858, reaching 3,800 m (12,500 ft) on the latter occasion. In July 1860, three brothers from Liverpool attempted the mountain, Alfred, Charles and Sandbach Parker, but they turned back at about 3,500 m (11,500 ft). In August of the same year, Jean-Jacques Carrel returned to guide, with Johann Joseph Bennen , Vaughan Hawkins and John Tyndall to about 3,960 m (12,990 ft) before turning back. In 1861 the Carrels managed to reach the Crête du Coq at 4,032 m (13,228 ft). In July 1862, Jean-Antoine, together with César Carrel, accompanied as porters (sic) John Tyndall, Anton Walters and J.J. Bennen to Matterhorn's Shoulder at 4,248 m (13,937 ft), which was subsequently named Pic Tyndall in honor of the client.

 

Edward Whymper joined the efforts in August 1861, but in his first 7 attempts with a variety of companions could only reach a maximum height of 4,100 m (13,500 ft). However, on 14 July 1865, in what is considered the last ascent of the golden age of alpinism, he was able to reach the summit by an ascent of the Hörnli ridge in Switzerland, guided by the famed French mountaineer Michel Croz and the Swiss father and son Peter Taugwalder Sr. and Jr., and accompanied by the British gentlemen Charles Hudson, Lord Francis Douglas, Douglas Robert Hadow. Upon descent, Hadow, Croz, Hudson and Douglas fell to their deaths on the Matterhorn Glacier, and all but Douglas (whose body was never found) are buried in the Zermatt churchyard.

 

Just three days later, on 17 July 1865, Jean-Antoine Carrel and Jean-Baptiste Bich reached the summit from the Italian side.

 

Before the first ascent

 

In the summer of 1860, Edward Whymper came across the Matterhorn for the first time. He was an English artist and engraver who had been hired by a London publisher to make sketches of the mountains in the region of Zermatt. Although the unclimbed Matterhorn had a mixed reputation among British mountaineers, it fascinated Whymper. Whymper's first attempt was in August 1861, from the village of Breuil on the south side. In Châtillon he hired a Swiss guide, who remained anonymous in his accounts, and in Valtournanche he almost hired Jean-Antoine Carrel as well, but, disliking the looks of Carrel's uncle, he changed his mind. The Carrels decided to give Matterhorn a try by themselves again, and caught up with Whymper at nightfall. Whymper now had "a strong inclination to engage the pair; but, finally, decided against it" and the Carrels went alone to reach a new high on Matterhorn of 4,032 m (13,228 ft) the next day. Whymper and his guide camped one more night on the Col du lion (= Col Tournanche) 3,479 m (11,414 ft) and were forced to turn around only an hour above this pass the day after.

 

In 1862 Whymper made further attempts, still from the south side, on the Lion ridge (or Italian ridge), where the route seemed easier than the Hörnli ridge (the normal route today). On his own, he reached above 4,000 metres, but was injured on his way down to Breuil. In July John Tyndall with Johann Joseph Bennen and another guide overcame most of the difficulties of the ridge that seemed so formidable from below and successfully reached the main shoulder; but at a point not very far below the summit they were stopped by a deep cleft that defied their utmost efforts. The Matterhorn remained unclimbed.

 

Whymper returned to Breuil in 1863, persuading Carrel to join forces with him and try the mountain once more via the Italian ridge. On this attempt, however, a storm soon developed and they were stuck halfway to the summit. They remained there for 26 hours in their tent before giving up. Whymper did not make another attempt for two years.

 

In the decisive year 1865, Whymper returned with new plans, deciding to attack the Matterhorn via its south face instead of the Italian ridge. On 21 June, Whymper began his ascent with Swiss guides, but halfway up they experienced severe rockfall; although nobody was injured, they decided to give up the ascent. This was Whymper's seventh attempt.

 

During the following weeks, Whymper spent his time climbing other mountains in the area with his guides, before going back to Breuil on 7 July. Meanwhile, the Italian Alpine Club was founded and its leaders, Felice Giordano and Quintino Sella, established plans to conquer the Matterhorn before any non-Italian could succeed. Felice Giordano hired Carrel as a guide. He feared the arrival of Whymper, now a rival, and wrote to Quintino Sella

 

I have tried to keep everything secret, but that fellow whose life seems to depend on the Matterhorn is here, suspiciously prying into everything. I have taken all the best men away from him; and yet he is so enamored of the mountain that he may go with others...He is here in the hotel and I try to avoid speaking to him.

 

Just as he did two years before, Whymper asked Carrel to be his guide, but Carrel declined; Whymper was also unsuccessful in hiring other local guides from Breuil. When Whymper discovered Giordano and Carrel's plan, he left Breuil and crossed the Theodul Pass to Zermatt to hire local guides. He encountered Lord Francis Douglas, a Scottish mountaineer, who also wanted to climb the Matterhorn. They arrived later in Zermatt in the Monte Rosa Hotel, where they met two other British climbers — the Reverend Charles Hudson and his young and inexperienced companion, Douglas Robert Hadow — who had hired the French guide Michel Croz to try to make the first ascent. These two groups decided to join forces and try the ascent of the Hörnli ridge. They hired another two local guides, a father and son, both named Peter Taugwalder.

 

First ascent

 

Whymper and party left Zermatt early in the morning of 13 July 1865, heading to the foot of the Hörnli ridge, which they reached 6 hours later (approximately where the Hörnli Hut is situated today). Meanwhile, Carrel and six other Italian guides also began their ascent of the Italian ridge.

 

Despite its appearance, Whymper wrote that the Hörnli ridge was much easier to climb than the Italian ridge:

 

We were now fairly upon the mountain, and were astonished to find that places which from the Riffel, or even from the Furggen Glacier, looked entirely impracticable, were so easy that we could run about.

 

After camping for the night, Whymper and party started on the ridge. According to Whymper:

 

The whole of this great slope was now revealed, rising for 3,000 feet like a huge natural staircase. Some parts were more, and others were less, easy; but we were not once brought to a halt by any serious impediment, for when an obstruction was met in front it could always be turned to the right or left. For the greater part of the way there was, indeed, no occasion for the rope, and sometimes Hudson led, sometimes myself. At 6.20 we had attained a height of 12,800 feet and halted for half an hour; we then continued the ascent without a break until 9.55, when we stopped for fifty minutes, at a height of 14,000 feet.

 

When the party came close to the summit, they had to leave the ridge for the north face because "[the ridge] was usually more rotten and steep, and always more difficult than the face". At this point of the ascent Whymper wrote that the less experienced Hadow "required continual assistance". Having overcome these difficulties the group finally arrived in the summit area, with Croz and Whymper reaching the top first.

 

The slope eased off, and Croz and I, dashing away, ran a neck-and-neck race, which ended in a dead heat. At 1.40 p.m. the world was at our feet, and the Matterhorn was conquered. Hurrah! Not a footstep could be seen.

 

Precisely at this moment, Carrel and party were approximatively 400 metres below, still dealing with the most difficult parts of the Italian ridge. When seeing his rival on the summit, Carrel and party gave up on their attempt and went back to Breuil.

 

After building a cairn, Whymper and party stayed an hour on the summit. Then they began their descent of the Hörnli ridge. Croz descended first, then Hadow, Hudson and Douglas, the elder Taugwalder, Whymper, with the younger Taugwalder coming last. They climbed down with great care, only one man moving at a time. Whymper wrote:

 

As far as I know, at the moment of the accident no one was actually moving. I cannot speak with certainty, neither can the Taugwalders, because the two leading men were partially hidden from our sight by an intervening mass of rock. Poor Croz had laid aside his axe, and in order to give Mr. Hadow greater security was absolutely taking hold of his legs and putting his feet, one by one, into their proper positions. From the movements of their shoulders it is my belief that Croz, having done as I have said, was in the act of turning round to go down a step or two himself; at this moment Mr. Hadow slipped, fell on him, and knocked him over.

 

The weight of the falling men pulled Hudson and Douglas from their holds and dragged them down the north face. The Taugwalders and Whymper were left alive when the rope linking Douglas to the elder Taugwalder broke. They were stunned by the accident and for a time could not move until the younger Taugwalder descended to enable them to advance. When they were together Whymper asked to see the broken rope and saw that it had been employed by mistake as it was the weakest and oldest of the three ropes they had brought. They frantically looked, but in vain, for traces of their fallen companions. They continued their descent, including an hour in the dark, until 9.30 p.m. when a resting place was found. The descent was resumed at daybreak and the group finally reached Zermatt, where a search of the victims was quickly organized. The bodies of Croz, Hadow and Hudson were found on the Matterhorn Glacier, but the body of Douglas was never found. Although the elder Taugwalder was accused of cutting the rope to save himself and his son, the official inquest found no proof of this.

 

Second ascent

 

On 16 July, two days after the first ascent and the catastrophe, Jean-Antoine Carrel set out to crown Whymper's victory by proving that the Italian side was not unconquerable. He was accompanied by Amé Gorret, a priest who had shared with him the first attempt on the mountain back in 1857. Jean-Baptiste Bich and Jean-Augustin Meynet completed the party. Giordano would have joined them, but Carrel refused absolutely to take him with them; he said he would not have the strength to guide a traveller, and could neither answer for the result nor for any one's life. After hearing Sunday mass at the chapel of Breuil, the party started. Amé Gorret has described this ascent with enthusiasm: "At last we crossed the Col du Lion and set foot upon the pyramid of the Matterhorn!" On the following day, the 17th, they continued the ascent and reached Tyndall's flagstaff. "We were about to enter unknown country," wrote Gorret, "for no man had gone beyond this point." Here opinions were divided; Gorret suggested ascending by the ridge and scaling the last tower straight up. Carrel was inclined to traverse to the west of the peak, and thence go up on the Zmutt side. Naturally the wish of Carrel prevailed, for he was the leader and had not lost the habit of command, notwithstanding his recent defeat.

 

They made the passage of the enjambée, and traversed the west face to reach the Zmutt ridge. A false step made by one of the party and a fall of icicles from above warned them to return to the direct line of ascent, and the traverse back to the Lion ridge was one of the greatest difficulty. A falling stone injured Gorret in the arm.

 

At last they reached the base of the final tower. "We stood," wrote Gorret, "in a place that was almost comfortable. Although it was not more than two yards wide, and the slope was one of 75 percent, we gave it all kinds of pleasant names : the corridor, the gallery, the railroad, &c., &c." They imagined all difficulties were at an end; but a rock couloir, which they had hitherto not observed, lay between them and the final bit of ridge, where progress would be perfectly easy. It would have been unwise for all four to descend into the couloir, because they did not know where to fix the rope that would be needed on their return. Time pressed: it was necessary to reduce the numbers of the party; Gorret sacrificed himself, and Meynet stopped with him. Very soon afterwards Carrel and Bich were finally on the top. Meanwhile, Giordano at Breuil was writing in his diary as follows: "Splendid weather; at 9.30 saw Carrel and his men on the Shoulder, after that saw nothing more of them. Then much mist about the summit. Lifted a bit about 3.30, and we saw our flag on the western summit of the Matterhorn."

 

Other ascents

 

Ridges

 

The first direct ascent of the Italian (south-west) ridge as it is climbed today was by J. J. and J. P. Maquignaz on 13 September 1867.Julius Elliott made the second ascent via the Hörnli (north-east) ridge in 1868, and later that year the party of John Tyndall, J. J. and J. P. Maquignaz was the first to traverse the summit by way of the Hörnli and Italian ridges. On 22 August 1871, while wearing a white print dress, Lucy Walker became the first woman to reach the summit of the Matterhorn, followed a few weeks later by her rival Meta Brevoort. The first winter ascent of the Hörnli ridge was by Vittorio Sella with guides J. A. Carrel, J. B. Carrel and L. Carrel on 17 March 1882, and its first solo ascent was made by W. Paulcke in 1898. The first winter solo ascent of the Hörnli ridge was by G. Gervasutti in 1936.

 

The Zmutt (north-west) ridge was first climbed by Albert F. Mummery, Alexander Burgener, J. Petrus and A. Gentinetta on 3 September 1879. Its first solo ascent was made by Hans Pfann in 1906, and the first winter ascent was made by H. Masson and E. Petrig on 25 March 1948.

 

The last of the Matterhorn's four ridges to be ascended was the Furggen (south-east) ridge. M. Piacenza with guides J. J. Carrel and J. Gaspard on 9 September 1911, climbed most of the ridge but bypassed the overhangs near the top to the south. Not until 23 September 1942, during the Second World War, did Alfredo Perino, along with guides Louis Carrel (nicknamed "The Little Carrel") and Giacomo Chiara, climb the complete ridge and the overhangs directly.

 

In 1966, René Arnold and Joseph Graven made the first solo enchainement of the four Matterhorn ridges in 19.5 hours. Beginning at the 3,300m Bossi Bivouac hut, the pair followed the normal route up the Furggen Ridge and then descended the Hornli Ridge. After crossing the Matterhorn Glacier at the base of the north face, they ascended the Zmutt Ridge and then descended the Italian (Lion) Ridge to the village of Breuil. In 1985, Marco Barmasse repeated their achievement, but this time his route included the first solo ascent of the Furggen overhangs. He completed the enchainement, reaching the Abruzzi Hut after 15 hours.

 

On 20 August 1992, Italian alpinist Hans Kammerlander and Swiss alpine guide Diego Wellig climbed the Matterhorn four times in just 23 hours and 26 minutes. The route they followed was: Zmutt ridge–summit–Hörnli ridge (descent)–Furggen ridge–summit–Lion ridge (descent)–Lion ridge–summit–Hörnli ridge (descent)–Hörnli ridge–summit–Hörnli Hut (descent). However the Italian route (Lion Ridge), was not climbed from Duca degli Abruzzi Refuge at 2802 m, but from Carrel Hut, at 3830 m, both uphill and downhill.

 

In 1995, Bruno Brunod climbed Matterhorn from the village Breuil-Cervinia in 2 h 10 min. and from Breuil-Cervinia to Matterhorn and back, in 3:14:44

 

On 21 August 2013, the Spanish mountain runner Kilian Jornet broke Brunod's record as it took him 1 hour, 56 min to the top from Breuil-Cervinia - a round-trip time of 2 hours 52 minutes to return to his starting point.

 

Faces

 

William Penhall and guides made the first (partial) ascent of the west face, the Matterhorn's most hidden and unknown, one hour after Mummery and party's first ascent of the Zmutt ridge on 3 September 1879. It was not until 1962 that the west face was completely climbed. The ascent was made on 13 August by Renato Daguin and Giovanni Ottin. In January 1978 seven Italian alpine guides made a successful winter climb of Daguin and Ottin's highly direct, and previously unrepeated, 1962 route. But a storm came during their ascent, bringing two metres of snow to Breuil-Cervinia and Zermatt, and their accomplishment turned bitter when one of the climbers died during the descent.

 

The north face, before it was climbed in 1931, was one of the last great big wall problems in the Alps. To succeed on the north face, good climbing and ice-climbing technique and route-finding ability were required. Unexpectedly it was first climbed by the brothers Franz and Toni Schmid on 31 July – 1 August 1931. They reached the summit at the end of the second day, after a night of bivouac. Because they had kept their plans secret, their ascent was a complete surprise. In addition, the two brothers had travelled by bicycle from Munich and after their successful ascent they cycled back home again. The first winter ascent of the north face was made by Hilti von Allmen and Paul Etter on 3-4 February 1962. Its first solo ascent was made in five hours by Dieter Marchart on 22 July 1959. Walter Bonatti climbed the "North Face Direct" solo on 18-22 February 1965. The same year, Yvette Vaucher became the first woman to climb the north face. Bonatti's direct route was not repeated solo until 29 years later, in winter 1994 by Catherine Destivelle.

 

Ueli Steck set the record time in climbing the north face (Schmid route) of Matterhorn in 2009 with a time of 1 hour 56 minutes.

 

After Bonatti's climb, the best alpinists were still preoccupied with one last great problem: the "Zmutt Nose", an overhang lying on the right-hand side of the north face. In July 1969 two Italians, Alessandro Gogna and Leo Cerruti, attempted to solve the problem. It took them four days to figure out the unusual overhangs, avoiding however its steepest part. In July 1981 the Swiss Michel Piola and Pierre-Alain Steiner surmounted the Zmutt Nose by following a direct route, the Piola-Steiner.

