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Southern Montana’s Beartooth Mountains has one of the few platinum mines in North America. There, platinum and palladium are mined from the 2.71 billion-years-old Stillwater Complex, a classic example of an LLI (large, layered igneous province). LLIs are large intrusive bodies that display large-scale and small-scale layering, even including cross bedding, ripples, graded bedding, channelforms, and other sedimentary-like features. The Stillwater originated as a large subsurface mass of slowly cooling magma. As various minerals crystallized, they settled to the bottom of the magma chamber - this resulted in layering. Igneous rocks that formed this way have a cumulate texture. Currents in the still-liquid portions of the magma chamber produced the sedimentary structures mentioned above. Most of the Stillwater displays only large-scale layering.
The rocks in the Stillwater are mafic and ultramafic, intrusive igneous rocks. Common lithologies include gabbro, norite, harzburgite, anorthosite, troctolite, chromitite, pyroxenite, and dunite. Portions of the Stillwater have been metamorphosed. Olivine is the most commonly altered component - it's usually been metamorphosed to serpentine.
The main platinum (Pt) and palladium (Pd) occurrence is in the Johns-Manville Reef (J-M Reef), an interval in the lower part of the Lower Banded Series. The Pt and Pd occur in intercumulate sulfides, typically pyrrhotite (Fe1-xS) and chalcopyrite (CuFeS2). Platinum ores in the J-M Reef are principally sulfidic anorthosites, but other lithologies also occur. The J-M Reef is the highest grade deposit known for platinum-group elements (PGEs).
The outcrop seen here does not have platinum ore. Rocks in this area mostly consist of inch-scale layered plagioclase feldspar and pyroxene. The layering was originally horizontal; Stillwater Complex rocks have been structurally tilted by mountain building.
Stratigraphy: Stillwater Complex, Neoarchean, 2.71 Ga
Locality: roadcut along West Fork Stillwater Road (= Forest Service Road 2846), near & above the Stillwater Mine, Beartooth Mountains, southern Montana, USA
Aurora Complex
July 2, 2014
The Sound Factory
McAllen, TX
PLEASE DO NOT USE WITHOUT PERMISSION! CONTACT ME FOR USE!
© Patrick Panuco. Do not use without permission.
The Mark Jefferson Building houses Chemistry and Biology Departments, and previously the Psychology Department. The building is connected to Strong Hall to form the Science Complex.
Inch-scale layered plagioclase feldspar and pyroxene in the Precambrian of Montana, USA.
Southern Montana’s Beartooth Mountains has one of the few platinum mines in North America. There, platinum and palladium are mined from the 2.71 billion-years-old Stillwater Complex, a classic example of an LLI (large, layered igneous province). LLIs are large intrusive bodies that display large-scale and small-scale layering, even including cross bedding, ripples, graded bedding, channelforms, and other sedimentary-like features. The Stillwater originated as a large subsurface mass of slowly cooling magma. As various minerals crystallized, they settled to the bottom of the magma chamber - this resulted in layering. Igneous rocks that formed this way have a cumulate texture. Currents in the still-liquid portions of the magma chamber produced the sedimentary structures mentioned above. Most of the Stillwater displays only large-scale layering.
The rocks in the Stillwater are mafic and ultramafic, intrusive igneous rocks. Common lithologies include gabbro, norite, harzburgite, anorthosite, troctolite, chromitite, pyroxenite, and dunite. Portions of the Stillwater have been metamorphosed. Olivine is the most commonly altered component - it's usually been metamorphosed to serpentine.
The main platinum (Pt) and palladium (Pd) occurrence is in the Johns-Manville Reef (J-M Reef), an interval in the lower part of the Lower Banded Series. The Pt and Pd occur in intercumulate sulfides, typically pyrrhotite (Fe1-xS) and chalcopyrite (CuFeS2). Platinum ores in the J-M Reef are principally sulfidic anorthosites, but other lithologies also occur. The J-M Reef is the highest grade deposit known for platinum-group elements (PGEs).
The outcrop seen here does not have platinum ore. The layering consists of alternating bands of plagioclase feldspar and pyroxene. The layering was originally horizontal; Stillwater Complex rocks have been structurally tilted by mountain building.
Stratigraphy: Lower Banded Series, Stillwater Complex, Neoarchean, 2.71 Ga
Locality: roadcut along West Fork Stillwater Road (= Forest Service Road 2846), near & above the Stillwater Mine, Beartooth Mountains, southern Montana, USA
Darke Complex // Day 3 // South By So What?! Music Festival // QuikTrip Park // Grand Prairie, Texas
March 22nd, 2015
Photo © Terry Dobbins 2015
**DO NOT USE WITHOUT MY PERMISSION**
A panoramic view from the steps of the museum building. The main building [Pit 1] with the curved roof is to the left, and the Pit 2 building to the right [The pit 3 building is behind the Pit 2 building and is not shown].
We returned to Xi'an and went out to a world famous resturant on the Bell Tower Square for a dumpling dinner which was very good... then we took a stroll along the "Muslim Street" but no photos as there was a power failure in that area and the place was lit with candles and gas lamps.
Wide shot of the Visitor Complex at the Kennedy Space Center. From left: Space Shuttle Explorer, a mated pair of solid rocket boosters and external tank, and the new Shuttle Launch Experience simulation (HIGHLY recommended).
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This is the actual Mariners Apartment Complex, referenced in the Lana del Rey song. It's called Mariners Village in Marina Del Rey, Los Angeles, California.
Motorama Events Rod, Custom & Tuner Car Show, PA Farm Show Complex, Harrisburg, PA, February 19, 2022.
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My dear friends in Caspian brought their monstrous sound to biggest stage I've had the privilege to watch them play.
I hope I did them justice in whatever small way I could.
Destination Jakarta today, Non-stop Amsterdam-Jakarta.
We arrived in Jakarta in the late morning and headed straight away for the old Harbor and Dutch Cityhall.
That was enough for the day and our 14 hour flight.
Leaving Jakarta already next morning, after a quick stop at the Monas, for Bogor and the Puncak pass, but the pass was deleted from the tour as the roads were blocked during this eastern holiday weekend.
Visited only Bogor Botanic gardens and headed to Bandung via Jakarta.
Bandung is famous for its Art Deco city center.
We boarded the train for a 5 hour scenic drive to Kroya .
Night-stop at Wonosobo with the Dieng Vulcanic area and Java's oldest Hindi temples are nearby.
Fortunatly it didn't rain during our visit to the famous Borobudur temple complex .
We arrived in Yogjakarta for a full package - 2 day visit.
A becak tour in the early moring to the the Sultans Kraton Palace, Shopping, Batik, silver and dinner show to name a few.
On the second day a bicycle tour near Prambanan and more World Heritage at the Impressive Prambanan temple complex
Our second scenic trainride ends in Batu.
Time to relax here and prepare for our ultimate sunrise experience at the Bromo vulcano.
One more stopover in Kalibaru with a nice Botanic Garden before we took the ferry to Bali.
A few days at Bali Sanur Beach, relax and enjoying the sun.
Despite a few activities : Mountainbike at Bali's famous Ricefields, snorkling and visiting art village Ubud as we headed for our last
visit at the Tanah Lot temple for sunset.
Our Unesco World Heritage visits