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Gowanus, Brooklyn, New York, New York City, United States
The Carroll Street Bridge over the Gowanus Canal, built in 1888-89, is one of the oldest bridges in New York City and the oldest of four known extant late-nineteenth/early-twentieth century American bridges of the "retractile" type. This unusual movable bridge functions by rolling back horizontally on wheels set on steel rails, thus providing clear passage through the canal channel. The Carroll Street Bridge was designed by engineers of the Brooklyn Department of City Works? the superstructure was constructed by the New Jersey Steel and Iron Company, a subsidiary of the prominent firm of Cooper, Hewitt & Company. It continues to operate essentially as it has since its completion.
Gowanus Canal
In 1847, developer-businessman Col. Daniel Richards petitioned the Brooklyn Common Council for permission to open streets in South Brooklyn. Richards had initiated the planning for the Atlantic Docks and Basin (begun 1840), and the Erie and Brooklyn Basins, Red Hook, which were the first of the major improvements to transform the Brooklyn commercial waterfront. As the port of New York expanded in the nineteenth century, the entire shoreline of Brooklyn from Greenpoint down to Red Hook was built up with docks and warehouses.
To further spur commerce and development in South Brooklyn, Richards envisioned at the same time the creation of a mile-long barge canal fashioned out of Gowanus Creek, and the draining of the adjacent marshlands. It was not until 1866-69, however, that state legislation was passed to improve the Gowanus Canal, through dredging, the construction of docks, and rebuilding of bridges.
The Gowanus Canal Improvement Commission was appointed to oversee the projects, while the Brooklyn Improvement Company was to perform construction work. As completed the canal extended the mile between Hamilton Avenue and Baltic Street, and five branches with docks extended for an additional two-thirds of a mile. One hundred feet wide and varying in depth from twelve to sixteen feet, the Gowanus Canal became lined with such industrial concerns as lumber, coal, brick, and stone yards, and flour and plaster mills. Six bridges crossed the canal, one of which was at Carroll Street.
Carroll Street Bridge
When the old Carroll Street Bridge was closed in 1887, a replacement was needed. But as reported by George Ingram, Assistant Engineer of the Brooklyn Department of City Works, it was as yet undecided what type of bridge was to be chosen:
...no progress has been made on the detail plans for the new bridge over Gowanus Canal at Carroll street, and no work can be done until the proper authority shall decide upon the form of bridge, whether centre-channel [retractile] or swing bridge; the property owners favor the centre-channel form of bridge as originally recommended by this bureau, but its construction will involve the use of a strip of land now belonging to private owners, and thus far the Common Council has failed to authorize its purchase.
Ultimately the retractile type was used for the Carroll Street Bridge, as noted in February 1889, by the Department's Chief Engineer, Robert Van Buren:
I am glad to report that the construction for the substructure of the Carroll Street bridge over the Gowanus Canal is making satisfactory progress, and that this long delayed work will now proceed with all possible dispatch. I am satisfied that the form of bridge which has been selected for this point, and whose construction Mr. Ingram has always advocated, and which
is now made possible through the efforts of the Commissioner of this department, will reflect credit upon this bureau, and establish a type for all future bridges in this vicinity; the proposal of the well-known firm of Cooper, Hewitt and Co. has been accepted for the superstructure designed by this bureau, and the known reputation of that firm assures a prompt and thorough compliance with the terms of the contract, and a bridge which will be a credit to the city, and a relief to the people interested in its use.
The bridge was completed by the end of 1889, at a total cost of $29,600.
The Engineers of Carroll Street Bridge and Cooper, Hewitt & Company
The design and construction of the Carroll Street Bridge was the responsibility of several individuals and organizations. Robert Van Buren was Chief Engineer of the Carroll Street Bridge project, with George Ingram as Engineer-in-Charge. Charles O. H. Fritzche participated in the design of the original mechanical system. The bridge superstructure was manufactured by the New Jersey Steel and Iron Company, a subsidiary of Cooper, Hewitt & Company.
Robert Van Buren (1843-1919) was Chief Engineer, Bureau of Construction, of the Brooklyn Department of City Works from around 1877 until 1894. A descendant of President Martin Van Buren, he was educated at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. In 1898 he became Chief Engineer of the Brooklyn Department of Water Supply, serving until his retirement in 1914, at which time he had worked a total of 49 years in the public sector in Brooklyn and New York City.
Fritzche (c. 1836-1921), a wealthy civil engineer from Paterson, New Jersey, was the inventor of a railroad turntable system.
Cooper, Hewitt & Company8 was one of the foremost nineteenth-century American firms responsible for the production of iron and steel; its subsidiary, New Jersey Steel and Iron Company, specialized in the construction of bridges and viaducts, particularly for railroads and transit systems. The parent company was the successor to the iron interests of Peter Cooper (1791-1883), the industrialist-inventor and patron of the Cooper Union.
After the Canton Iron Works, Baltimore (1830), Cooper founded an ironworks-rolling mill-wire factory in New York City in 1836. He is believed to be the first American to "puddle" iron from anthracite coal. In 1845 the ironworks were moved to Trenton and managed by his son Edward Cooper (1824-1905) and eventual son-in-law Abram Stevens Hewitt (1822-1903).
The Trenton Iron Company was incorporated in 1847, with the Coopers and Hewitt owning the stock; * Cooper, Hewitt & Company was established as management. From 1845 to 1849, the company developed the largest rolling mill in the U. S. at Trenton, with its primary product being rolled iron railroad rails. During a period of English overproduction of rails, the Trenton Iron Company produced wire and cable, and also became the pioneer in the use of wrought-iron structural members in building construction in 1854-55.The U. S. government contracted the company to produce beams and girders for public building
construction, and until 1860 a virtual monopoly on their production was held by Cooper, Hewitt & Company. In 1850 the (then) largest American blast furnaces were built at Phillipsburg, New Jersey; expansion of the firm covered a number of other furnaces in the New Jersey-Pennsylvania area.