 

The first ascent of the south face was made by Enzo Benedetti with guides Louis Carrel and Maurice Bich on 15 October 1931, and the first complete ascent of the east face was made by Enzo Benedetti and G. Mazzotti with guides Louis and Lucien Carrel, Maurice Bich and Antoine Gaspard on 18-19 September 1932.

 

Casualties on the Matterhorn

 

The four men lost in 1865 have not been the only fatalities on the Matterhorn. In fact, several climbers die each year due to a number of factors including the scale of the climb and its inherent dangers, inexperience, falling rocks, and overcrowded routes. The Matterhorn is thus amongst the deadliest mountains in the world. By the late 1980s, it was estimated that over 500 people have died whilst attempting its summit since the 1865 ascent, with an average of about 12 deaths each year.

 

In the 2000s, there was a trend of fewer people dying each year on the mountain. This has been attributed partly to a greater awareness of the risks, and also due to the fact that a majority of climbers now use local guides. However, in the summer of 2018, at least ten people died on the mountain.

 

Here is a list of people who died on the mountain whose bodies were not recovered until later:

 

1954 French skier Henri le Masne went missing on the Matterhorn. In 2005 remains were found, identified as le Masne in 2018

1970 Two Japanese climbers missing; remains found after 45 years in 2015

1979 British climber missing; remains found after 34 years in 2014

2014 Japanese hiker missing; remains found 2018

2016 Two British climbers missing; remains found 2016

 

Legacy: beginning of mountain culture

 

The first ascent of the Matterhorn changed mountain culture. Whymper’s book about his first ascent, Scrambles Amongst the Alps, published in 1871, was a worldwide bestseller. Tourists began to visit Switzerland in the summer to see the Alps and often hired locals as guides. With the beginning of alpine skiing in the early 20th century, tourists began traveling to Switzerland in winter also. Mountaineering, in part, helped transform Switzerland’s mountain regions from poor rural areas to tourist destinations. This combination of mountain climbing, skiing and tourism, was used in the western United States, creating Sun Valley, Vail, Jackson Hole, and other mountain towns around the world.

 

Climbing routes

 

Today, all ridges and faces of the Matterhorn have been ascended in all seasons, and mountain guides take a large number of people up the northeast Hörnli route each summer. In total, up to 150 climbers attempt the Matterhorn each day during summer. By modern standards, the climb is fairly difficult (AD Difficulty rating), but not hard for skilled mountaineers according to French climbing grades. There are fixed ropes on parts of the route to help. Still, it should be remembered that several climbers may die on the mountain each year.

 

The usual pattern of ascent is to take the Schwarzsee cable car up from Zermatt, hike up to the Hörnli Hut elev. 3,260 m (10,700 ft), a large stone building at the base of the main ridge, and spend the night. The next day, climbers rise at 3:30 am so as to reach the summit and descend before the regular afternoon clouds and storms come in. The Solvay Hut located on the ridge at 4,003 m (13,133 ft) can be used only in a case of emergency.

 

Other popular routes on the mountain include the Italian (Lion) ridge (AD+ Difficulty rating) and the Zmutt ridge (D Difficulty rating). The four faces, as well as the Furggen ridge, constitute the most challenging routes to the summit. The north face is amongst the six most difficult faces of the Alps, as well as ‘The Trilogy’, the three hardest of the six, along with the north faces of the Eiger and the Grandes Jorasses (TD+ Difficulty rating).

 

Overcrowding on the several routes have become an issue and guides and local authorities have struggled with how to regulate the numbers. In 2015 the Hörnli hut became the first mountain shelter in Europe to limit beds.

 

History

 

Aegidius Tschudi, one of the earliest Alpine topographers and historians, was the first to mention the region around the Matterhorn in his work, De Prisca ac Vera Alpina Raethi, published in Basel in 1538. He approached the Matterhorn as a student when in his Alpine travels he reached the summit of the Theodul Pass but he does not seem to have paid any particular attention to the mountain itself.

 

The Matterhorn remained unstudied for more than two centuries, until a geologist from Geneva, Horace Benedict de Saussure, travelled to the mountain, which filled him with admiration. However, de Saussure was not moved to climb the mountain, and had no hope of measuring its altitude by taking a barometer to its summit. "Its precipitous sides," he wrote, "which give no hold to the very snows, are such as to afford no means of access." Yet his scientific interest was kindled by "the proud peak which rises to so vast an altitude, like a triangular obelisk, that seems to be carved by a chisel." His mind intuitively grasped the causes which gave the peak its present precipitous form: the Matterhorn was not like a perfected crystal; the centuries had laboured to destroy a great part of an ancient and much larger mountain. On his first journey de Saussure had come from Ayas to the Col des Cimes Blanches, from where the Matterhorn first comes into view; descending to Breuil, he ascended to the Theodul Pass. On his second journey, in 1792, he came to the Valtournanche, studying and describing it; he ascended to the Theodul Pass, where he spent three days, analysing the structure of the Matterhorn, whose height he was the first to measure, and collecting stones, plants and insects. He made careful observations, from the sparse lichen that clung to the rocks to the tiny but vigorous glacier fly that fluttered over the snows and whose existence at such heights was mysterious. At night he took refuge under the tent erected near the ruins of an old fort at the top of the pass. During these days he climbed the Klein Matterhorn (3,883 metres), which he named the Cime Brune du Breithorn.

 

The first inquirers began to come to the Matterhorn. There is a record of a party of Englishmen who in the summer of 1800 crossed the Great St. Bernard Pass, a few months after the passage of Bonaparte; they came to Aosta and thence to Valtournenche, slept at the chalets of Breuil, and traversed the Theodul Pass, which they called Monte Rosa. The Matterhorn was to them an object of the most intense and continuous admiration.

 

The Matterhorn is mentioned in a guide-book to Switzerland by Johann Gottfried Ebel, which was published in Zürich towards the end of the eighteenth century, and translated into English in 1818. The mountain appeared in it under the three names of Silvius, Matterhorn, and Mont Cervin, and was briefly described as one of the most splendid and wonderful obelisks in the Alps. On Zermatt there was a note: "A place which may, perhaps, interest the tourist is the valley of Praborgne (Zermatt); it is bounded by huge glaciers which come right down into the valley; the village of Praborgne is fairly high, and stands at a great height above the glaciers; its climate is almost as warm as that of Italy, and plants belonging to hot countries are to be found there at considerable altitudes, above the ice."

 

William Brockedon, who came to the region in 1825, considered the crossing of the Theodul Pass from Breuil to Zermatt a difficult undertaking. He gave, however, expression to his enthusiasm on the summit. When he arrived exhausted on the top of the pass, he gazed "on the beautiful pyramid of the Cervin, more wonderful than aught else in sight, rising from its bed of ice to a height of 5,000 feet, a spectacle of indescribable grandeur." In this "immense natural amphitheatre, enclosed from time immemorial by snow-clad mountains and glaciers ever white, in the presence of these grand walls the mind is overwhelmed, not indeed that it is unable to contemplate the scene, but it staggers under the immensity of those objects which it contemplates."

 

Those who made their way up through the Valtournanche to the foot of the mountain were few in number. W. A. B. Coolidge, a diligent collector of old and new stories of the Alps, mentions that during those years, besides Brockedon, only Hirzel-Escher of Zürich, who crossed the Theodul Pass in 1822, starting from Breuil, accompanied by a local guide. The greater number came from the Valais up the Visp valley to Zermatt. In 1813, a Frenchman, Henri Maynard, climbed to the Theodul Pass and made the first ascent of the Breithorn; he was accompanied by numerous guides, among them J. M. Couttet of Chamonix, the same man who had gone with de Saussure to the top of the Klein Matterhorn in 1792. The writings of these pioneers make much mention of the Matterhorn; the bare and inert rock is gradually quickened into life by men's enthusiasm. "Stronger minds," remarked Edward Whymper, "felt the influence of the wonderful form, and men who ordinarily spoke or wrote like rational beings, when they came under its power seemed to quit their senses, and ranted and rhapsodised, losing for a time all common forms of speech."

 

Among the poets of the Matterhorn during these years (1834 to 1840) were Elie de Beaumont, a famous French geologist; Pierre Jean Édouard Desor, a naturalist of Neuchâtel, who went up there with a party of friends, two of whom were Louis Agassiz and Bernhard Studer. Christian Moritz Engelhardt, who was so filled with admiration for Zermatt and its neighbourhood that he returned there at least ten times (from 1835 to 1855), described these places in two valuable volumes, drew panoramas and maps, and collected the most minute notes on the mineralogy and botany of the region. Zermatt was at that time a quiet little village, and travellers found hospitality at the parish priest's, or at the village doctor's.

 

In 1841 James David Forbes, professor of natural philosophy at the University of Edinburgh, came to see the Matterhorn. A philosopher and geologist, and an observant traveller, he continued the work of De Saussure in his journeys and his writings. He was full of admiration for the Matterhorn, calling it the most wonderful peak in the Alps, unsealed and unscalable. These words, pronounced by a man noted among all his contemporaries for his thorough knowledge of mountains, show what men's feelings then were towards the Matterhorn, and how at a time when the idea of Alpine exploration was gaining ground in their minds, the Matterhorn stood by itself as a mountain apart, of whose conquest it was vain even to dream. And such it remained till long after this; as such it was described by John Ball twenty years later in his celebrated guide-book. Forbes ascended the Theodul Pass in 1842, climbed the Breithorn, and came down to Breuil; as he descended from the savage scenery of the Matterhorn, the Italian landscapes of the Valtournanche seemed to him like paradise. Meanwhile, Gottlieb Samuel Studer, the geographer, together with Melchior Ulrich, was describing and mapping the topographical features of the Zermatt peaks.

 

Rodolphe Töpffer, who first accompanied and guided youth to the Alps for purposes of education and amusement, began his journeys in 1832, but it is only in 1840 that he mentions the Matterhorn. Two years later Töpffer and his pupils came to Zermatt. He has described this journey of his in a chapter entitled Voyage autour du Mont Blanc jusqu'à Zermatt, here he sings a hymn of praise to the Matterhorn, comparing its form with a "huge crystal of a hundred facets, flashing varied hues, that softly reflects the light, unshaded, from the uttermost depths of the heavens". Töpffer's book was illustrated by Alexandre Calame, his master and friend, with drawings of the Matterhorn, executed in the romantic style of the period. It is an artificial mountain, a picture corresponding rather with the exaggerated effect it produces on the astonished mind of the artist, than with the real form of the mountain.

 

About this time there came a man who studied the Matterhorn in its structure and form, and who sketched it and described it in all its parts with the curiosity of the artist and the insight of the scientist. This was John Ruskin, a new and original type of philosopher and geologist, painter and poet, whom England was enabled to create during that period of radical intellectual reforms, which led the way for the highest development of her civilisation. Ruskin was the Matterhorn's poet par excellence. He went to Zermatt in 1844, and it is to be noticed as a curious fact, that the first time he saw the Matterhorn it did not please him. The mountain on its lofty pedestal in the very heart of the Alps was, perhaps, too far removed from the ideal he had formed of the mountains; but he returned, studied and dreamt for long at its feet, and at length he pronounced it "the most noble cliff in Europe." Ruskin was no mountaineer, nor a great friend to mountaineering; he drew sketches of the mountains merely as an illustration of his teaching of the beauty of natural forms, which was the object of his whole life. In his work on Modern Painters he makes continual use of the mountains as an example of beauty and an incentive to morality. The publication of Ruskin's work certainly produced a great impression at the time on educated people in England, and a widespread desire to see the mountains.

 

It is a fragment of some size; a group of broken walls, one of them overhanging; crowned with a cornice, nodding some hundred and fifty feet over its massive flank, three thousand above its glacier base, and fourteen thousand above the sea, — a wall truly of some majesty, at once the most precipitous and the strongest mass in the whole chain of the Alps, the Mont Cervin.

 

Other men of high attainments followed, but in the years 1850 scientists and artists were about to be succeeded by real climbers and the passes and peaks around Zermatt were explored little by little. In the preface to the first volume of the Alpine Journal, which appeared in 1863, the editor Hereford Brooke George wrote that: "While even if all other objects of interest in Switzerland should be exhausted, the Matterhorn remains (who shall say for how long?) unconquered and apparently invincible." Whymper successfully reached the summit in 1865, but four men perished on the descent. The English papers discussed it with bitter words of blame; a German newspaper published an article in which Whymper was accused of cutting the rope between Douglas and Taugwalder, at the critical moment, to save his own life.

 

In 1890 the Federal Government was asked simultaneously by the same contractor for a concession for the Zermatt-Gornergrat railway, and for a Zermatt-Matterhorn one. The Gornergrat railway was constructed in 1896-1898 and has been working since August 1898, but there has been no more talk of the other. The project essentially consisted of a line which went up to the Hörnli, and continued thence in a rectilinear tunnel about two kilometres long, built under the ridge, and issuing near the summit on the Zmutt side. Sixty years later in 1950, Italian engineer Count Dino Lora Totino planned a cable car on the Italian side from Breuil-Cervinia to the summit. But the Alpine Museum of Zermatt sent a protest letter with 90,000 signatures to the Italian government. The latter declared the Matterhorn a natural wonder worthy of protection and refused the concession to the engineer.

 

2015 marked the 150th anniversary of the first ascent. Events and festivities were held throughout the year. A completely renewed Hörnli Hut opened the same year in the month of July.

 

In 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic, light artist Gerry Hofstetter started projecting country flags and messages of endurance onto the mountain peak as part of a nightly series designed to show support and spread hope for everyone suffering and those fighting the pandemic.

 

Other mountains

 

Hundreds of other mountains have been compared with the Matterhorn, either for their resemblance to it or because of their apparent inaccessibility.

 

Mountains named after the Matterhorn

Little Matterhorn (1,480 m), Australia

Matterhorn (1,600 m), in Antarctica

Matterhorn (3,305 m), in Nevada

Matterhorn Peak (3,744 m), in California

Matterhorn Peak (4,144 m), in Colorado

Matterhorn Peak (2,636 m), in British Columbia

Neny Matterhorn (1,125 m), Antarctica

 

In culture

 

During the 20th century, the Matterhorn and the story of the first ascent in particular, inspired various artists and film producers such as Luis Trenker and Walt Disney. Large-scale replicas can be found at Disneyland and Window of the World. In 2021, a Matterhorn-related attraction opened in the Swiss Museum of Transport, enabling visitors to climb it virtually from the Solvay Hut to the summit.

 

Designed in 1908 by Emil Cardinaux, a leading poster artist of the time, the Matterhorn poster for the Zermatt tourist office is often considered the first modern poster. It has been described as a striking example of a marriage of tourism, patriotism and popular art. It served as decoration in many Swiss military hospices during the war in addition to be found in countless middle-class living rooms. Another affiche depicting the Matterhorn was created by Cardinaux for the chocolate brand Toblerone in the 1920s. The image of the Matterhorn first appeared on Toblerone chocolate bars in 1960. Since then, the Matterhorn has become a reference that still inspires graphic artists today and has been used extensively for all sort of publicity and advertising.

 

Paintings

 

The Matterhorn (1849), John Ruskin

The Matterhorn (1867), Albert Bierstadt

Matterhorn (1879), Edward Theodore Compton

Le Cervin (1892), Félix Vallotton

 

Filmography

 

Struggle for the Matterhorn (1928)

The Mountain Calls (1938)

The Challenge (1938)

Climbing the Matterhorn (1947)

Third Man on the Mountain (1959)

Im Banne des Berges (2015)[90]

Soarin' Around the World/Soaring Over the Horizon (2016)

The Horn (2016) - Documentary series following the mountain rescue teams in the Swiss Alps.

 

(Wikipedia)

 

Das Matterhorn (italienisch Monte Cervino oder Cervino, französisch Mont Cervin oder Le Cervin, walliserdeutsch Hore oder Horu) ist mit 4478 m ü. M. einer der höchsten Berge der Alpen. Wegen seiner markanten Gestalt und seiner Besteigungsgeschichte ist das Matterhorn einer der bekanntesten Berge der Welt. Für die Schweiz ist es ein Wahrzeichen und eine der meistfotografierten Touristenattraktionen.