The company was instrumental in a number of technical innovations which caused advances in the American production of iron and steel, including an early Bessemer converter experiment at Phillipsburg (1856), introduction of the French "Martin" process for steel, and the first open-hearth furnace at Trenton. Edward Cooper and Abram Hewitt joined Samuel J. Tilden in prominent roles in the reform movement against "Boss" Tweed in 1871. Hewitt served as U.S. Congressman almost continuously from 1874 to 1886. Both men were elected Mayor of New York City: Cooper in 1879-80 and Hewitt in 1887-88.
Retractile Bridges
The "retractile" bridge has been called "a very unusual type" by engineer JAL Waddell in his influential work Bridge Engineering (1916). This type has also been called in other sources: "Boston draw" bridge, "pull-back draw" bridge, "traversing" bridge, "sliding (draw)" bridge, "retractile draw" bridge, "diagonal sliding" bridge, and "rolling draw" bridge. Generally small, simple spans over narrow channels, they have been employed to provide channel clearance in locations where other bridge types are impractical.
A typical retractile bridge is a truss or set of girders supported on a group of rollers which move horizontally along a set of rails; the bridge is powered by a steam or electric engine and a cable-pulley or rack-and-pinion system. When the bridge is closed, one side extends over the abutment, across the channel, and rests on the opposite abutment; when the bridge is in operation the overhanging section acts as a cantilever and is counterweighted.
This is the manner in which the Carroll Street Bridge functions; in closed position the bridge is set at an angle to the channel (where there is a slight bend), during operation it moves back diagonally, and in open position rests on an adjacent piece of land. Variations seen in retractile bridges include approach spans which move aside to allcw for the main span when open, and "telescope" bridges in which the main span recedes into or above adjacent spans. Retractile bridges were used occasionally for railroads.
The antecedents of the retractile bridge were apparently the medieval drawbridges of Europe. Their development is unclear but they may have been introduced in the mid-nineteenth century in England. The Shoreham-Chichester Line Railroad Bridge, Aran River (1845-62) was called by railway historian Frederick Williams in 1852 "the first of its kind."
A timber-arid-iron main span rolled back on 18 wheels while a secondary span moved away laterally to clear a space for the main span. Another English example was the Victoria Bridge, Queens Ferry (1897), a telescope retractile bridge in which the main draw spans receded into fixed approach' spans.
Possibly the first, and most frequent , use of the retractile bridge in the United States was in Boston, where there were once some dozen examples [hence the name "Boston draw bridge]. Today, only two Boston retractile bridges are known to survive, both in fixed position, with engines removed: L Street Bridge, Reserve Channel (1892), and Summer Street Bridge, Fort Point Channel (1899-1900).
In New York City, there were once five retractile bridges, of which only two exist today.
The Carroll Street Bridge (1888-89) is the older of these, and thus the oldest known extant retractile bridge in the United States. The other extant New York bridge is at Borden Avenue, Dutch Kills, Queens (1908). A wooden retractile bridge at Bayview Avenue, lemon Creek, Staten Island, constructed sometime before 1861, was for many years the oldest bridge in the city; it was replaced by a steel retractile bridge in 1955-58 which was later discontinued. The Washington Avenue Bridge, Wallabout Canal, Brooklyn (1893) was replaced by a bascule bridge in 1936-37. The Westchester Avenue Bridge, Bronx River, Bronx (1905), was also replaced by a bascule bridge in 1937-38.
By the 1920s, the retractile bridge, never extensively employed, had fallen out of favor. Otis E. Hovey commented in Movable Bridges (1926) that they "now appear to be nearly obsolete."
Description
The Carroll Street Bridge, a trapezoidal-shaped retractile bridge, is a simple 107-foot span composed of: two riveted steel plate girders (the shorter of which is counterweighted) supporting the deck structure (riveted floor beams, rolled beam stringers [not visible], wood plank deck with timber curbs) having one traffic lane and two bracketed cantilevered sidewalks (also with wood plank deck); a small central riveted latticework post- and- truss system frame supporting steel eye-bar stay cables (which act as a cantilever when the bridge is in operation); carriage truck frames attached to the lower flanges of the girders, supported en wheels set on three sets of steel rails on timber supports; part of the mechanical system consisting of wire cables, pulleys, and guides; and metal handrailing.
Also on the Landmark Site are the bridge receiving site, asphalt approach roadways, timber abutments, stone bulkhead walls, safety traffic gates, and metal handrailings flanking the approaches.
A small polygonal brick operator's house with round-arched fenestration is located at the west end of the bridge. A recent accident has caused damage to the structure. The house contains the remaining portion of the mechanical system, including the electric motor and winch [not covered in this designation]. The bridge was converted from steam engine to electric motor in 1907-08.
Alterations to the original bridge structure have included: replacement of steel rails, and wheels, axles, and journals of the carriage trucks (1914-15); and replacement of most of the handrailing (c. 1945-48).16
- From the 1987 NYCLPC Landmark Designation Report
Green rebar cages sit atop the bridge's West Tower. The cages were later framed and filled with concrete to create the pylon caps and thus complete West Tower construction.
Licensed for all uses by TriMet.
1.Ceilings
Company/Product - Sherwin Williams/Pro Mar 200
Color Name - Ultra White
Finish - Flat
2. Walls
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Color Name - Jersey Cream
Finish - Matte
3. Wainscoting & All Trim
Company/Product - Sherwin Williams/Superpaint
Color Name - Swiss Coffee (Behr Color Match)
Finish - Semi Gloss
Construction continues March 25 on a concrete pad and pier at Mihail Kogălniceanu Forward Operating Site, Romania. The $38,500 project also calls for installation of electrical and communications conduits, cable, circuits, outlets and a perimeter fence. Equipment will be mounted on the concrete pier, while two metal poles will support weather stations at MK Romania. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Europe District’s Mediterranean Area Office is managing the construction project, which is set for completion in April. (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers photo by Mark Nedzbala)
Windsor Station opened on 8 October 1849 on the completion of the branch line from Slough, but only after considerable opposition from the powers at Eton College who were convinced that the proximity of a railway would lead the Eton boys astray.
An extension of the branch was planned in 1871–72 to connect to the south via Dedworth and Ascot. It was planned to diverge west from the viaduct, just to the south of the river bridge. Despite reaching an advanced stage of design, and with some property purchased plus the construction of a possible station building, the plans were never completed and were abandoned completely by 1914.
The station is approached by a 2,035-yard brick viaduct and Windsor Railway Bridge, Brunel's oldest surviving railway bridge. The original building was little more than a glorified train shed. This was completely rebuilt by the GWR for Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee, with a much grander frontage and an interior reminiscent of Paddington. Two island platforms and a bay on the south side were provided.
On 17 November 1968 platforms 3 and 4 were taken out of use and, on 5 September 1969, platform 2 was also decommissioned. Later on the remaining platform was also truncated, twice, at each rebuild of the station.
In 1997 AXA bought the station buildings and enlarged and remodelled them as a shopping complex called Windsor Royal Shopping.
The single platform was truncated still further, and can now handle no more than a three-coach train, running every 20 minutes between Windsor & Slough.
No visit to York would be complete without a walk around the City Walls. At 3.4 kilometres long, the beautifully preserved walls are the longest medieval town walls in England. About 2.5 million people walk along all or part of the City walls each year, enjoying some amazing views. The completion of the entire circuit will take approximately 2 hours. There are five main bars or gateways, one Victorian gateway, one postern (a small gateway) and 45 towers.
York City Walls
The city or ‘bar’ walls of York are the most complete example of medieval city walls still standing in England today. Beneath the medieval stonework lie the remains of earlier walls dating as far back as the Roman period.
The Roman walls survived into the 9th century when, in AD 866, York was invaded by the Danish Vikings. The Vikings buried the existing Roman wall under an earth bank and topped with a palisade – a tall fence of pointed wooden stakes.
The wooden palisade was replaced in the 13th and 14th centuries with the stone wall we see today.
The medieval city walls originally included 4 main gates or ‘bars’ (Bootham Bar, Monk Bar, Walmgate Bar and Micklegate Bar), 6 postern or secondary gates and 44 intermediate towers. The defensive perimeter stretched over 2 miles encompassing the medieval city and castle.
By the late 18th century, however, the walls were no longer required as defences for the city and had fallen into disrepair. In 1800, the Corporation of York applied for an Act of Parliament to demolish them. In addition to the poor condition of the walls at the time, the narrow gateways of the bars were inconvenient and the walls themselves hindered the city’s expansion.
Many other cities, including London, were removing their outdated, medieval city walls at this time. In York, however, the city officials met with fierce and influential opposition and by the mid-nineteenth century the Corporation had been forced to back down.
Unfortunately, the call for preservation came too late for some parts of the walls – the barbicans at all but one of the gateways (Walmgate Bar) had been torn down along with 3 postern gates, 5 towers and 300 yards of the wall itself.
Since the mid-nineteenth century the walls have been restored and maintained for public access, including the planting of spring flowers on the old Viking embankment. Today the walls are a Scheduled Ancient Monument and a Grade 1 listed building.
Bootham Bar
There has been a gateway here for nearly 2000 years - Bootham Bar is on the site of one of the four main entrances to the Roman fortress.
The existing structure is not Roman but it has been around for quite a while. The archway itself dates from the 11th century and the rest of the structure is largely from the 14th century. In 1501 a door knocker was installed as Scots were required to knock first and seek permission from the Lord Mayor to enter the city.
The bar was damaged during the siege of York in 1644. Like Micklegate Bar, it was sometimes used to display the heads of traitors, the heads of three rebels opposing Charles II’s restoration were placed here in 1663.
Bootham Bar was the last of the gates to lose its barbican, demolished in 1835.
Fishergate Bar
1315AD - 1487AD
Fishergate Bar is one of six gateways in the city walls. It faces South towards Selby. Nearby used to be the large flooded area known as the King’s Fishpond.
‘Barram Fishergate’ is the first documented reference to the bar, in 1315. A central stone above the archway reveals the date of the current bar. It contains the York coat of arms and an inscription which reads:
‘A.doi m.cccc.lxxx.vii Sr Willm Tod knight mayre this wal was mayd in his days lx yadys’
This tells us that sixty yards of the wall, including the bar, was built in 1487 under Sir William Tod, mayor of York.
But just two years later, in 1489, Fishergate Bar suffered considerable damage in the Yorkshire peasants’ revolt against Henry VII. The rebels burned the gates of the bar after murdering the Earl of Northumberland. The gateway was bricked up soon after and wasn’t re-opened until 1834, to give better access for the cattle market.
Micklegate Bar
Micklegate Bar was the most important of York’s four main medieval gateways and the focus for grand events. The name comes from 'Micklelith', meaning great street.
It was the main entrance to the city for anyone arriving from the South. At least half a dozen reigning monarchs have passed through this gate and by tradition they stop here to ask the Lord Mayor's permission to enter the city.