 

Der Berg steht in den Walliser Alpen zwischen Zermatt und Breuil-Cervinia. Ost-, Nord- und Westwand liegen auf schweizerischem, die Südwand auf italienischem Staatsgebiet.

 

Wissenswertes über das Matterhorn vermittelt das Matterhorn Museum in Zermatt.

 

Geschichte des Namens

 

Im Allgemeinen kamen im Gebirge die Bergspitzen erst spät zu ihren Namen, die daruntergelegenen Passübergänge und Alpen jedoch meist früher. So nannte Johannes Schalbetter 1545 den heutigen Theodulpass als «Mons Siluius» (deutsch übersetzt Salasser-berg) oder deutsch Augsttalberg. Mit Augsttal ist dabei das Tal von Aosta (lateinisch Augusta Praetoria Salassorum) gemeint, das Aostatal.

 

«Siluius» wurde dann sehr wahrscheinlich volksetymologisch falsch interpretiert über vermeintlich lateinisch «silvius» und «silvanus» zu französisch und italienisch «Cervin/Cervin(i)». 1581 wurde das Matterhorn erstmals als Mont Cervin erwähnt, wie später Mons Silvanus und Mons Silvius. Im Jahr 1682 nannte Anton Lambien das heutige Matterhorn Matter Dioldin h[orn] (Matterhornspitze) zur Abgrenzung vom gleichnamigen Pass, der bis Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts (beispielsweise auf der Dufourkarte) noch «Matterjoch» genannt wurde.

 

In der Lokalbevölkerung wird der Berg auch einfach ds Hore («das Horn», Zermatter Dialekt) oder ds Horu («das Horn», Oberwalliser Dialekt) genannt.

 

Geologie

 

Das Matterhorn ist ein Karling, und seine charakteristische Form entstand durch Erosion und Gletscherschliff in den Eiszeiten. Das Matterhorn ist Teil der Dent-Blanche-Decke des Unter-Ostalpins, also eines weit nach Westen auf die penninischen Decken der Westalpen aufgeschobenen Trümmerstücks eines ostalpinen Deckgesteins. Die untere Gesteinsschicht des Matterhorns, die bis zur Höhe der Hörnlihütte reicht, ist penninisch, also westalpin. Das im Vergleich dazu kleine Horn selbst sitzt auf dieser Basis auf und gehört zur Dent-Blanche-Decke, und zwar der untere Teil bis zur «Schulter» zur Arolla-Serie aus Orthogneisen und Metagabbros und der oberste Teil zur Valpelline-Serie aus hochmetamorphen Paragneisen der Dent-Blanche-Decke. Einfach ausgedrückt, besteht das Matterhorn aus zwei verschiedenen, schräg aufeinanderliegenden Gesteinspaketen. Der heutige Matterhorngletscher entstand erst wieder im Pessimum der Völkerwanderungszeit nach dem Optimum der Römerzeit.

 

Eine Besonderheit ist die charakteristische «Matterhorn-Wolke». Sie ist ein herausragendes Beispiel für einen Wolkentyp, den Meteorologen als Bannerwolke bezeichnen: Wie eine mächtige Fahne bildet sich die Wolke auf der windabgewandten Seite (Lee-Seite) des Gipfels als fast ständiger Begleiter des Berges. Die plausibelste Erklärung für ihr Entstehen ist die folgende: Das Matterhorn überragt das umgebende Gebirge wie ein Turm, so dass sich an ihm Leewirbel bilden, die feuchte Luft aus dem Tal nach oben führen, wo es zur Kondensation und Wolkenbildung kommt. Ist das Gipfelniveau erreicht, so wird die Wolke von einem waagerechten Ast des Leewirbels erfasst, der zu der typischen Fahnen-Form führt (Leewirbel-Hypothese).

 

Erstbesteigungen

 

Seit 1857 wurden mehrere erfolglose Versuche unternommen, das Matterhorn zu besteigen, zumeist von der italienischen Seite her. 1862 erstieg John Tyndall mit den Führern Johann Josef Benet, Anton Walter, Jean-Jacques und Jean-Antoine Carrel erstmals die Südwestschulter, den heutigen Pic Tyndall. Die Fortsetzung des Aufstiegs entlang des Liongrates erschien ihnen unmöglich.

 

Dem Erstbesteiger des Matterhorns, Edward Whymper, erschien der Liongrat weiterhin als nicht machbar. Insgesamt war er bereits sieben Mal gescheitert und überlebte u. a. einen Sturz über 60 Meter. Whymper versuchte daher, seinen Freund Jean-Antoine Carrel zu einer Besteigung von der Zermatter Seite zu überreden. Carrel beharrte darauf, von Italien her aufzusteigen.

 

Im Juli 1865 erfuhr Whymper zufällig von einem Gastwirt in Breuil-Cervinia, dass Carrel sich – ohne Whymper zu benachrichtigen – wieder zum Liongrat aufgemacht hatte. Whymper fühlte sich getäuscht und eilte nach Zermatt, um dort eine Gruppe für einen sofortigen Versuch über den Hörnligrat zusammenzustellen. Am 14. Juli 1865 gelang der 7er-Seilschaft Whympers die Erstbesteigung. Die Gruppe stieg über den Hörnligrat auf die Schulter; weiter oben, im Bereich der heutigen Fixseile, wich sie in die Nordwand aus. Edward Whymper erreichte als erster den Gipfel, weil er sich vor dem Gipfel vom Seil losschnitt und vorauslief. Ihm folgten der Bergführer Michel Croz (aus Chamonix), Reverend Charles Hudson, Lord Francis Douglas, D. Robert Hadow (alle aus England) sowie die Zermatter Bergführer Peter Taugwalder Vater und Peter Taugwalder Sohn. Sie sahen Carrel und seine Gruppe weit unterhalb am Pic Tyndall.

Beim Abstieg der Erstbesteiger stürzten die vorderen vier der Seilschaft (Croz, Hadow, Hudson und Douglas) noch oberhalb der «Schulter» über die Nordwand tödlich ab. Josef Marie Lochmatter brach ab dem 15. Juli 1865 mehrmals mit Rettungsmannschaften auf, um den vier Abgestürzten Erste Hilfe zu leisten. Am 19. Juli barg ein Bergungstrupp die Leichen von Croz, Hadow und Hudson auf dem Matterhorngletscher. Douglas' Leiche wurde nie gefunden.

 

Am 17. Juli gelang auch Carrel zusammen mit Jean-Baptiste Bich und Amé Gorret der Aufstieg über den Liongrat bis zum Gipfel. Die drei traversierten vom Nordende der italienischen Schulter durch die oberste Westwand auf den Zmuttgrat (sog. Galleria Carrel) und schlossen die Besteigung über diesen ab.

 

Runde Jahrestage der Erstbesteigung des Matterhorns sind feierlich begangen worden. So zeigte das Schweizer Fernsehen zum 100. Jahrestag am 14. Juli 1965 eine internationale Live-Sendung einer Matterhornbesteigung mit Beteiligung von Berg-Reportern der BBC und der RAI. Am 30. Juni 1965 zeigte das Schweizer Fernsehen den eigens produzierten Dokumentarfilm Bitterer Sieg: Die Matterhorn Story (Regie: Gaudenz Meili). Anlässlich des 150. Jahrestages wurde am 14. Juli 2015 auf dem Bahnhofplatz in Zermatt eine Countdown-Uhr aufgebaut, im Dezember 2014 wurde im Zentrum der Stadt («Matterhorn Plaza») ein Treffpunkt für das Jubiläumsjahr ins Leben gerufen.

 

Am 22. Juli 1871, sechs Jahre nach Whymper, bestieg die britische Alpinistin Lucy Walker als erste Frau das Matterhorn. 1869 hatten Isabella Straton und Emmeline Lewis Lloyd als reine Frauenseilschaft die Besteigung versucht; sie scheiterten kurz vor dem Gipfel. 1871 bestieg auch Anna Voigt aus Frankfurt das Matterhorn; sie war damals eine der ersten Frauen in der Sektion Frankfurt am Main des Deutschen Alpenvereins. Yvette Vaucher (* 1929) ist die erste Frau, die die Nordwand des Matterhorns bestiegen hat.

 

Routen

 

Der am weitaus häufigsten begangene Aufstiegsweg ist der Hörnligrat von Zermatt aus über die Hörnlihütte (Nordostgrat, ZS+). Er stellt den sogenannten Normalweg, also den leichtesten Aufstieg, dar. Auf 4003 Metern Höhe, nordöstlich unterhalb des Gipfels, gibt es als Biwak für Notfälle, wie Wettersturz und Zeitverzug, die von der Hörnlihütte aus betreute Solvayhütte mit zehn Notlagern. Weitere Aufstiegsrouten gibt es am Südwestgrat über den kirchendachartigen Pic Tyndall (auch Liongrat oder Italienerweg genannt, ZS+), am Nordwestgrat (Zmuttgrat, S) und am Südostgrat (Furggengrat, SS, wenig begangen). Auch durch die abweisende Nordwand verläuft eine Aufstiegsroute, die hin und wieder von Spezialisten, z. B. Walter Bonatti, gewählt wird.

 

(Wikipedia)

From the Frank S. "Luke" Luqueer Photo Collection

 

The Frank S. "Luke" Luqueer Photograph Collection is composed of 4 large albums covering from the 1920s to the 1950s. The albums contain historic photos and correspondences from many important historical figures such as Jack Frye, Pat Amelia Earhart, Wiley Post, Howard Hughes, Hap Arnold, Jimmy Doolittle, Art Goebel, Charles Lindbergh, Douglas McArthur, and Ruth Elder to name a few. Many of the images have been autographed.

 

Frank Luqueer is a notable aviation photographer. He bought his first camera in 1903 and devoted much of his life to taking photos of historic personalities and events in aviation history.

  

Repository: San Diego Air and Space Museum Archive

"Joe Erceg’s mural

For 14 years, the back of the Fleischner was notorious for a huge arrow pointing across the street at Import Plaza. In 1976, the Naitos replaced the ad with a mural of a butterfly. It was composed of large dots, so that the image of the butterfly was only visible after moving back from it. It was the result of brainstorming between Joe Erceg, a graphic designer whose office was in the Merchant Hotel. Bill considered the image of a trolley car or the Skidmore Fountain, but ultimately, the two decided on a pointillism style butterfly."

 

From: naitomemorial.pbworks.com/w/page/9697177/Art%20and%20Craf...

 

----

 

"Joseph Erceg Graphic Design—roots in Old Town

In Old Town, the longest continuous tenant of the Bill Naito Company is Joseph Erceg and his son Matt. Located on the second floor of the Merchant Hotel Building since 1970, Joseph Erceg Graphic Design has been in business since 1955, making it the oldest design firm in Portland. The space has become a landmark in the building due to a vintage bumper car and gas pump that Joe Erceg purchased and installed in the lobby in the mid 80s. Hundreds of young grade school children on field trips have enjoyed a history lesson while getting to sit in the bumper car and learn how gasoline stations worked in days gone by.

 

A graduate of the University of Portland and the Museum Art School (now the Pacific Northwest College of Art), Joe has been a freelance designer in Portland for the past 56 years. He designed the butterfly wall which adorned the north wall of the Fleischner-Mayer Building for over 30 years, and the light pole banners in the Old Town Chinatown Historic District. His designs for an airline company included the painting scheme on the planes to the luggage carts. Joe has designed the limited edition books for the Murdock Charitable Trust of Vancouver that were filled with the art works and writings of northwest artists; the massive three volume history of the Collins Companies; and “Touching the Stones – Tracing One Hundred Years of Japanese American History”, a book which features the Japanese American Historical Plaza in Tom McCall Waterfront Park.

 

In addition to his design career, he and his son are avid collectors of vintage neon and other eclectic objects, some of which he keeps in his design studio. Stop by and say hello! Joe Erceg Graphic Design, 123 NW Second Avenue, Suite 201, Portland, Oregon 97209. 503.227.5915."

 

Text from the PDF document of Summer 2012 issue of The Old Town Chinatown Crier

("A Publication of the Old Town Chinatown Neighborhood Association")

located at www.phlush.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/SU2012FinalPrin...

Composed by, LIGHT CONCERTO.

Portraits using a Rolleiflex 3.5E Type 2 TLR

Composed mitts from IK

Tray to hold galley of type. Tray contains set type with leading pieces either side.

 

Accession Number: SH.2009.393

 

Galleys are trays upon which type matter is assembled either as it is set by hand or by machine on which it can be proofed or stored

 

Edinburgh City of Print is a joint project between City of Edinburgh Museums and the Scottish Archive of Print and Publishing History Records (SAPPHIRE). The project aims to catalogue and make accessible the wealth of printing collections held by City of Edinburgh Museums. For more information about the project please visit www.edinburghcityofprint.org

FR Antennaire pied-de-chat - EN Mountain everlasting - ES Pie de gato - FI Ahokissankäpälä

 

Antennaria dioica (L.) Gaertn. (inflorescences)

Forêt (alt. 250 m)

Taivalkoski (Ostrobotnie du Nord, Finlande)

 

Indigène (Paléarctique froid, Aléoutiennes)

Composed of over 300 men and women from the school's Corps of Cadets, it is the largest military marching band in the world. The band's complex straight-line marching maneuvers are performed exclusively to traditional marches.

 

There is no way the Aggie Band was going to miss this game in Alabama against the #1 team in the country. About 3,000 Aggie fans came from Texas to see this game

A molecule composed of one triangle twist surrounded by 3 rhombus twists forming the spiral.

 

This is the first of several variations. In this one, 6 molecules join in the middle from pleats coming from each rhombus. 6 double size triangle twists complete the center.

 

EH paper and 80 divisions grid.

 

Una molécula compuesta por un giro triangular rodeado de 3 giros rómbicos que forman la espiral.

 

Esta es la primera de diversas variaciones. En ésta, 6 moléculas se unen en el centro, partiendo de pliegues que salen de cada rombo. Y 6 giros triangulares dobles completan el centro.

 

Papel EH y trama de 80 divisiones.

 

Kite are a Swedish synthpop group composed of Nicklas Stenemo (The Mo, Melody Club) and Christian Berg (Yvonne, Strip Music, The April Tears). Originating from Malmö and now based in Stockholm, they are signed to Astronaut Recordings and have published six EPs since their debut in 2008, each of which was released on CD and as a limited vinyl record edition. They have performed at festivals like Recession Festival in Århus, Denmark, and Arvika Festival and Putte i parken in Sweden, and Wave Gotik Treffen Leipzig.

 

In 2020 they released new music with producer Benjamin John Powers.

 

Their eponymous debut EP Kite was reviewed favourably by the Side-Line magazine comparing it to classic 1980s synthpop acts like Erasure or Yazoo, while the German Sonic Seducer noted singer Stenemo's distinctive voice.The EP Kite III was lauded for its original sound by Side-Line and Sonic Seducer, the latter marking a darker tone in this release. The release Kite IV has been seen as a mix of classic 1980s synthpop like OMD and modern, experimental sounds. Kite's sixth EP VI was released in 2015. It has been compared to the sound of Kraftwerk and Vangelis.

 

The 2010 single "Jonny Boy" reached position 49 in the Swedish charts.

Voronezh State University (Russian: Воро́нежский госуда́рственный университе́т, ВГУ; VSU) is one of the main universities in Central Russia, located in the city of Voronezh. The university was established in 1918 by professors evacuated from the University of Tartu in Estonia. The university has 18 faculties and an enrollment of 22,000 students from Russia, Europe, Africa, the Americas and Asia. Besides, the university has 6 research institutes and 16 research laboratories administered by the Russian Academy of Science. The university is composed of 10 buildings and 7 resident halls situated throughout the city. For over 90 years the University has trained more than 100,000 professionals.

 

Sanctions

Dmitry Yendovitsky (Ендовицкий Дмитрий Александрович), the rector of the Voronezh State University has signed a letter of support for the Russian invasion of Ukraine.

 

History

In 1802 following a decree of Russian Emperor Alexander I the University of Tartu in Estonia was re-established. As a result of the German occupation of Estonia during World War I in March 1918, Russian students and professors had to leave the Estonian territory for their own safety. It was decided that a new university would be established in central Russia. In July and September 1918 from Dorpat (now Tartu), 39 professors, 45 lecturers, 43 staff and about 800 students arrived in Voronezh. The first rector of the university was Basil E. Regel.