The lower section of the bar dates from the 12th century, the top two storeys from the 14th. The building was inhabited from 1196. Like the other main gates, Micklegate Bar originally had a barbican built on the front, in this case demolished in 1826.
For centuries the severed heads of rebels and traitors were displayed above the gate, the many victims include Sir Henry Purcey (Hotspur) in 1403 and Richard, Duke of York in 1460. The last of the severed heads was removed in 1754.
Monk Bar
Monk Bar is the largest and most ornate of the bars, it dates from the early 14th century. It was a self-contained fortress, with each floor capable of being defended. On the front of the bar is an arch supporting a gallery, including 'murder-holes' through which missiles and boiling water could be rained down upon attackers.
Monk Bar has the city’s only working portcullis, in use until 1970. Like the other main gateways, Monk Bar originally had a barbican on the front. This was demolished in 1825.
The rooms above the gateway have had various uses over the years, including as a home and as a jail for rebellious Catholics in the 16th century.
The Red Tower
1490AD - 1491AD
The Red Tower, built in 1490, forms the only brick section of York’s famous city walls. Because it was built of brick its construction did not sit well with the local stone masons. So much so that it was the cause of dispute, and even murder.
The masons who worked on the majority of York’s walls and buildings were unhappy about the employment of tilers to build the Red Tower; their unhappiness led to them attempting to sabotage the building of the tower. The tilers had to ask for protection from the city council to stop the masons from threatening them and breaking their tools.
This protection made little difference, however. In 1491, the tiler John Patrik was murdered. Two leading masons, William Hindley and Christopher Homer, were charged with the murder but quickly acquitted.
The first recorded use of the name “The Red Tower” was in 1511, presumably in reference to its red brick colour rather than its bloody past.
Despite forming an important and unique part of the city walls, the Red Tower fell quickly into disrepair. It had to be repaired multiple times, notably in 1541 and 1545, and was in ruins by 1736. It was roughly restored in 1800 and became known as ‘Brimstone House’ – probably a reference to its former use as a manufactory for gunpowder. It has two storeys, and a garderobe. The way that the tower appears now is thanks to G F Jones’ restorations in 1857-8.
Walmgate Bar
Walmgate Bar is the most complete of the four main medieval gateways to the city, it is the only bar to retain its barbican, portcullis and inner doors.
Its oldest part is a 12th century stone archway, the walled barbican at the front dates from the 14th century, the wooden gates from the 15th century and the timber-framed building on the inside from the 16th century.
It was burned by rebels in 1489 and battered by cannon during the siege of 1644.
Baile Hill
William the Conqueror ordered two castles to be built in York, one on either side of the River Ouse.
They formed a defensive system in response to the recent violent unrest.
'York Castle' was later reinforced and eventually rebuilt in stone and so now appears much more substantial. But originally both castles were of a similar size and layout.
Baile Hill is the name given to all that remains of York's other castle. It was the man-made mound, or motte, of the castle.
Excavations in 1979 revealed remains of timber buildings and a strong fence at the summit of the mound, together with a staircase up one side. The surrounding bailey was defended by a bank of earth built on top of the original Roman city wall.
Barker Tower
This river-side tower was built in the 14th century. It was positioned at the boundary of the medieval city-centre and, in conjunction with Lendal Tower on the opposite bank, was used to control river traffic entering the city. A great iron chain was stretched across the river between the two towers and boatmen had to pay a toll to cross it. The chain also served as a defence for the city. As early as 1380 Thomas Smyth was named as the tower’s ‘keeper of the chain’.
For boats coming downstream it would be the second toll in quick succession; St Mary's Abbey had its own tower and toll collection system a little further up the river.
Barker tower was leased for long periods to various ferrymen (and at least one woman) who ran passengers across the Ouse until Lendal Bridge was built in 1863. The ferry ran 'in summer and winter, fair weather and foul, Sundays and weekdays'.
The ferry was put out of business when Lendal Bridge opened in 1863. The tower has had plenty of other uses over the years, including as a mortuary for a brief time in the 19th century.
Photo by Ryan Johnson
The completion of improvements at Murray Hill Community Center has made a big impact on the surrounding neighborhood.
Last fall, work began on the construction of a new press box, concession stand, outfield scoreboard, and most importantly, restrooms at the community center’s adjoining athletic field.
Previously, neighborhood and recreational events either had to forego restroom facilities or have portable toilets brought in to meet the needs of the attendees, limiting participation from the community. In addition, prior to two years ago, there were no youth athletics held within the neighborhood or the Murray Hill facility.
Today, the City’s Recreation Department has 135 participants in its Murray Hill youth baseball and softball programs and approximately 90 participants in its youth football program. The improvements to the facility are assisting in meeting the needs of the growing involvement from the community.
Photo by Ryan Johnson
This is why I haven't uploaded anything to flickr recently. I've been working on putting together a color darkroom. I'm super happy with what I ended up with. I really can't imagine a better setup. Almost all of it came from a very kind and generous man. Other bits and pieces I picked up here and there. As you can see it's located in my bedroom. I'll be officially up and running once I finish converting an Ilford Cap-40 to RA-4.
Fatehpur Sikri (Hindi: फ़तेहपुर सीकरी, Urdu: فتحپور سیکری) is a city and a municipal board in Agra district in the state of Uttar Pradesh, India. The city was founded in 1569 by the Mughal emperor Akbar, and served as the capital of the Mughal Empire from 1571 to 1585. After his military victories over Chittor and Ranthambore, Akbar decided to shift his capital from Agra to a new location 37 km WSW on the Sikri ridge, to honor the Sufi saint Salim Chishti. Here he commenced the construction of a planned walled city which took the next fifteen years in planning and construction of a series of royal palaces, harem, courts, a mosque, private quarters and other utility buildings. He named the city, Fatehabad, with Fateh, a word of Arabic origin in Persian, meaning "victorious." it was later called Fatehpur Sikri. It is at Fatehpur Sikri that the legends of Akbar and his famed courtiers, the nine jewels or Navaratnas, were born. Fatehpur Sikri is one of the best preserved collections of Indian Mughal architecture in India.
According to contemporary historians, Akbar took a great interest in the building of Fatehpur Sikri and probably also dictated its architectural style. Seeking to revive the splendours of Persian court ceremonial made famous by his ancestor Timur, Akbar planned the complex on Persian principles. But the influences of his adopted land came through in the typically Indian embellishments. The easy availability of sandstone in the neighbouring areas of Fatehpur Sikri, also meant that all the buildings here were made of the red stone. The imperial Palace complex consists of a number of independent pavilions arranged in formal geometry on a piece of level ground, a pattern derived from Arab and central Asian tent encampments. In its entirety, the monuments at Fatehpur Sikri thus reflect the genius of Akbar in assimilating diverse regional architectural influences within a holistic style that was uniquely his own.
The Imperial complex was abandoned in 1585, shortly after its completion, due to paucity of water and its proximity with the Rajputana areas in the North-West, which were increasingly in turmoil. Thus the capital was shifted to Lahore so that Akbar could have a base in the less stable part of the empire, before moving back to Agra in 1598, where he had begun his reign as he shifted his focus to Deccan. In fact, he never returned to the city except for a brief period in 1601. In later Mughal history it was occupied for a short while by Mughal emperor, Muhammad Shah (r. 1719 -1748), and his regent, Sayyid Hussain Ali Khan Barha, one of the Syed Brothers, was murdered here in 1720. Today much of the imperial complex which spread over nearly two mile long and one mile wide area is largely intact and resembles a ghost town. It is still surrounded by a five mile long wall built during its original construction, on three sides. However apart from the imperial buildings complex few other buildings stand in the area, which is mostly barren, except of ruins of the bazaars of the old city near the Naubat Khana, the 'drum-house' entrance at Agra Road. The modern town lies at the western end of the complex, which was a municipality from 1865 to 1904, and later made a "notified area", and in 1901 had a population of 7,147. For a long time it was still known for its masons and stone carvers, though in Akbar time it was known and 'fabrics of hair' and 'silk-spinning'. The village of Sikri still exists nearby.
ARCHITECTURE OF FATEHPUR SIKRI
Fatehpur Sikri sits on rocky ridge, 3 kilometres in length and 1 km wide, and palace city is surrounded by a 6 km wall on three side with the fourth being a lake at the time. Its architect was Tuhir Das and Dhruv Chawla and was constructed using Indian principles. The buildings of Fatehpur Sikri show a synthesis of various regional schools of architectural craftsmanship such as Gujarat and Bengal. This was because indigenous craftsmen were used for the construction of the buildings. Influences from Hindu and Jain architecture are seen hand in hand with Islamic elements. The building material used in all the buildings at Fatehpur Sikri, palace-city complex, is the locally quarried red sandstone, known as 'Sikri sandstone'. It is accessed through gates along the five-mile long fort wall, namely, Delhi Gate, the Lal Gate, the Agra Gate, Birbal's Gate, Chandanpal Gate, The Gwalior Gate, the Tehra Gate, the Chor Gate and the Ajmere Gate.
Some of the important buildings in this city, both religious and secular are:
Buland Darwaza: Set into the south wall of congregational mosque, the Jama Masjid at Fatehpur Sikri, this stupendous piece of architecture is 55 metre high, from the outside, gradually making a transition to a human scale in the inside. The gate was added some five years later after the completion of the mosque ca. 1576-1577 as an 'victory arch', to commemorate the Akbar's successful Gujarat campaign. It carries two inscriptions in the archway, one of which reads: "Isa, Son of Mariam said: The world is a bridge, pass over it, but build no houses on it. He who hopes for an hour may hope for eternity. The world endures but an hour. Spend it in prayer, for the rest is unseen".
The central portico comprises three arched entrances, with the largest one, in the centre, is known locally as the Horseshoe Gate, after the custom of nailing horseshoes to its large wooden doors for luck. Outside the giant steps of the Buland Darwaza to left is deep well.
Jama Masjid: It is a Jama Mosque meaning the congregational mosque, and was perhaps one of the first buildings to come up in the complex, as its epigraph gives AH 979 (AD 1571-72) as the date of its completion, with a massive entrance to the courtyard, the Buland-Darwaza added some five years later. It was built in the manner of Indian mosques, with iwans around a central courtyard. A distinguishing feature is the row of chhatri over the sanctuary. There are three mihrabs in each of the seven bays, while the large central mihrab is covered by a dome, it is decorated with white marble inlay, in geometric patterns.
Tomb of Salim Chishti: A white marble encased tomb of the Sufi saint, Salim Chisti (1478–1572), within the Jama Masjid's sahn, courtyard. The single-storey structure is built around a central square chamber, within which is the grave of the saint, under an ornate wooden canopy encrusted with mother-of-pearl mosaic. Surrounding it is a covered passageway for circumambulation, with carved Jalis, stone pierced screens all around with intricate geometric design, and an entrance to the south. The tomb is influenced by earlier mausolea of the early 15th century Gujarat Sultanate period. Other striking features of the tomb are white marble serpentine brackets, which support sloping eaves around the parapet.