 

On 12 November 1918 four faculties started working, namely the faculty of Medicine, the faculty of Physics and Mathematics, the faculty of History and Philology and the Law faculty. In the beginning of 1919, the University had an enrollment of 10,000 students. Anyone could study there, only 4 years later in 1923 that entrance exams were introduced. In 1920, after the Treaty of Tartu, the properties of the University of Tartu (libraries, archives, manuals, documents and other objects) were returned to Estonia. However, most of the teachers who have left due to the onset of the army of Imperial Germany and the occupation of Estonia, did not return to Estonia.

 

In the early 1920s, Voronezh Institute of Education was added to the university, which marked the beginning of pedagogical faculties, departments that prepares teachers of mathematics, physics, chemistry, natural science, Russian language and literature, social and economic disciplines for schools. In 1930, the Medical Faculty was transformed into an independent institute. During World War II the university was relocated in Yelabuga in the Republic of Tatarstan for a period of two years from 1941 to 1943.

 

Faculties

Applied Mathematics, Informatics and Mechanics

Mathematics

Computer Sciences

Physics

Chemistry

Pharmaceutics

Medicine and Biology

Economics

Geography, Geoecology & Tourism

Geology

History

Institute of International Education

International Relations

Journalism

Law

Philology

Philosophy and Psychology

Romance and Germanic Philology

Military education

Buildings and infrastructures

Voronezh State University has 10 academic buildings and 7 residence halls located primarily in the city centre.

 

Fundamental research

research centres

Wave Processes in Inhomogeneous and Non-Linear Media ( Director: Prof. Aleksandr S. Sidorkin www.rec.vsu.ru/eng/)

Innovative Technologies (Director: Prof. Boris A. Zon )

Spacecraft and Rocket Engineering (Co-Director: Prof. Sergey A. Zapryagayev )

Radio Engineering and Electronics (Co-Director: Prof. Ivan I. Borisov )

Scientific and technological cooperation with the EU ( Director: Prof. Igor N. Zornikov )

Shared use of research equipment ( Director: Dr. Mikhail V. Lesovoy )

Technology Transfer ( Director: Dr. Igor V. Aristov )

Geography, Land use and Geo-ecology( Co-Director: Prof. Vladimir I. Fedotov )

Geology ( Co-Director: Prof. Sergey A. Zapryagayev )

Human ecology ( Co-Director: Prof. Semyon A. Kurolap )

Biology ("Venevitino")

Chemical Physics ( Co-Director: Prof. Ivan I. Borisov )

research laboratories

Wave Processes (Co-Director: Prof. Boris A. Zon www.vsu.ru/english/depts/research/labs/waveproc.html )

X-ray Crystallography (Co-Director: Dr. Kseniya B. Aleynikova )

Electron Spectroscopy for Solid-State Physics (Academic Director: Prof. Evelina P.Domashevskaya Administrative Director: Dr. S.V. Ryabtsev www.vsu.ru/english/depts/research/labs/spectroscopy.html)

Mathematical Simulation of Complex Nonlinear Processes and Structures (Co-Director: Prof. V.V. Obukhovskiy www.vsu.ru/english/depts/research/labs/mathsim.html)

Theoretical Physics (Director: Kopitin I.V. )

Biodiversity and Ecosystems Monitoring

Conjugated Processes in Electrochemistry and Corrosion

Economics and Management

Ellipsometric Materials Research

Geodynamics and Seismic Monitoring Academic

Geology and Minerals

History of Archaeological Research and Records in Eurasia

Institute of Geology, Mineralogy and Geo-Chemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences, Voronezh Branch ( Director: Prof. Nikolay M. Chernyshov )

Ion Exchange and Chromatography

Photostimulated Processes in Crystals (Co-Director: Prof. Anatoly N. Latyshev )

Physics and Chemistry of Nanoscale Structured Systems ( Co-Director: Prof. Irina Ya. Mittova )

Systematics and Ecology of Insects ( Co-Director: Prof. Oleg P. Negrobov )

research institutes

Chemistry and Pharmacy

Geology

Mathematics (Director: Prof. Victor G. Zvyagin)

Physics

Social Sciences

Alumni

Svitlana Bilyayeva, archaeologist

Anna Bogomazova, Russian kickboxer, professional wrestler and valet

Pavel Cherenkov, a Nobel Prize in Physics winner

Bridget Kendall, a British journalist

Mark Krasnosel'skii, Soviet mathematician

Sally Laird, British writer, editor and translator

Lev Pavlovich Rapoport Soviet (Russian) theoretician physicist

Ali Mohamed Shein, 7th President of Zanzibar

 

Voronezh is a city and the administrative centre of Voronezh Oblast in southwestern Russia straddling the Voronezh River, located 12 kilometers (7.5 mi) from where it flows into the Don River. The city sits on the Southeastern Railway, which connects western Russia with the Urals and Siberia, the Caucasus and Ukraine, and the M4 highway (Moscow–Voronezh–Rostov-on-Don–Novorossiysk). In recent years the city has experienced rapid population growth, rising in 2021 to 1,057,681, up from 889,680 recorded in the 2010 Census, making it the 14th-most populous city in the country.

 

History

The first chronicle references to the word "Voronezh" are dated 1177, when the Ryazan prince Yaropolk, having lost the battle, fled "to Voronozh" and there was moving "from town to town". Modern data of archeology and history interpret Voronezh as a geographical region, which included the Voronezh river (tributary of the Don) and a number of settlements. In the lower reaches of the river, a unique Slavic town-planning complex of the 8th – early 11th century was discovered, which covered the territory of the present city of Voronezh and its environs (about 42 km long, about 13 forts and many unfortified villages). By the 12th – 13th centuries, most of the old towns were desolate, but new settlements appeared upstream, closer to Ryazan.

 

For many years, the hypothesis of the Soviet historian Vladimir Zagorovsky dominated: he produced the toponym "Voronezh" from the hypothetical Slavic personal name Voroneg. This man allegedly gave the name of a small town in the Chernigov Principality (now the village of Voronezh in Ukraine). Later, in the 11th or 12th century, the settlers were able to "transfer" this name to the Don region, where they named the second city Voronezh, and the river got its name from the city. However, now many researchers criticize the hypothesis, since in reality neither the name of Voroneg nor the second city was revealed, and usually the names of Russian cities repeated the names of the rivers, but not vice versa.

 

The linguistic comparative analysis of the name "Voronezh" was carried out by the Khovansky Foundation in 2009. There is an indication of the place names of many countries in Eurasia, which may partly be not only similar in sound, but also united by common Indo-European languages: Varanasi, Varna, Verona, Brno, etc.

 

A comprehensive scientific analysis was conducted in 2015–2016 by the historian Pavel Popov. His conclusion: "Voronezh" is a probable Slavic macrotoponym associated with outstanding signs of nature, has a root voron- (from the proto-Slavic vorn) in the meaning of "black, dark" and the suffix -ezh (-azh, -ozh). It was not “transferred” and in the 8th - 9th centuries it marked a vast territory covered with black forests (oak forests) - from the mouth of the Voronezh river to the Voronozhsky annalistic forests in the middle and upper reaches of the river, and in the west to the Don (many forests were cut down). The historian believes that the main "city" of the early town-planning complex could repeat the name of the region – Voronezh. Now the hillfort is located in the administrative part of the modern city, in the Voronezh upland oak forest. This is one of Europe's largest ancient Slavic hillforts, the area of which – more than 9 hectares – 13 times the area of the main settlement in Kyiv before the baptism of Rus.

 

In it is assumed that the word "Voronezh" means bluing - a technique to increase the corrosion resistance of iron products. This explanation fits well with the proximity to the ancient city of Voronezh of a large iron deposit and the city of Stary Oskol.

 

Folk etymology claims the name comes from combining the Russian words for raven (ворон) and hedgehog (еж) into Воронеж. According to this explanation two Slavic tribes named after the animals used this combination to name the river which later in turn provided the name for a settlement. There is not believed to be any scientific support for this explanation.

 

In the 16th century, the Middle Don basin, including the Voronezh river, was gradually conquered by Muscovy from the Nogai Horde (a successor state of the Golden Horde), and the current city of Voronezh was established in 1585 by Feodor I as a fort protecting the Muravsky Trail trade route against the slave raids of the Nogai and Crimean Tatars. The city was named after the river.

 

17th to 19th centuries

In the 17th century, Voronezh gradually evolved into a sizable town. Weronecz is shown on the Worona river in Resania in Joan Blaeu's map of 1645. Peter the Great built a dockyard in Voronezh where the Azov Flotilla was constructed for the Azov campaigns in 1695 and 1696. This fleet, the first ever built in Russia, included the first Russian ship of the line, Goto Predestinatsia. The Orthodox diocese of Voronezh was instituted in 1682 and its first bishop, Mitrofan of Voronezh, was later proclaimed the town's patron saint.

 

Owing to the Voronezh Admiralty Wharf, for a short time, Voronezh became the largest city of South Russia and the economic center of a large and fertile region. In 1711, it was made the seat of the Azov Governorate, which eventually morphed into the Voronezh Governorate.

 

In the 19th century, Voronezh was a center of the Central Black Earth Region. Manufacturing industry (mills, tallow-melting, butter-making, soap, leather, and other works) as well as bread, cattle, suet, and the hair trade developed in the town. A railway connected Voronezh with Moscow in 1868 and Rostov-on-Don in 1871.

 

20th century

World War II

During World War II, Voronezh was the scene of fierce fighting between Soviet and combined Axis troops. The Germans used it as a staging area for their attack on Stalingrad, and made it a key crossing point on the Don River. In June 1941, two BM-13 (Fighting machine #13 Katyusha) artillery installations were built at the Voronezh excavator factory. In July, the construction of Katyushas was rationalized so that their manufacture became easier and the time of volley repetition was shortened from five minutes to fifteen seconds. More than 300 BM-13 units manufactured in Voronezh were used in a counterattack near Moscow in December 1941. In October 22, 1941, the advance of the German troops prompted the establishment of a defense committee in the city. On November 7, 1941, there was a troop parade, devoted to the anniversary of the October Revolution. Only three such parades were organized that year: in Moscow, Kuybyshev, and Voronezh. In late June 1942, the city was attacked by German and Hungarian forces. In response, Soviet forces formed the Voronezh Front. By July 6, the German army occupied the western river-bank suburbs before being subjected to a fierce Soviet counter-attack. By July 24 the frontline had stabilised along the Voronezh River as the German forces continued southeast into the Great Bend of the Don. The attack on Voronezh represented the first phase of the German Army's 1942 campaign in the Soviet Union, codenamed Case Blue.

 

Until January 25, 1943, parts of the Second German Army and the Second Hungarian Army occupied the western part of Voronezh. During Operation Little Saturn, the Ostrogozhsk–Rossosh Offensive, and the Voronezhsko-Kastornenskoy Offensive, the Voronezh Front exacted heavy casualties on Axis forces. On January 25, 1943, Voronezh was liberated after ten days of combat. During the war the city was almost completely ruined, with 92% of all buildings destroyed.

 

Post-war

By 1950, Voronezh had been rebuilt. Most buildings and historical monuments were repaired. It was also the location of a prestigious Suvorov Military School, a boarding school for young boys who were considered to be prospective military officers, many of whom had been orphaned by war.

 

In 1950–1960, new factories were established: a tire factory, a machine-tool factory, a factory of heavy mechanical pressing, and others. In 1968, Serial production of the Tupolev Tu-144 supersonic plane was established at the Voronezh Aviation factory. In October 1977, the first Soviet domestic wide-body plane, Ilyushin Il-86, was built there.

 

In 1989, TASS published details of an alleged UFO landing in the city's park and purported encounters with extraterrestrial beings reported by a number of children. A Russian scientist that was cited in initial TASS reports later told the Associated Press that he was misquoted, cautioning, "Don't believe all you hear from TASS," and "We never gave them part of what they published", and a TASS correspondent admitted the possibility that some "make-believe" had been added to the TASS story, saying, "I think there is a certain portion of truth, but it is not excluded that there is also fantasizing".

 

21st century

From 10 to 17 September 2011, Voronezh celebrated its 425th anniversary. The anniversary of the city was given the status of a federal scale celebration that helped attract large investments from the federal and regional budgets for development.

 

On December 17, 2012, Voronezh became the fifteenth city in Russia with a population of over one million people.

 

Today Voronezh is the economic, industrial, cultural, and scientific center of the Central Black Earth Region. As part of the annual tradition in the Russian city of Voronezh, every winter the main city square is thematically drawn around a classic literature. In 2020, the city was decorated using the motifs from Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky's The Nutcracker. In the year of 2021, the architects drew inspiration from Hans Christian Andersen's fairy tale The Snow Queen as well as the animation classic The Snow Queen from the Soviet Union. The fairy tale replica city will feature the houses of Kai and Gerda, the palace of the snow queen, an ice rink, and illumination.

 

In June 2023, during the Wagner Group rebellion, forces of the Wagner Group claimed to have taken control of military facilities in the city. Later they were confirmed to have taken the city itself.

 

Administrative and municipal status

Voronezh is the administrative center of the oblast.[1] Within the framework of administrative divisions, it is incorporated as Voronezh Urban Okrug—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts.[1] As a municipal division, this administrative unit also has urban okrug status.

 

City divisions

The city is divided into six administrative districts:

 

Zheleznodorozhny (183,17 km²)

Tsentralny (63,96 km²)

Kominternovsky (47,41 km²)

Leninsky (18,53 km²)

Sovetsky (156,6 km²)

Levoberezhny (123,89 km²)

 

Economy

The leading sectors of the urban economy in the 20th century were mechanical engineering, metalworking, the electronics industry and the food industry.

 

In the city are such companies as:

Tupolev Tu-144

Voronezhselmash (agricultural engineering)

Sozvezdie[36] (headquarter, JSC Concern “Sozvezdie”, in 1958 the world's first created mobile telephony and wireless telephone Altai

Verofarm (pharmaceutics, owner Abbott Laboratories),

Voronezh Mechanical Plant[37] (production of missile and aircraft engines, oil and gas equipment)

Mining Machinery Holding - RUDGORMASH[38] (production of drilling, mineral processing and mining equipment)

VNiiPM Research Institute of Semiconductor Engineering (equipment for plasma-chemical processes, technical-chemical equipment for liquid operations, water treatment equipment)

KBKhA Chemical Automatics Design Bureau with notable products:.

Pirelli Voronezh.

On the territory of the city district government Maslovka Voronezh region with the support of the Investment Fund of Russia, is implementing a project to create an industrial park, "Maslowski", to accommodate more than 100 new businesses, including the transformer factory of Siemens. On September 7, 2011 in Voronezh there opened a Global network operation center of Nokia Siemens Networks, which was the fifth in the world and the first in Russia.

 

Construction

In 2014, 926,000 square meters of housing was delivered.

 

Clusters of Voronezh

In clusters of tax incentives and different preferences, the full support of the authorities. A cluster of Oil and Gas Equipment, Radio-electronic cluster, Furniture cluster, IT cluster, Cluster aircraft, Cluster Electromechanics, Transport and logistics cluster, Cluster building materials and technologies.

 

Geography

Urban layout

Information about the original urban layout of Voronezh is contained in the "Patrol Book" of 1615. At that time, the city fortress was logged and located on the banks of the Voronezh River. In plan, it was an irregular quadrangle with a perimeter of about 238 meter. inside it, due to lack of space, there was no housing or siege yards, and even the cathedral church was supposed to be taken out. However, at this small fortress there was a large garrison - 666 households of service people. These courtyards were reliably protected by the second line of fortifications by a standing prison on taras with 25 towers covered with earth; behind the prison was a moat, and beyond the moat there were stakes. Voronezh was a typical military settlement (ostrog). In the city prison there were only settlements of military men: Streletskaya, Kazachya, Belomestnaya atamanskaya, Zatinnaya and Pushkarskaya. The posad population received the territory between the ostrog and the river, where the Monastyrskaya settlements (at the Assumption Monastery) was formed. Subsequently, the Yamnaya Sloboda was added to them, and on the other side of the fort, on the Chizhovka Mountain, the Chizhovskaya Sloboda of archers and Cossacks appeared. As a result, the Voronezh settlements surrounded the fortress in a ring. The location of the parish churches emphasized this ring-like and even distribution of settlements: the Ilyinsky Church of the Streletskaya Sloboda, the Pyatnitskaya Cossack and Pokrovskaya Belomestnaya were brought out to the passage towers of the prison. The Nikolskaya Church of the Streletskaya Sloboda was located near the marketplace (and, accordingly, the front facade of the fortress), and the paired ensemble of the Rozhdestvenskaya and Georgievskaya churches of the Cossack Sloboda marked the main street of the city, going from the Cossack Gate to the fortress tower.