On the left of the tomb, to the east, stands a red sandstone tomb of Islam Khan I, son of Shaikh Badruddin Chisti and grandson of Shaikh Salim Chishti, who became a general in the Mughal army in the reign of Jahangir. The tomb is topped by a dome and thirty-six small domed chattris, and contains a number of graves, some unnamed, all male descendants of Shaikh Salim Chisti.
Diwan-i-Aam : Diwan-i-Am or Hall of Public Audience, is a building typology found in many cities where the ruler meets the general public. In this case, it is a pavilion-like multi-bayed rectangular structure fronting a large open space. South west of the Diwan-i-Am and next to the Turkic Sultana's House stand Turkic Baths.
Diwan-i-Khas: the Diwan-i-Khas, or Hall of Private Audience, is a plain square building with four chhatris on the roof. However it is famous for its central pillar, which has a square base and an octagonal shaft, both carved with bands of geometric and floral designs, further its thirty-six serpentine brackets support a circular platform for Akbar, which is connected to each corner of the building on the first floor, by four stone walkways. It is here that Akbar had representatives of different religions discuss their faiths and gave private audience.
Ibadat Khana: (House of Worship) was a meeting house built in 1575 CE by the Mughal Emperor Akbar, where the foundations of a new Syncretistic faith, Din-e-Ilahi were laid by Akbar.
Anup Talao: A ornamental pool with a central platform and four bridges leading up to it. Some of the important buildings of the royal enclave are surround by it including, Khwabgah (House of Dreams) Akbar's residence, Panch Mahal, a five-storey palace, Diwan-i-Khas (Hall of Private Audience), Ankh Michauli and the Astrologer's Seat, in the south-west corner of the Pachisi Court.
Hujra-i-Anup Talao: Said to be the residence of Akbar's Muslim wife, although this is disputed due to its small size.
Mariam-uz-Zamani's Palace: The building of Akbar's Rajput wives, including Mariam-uz-Zamani, shows Gujarati influence and is built around a courtyard, with special care being taken to ensure privacy.
Naubat Khana: Also known as Naqqar Khana meaning a drum house, where musician used drums to announce the arrival of the Emperor. It is situated ahead of the Hathi Pol Gate or the Elephant Gate, the south entrance to the complex, suggesting that it was the imperial entrance.
Pachisi Court: A square marked out as a large board game, the precursor to modern day Ludo game where people served as the playing pieces.
Panch Mahal: A five-storied palatial structure, with the tiers gradually diminishing in size, till the final one, which is a single large-domed chhatri. Originally pierced stone screens faced the façade, and probably sub-divided the interior as well, suggesting it was built for the ladies of the court. The floors are supported by intricately carved columns on each level, totalling to 176 columns in all.
Birbal's House: The house of Akbar's favorite minister, who was a Hindu. Notable features of the building are the horizontal sloping sunshades or chajjas and the brackets which support them.
Recent excavation done by ASI in 2000 led to unearthing of an ancient jain city very near to the fort complex.
Other buildings included Taksal (mint), 'Daftar Khana (Records Office), Karkhanas (royal workshop), Khazana (treasury), Turkic styled Baths, Darogha's Quarters, stables, Caravan sarai, Hakim's quarters etc.
DEMOGRAPHICS
Fatehpur Sikri has a population of 28,757. Males constitute 53% of the population and females 47%. Fatehpur Sikri has an average literacy rate of 46%, lower than the national average of 74%: male literacy is 57%, and female literacy is 34%. In Fatehpur Sikri, 59% of the population is under 6 years of age.
ADMINISTRATIVE ESTABLISHMENT
Fatehpur Sikri is one of the fifteen Block headquarters in the Agra district it has 52 Gram panchayats (Village Panchayat) under it.
The Fatehpur Sikri, is a constituency of the Lok Sabha, Lower house of the Indian Parliament, and further comprises five Vidhan Sabha (legislative assembly) segments:
Agra Rural
Fatehpur Sikri
Kheragarh
Fatehabad
Bah
In all there are 12 villages of Sisodia Rajputs near Fatehpur Sikri fort in Agra district. These are Daultabad, Nayavas, Satha, korai, Behrawati, Byara, Undera, Kachora, Singarpur, Vidyapur, Onera, Arrua.
TRANSPORT
Fatehpur Sikri is about 39 km. from Agra. The nearest Airport is the Agra Airport (also known as Kheria Airport), 40 km from Fatehpur Sikri. The nearest railway station is the Fatehpur Sikri Railway Station, about one km. from the city centre . It is suitably connected to Agra and neighbouring centres by road, where regular bus services of UPSRTC ply, apart from Tourist buses and taxies.
WIKIPEDIA
Finally she is nearing completion! I made this fantasy warrior outfit for her today. The bottoms are just scraps I threw together leftover from her waist part, but I like it anyway. Still need to make her arm/leg armors and weapons plus paint her scorpion tail, and she will be done!
Also have an exact copy of this wig that I plan to cut into a short choppy boyish haircut for her, but I do like long hair too, so I will have both! yay!
When I get finished with her, and have time, I'll get an assistant to help me take some more awesome photos of her~ <3
Sorry about the bugs on the windshield. Willis Tower (formerly named and still commonly referred to as Sears Tower) is a 108-story, 1,451-foot (442 m) skyscraper in Chicago, Illinois. At the time of its completion in 1973, it was the tallest building in the world, surpassing the World Trade Center towers in New York, and it held this rank for nearly 25 years. The Willis Tower is the second-tallest building in the United States and the eighth-tallest freestanding structure in the world. The skyscraper is one of the most popular tourist destinations in Chicago, and over one million people visit its observation deck each year.