 

Climate

Voronezh experiences a humid continental climate (Köppen: Dfb) with long, cold winters and short, warm summers.

 

Transportation

Air

The city is served by the Voronezh International Airport, which is located north of the city and is home to Polet Airlines. Voronezh is also home to the Pridacha Airport, a part of a major aircraft manufacturing facility VASO (Voronezhskoye Aktsionernoye Samoletostroitelnoye Obshchestvo, Voronezh aircraft production association) where the Tupolev Tu-144 (known in the West as the "Concordski"), was built and the only operational unit is still stored. Voronezh also hosts the Voronezh Malshevo air force base in the southwest of the city, which, according to a Natural Resources Defense Council report, houses nuclear bombers.[citation needed]

 

Rail

Since 1868, there is a railway connection between Voronezh and Moscow. Rail services form a part of the South Eastern Railway of the Russian Railways. Destinations served direct from Voronezh include Moscow, Kyiv, Kursk, Novorossiysk, Sochi, and Tambov. The main train station is called Voronezh-1 railway station and is located in the center of the city.

 

Bus

There are three bus stations in Voronezh that connect the city with destinations including Moscow, Belgorod, Lipetsk, Volgograd, Rostov-on-Don, and Astrakhan.

 

Education and culture

Aviastroiteley Park

The city has seven theaters, twelve museums, a number of movie theaters, a philharmonic hall, and a circus. It is also a major center of higher education in central Russia. The main educational facilities include:

 

Voronezh State University

Voronezh State Technical University

Voronezh State University of Architecture and Construction

Voronezh State Pedagogical University

Voronezh State Agricultural University

Voronezh State University of Engineering Technologies

Voronezh State Medical University named after N. N. Burdenko

Voronezh State Academy of Arts

Voronezh State University of Forestry and Technologies named after G.F. Morozov

Voronezh State Institute of Physical Training

Voronezh Institute of Russia's Home Affairs Ministry

Voronezh Institute of High Technologies

Military Educational and Scientific Center of the Air Force «N.E. Zhukovsky and Y.A. Gagarin Air Force Academy» (Voronezh)

Plekhanov Russian University of Economics (Voronezh branch)

Russian State University of Justice

Admiral Makarov State University of Sea and River Fleet (Voronezh branch)

International Institute of Computer Technologies

Voronezh Institute of Economics and Law

and a number of other affiliate and private-funded institutes and universities. There are 2000 schools within the city.

 

Theaters

Voronezh Chamber Theatre

Koltsov Academic Drama Theater

Voronezh State Opera and Ballet Theatre

Shut Puppet Theater

 

Festivals

Platonov International Arts Festival

 

Sports

ClubSportFoundedCurrent LeagueLeague

RankStadium

Fakel VoronezhFootball1947Russian Premier League1stTsentralnyi Profsoyuz Stadion

Energy VoronezhFootball1989Women's Premier League1stRudgormash Stadium

Buran VoronezhIce Hockey1977Higher Hockey League2ndYubileyny Sports Palace

VC VoronezhVolleyball2006Women's Higher Volleyball League A2ndKristall Sports Complex

 

Religion

Annunciation Orthodox Cathedral in Voronezh

Orthodox Christianity is the predominant religion in Voronezh.[citation needed] There is an Orthodox Jewish community in Voronezh, with a synagogue located on Stankevicha Street.

 

In 1682, the Voronezh diocese was formed to fight the schismatics. Its first head was Bishop Mitrofan (1623-1703) at the age of 58. Under him, the construction began on the new Annunciation Cathedral to replace the old one. In 1832, Mitrofan was canonized by the Russian Orthodox Church.

 

In the 1990s, many Orthodox churches were returned to the diocese. Their restoration was continued. In 2009, instead of the lost one, a new Annunciation Cathedral was built with a monument to St. Mitrofan erected next to it.

 

Cemeteries

There are ten cemeteries in Voronezh:

Levoberezhnoye Cemetery

Lesnoye Cemetery

Jewish Cemetery

Nikolskoye Cemetery

Pravoberezhnoye Cemetery

Budyonnovskoe Cemetery

Yugo-Zapadnoye Cemetery

Podgorenskоye Cemetery

Kominternovskoe Cemetery

Ternovoye Cemetery is а historical site closed to the public.

 

Born in Voronezh

18th century

Yevgeny Bolkhovitinov (1767–1837), Orthodox Metropolitan of Kiev and Galicia

Mikhail Pavlov (1792–1840), Russian academic and professor at Moscow University

19th century

1801–1850

Aleksey Koltsov (1809–1842), Russian poet

Ivan Nikitin (1824–1861), Russian poet

Nikolai Ge (1831–1894), Russian realist painter famous for his works on historical and religious motifs

Vasily Sleptsov (1836–1878), Russian writer and social reformer

Nikolay Kashkin (1839–1920), Russian music critic

1851–1900

Valentin Zhukovski (1858–1918), Russian orientalist

Vasily Goncharov (1861–1915), Russian film director and screenwriter, one of the pioneers of the film industry in the Russian Empire

Anastasiya Verbitskaya (1861–1928), Russian novelist, playwright, screenplay writer, publisher and feminist

Mikhail Olminsky (1863–1933), Russian Communist

Serge Voronoff (1866–1951), French surgeon of Russian extraction

Andrei Shingarev (1869–1918), Russian doctor, publicist and politician

Ivan Bunin (1870–1953), the first Russian writer to win the Nobel Prize for Literature

Alexander Ostuzhev (1874–1953), Russian and Soviet drama actor

Valerian Albanov (1881–1919), Russian navigator and polar explorer

Jan Hambourg (1882–1947), Russian violinist, a member of a famous musical family

Volin (1882–1945), anarchist

Boris Hambourg (1885–1954), Russian cellist who made his career in the USA, Canada, England and Europe

Boris Eikhenbaum (1886–1959), Russian and Soviet literary scholar, and historian of Russian literature

Anatoly Durov (1887–1928), Russian animal trainer

Samuil Marshak (1887–1964), Russian and Soviet writer, translator and children's poet

Eduard Shpolsky (1892–1975), Russian and Soviet physicist and educator

George of Syracuse (1893–1981), Eastern Orthodox archbishop of the Ecumenical Patriarchate

Yevgeny Gabrilovich (1899–1993), Soviet screenwriter

Semyon Krivoshein (1899–1978), Soviet tank commander; Lieutenant General

Andrei Platonov (1899–1951), Soviet Russian writer, playwright and poet

Ivan Pravov (1899–1971), Russian and Soviet film director and screenwriter

William Dameshek (1900–1969), American hematologist

20th century

1901–1930

Ivan Nikolaev (1901–1979), Soviet architect and educator

Galina Shubina (1902–1980), Russian poster and graphics artist

Pavel Cherenkov (1904–1990), Soviet physicist who shared the Nobel Prize in physics in 1958 with Ilya Frank and Igor Tamm for the discovery of Cherenkov radiation, made in 1934

Yakov Kreizer (1905–1969), Soviet field commander, General of the army and Hero of the Soviet Union

Iosif Rudakovsky (1914–1947), Soviet chess master

Pawel Kassatkin (1915–1987), Russian writer

Alexander Shelepin (1918–1994), Soviet state security officer and party statesman

Grigory Baklanov (1923–2009), Russian writer

Gleb Strizhenov (1923–1985), Soviet actor

Vladimir Zagorovsky (1925–1994), Russian chess grandmaster of correspondence chess and the fourth ICCF World Champion between 1962 and 1965

Konstantin Feoktistov (1926–2009), cosmonaut and engineer

Vitaly Vorotnikov (1926–2012), Soviet statesman

Arkady Davidowitz (1930), writer and aphorist

1931–1950

Grigory Sanakoev (1935), Russian International Correspondence Chess Grandmaster, most famous for being the twelfth ICCF World Champion (1984–1991)

Yuri Zhuravlyov (1935), Russian mathematician

Mykola Koltsov (1936–2011), Soviet footballer and Ukrainian football children and youth trainer

Vyacheslav Ovchinnikov (1936), Russian composer

Iya Savvina (1936–2011), Soviet film actress

Tamara Zamotaylova (1939), Soviet gymnast, who won four Olympic medals at the 1960 and 1964 Summer Olympics

Yury Smolyakov (1941), Soviet Olympic fencer

Yevgeny Lapinsky (1942–1999), Soviet Olympic volleyball player

Galina Bukharina (1945), Soviet athlete

Vladimir Patkin (1945), Soviet Olympic volleyball player

Vladimir Proskurin (1945), Soviet Russian football player and coach

Aleksandr Maleyev (1947), Soviet artistic gymnast

Valeri Nenenko (1950), Russian professional football coach and player

1951–1970

Vladimir Rokhlin, Jr. (1952), Russian-American mathematician and professor of computer science and mathematics at the Yale University

Lyubov Burda (1953), Russian artistic gymnast

Mikhail Khryukin (1955), Russian swimmer

Aleksandr Tkachyov (1957), Russian gymnast and two times Olympic Champion

Nikolai Vasilyev (1957), Russian professional football coach and player

Aleksandr Babanov (1958), Russian professional football coach and player

Sergey Koliukh (1960), Russian political figure; 4th Mayor of Voronezh

Yelena Davydova (1961), Soviet gymnast

Aleksandr Borodyuk (1962), Russian football manager and former international player for USSR and Russia

Aleksandr Chayev (1962), Russian swimmer

Elena Fanailova (1962), Russian poet

Alexander Litvinenko (1962–2006), officer of the Russian FSB and political dissident

Yuri Shishkin (1963), Russian professional football coach and player

Yuri Klinskikh (1964–2000), Russian musician, singer, songwriter, arranger, founder rock band Sektor Gaza

Yelena Ruzina (1964), athlete

Igor Bragin (1965), footballer

Gennadi Remezov (1965), Russian professional footballer

Valeri Shmarov (1965), Russian football player and coach

Konstantin Chernyshov (1967), Russian chess grandmaster

Igor Pyvin (1967), Russian professional football coach and player

Vladimir Bobrezhov (1968), Soviet sprint canoer

1971–1980

Oleg Gorobiy (1971), Russian sprint canoer

Anatoli Kanishchev (1971), Russian professional association footballer

Ruslan Mashchenko (1971), Russian hurdler

Aleksandr Ovsyannikov (1974), Russian professional footballer

Dmitri Sautin (1974), Russian diver who has won more medals than any other Olympic diver

Sergey Verlin (1974), Russian sprint canoer

Maxim Narozhnyy (1975–2011), Paralympian athlete

Aleksandr Cherkes (1976), Russian football coach and player

Andrei Durov (1977), Russian professional footballer

Nikolai Kryukov (1978), Russian artistic gymnast

Kirill Gerstein (1979), Jewish American and Russian pianist

Evgeny Ignatov (1979), Russian sprint canoeist

Aleksey Nikolaev (1979), Russian-Uzbekistan footballer

Aleksandr Palchikov (1979), former Russian professional football player

Konstantin Skrylnikov (1979), Russian professional footballer

Aleksandr Varlamov (1979), Russian diver

Angelina Yushkova (1979), Russian gymnast

Maksim Potapov (1980), professional ice hockey player

1981–1990

Alexander Krysanov (1981), Russian professional ice hockey forward

Yulia Nachalova (1981–2019), Soviet and Russian singer, actress and television presenter

Andrei Ryabykh (1982), Russian football player

Maxim Shchyogolev (1982), Russian theatre and film actor

Eduard Vorganov (1982), Russian professional road bicycle racer

Anton Buslov (1983–2014), Russian astrophysicist, blogger, columnist at The New Times magazine and expert on transportation systems

Dmitri Grachyov (1983), Russian footballer

Aleksandr Kokorev (1984), Russian professional football player

Dmitry Kozonchuk (1984), Russian professional road bicycle racer for Team Katusha

Alexander Khatuntsev (1985), Russian professional road bicycle racer

Egor Vyaltsev (1985), Russian professional basketball player

Samvel Aslanyan (1986), Russian handball player

Maksim Chistyakov (1986), Russian football player

Yevgeniy Dorokhin (1986), Russian sprint canoer

Daniil Gridnev (1986), Russian professional footballer

Vladimir Moskalyov (1986), Russian football referee

Elena Danilova (1987), Russian football forward

Sektor Gaza (1987–2000), punk band

Regina Moroz (1987), Russian female volleyball player

Roman Shishkin (1987), Russian footballer

Viktor Stroyev (1987), Russian footballer

Elena Terekhova (1987), Russian international footballer

Natalia Goncharova (1988), Russian diver

Yelena Yudina (1988), Russian skeleton racer

Dmitry Abakumov (1989), Russian professional association football player

Igor Boev (1989), Russian professional racing cyclist

Ivan Dobronravov (1989), Russian actor

Anna Bogomazova (1990), Russian kickboxer, martial artist, professional wrestler and valet

Yuriy Kunakov (1990), Russian diver

Vitaly Melnikov (1990), Russian backstroke swimmer

Kristina Pravdina (1990), Russian female artistic gymnast

Vladislav Ryzhkov (1990), Russian footballer

1991–2000

Danila Poperechny (1994), Russian stand-up comedian, actor, youtuber, podcaster

Darya Stukalova (1994), Russian Paralympic swimmer

Viktoria Komova (1995), Russian Olympic gymnast

Vitali Lystsov (1995), Russian professional footballer

Marina Nekrasova (1995), Russian-born Azerbaijani artistic gymnast

Vladislav Parshikov (1996), Russian football player

Dmitri Skopintsev (1997), Russian footballer

Alexander Eickholtz (1998) American sportsman

Angelina Melnikova (2000), Russian Olympic gymnast

Lived in Voronezh

Aleksey Khovansky (1814–1899), editor

Ivan Kramskoi (1837–1887), Russian painter and art critic

Mitrofan Pyatnitsky (1864–1927), Russian musician

Mikhail Tsvet (1872–1919), Russian botanist

Alexander Kuprin (1880–1960), Russian painter, a member of the Jack of Diamonds group

Yevgeny Zamyatin (1884-1937), Russian writer, went to school in Voronezh

Osip Mandelstam (1891–1938), Russian poet

Nadezhda Mandelstam (1899-1980), Russian writer

Gavriil Troyepolsky (1905–1995), Soviet writer

Nikolay Basov (1922–2001), Soviet physicist and educator

Vasily Peskov (1930–2013), Russian writer, journalist, photographer, traveller and ecologist

Valentina Popova (1972), Russian weightlifter

Igor Samsonov, painter

Tatyana Zrazhevskaya, Russian boxer

To show off her new hair clips - found at Raleys.

Kite are a Swedish synthpop group composed of Nicklas Stenemo (The Mo, Melody Club) and Christian Berg (Yvonne, Strip Music, The April Tears). Originating from Malmö and now based in Stockholm, they are signed to Astronaut Recordings and have published six EPs since their debut in 2008, each of which was released on CD and as a limited vinyl record edition. They have performed at festivals like Recession Festival in Århus, Denmark, and Arvika Festival and Putte i parken in Sweden, and Wave Gotik Treffen Leipzig.

 

In 2020 they released new music with producer Benjamin John Powers.

 

Their eponymous debut EP Kite was reviewed favourably by the Side-Line magazine comparing it to classic 1980s synthpop acts like Erasure or Yazoo, while the German Sonic Seducer noted singer Stenemo's distinctive voice.The EP Kite III was lauded for its original sound by Side-Line and Sonic Seducer, the latter marking a darker tone in this release. The release Kite IV has been seen as a mix of classic 1980s synthpop like OMD and modern, experimental sounds. Kite's sixth EP VI was released in 2015. It has been compared to the sound of Kraftwerk and Vangelis.

 

The 2010 single "Jonny Boy" reached position 49 in the Swedish charts.

Atlantik Frankreich

Souci des champs - Field marigold - Maravilla silvestre

 

Calendula arvensis M.Bieb. (infrutescence)

Bord de chemin de campagne (alt. 1710 m)

Vilaflor de Chasna (Ténériffe, Canaries, Espagne)

 

Peut-être indigène (Nord de l'Afrique, Sud-Ouest de l'Asie, Europe)

A Place Composed Entirely of Entries

 

Markos Zouridakis, 2015

digital collage

Bréhat a été le premier site naturel à être classé ou inscrit au titre des « sites et monuments remarquables naturels de caractéristiques artistiques ».

Île-de-Bréhat [il də bʁea] est une commune française située dans le département des Côtes-d'Armor au nord de la pointe de l'Arcouest en Bretagne. Elle est constituée de l'archipel de Bréhat, qui doit son nom à l'île principale dont le nom breton est Enez Vriad.

Cette commune est rattachée au canton de Paimpol (arrondissement de Saint-Brieuc).

L'archipel qui forme le territoire de la commune est d'une superficie totale de 309 hectares, incluant l'île principale et 86 îlots et récifs voisins. Bréhat est séparée du continent par le chenal du Ferlas, large de environ 600 m à 700 m.

Avec 290 ha, l'île principale, longue de 3,5 km et large de 1,5 km maximum, est en fait composée à marée haute de deux îles réunies au xviiie siècle, par un pont-chaussée (ou pont ar Prat c'est-à-dire « pont de la Prairie », appelé aussi « pont-chaussée Vauban ») : l'« île Nord » au relief de landes et l'« île Sud » plus fleurie.

Bréhat fut le premier site naturel classé en France le 13 juillet 1907.

L'Arcouest est le quai d'embarquement le plus proche et le seul fournissant des liaisons pendant toute l'année. Il est situé sur la commune de Ploubazlanec. Les « vedettes de Bréhat » assurent l'accès à l'île par une navette maritime qui accomplit toute l'année la traversée du chenal du Ferlas en une dizaine de minutes, depuis L'Arcouest jusqu'au Port-clos (sur la côte sud de l'île, face au continent).

L'Arcouest est lui-même desservi depuis Saint-Brieuc via Paimpol, par la ligne 9 du Ti'Bus, le service de transport départementaux costarmoricains.

Les autres ports d'embarquement d'Erquy, de Dahouët, de Saint-Quay-Portrieux, de Binic et de Tréguier, ne sont opérationnels qu'en période estivale.

Les engins à moteur (automobiles et camions) sont en principe « interdits » sur l'île, bien que de nombreux engins diesel y circulent. Aussi les vedettes ne transportent-elles pas de véhicules. Un parking à L'Arcouest est mis à la disposition des passagers.

La circulation sur place se fait :

à pied ;

à vélo ;

en tracteur pour le transport en commun (« petit train ») ;

en engins utilitaires.

La commune est concernée par deux types de zones remarquables.

Zone naturelle d'intérêt écologique, faunistique et floristique (ZNIEFF)

La commune est concernée par une seule zone de ce type : la ZNIEFF continentale de type 1 de la « Côte nord et ouest de l'île Bréhat », soit 311,79 hectares sur la côte ouest de l'île, incluant l'estran, le phare du Paon au nord, le port de la Corderie et l'île Raguénès au sud. La ZNIEFF vise les îlots, bancs rocheux et récifs de ce littoral.

Zone de protection spéciale (ZPS, directive Oiseaux)

Tout l'archipel est compris dans la grande zone de protection spéciale (ZPS) de « Tregor Goëlo », un site Natura 2000 selon la directive Oiseaux qui couvre 91 228 hectares répartis sur 27 communes des Côtes-d'Armor.

Zone spéciale de conservation (ZSC, directive Habitat)

L'archipel est également inclus dans la Zone spéciale de conservation (ZSC) de « Tregor Goëlo », un site d'intérêt communautaire (SIC) selon la directive Habitat qui couvre 91 438 hectares au total.

Séparée de la terre par un bras de mer, Bréhat n'est qu'à une dizaine de minutes en bateau de la pointe de l’Arcouest. Et pourtant... Le dépaysement est immédiat sur cette île rebaptisée "l'île aux fleurs" pour la variété de sa flore et la beauté de ses paysages. Un vrai petit coin de paradis.

Toute l'année, le Gulf Stream assure à ce magnifique endroit un véritable micro climat. Accordez-vous une journée pour découvrir ses maisons pleines de charme et ses criques sauvages. Et oubliez la voiture ! Ici, pas de moteur. On ne circule qu'à vélo ou à pied. Seule commune insulaire du département des Côtes d'Armor, Bréhat, longue de 3,5 kilomètres et large d'1,5 kilomètre, s'articule autour de deux îles principales. Au sud, le bourg et son église du 16e siècle et au nord des paysages qui évoquent l'Irlande.

Aga... quoi?

Hortensias, mimosas, mûriers, eucalyptus, aloès, camélias... le surnom de cette île n'est pas volé ! Mais parmi toutes, la fleur qui symbolise le plus cette île est l'agapanthe. De juin à septembre, vous verrez sa fleur bleu violacé s'épanouir au croisement de tous les chemins bréhatins. Une plante jadis ramenée d'Afrique du Sud par des marins. D'autres plantes exotiques telles que l'agave ou l'echium s'épanouissent ici. Et pour cause ! Le gel y est rarissime. Quant aux oiseaux, plus de 120 espèces sont recensées sur l'île. Au printemps, vous ne manquerez pas d'entendre les mésanges, pinsons, rouges-gorges, alouettes ou grives musiciennes.

Des envahisseurs !

Fortifiée au Moyen-Âge, l'île de Bréhat occupa longtemps une position stratégique. Lors de la guerre de Succession, puis de la Ligue, elle fut disputée entre Bretons, Français, Anglais et Espagnols. Son château, maintes fois rasé, fut finalement démantelé sous Henri IV. Aujourd'hui, seuls les touristes font passer chaque année sa population d'environ 400 à 2 000 personnes.

balades sur le sentier des douaniers de la Côte de Granit Rose à partir de Perros-Guirec, découverte du patrimoine naturel et historique de Pleumeur Bodou, paysages extraordinaires de Ploumanac'h et de Trégastel, port et plages à Trébeurden, journée sur l'Ile de Bréhat, ou moments de bien-être et de détente au Forum de la Mer à Trégastel... Découvrez le littoral de Trébeurden à Paimpol, entre côtes sauvages et escarpées, plages de sables blancs et les typiques ports de pêche des Côtes d’Armor :

Sans doute l'une des plus belles iles de France, "l'ile aux fleurs" est célèbre pour son charme authentique et unique. Après une courte traversée depuis Paimpol, passez une journée inoubliable à la découverte de cette île occupée en partie par un bourg typique aux ruelles escarpées, de l'autre par une nature préservée et diversifiée, jouissant d'un climat à la douceur quasi méditéranéenne !

A proximité du Village de Gîtes, la côte de Goelo possède l'une des iles les plus appréciées par les visiteurs : l'ile de Bréhat, surnommée "l'ile aux fleurs" car la douceur du climat océanique y est particulièrement propice au développement d'une foison de fleurs (agapanthes, hortensias, ...) et, plus généralement, de plantes et d'arbres dont certains, tropicaux, vous étonneront par leur acclimatation à la Bretagne !

On accède à l'ile depuis l'embarcadère proche de Paimpol (à 40 minutes du Village) : en saison, des bateaux assurent tous les quarts d'heure la liaison entre la côte et l'ile, distante d'à peine 2 kilomètres.

Vous pourrez prendre (en option) la possibilité de faire le tour de l'île, soit avant de débarquer, soit à une heure donnée : ce tour de l'île, d'environ 40 minutes, est commenté et permet de bien appréhender l'ile et d'apprécier sa beauté.

L'Ile de Bréhat est en fait séparée en deux parties :

Au sud, l'ile sur laquelle les habitats se sont développés, formant un petit bourg typique et parcouru de ruelles pittoresques ; c'est là que l'on débarque, au pied des premiers commerces, restaurants, crêperies et ... loueurs de vélos car, l'ile étant dépourvue de voitures, elle constitue une occasion idéale pour pédaler en famille ! Plus à l'écart, on découvrira la chapelle St Michel, surplombant l'ile depuis une étonnante colline arrondie ; un ancien "moulin à marée" (le Birlot), qui utilisait l'énergie des marées pour actionner sa meule ; ainsni qu'un ancien fort et prison, abritant aujourd'hui des verreries d'art célèbres dans le monde entier, que vous pourrez visiter.

Au nord, l'ile est sauvage : landes, rochers, et tout au bout de l'ile le phare du Paon, dressé face à l'immensité de la mer !

Notre conseil : partir assez tôt, en matinée, du Village afin d'être à l'embarcadère et faire la traversée vers 10 ou 11h ; ce qui vous laissera tout le temps pour faire le tour de l'ile, parcourir les ruelles, déjeuner ou pique-niquer, visiter les monuments et apprécier la douceur et la beauté exceptionnelle de l'ile ; enfin, en fin d'après-midi, de prendre le bateau du retour pour visiter, à votre rythme : Paimpol (port et anciennes maisons, abbaye de Beauport), puis Tréguier (centre ville historique, cathédrale, etc.) ou la Côte des Ajoncs (de Plougrescant à Perros-Guirec).

A quelques kilomètres du port de pêche de Paimpol, prenez la direction de Ploubazlanec… vous arrivez à la pointe de l’Arcouët et là… inéluctablement… la magie opère !

ET AU BOUT DE L'ARCOUEST... UNE ÎLE MAGIQUE !

Vous êtes transporté en quelques minutes de traversée sur l’île aux fleurs qui a banni les voitures pour donner à son patrimoine toute la possibilité de s’exprimer. L’archipel de Bréhat est constitué de l’île principale et 86 îlots et récifs voisins. Le 13 juillet 1907, Bréhat fut le 1er site naturel classé en France. Longue de 3,5 kilomètres et large d’1,5 kilomètre. Sur l’île : pas de voiture… c’est l’une des caractéristiques qui fera de votre visite de Bréhat, une parenthèse dépaysante.

LE PATRIMOINE DE L'ÎLE

En parcourant l’île à pied ou à vélo, vous découvrirez un patrimoine varié et riche qui constitue l’empreinte d’une histoire maritime mais également militaire qui marqua l’île dès le Moyen-Age.

Les phares des Héaux de Bréhat, du Paon, du Rosédo, de la Croix, le Port Clos, le Sémaphore, la chapelle Saint-Michel d’où l’on domine toute l’île mais également l’emblématique moulin à marée du Birlot qui comme son nom l’indique fonctionne au rythme des marées pour produire la farine. Aujourd’hui restauré, il accueille les visiteurs en saison pour des visites et pour assister à la mouture. Au temps jadis, il servait à moudre du froment, de l’orge et du blé noir pour fournir les bréhatins en farine.

Toute l’année, l’archipel profite de l’influence du Gulf Stream qui lui assure un microclimat particulièrement doux en hiver. Si l’île est bien souvent rebaptisée « l’île aux fleurs », ce n’est pas sans raison… de nombreuses variétés de fleurs colorent l’île : des plantes exotiques comme l’agave ou l’echium ; des fleurs comme l’hortensia, le mimosa, le mûrier, l’eucalyptus, l’aloes ou le camelia… mais la fleur qui symbolise le plus Bréhat est l’agapanthe qui fleurie d’avril à septembre et égaie les chemins de sa douce teinte de bleu-mauve.

TRÉSORS DE L'ÎLE

En 1998, Yves Neumager fonde les Verreries de Bréhat… pari fou de s’implanter sur cette île au large de Paimpol en s’imposant les contraintes de la vie insulaire ! Ce défi ne pouvait évidemment être relevé que par passion et ce qui a conduit également la petite entreprise artisanale à se développer et à séduire le monde du luxe grâce à ses poignées de porte, boules d’escalier, tête de robinets… L’atelier de fabrication est abrité par un fort sur l’île mais compte des revendeurs dans de nombreux pays et un showroom à Paris.

Membrane switches are simply a part of electronic equipment, and are often regarded as user interfaces or human-machine interfaces, making it easier for operators to input communications and commands to operate electronic equipment, making users more convenient. Membrane switch can also be called membrane panel. Membrane keypad or membrane keyboard is an electrical switch that can make the circuit turn on or off by changing the key pressure. Generally composed of Polyester, Lexan, Polycarbonate, adhesive, snap dome, connector, conductive inks, carbon ink or copper flex circuit.

 

Membrane Switches List

Membrane Keypad

PRODUCTS

Membrane Keypad

1. EMI/RFI; 2. IP65; 3. Good price; 4. Rim Embossed; 5. Male connector; 6. Velvet material

READ MORE

Membrane Switch Panel

PRODUCTS

Membrane Switch Panel

1. Digital printing; 2. IP54; 3. Female Connector; 4. Embossed; 5. Matt material

READ MORE

Metal Dome Switch

PRODUCTS

Metal Dome Switch

1. Good tactile feedback; 2. High life style; 3. ZIF connector; 4. EL as backlit

READ MORE

Tactile & Non-Tactile Membrane Switches

PRODUCTS

Tactile & Non-Tactile Membrane Switches

1. Good tactile feedback; 2. High life style; 3. ZIF connector; 4. Screen printing; 5. Gloss window

READ MORE

PCB Membrane Switch

PRODUCTS

PCB Membrane Switch

1. Low Resistance; 2. High Conductivity; 3. Plating options can be tin-lead, nickel, or gold

READ MORE

FPC Membrane Switch

PRODUCTS

FPC Membrane Switch

1. Low Resistance; 2. High Conductivity; 3. Plating options can be tin-lead, nickel, or gold; 4. Zif connector; 5. LGF structure

READ MORE

 

The Structure:

membrane switch structure

 

What can Niceone-tech could do?

 

Niceone-tech customized membrane switches for different customers are widely used in various industries, empower exceptional product design for other man-machine interface solutions.

 

Membrane switch constantly updates and upgrades its technology, and its durability is gradually improved. Because of its superior performance and affordable price. As a reliable human-machine interface, it is increasingly favored by home, office and industrial applications.

 

Niceone-tech strictly customizes products in accordance with ISO9001-2015, and invests a lot of money every year to develop the technology of the membrane switch to improve the added value of products such as performance, life and function. Our membrane switches are exported in large quantities to European and American countries with stable quality and affordable prices. Niceone-tech understands the standards of European and American countries, so the products are always able to meet and exceed customer expectations.

  

What are the functions and advantages of membrane switches?

 

The reason why the membrane switch is widely used is because of some very superior performances. It can fulfill various requirements of users, from industrial equipment to medical equipment.

 

Moisture-proof performance: Because the membrane switch uses a good pressure-sensitive adhesive layer and the stable performance of Polyester, Lexan, Polycarbonate one of the materials together. Membrane switch can be designed to meet NEMA 4 and IP 67, some products can even reach IP68.

 

Thin: First, it is not easy to be invaded by dust, and secondly, it reduces the space of the product.

 

Easy to clean: Membrane switches are easier to clean the surface than other mechanical keyboards.

 

Cost-effective: Compared with touch keyboard and silicone rubber keyboard, membrane switch cost will be more affordable.

 

Graphic interface: The topmost panel of the membrane switch can be the most conventional screen printing or digital printing. Niceone-tech can design the product to achieve the best visual effect. At the same time display the company logo and key functions on the panel

 

Protection by design- through the design of membrane switches can achieve antibacterial, anti-ultraviolet and other effects.

 

Why use the membrane keypad made by Niceone-tech?

Niceone-tech can customize products that are perfect and best suited to customer requirements according to customer needs. In order to let you know how the best and most suitable membrane switch is produced, we must talk about its structure:

 

1. Overlay-Polyester is usually the first choice for membrane switch panel materials, because its life will be a little longer than Polycarbonate. If it is simply a panel instead of a membrane switch, Lexan and Polyester are also good choices. Overlay is the most intuitive form of human-machine interface. Niceone-tech will screen print or digital print on the back of the material, and they can also be used in combination. Special requirements such as mirror silver effect are also feasible.

 

2. Overlay adhesive-As the first layer of adhesive paper under the panel, Acrylic adhesive is usually used, generally the thickness is between 0.125-0.225mm. If it is LGF membrane switch (to LGF membrane switch) structure, the thickness sometimes reaches 0.64mm.