Named the Sears Tower throughout its history, in 2009 the Willis Group obtained the right to rename the building, as part of their lease on a portion of its offices. On July 16, 2009, the building was officially renamed the Willis Tower. On August 13, 2012, United Airlines announced it will be moving its corporate headquarters from 77 West Wacker Drive to the Willis Tower.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willis_Tower
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_Creative_Commons_...
No visit to York would be complete without a walk around the City Walls. At 3.4 kilometres long, the beautifully preserved walls are the longest medieval town walls in England. About 2.5 million people walk along all or part of the City walls each year, enjoying some amazing views. The completion of the entire circuit will take approximately 2 hours. There are five main bars or gateways, one Victorian gateway, one postern (a small gateway) and 45 towers.
York City Walls
The city or ‘bar’ walls of York are the most complete example of medieval city walls still standing in England today. Beneath the medieval stonework lie the remains of earlier walls dating as far back as the Roman period.
The Roman walls survived into the 9th century when, in AD 866, York was invaded by the Danish Vikings. The Vikings buried the existing Roman wall under an earth bank and topped with a palisade – a tall fence of pointed wooden stakes.
The wooden palisade was replaced in the 13th and 14th centuries with the stone wall we see today.
The medieval city walls originally included 4 main gates or ‘bars’ (Bootham Bar, Monk Bar, Walmgate Bar and Micklegate Bar), 6 postern or secondary gates and 44 intermediate towers. The defensive perimeter stretched over 2 miles encompassing the medieval city and castle.
By the late 18th century, however, the walls were no longer required as defences for the city and had fallen into disrepair. In 1800, the Corporation of York applied for an Act of Parliament to demolish them. In addition to the poor condition of the walls at the time, the narrow gateways of the bars were inconvenient and the walls themselves hindered the city’s expansion.
Many other cities, including London, were removing their outdated, medieval city walls at this time. In York, however, the city officials met with fierce and influential opposition and by the mid-nineteenth century the Corporation had been forced to back down.
Unfortunately, the call for preservation came too late for some parts of the walls – the barbicans at all but one of the gateways (Walmgate Bar) had been torn down along with 3 postern gates, 5 towers and 300 yards of the wall itself.
Since the mid-nineteenth century the walls have been restored and maintained for public access, including the planting of spring flowers on the old Viking embankment. Today the walls are a Scheduled Ancient Monument and a Grade 1 listed building.
Bootham Bar
There has been a gateway here for nearly 2000 years - Bootham Bar is on the site of one of the four main entrances to the Roman fortress.
The existing structure is not Roman but it has been around for quite a while. The archway itself dates from the 11th century and the rest of the structure is largely from the 14th century. In 1501 a door knocker was installed as Scots were required to knock first and seek permission from the Lord Mayor to enter the city.
The bar was damaged during the siege of York in 1644. Like Micklegate Bar, it was sometimes used to display the heads of traitors, the heads of three rebels opposing Charles II’s restoration were placed here in 1663.
Bootham Bar was the last of the gates to lose its barbican, demolished in 1835.
Fishergate Bar
1315AD - 1487AD
Fishergate Bar is one of six gateways in the city walls. It faces South towards Selby. Nearby used to be the large flooded area known as the King’s Fishpond.
‘Barram Fishergate’ is the first documented reference to the bar, in 1315. A central stone above the archway reveals the date of the current bar. It contains the York coat of arms and an inscription which reads:
‘A.doi m.cccc.lxxx.vii Sr Willm Tod knight mayre this wal was mayd in his days lx yadys’
This tells us that sixty yards of the wall, including the bar, was built in 1487 under Sir William Tod, mayor of York.
But just two years later, in 1489, Fishergate Bar suffered considerable damage in the Yorkshire peasants’ revolt against Henry VII. The rebels burned the gates of the bar after murdering the Earl of Northumberland. The gateway was bricked up soon after and wasn’t re-opened until 1834, to give better access for the cattle market.
Micklegate Bar
Micklegate Bar was the most important of York’s four main medieval gateways and the focus for grand events. The name comes from 'Micklelith', meaning great street.
It was the main entrance to the city for anyone arriving from the South. At least half a dozen reigning monarchs have passed through this gate and by tradition they stop here to ask the Lord Mayor's permission to enter the city.
The lower section of the bar dates from the 12th century, the top two storeys from the 14th. The building was inhabited from 1196. Like the other main gates, Micklegate Bar originally had a barbican built on the front, in this case demolished in 1826.
For centuries the severed heads of rebels and traitors were displayed above the gate, the many victims include Sir Henry Purcey (Hotspur) in 1403 and Richard, Duke of York in 1460. The last of the severed heads was removed in 1754.
Monk Bar
Monk Bar is the largest and most ornate of the bars, it dates from the early 14th century. It was a self-contained fortress, with each floor capable of being defended. On the front of the bar is an arch supporting a gallery, including 'murder-holes' through which missiles and boiling water could be rained down upon attackers.
Monk Bar has the city’s only working portcullis, in use until 1970. Like the other main gateways, Monk Bar originally had a barbican on the front. This was demolished in 1825.
The rooms above the gateway have had various uses over the years, including as a home and as a jail for rebellious Catholics in the 16th century.
The Red Tower
1490AD - 1491AD
The Red Tower, built in 1490, forms the only brick section of York’s famous city walls. Because it was built of brick its construction did not sit well with the local stone masons. So much so that it was the cause of dispute, and even murder.
The masons who worked on the majority of York’s walls and buildings were unhappy about the employment of tilers to build the Red Tower; their unhappiness led to them attempting to sabotage the building of the tower. The tilers had to ask for protection from the city council to stop the masons from threatening them and breaking their tools.
This protection made little difference, however. In 1491, the tiler John Patrik was murdered. Two leading masons, William Hindley and Christopher Homer, were charged with the murder but quickly acquitted.