 

3. Top Circuit Layer (Dome retainer): This layer usually has three functions: 1. As the Dome Retainer, it ensures that the Snap dome of the circuit layer will not form shrapnel movement due to triggering and closing, resulting in circuit failure and circuit wear. 2. Use 0.1-0.125mm Polyester printing conductive ink, carbon oil and UV ink as the upper line. This layer structure can also be convex to make tactile feedback better. 3. Can be used as ESD shielding layer.

 

4. Circuit Spacer (switch spacer): Both upper and lower lines are printed with conductive ink, usually thicker tape is used to separate the upper and lower lines to avoid direct conduction of the membrane switch. If the upper circuit is only used as a fixed layer, then the general thickness of Overlay adhesive + Top Circuit Layer + Lower Circuit Layer should be greater than 0.4mm, otherwise the panel will squeeze the shrapnel to make the feel worse. Unless the panel is convex, the four-layer structure is less than 0.4mm.

 

5. Lower Circuit Layer: The thickness of this layer circuit is usually 0.1-0.188mm. It can be printed with ink, carbon oil and UV ink. LEDs can also be installed. Some membrane switch panels will choose copper flex or Printing circuit Board as the circuit. Compared with Polyester, their performance will be more stable. More often applied to the medical and military industries. If it is copper flex or Printing circuit Board as a line, Niceone-tech can even install a variety of components on the line.

 

6. Rear Adhesive: There are many choices, but the most commonly used are 3M200MP series or 3M300LSE. According to the different products of membrane switch lamination, Niceone-tech will recommend 3M300LSE if it needs higher viscosity.

 

7. Rigid Support Layer: This layer structure is generally used as the last layer of the membrane switch, which can make the structure of the membrane switch component more complete. Usually the choice of materials are AL, FR4, PC or steel. If AL is selected, nuts or feet may sometimes be added to the back of the product.

  

Electrical performance

 

Working Voltage

 

≤50V(DC)

 

Working Current

 

≤100mA

 

Contact Resistance

 

0.5~10Ω

 

Insulation Resistance

 

≥100MΩ(100V/DC)

 

Basic Withstand voltage

 

2kV(DC)

 

Loop resistance

 

≤50Ω, ≤150Ω, ≤350Ω

 

Button Lifetime

 

>0.5-1.0 million times

 

Button Stroke

 

0.1-1.5mm

 

Button Feed BackTime

 

≤6ms

 

Tail Folding

 

No limit

 

Working Temperature

 

-20℃~+70℃

 

Stock Environment

 

-40℃~+85℃, Sealed

  

What special features can Niceone-tech membrane switches provide?

 

Backlighting Membrane Switch with Side-LEDs

 

Many working environments and machines will be used in low light or dark conditions. At this time, the customer asked us if we could solve this problem. At this time we will recommend the use of membrane switches with internal lighting. Choose EL film as the light guide plate, Fiber Optics, and the newer Light guide film (LGF) structure. Niceone-tech recommends LGF, which uses side LEDs and light guide panels to make the product have lower loss and longer life relative to EL membrane switch. Also available in different colors.

 

The thickness of the LGF membrane switch provided by Niceone-tech can even be 0.8mm. The brightness of buttons and logos is not only uniform and long-lasting, but more importantly, we can also make them illuminate each button individually. Sometimes you can also use two-color or RGB three-color lights to enter

 

One step makes the product more beautiful.

 

*If the customer wants the product to be more novel and beautiful, then we can sometimes use Epoxy in combination with the keys. Makes it an Epoxy LGF membrane switch

 

If you are interested in Backlit Membrane Switch, please feel free to contact Niceone-tech, we will send samples as soon as possible.

 

There are three other types of illuminating membrane switches below.

 

Fiber Optics

 

Fiber optic membrane switches are also a good choice for backlighting. The optical fiber material is very thin and can be used as a fixed layer of the membrane switch. At the same time, tactile feedback is better without adding a touch point. Life expectancy is up to 50,000 to 100,000 hours. The main light source is from LEDs

 

Through the optical fiber transmission in the membrane switch needs to light up. And can be larger than the surface-mounted LED backlight area. Click Fiber Optics membrane switch for more information.

Electroluminescent (EL)

 

EL backlight is driven by high frequency and low power. EL is very thin, it is a substitute for traditional lighting technology, and is widely used in various electronic accessories. The life of EL backlight products mainly depends on the driving voltage, frequency, temperature and humidity. But most EL membrane switches can reach a life of 4000 hours or more. The brightness of the EL membrane switch will attenuate linearly from the initial power-on. This is also an unavoidable disadvantage relative to other backlight membrane switch panels.

 

The EL backlit membrane switch provided by Niceone-tech will not cause heat, electricity and EMI problems. Mainly EL is more often a "cold" lighting medium.

 

LEDs

 

A common Light Emitting Diodes membrane switch with relatively low cost. Since this technology membrane switch cannot meet the lighting of a large area, it is mostly used for indication purposes. It is a relatively old technology. But the service life is long and deep customers love it.

 

Common design：

 

*Graphic overlays digitally and/or screen printed on the backside. The effect can be customized according to your requirements including glass, metal, wood, and stone. If the panel is in a more severe environment, we can even use hardened glass and stainless steel as the panel material. It is very important to choose Overlay printing according to requirements.

 

*The window needs raw materials to be transparent, frosted, transparent or colored. The window of the membrane switch is different, and the choice of materials is also very different. When the window is large, and it is required to clearly see the bottom LCD or touch screen. EBG series is a good choice, the material is scratch resistant. If it is just a panel, then PC or Lexan overlay is also feasible

 

*Selective textures and UV hard-coat surface finishes

 

*Tactile or non tactile, snap dome or non snap dome.

 

*Pillow rim-embossed membrane switch panels

 

*Optically clear adhesive(OCA)，Liquid Optically Clear Adhesive，Air Gap

 

*EMI/RFI shielding

 

*Rigid support backers such as aluminum and FR4 with PEM mounting fasteners

 

*Standard connectors such as CJT, Nicomatic and molex, etc.

 

Niceone-tech's custom-designed membrane switches and membrane switch keypads. Membrane switches are used in many industries. Niceone-tech summarizes several best membrane switch industries:

 

1. Medical Equipment and laboratories are the major markets. Niceone-tech provides customized membrane switches with complex requirements for many European and American manufacturers. In the medical environment, based on the standard membrane keypad, the materials sometimes have antibacterial effects and easy cleaning characteristics. At the same time Niceone-tech applies backlit and glue technology to the membrane switch. It can even be produced using digital printing.

 

2. Industrial Controls Because industrial equipment is more demanding moisture resistance and UV resistance, so the product's waterproof requirements and UV resistance performance requirements are relatively high. The choice of materials can refer to the membrane switch design guide, I believe that the materials compiled by Niceone-tech can help you.

 

3. Health & Fitness Equipment Because it is often corroded by sweat, salt and moisture, the material must be resistant to corrosion. Membrane switches are often used in treadmills. Using membrane switches to optimize performance and control is very important for fitness personnel.

 

What industry are you in?

 

Contact Niceone-tech today, or visit our Product Gallery for high-performance inventory and customized membrane switches for your unique applications. If you have any questions, please contact info@niceone-tech.com.

 

What can Niceone-tech do?

Niceone-tech customized membrane switches are sold all over the world for different industries such as medical, industrial control, military, etc. Every contact with the membrane switch products will be convinced by its stability, touch, and beautiful appearance. For example, the membrane switch used outdoors for a long time, the product must have the ability to resist ultraviolet rays. In extreme environments, then the choice of materials also needs to choose a better 3M or Nitto adhesive, and the panel material Niceone-tech recommends Autotype. Making the appropriate design and materials according to the actual situation is one of the necessary conditions for a switch type membrane to satisfy customers.

 

Niceone-tech is a professional custom membrane switch manufacturer in China and believes in the professionalism of our team to customize a variety of membrane switches that satisfy customers. Over the past few years, Niceone-tech has gradually combined backlighting technology with the combination of silicone buttons and membrane switches to produce products one after another that are unexpected in the market.

 

Membrane Switches FAQs

Q:What Is The Storage Temperature Of The Membrane Switch?

-20℃ -80℃

 

Q:What Is The Operating Temperature Of The Membrane Switch?

-20℃ -80℃

 

Q:What Is The Life Of The Membrane Switch?

More than 1,000,000 actuations

 

Q:What Is The Driving Load Of The Membrane Switch?

Non-tactile: 70g - 285g, Tactile: +100g to 600g

 

Q:EMI/RFI

Available

 

niceone-tech.com/products/membrane-switch/

Please push "F" key on your keybord. Thank you!

 

Carved dragon head of a wood walking stick, seen at a medieval market. Processing and composing in Photoshop.

 

Andreas's most interesting | recent photos on Flickriver

 

Lara's most interesting | recent photos on Flickriver

thegentlemanangler.com/historic-tales/rhine-gold-with-ill...

Rhine Gold, an opera composed by Richard Wagner, was first performed in 1869. It is based on old German folklore. It is not the musical aspects of this opera that are of interest here, but the story and in particular the evocative illustrations which were created by Arthur Rackham for an English translation of the lyrics (presented in a 1910 book).The characters in this story are:Gods: Wotan, Donner, Froh, LogeNibelung dwarfs: Alberich, MimeGiants: Fasolt, FafnerGoddesses: Fricka, Freia, ErdaRhine-Maidens: Woglinde, Wellgunde, FlosshildeThis is a synopsis of the story of Rhine Gold:The three Rhine maidens, Woglinde, Wellgunde, and Flosshilde are playing together. Woglinde begins an innocent song with a familiar melody. Alberich, a Nibelung dwarf, appears from a deep chasm and tries to woo them. Struck by Alberich's ugliness, the Rhine maidens mock his advances and he grows angry. As the sun begins to rise, the maidens praise the golden glow atop a nearby rock; Alberich asks what it is. The Rhine maidens tell him about the Rhine gold, which their father has ordered them to guard: it can be made into a magic ring which will let its bearer rule the world, but only by someone who first renounces love. They think they have nothing to fear from the lustful dwarf, but Alberich, embittered by their mockery, curses love, seizes the gold and returns to his chasm, leaving them screaming in dismay.Wotan, ruler of the Gods, is asleep on a mountaintop with Fricka, his wife. Fricka awakes and sees a magnificent castle behind them. She wakes Wotan and points out that their new home has been completed. The giants Fasolt and Fafner built the castle; in exchange Wotan has offered them Fricka's sister Freia, the goddess of youth and beauty and feminine love. Fricka has concerns for her sister, but Wotan is confident that they will not have to give Freia away, because he has dispatched his clever servant Loge to search the world for something else to give the giants instead.Freia arrives in a panic, followed by Fasolt and Fafner. Fasolt demands payment for their finished work. He points out that Wotan's authority is sustained by the treaties carved into his spear, including his contract with the giants, which Wotan therefore cannot violate. Donner (god of thunder) and Froh (god of spring) arrive to defend their sister Freia, but Wotan stops them; as ruler of the Gods, he cannot permit the use of force to break the agreement. Hoping Loge will arrive with the alternative payment he promised, Wotan tries to stall.Loge finally returns with a discouraging report: there is nothing that men will accept in exchange for feminine love, and, by extension, nothing the giants would accept in exchange for Freia. Loge tells them that he was able to find only one instance where someone willingly gave up love for something else: Alberich the dwarf has renounced love, stolen the Rheingold and made a powerful magic ring out of it. A general discussion of the ring ensues and everyone finds good reasons for wanting it. Fafner makes a counteroffer: the giants will accept the ring and the Nibelung's gold in payment, instead of Freia. When Wotan tries to haggle, the giants depart, taking Freia with them as hostage.Freia's golden apples had kept the Gods eternally young; in her absence, they begin to age and weaken. In order to win Freia back, Wotan resolves to follow Loge down into the earth, in pursuit of the gold.Loge and Wotan descend into Nibelheim (the dwarf's realm). There is a stark depiction of the toiling of the enslaved dwarves in this dark place.In Nibelheim, Alberich has enslaved the rest of the Nibelung dwarves with the power of the ring. He has forced his brother Mime, the most skilful smith, to create a magic helmet, the Tarnhelm. Alberich demonstrates the Tarnhelm's power by making himself invisible, the better to torment his subjects. (The Tarnhelm can also change the wearer's shape, and teleport him long distances.)Wotan and Loge arrive and happen upon Mime, who tells them about Alberich's forging of the ring and the misery of the Nibelungs under his rule. Alberich returns, driving his slaves to pile up a huge mound of gold. When they have finished, he dismisses them and turns his attention to the two visitors. He boasts to them about his plans to conquer the world. Loge asks how he can protect himself against a thief while he sleeps. Alberich says the Tarnhelm would hide him, by allowing him to turn invisible or change his form. Loge says he doesn't believe it and requests a demonstration that would astonish him. Alberich complies, turning into a giant snake. Loge acts suitably impressed and then he asks if he can also reduce his size, which would be very useful for hiding, but he says that it would be too difficult. Thus goaded Alberich transforms himself into a toad and the two gods quickly seize him, tie him up, and drag him up to the mountain top.On the mountaintop, Wotan and Loge force Alberich to exchange his wealth for his freedom. They untie his right hand, and he uses the ring to summon his Nibelung slaves, who bring the hoard of gold. After the gold has been delivered, he asks for the return of the Tarnhelm, but Loge says that it is part of his ransom. Finally, Wotan demands the ring. Alberich refuses, but Wotan seizes it from his finger and puts it on his own. Alberich is crushed by his loss, and before he leaves he lays a curse on the ring: until it should return to him, whoever does not possess it will desire it, and whoever possesses it will live in anxiety and will eventually be killed and robbed of it by its next owner. Alberich's discordant "Death-Curse" leitmotif is referenced in other related stories from which Wagner created operas.The gods reconvene. Fasolt and Fafner return, carrying Freia. Reluctant to release Freia, Fasolt insists that the gold be heaped high enough to hide her from view. They pile up the gold, and Wotan is forced to relinquish the Tarnhelm to help cover Freia completely. However, Fasolt spots a remaining crack in the gold, through which Freia's eye can be seen. He demands that Wotan fill the crack by yielding the ring. Loge reminds all present that the ring rightly belongs to the Rhine maidens. Wotan angrily and defensively declares that he will keep it for his own. The giants seize Freia and start to leave, this time forever.Suddenly, Erda the earth goddess, a primeval goddess older than Wotan, appears out of the ground. She warns Wotan of impending doom and urges him to give up the cursed ring. Troubled, Wotan calls the giants back and surrenders the ring. The giants release Freia and begin dividing the treasure, but they quarrel over the ring itself. Fafner clubs Fasolt to death (the "Death-Curse" leitmotif has an immediate effect). Wotan, horrified, realizes that Alberich's curse has terrible power. Loge remarks that Wotan is indeed lucky as his enemies are killing each other for the gold he gave up.At last, the gods prepare to enter their new home. Donner summons a thunderstorm to clear the air. After the storm has ended, Froh creates a rainbow bridge that stretches to the gate of the castle. Wotan leads them across the bridge to the castle, which he names Valhalla. Fricka asks him about the name, and he replies enigmatically that its meaning will become clear when his plans come to fruition.Loge, who knows that the end of the gods is coming, does not follow the others into Valhalla; he is tempted to destroy the gods and all they have deceitfully acquired. Far below, the Rhine maidens mourn the loss of their gold and proclaim that the glory of the gods is only an illusion. The story ends.This story synopsis has been edited from Wikipedia.com and the following gallery is from "The Rhinegold & the Valkyrie" an English translation of the lyrics from Richard Wagner's opera, published in 1910.Arthur Rackham has captured the essence of the story of Rhine Gold with these illustrations:[Show as slideshow]

... while I composed in an unphotoshopable set of Flickr rubber bands.

 

In between the take-in sandwiches, beer, pétanque and sleeping on the grass.

Copyright © Phil Dodd 2019, All Rights Reserved. After spending some time looking for pleasing compositions I decided to let nature make the decision... Taken on the perimeter of Priory Woods, Sandwell Valley.

 

Thanks for looking and / or commenting,

 

Best Regards,

 

Phil.

The Desert Discovery Center also houses the “Old Woman Meteorite”, the second largest meteorite found in the United States which weighed 6,070 pounds when discovered in 1975.

 

It is 38" long, 30" wide and 34" high. It's mostly composed of iron, contains about 6% nickel and has trace amounts of cobalt, phosphorus, chromium and sulphur.

 

The meteorite was discovered in late 1975 in the southwestern portion of the Old Woman Mountains. Its authenticity was verified by Dr. Roy Clarke of the Smithsonian Institute.

 

In 1980 the Smithsonian sent the meteorite back to the California Desert where it was placed on permanent display at the Desert Discovery Center in Barstow where it continues to amaze and inspire our visitors. .

 

Photo by Jesse Pluim, BLM

Shot at Basilica di San Pietro in Vaticano as part of #progettovecchioenuovo an architectural photography project by #oneboyandhispen and #onemanandhispen

"...The Futuro is composed of fiberglass-reinforced polyester plastic, measuring 4 metres high and 8 metres in diameter..." en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futuro

"Futuro and Art" www.digipaper.fi/emma_eng/97521/index.php?pgnumb=15

"VIDEO: A Look Inside The Futuro House – A Spaceship Vacation Home" www.archdaily.com/404166/

 

Make a photograph of a plastic subject www.todaysposting.com/TPAssignment.php?TP=711

Ave Maris - Cheryl Studer, LSO, Ion Marin, DGG 435 387-2

 

www.discogs.com/Cheryl-Studer-London-Symphony-Orchestra-I...

 

www.discogs.com/Various-The-Classic-Christmas-Album/relea...

 

1 –Bernhard*, Hannes*, Wolfgang Läubin, Norbert Schmitt, Simon Preston Sinfonies De Fanfare: Rondeau

 

Composed By – Jean-Joseph MouretOrgan – Simon PrestonTimpani – Norbert SchmittTrumpet – Bernhard*, Hannes*, Wolfgang Läubin

 

2 –Luciano Pavarotti, National Philharmonic Orchestra • K. H. Adler* O Holy Night (Minuit Chrétien)

 

Arranged By – Douglas GamleyComposed By – Adolphe Adam*Conductor – Kurt Herbert AdlerOrchestra – National Philharmonic OrchestraTenor Vocals – Luciano Pavarotti

 

3 –Berliner Philharmoniker • Herbert von Karajan March From/Aus/Extrait De/Da/De: The Nutcracker • Der Nußknacker • Casse-Noisette • Lo Schiaccianoci • Cascanueces Op. 71a

 

Composed By – Peter Ilych Tchaikovsky*Conductor – Herbert Von KarajanOrchestra – Berliner Philharmoniker

 

4 –Wiener Sängerknaben* O Tannenbaum • O Christmas Tree • Mon Beau Sapin

 

Arranged By – Uwe Christian HarrerChoir – Wiener Sängerknaben*Composed By – TraditionalConductor – Uwe Christian Harrer

 

5 –Wiener Philharmoniker • Claudio Abbado Die Schlittenfart • The Sleighride • La Promenade En Traîneau • Il Viaggio In Slitta • El Paseo En Trineo, K. 605 No.3

 

Composed By – Wolfgang Amadeus MozartConductor – Claudio AbbadoOrchestra – Wiener Philharmoniker

 

6 –Bryn Terfel • Philharmonia Orchestra • Paul Daniel White Christmas

 

Bass Vocals, Baritone Vocals – Bryn TerfelComposed By – Irving BerlinConductor – Paul DanielOrchestra – Philharmonia OrchestraOrchestrated By – Robert Russell Bennett

 

7 –Orpheus Chamber Orchestra Jesus Bleibet Meine Freude (Jesu, Joy Of Man's Desiring • Jesús Que Ma Joie Demeure)

 

Arranged By – Guillermo FigueroaComposed By – Johann Sebastian BachOrchestra – Orpheus Chamber OrchestraOrgan – Edward Brewer

 

8 –Cheryl Studer • London Symphony Orchestra* • Ion Marin Ave Maria

 

Composed By – Charles Gounod, J.S.Bach*Conductor – Ion MarinOrchestra – London Symphony Orchestra*Soprano Vocals – Cheryl Studer

 

9 –Anne-Sophie Mutter • Wiener Philharmoniker • James Levine* Méditation From Thais

 

Composed By – Jules MassenetConductor – James Levine*Orchestra – Wiener PhilharmonikerViolin – Anne-Sophie Mutter

 

10 –José Carreras • Coral Salvé De Laredo • Sociedad Coral Debilbao • Damián Sanchez* El Nacimiento (Vidala Catamarqueña) • The Nativity • Christi Geburt • La Nativitée • La Natività, From Navidad Nuestra (Félix Luna)

 

Arranged By – J. Gabriel Segade*Arranged By [Revised Arrangement By], Conductor – Damián Sanchez*Choir – Coral Salvé De Laredo, Sociedad Coral DebilbaoComposed By – Ariel RamirezTenor Vocals – José Carreras

 

11 –Bernhard*, Hannes*, Wolfgang Läubin, Norbert Schmitt, Simon Preston See, The Conquering Hero Comes

 

Composed By – George Frideric Handel*Organ – Simon PrestonTimpani – Norbert SchmittTrumpet – Benhard*, Hannes*, Wolfgang Läubin

 

12 –The Monteverdi Choir • The English Baroque Soloists • John Eliot Gardiner Jesus Bleibet Meine Freude (Jesy, Joy Of Man's Desiring) Chorale From Cantata BWV 147

 

Choir – The English Baroque Soloists, The Monteverdi ChoirComposed By – Johann Sebastian BachConductor – John Eliot Gardiner

 

13 –Kathleen Battle • Philharmonia Orchestra • Carlo Maria Giulini Pie Jesu From Requiem

 

Composed By – Gabriel FauréConductor – Carlo Maria GiuliniOrchestra – Philharmonia OrchestraSoprano Vocals – Kathleen Battle

 

14 –Berliner Philharmoniker • Herbert Von Karajan Concerto Fatto Per La Notta Di Natale (Christmas Concerto • Weihnachtskonzert • Concerto Pour La Nuit De Noël • Concierto De Navidad, Op.6 No.8) - Adagio

 

Composed By – Arcangelo CorelliConductor – Herbert Von KarajanOrchestra – Berliner Philharmoniker

 

15 –Bryn Terfel • Malcolm Martineau Die Könige • The Three Kings • Les Rois Mages • I Re Magi • Los Reyes Magos.

 

Bass Vocals, Baritone Vocals – Bryn TerfelComposed By – Peter Cornelius*Piano – Malcolm Martineau

 

16 –Dresdner Kreuzchor Stille Nacht • Silent Night • Douce Nuit • Bianco Natal • Noche De Paz

 

Arranged By – Helge JungChoir – Dresdner KreuzchorComposed By – Franz Xavier Gruber*Conductor – Matthias Jung

 

17 –Kiri Te Kanawa • Choir Of St. Paul's Cathedral* • English Chamber Orchestra • Barry Rose Ave Maria Op.52/6 D 839

 

Arranged By – Thelma OwenChoir – Choir Of St. Paul's Cathedral*Chorus Master – Barry RoseComposed By – Franz SchubertConductor – Barry RoseHarp – Thelma OwenOrchestra – English Chamber OrchestraSoprano Vocals – Kiri Te Kanawa

 

18 –Martha Argerich, Nicolas Economou Danse Des Mirlitons • Dance Of The Reedpipes

 

Arranged By – Nicolas EconomouComposed By – Peter Ilych Tchaikovsky*Piano – Martha Argerich, Nicolas Economou

 

19 –Plácido Domingo* • London Symphony Orchestra* • Karl-Heinz Loges* Muñequite Linda (Magic Is The Moonlight)

 

Arranged By – Loges*Composed By – M. Grever*Conductor – Karl-Heinz Loges*Orchestra – London Symphony Orchestra*Tenor Vocals – Plácido Domingo*

 

20 –Jessye Norman, Daniel Barenboim, Wolfram Christ Geistliches Wiegenlied Op. 91/2

 

Composed By – Johannes BrahmsPiano – Daniel BarenboimSoprano Vocals – Jessye NormanViola – Wolfram Christ

 

21 –The English Concert Choir • The English Concert* • Trevor Pinnock Hallelujah From Messiah

 

Choir – The English Concert ChoirComposed By – George Frideric Handel*Conductor – Trevor PinnockOrchestra – The English Concert

  

Tori Amos ‎– Little Earthquakes, EastWest 7567-82358-2, 1992

 

www.discogs.com/Tori-Amos-Little-Earthquakes/release/5360728

 

Dire Straits ‎– On Every Street, Vertigo 510 500-2, 1991

 

www.discogs.com/Dire-Straits-On-Every-Street/release/508977

 

Louis Armstrong - Masters of Jazz, Media 7, 1997

This painting is composed of three separate panels taken from three separate exquisite pieces of art. The left panel of this papyrus painting is from one of the panels of the Little Golden Shrine. It portrays Pharaoh Tutankhamun sitting on the throne with his arm resting over the back. The queen stoops toward the king, her right hand touching his left arm. In her left hand she holds, in addition to a bunch of lotus flowers and buds hanging downward, an unguent-cone holder mounted on a stand and decorated with lotus.

 

The center panel of this papyrus painting is a representation of the "Papyrus Vignette of Tutankhamun and Ankhesenamun" housed in the The Museum of Egyptian Antiquities in Cairo, Egypt. The original papyrus painting is thought to be a wedding portrait.

 

The right side panel of this papyrus painting is from the back of the Golden Throne of Tutankhamun. In this scene the Pharaoh wears the hemhem diadem integrating 3 atef crowns. He is peacefully reclining on his throne while his lovely wife Queen Ankhesenamun anoints him with perfume.

 

www.kingtutexhibit.com/catalogs/tutankhamun_catalog.pdf

The above link is a lovely exhibit of Tutankhamun artifacts. If you scroll down to page 61 exhibit #52 there is an excellent photo of The Little Golden Shrine. Go to page 63 exhibit #55 to see the wedding portrait "Papyrus Vignette of Tutankhamun and Ankhesenamun. Beautiful photos of the Golden Throne are on pages 66-68 exhibit #57-58. Each exhibit has a detail description.

   

Side view of female sound engineer working with sound mixing panel and musical keyboard in the recording studio

"In the composing of music you have to enter virtually a trance state to transmit songs. I don't think you write songs. They come through you"/In compunerea muzicii trebuie sa intri practic intr-o stare de transa pt. a transmite cantecele. Nu cred ca scriem cantecele. Ele vin prin noi" -Sting..

  

Revealing the Hidden Nature of Human Being as a bridge in the Awakening of the Consciousness of the Universe is a knowledge that was hidden from the human race all throughout history. We dedicate these pages to the awakening of self-knowledge of the universe manifested in us that will reveal our true identity that can help the man to discover his hidden powers to save THE EARTH and our civilization from self-annihilation.

 

Revelarea naturii ascunse a fiintei umane ca veriga in trezirea Constiintei universului

reprezinta o cunoastere care a fost ascunsa rasei umane de-a lungul intregii sale istorii. Dedicam aceste pagini trezirii universului manifestat in noi la autocunoastere, la descoperirea adevaratei noastre identitati si la manifestarea puterilor noastre divine care vor permite omului sa salveze planeta si actuala civilizatie de la auto-anihilare.

 

The greatest of all religious teaching is inside you,in your Heart; You can discover your treasure using love and awareness to awake yourself.This process of awakening to our true identity is taking place in a state beyond duality known as mystic trance or samadhi(trance,that state of mind which remains with its object without distractions; superconscious state, ecstasy, meditative or concentrative absorption, union).The term trance is defined as an altered state of consciousness which individuals can enter through a variety of techniques, including hypnotism, drugs (aushadhi, potions, herbs, consecrated plants;see the Nahuatl– Maya’s traditions revealed by Carlos Castaneda or The Shamanic Traditions revealed by Dr. Andrija Puharich in “The Sacred Mushroom (pub. 1959),sound (particularly music ,percussive drumming-remember Mantras,(recitation of incantations,words of power, chanting,sacred chants, prayer, auto and hetero suggestions;see the King Arthur's instruction"in chant,spells and incantations" received from the druid Merlin etc.), sensory deprivation, physical hardships (eg. flagellation, starvation, exhaustion, tapas:intense desire, ascetic disciplines,purificatory acts ,austerities) and vigorous continuous rhythmic exercise (particularly dance).People can also use trance, particularly in the context of ‘ritual’ events, to learn new strategies of thinking or of relating to one another.There are different types of learning: for example what Eric Jantsch calls ‘conscious learning’ is a transaction between consciousness, the environment and memory. Jantsch also identifies ‘superconscious learning’, which takes place with the addition of ‘outer’ and ‘inner’ ways of learning. These arise through the interaction of consciousness with transpersonal mass/collective consciousness (eg. Jung’s "collective unconscious")There are other techniques which can be used for such ‘tuning in’, for example magical or shamanic practices such as visualisations, breathing techniques and ritual. Particular technologies can also be used to enhance such learning capacities, for example the ASCID (Altered States of Consciousness Induction Device) developed by Robert Masters and Jean Houston (1973). The modern electronic music dance party is one such ‘pscycho- technology’ because it is an information system, consisting of visual, auditory and sensual elements.

 

MIRAHORIAN: HIDDEN KNOWLEDGE/CUNOASTEREA ASCUNSA

 

360.yahoo.com/the_forbidden_knowledge

mirahorian.spaces.live.com/

www.myspace.com/hiddenknowledge1

hiddenknowledge.multiply.com

mirahorian-hiddenknowledge.blogspot.com/

hiddenknowledge1.blogspot.com/

www.flickr.com/photos/shamanictrance/

hiddenknowledge.wayn.com/

guidedawakening.weblog.ro/

   

Composed from antique prints and typography, this valentine features roses, Cupid, scrollwork, a heart, bees, and tiny stars. I love this font!

 

Available in my store - see my profile for details!

Little Composing from this awesome match!

恬然自若

English

  

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vila_Nova_de_Cerveira

    

Is a municipality in Portugal with a total area of 108.6 km² and a total population of 8,752 inhabitants (2006).

The municipality is composed of 15 parishes and is located in the district of Viana do Castelo.

The town was founded by King Denis of Portugal in 1321 and today is mainly known and visited due to the international biennial of art[1] that takes place in the town since 1978

Between the river and the mountain, Vila Nova de Cerveira is located on the left bank of Minho River, which establishes the border with Spain, and is limited to northeast with the municipality of Valença, Paredes de Coura to the east, Ponte de Lima to the south, and Caminha to south-southwest.

The name of the village is explained by a legend.

"Once upon a time... there was a stag (deer) that was chosen by the Gods of Olympos to become a King. And so the stag decided to move, together with other stags, to this uninhabited territory that began to be known as "Terras de Cervaria" (Land of the Stags). Many years flew past. Fights, skirmishes, and disasters gradually devastated the colony until only the King Stag was left. According to the legend, when the noblemen from Asturias came down during the Reconquest to conquer what was to become the Condado Portucalense (Portugal), a young noblemen challenged the King Stag to a face-to-face duel. And the old Lord accepted. The duel took place among the trees and weeds on a trenched site. And, so the legend tells, the King Stag swept to victory! He kept the nobleman's flag that turned to be the King's coat of arms. But the Gods deceived the old King. He wouldn't be immortal... Tired of living and ill, the old Lord died in the loneliness of the crags and with him disappeared for good the Terra da Cervaria."

But the legend wasn't forgotten and the coat-of-arms still bears a golden passant stag in silver armour standing in a green field.

 

Português

  

pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vila_Nova_de_Cerveira

    

Vila Nova de Cerveira (conhecida frequentemente apenas por Cerveira) é uma vila portuguesa no Distrito de Viana do Castelo, região Norte e subregião do Minho-Lima, com cerca de 1 300 habitantes.

É sede de um município com 108,46 km² de área e 8 852 habitantes (2001), subdividido em 15 freguesias. O município é limitado a nordeste pelo município de Valença, a leste por Paredes de Coura, a sueste por Ponte de Lima, a sudoeste por Caminha e a noroeste pela Galiza.

O ponto mais alto do concelho situa-se no alto de S. Paio, com 638 metros de altitude, na freguesia de Loivo.

A sua principal freguesia é Campos, pois lá se situam os dois polos industriais, que desenvolvem e dinamizam todo o concelho e concelhos limitrofes.