The first recorded use of the name “The Red Tower” was in 1511, presumably in reference to its red brick colour rather than its bloody past.
Despite forming an important and unique part of the city walls, the Red Tower fell quickly into disrepair. It had to be repaired multiple times, notably in 1541 and 1545, and was in ruins by 1736. It was roughly restored in 1800 and became known as ‘Brimstone House’ – probably a reference to its former use as a manufactory for gunpowder. It has two storeys, and a garderobe. The way that the tower appears now is thanks to G F Jones’ restorations in 1857-8.
Walmgate Bar
Walmgate Bar is the most complete of the four main medieval gateways to the city, it is the only bar to retain its barbican, portcullis and inner doors.
Its oldest part is a 12th century stone archway, the walled barbican at the front dates from the 14th century, the wooden gates from the 15th century and the timber-framed building on the inside from the 16th century.
It was burned by rebels in 1489 and battered by cannon during the siege of 1644.
Baile Hill
William the Conqueror ordered two castles to be built in York, one on either side of the River Ouse.
They formed a defensive system in response to the recent violent unrest.
'York Castle' was later reinforced and eventually rebuilt in stone and so now appears much more substantial. But originally both castles were of a similar size and layout.
Baile Hill is the name given to all that remains of York's other castle. It was the man-made mound, or motte, of the castle.
Excavations in 1979 revealed remains of timber buildings and a strong fence at the summit of the mound, together with a staircase up one side. The surrounding bailey was defended by a bank of earth built on top of the original Roman city wall.
Barker Tower
This river-side tower was built in the 14th century. It was positioned at the boundary of the medieval city-centre and, in conjunction with Lendal Tower on the opposite bank, was used to control river traffic entering the city. A great iron chain was stretched across the river between the two towers and boatmen had to pay a toll to cross it. The chain also served as a defence for the city. As early as 1380 Thomas Smyth was named as the tower’s ‘keeper of the chain’.
For boats coming downstream it would be the second toll in quick succession; St Mary's Abbey had its own tower and toll collection system a little further up the river.
Barker tower was leased for long periods to various ferrymen (and at least one woman) who ran passengers across the Ouse until Lendal Bridge was built in 1863. The ferry ran 'in summer and winter, fair weather and foul, Sundays and weekdays'.
The ferry was put out of business when Lendal Bridge opened in 1863. The tower has had plenty of other uses over the years, including as a mortuary for a brief time in the 19th century.
still needs some finishing work, oh and a coat of powder. This mod will allow the rider to use handlebars on her bike.
Well, this was our last course day and it went quite well. We had the most attentive, interested and bright young residents and surgeons, and teaching them was a pure delight. We had five hours of intense courses today which were well attended, and both the professor and the students were content that the whole week was a success. This course was worthwhile as it will spawn at least one (if not more) hand surgeons. Alas, the work is finished. But now we can go to the wild animal preserves of South Luangwa and spend 3 days relaxing and reveling in their amazing display of African flora and fauna. Both Rita and I are looking forward to it. It is the end of a fulfilling trip. Tonight we have a reception for our hosts, dean of the faculty and the students who will be awarded a certificate of attendance. Goran and his wife did an exceptional hosting job, and we will be sad to leave them.
On January 31, 1925 the town turned out to celebrate the completion of the paving of the highway. The highway followed D Street until the early 1950s, when Highway 395 (now Interstate 215) was widened and redirected to its current route.
Photos and content Provided by Perris Valley Historical and Museum Association.
Interested in purchasing the book "Perris a place to remember," or the 2011 Centennial Calendar call (951) 657-0274 or visit perrisvalleymuseum.org for more information.
Design by Enrico Fumia @ Pininfarina
Walter de Silva @ Centro Stile was responsible for the completion of the detail work and also for the design of the interiors
It is a typical Italian design, with the Alfa Romeo grille with dual round headlights, recalling the Alfa Romeo Proteo from 1991, it is low-slung, wedge-shaped with a low nose and high kicked up tail. The back of the car is with Kamm tail giving improved aerodynamics.
* Colour: nero carbonio metallizzato
* Four cylinder DOHC engine crosswise
* Capacity: 2-litres
* Achievement: 150 PS
* Front-wheel drive
* Auxiliary frames
* front-suspension: McPherson suspension struts
* rear-axle: all new multilink rear suspension
* Drag coefficient: 0.38
* Wheel base: 2540 mm
* Built from 1994 to 2005
* Top model: Busso Arese 3.2-Liter-V6-24V with 240 PS
Number of tipo 916: 81799 (all versions: Spider ~ 39000 units I GTV: 42799 units)
A w a r d s
* Autocar Magazine: 1995 Car of the Year.
* 1995: Car Magazine: Best Designed .
* 1995: Car Magazine: Best Design Detail in production.
* 1995: The World's most Beautiful Automobile award.
* 1995. Bild: Goldenes Lenkrad.
* 1995. Automobilia: Auto più bella del mondo.
* 1995. Autocar Magazine: Best Sport Car.
* 1995. Auto Zeitung: Best car to drive.
* 1995. Engineer of the Year for chief Alfa Romeo engineer, Bruno Cena.
* 1995 Trofeu do Automovel Categoria Deportivo di Ano
Not long after the completion of its restoration into almost orignal condition, D6700 is proudly displayed at an open day at Toton Depot on 30th August 1998. Remove the cantrail stripe, modern electrification warning flashes and headlight, and it would be perfect, even down to the frost grills over the radiator.
I fund my Flickr membership, scanner and software myself. So, if you like my pictures please consider buying me a coffee! www.buymeacoffee.com/seanl
© Sean Lancastle, all rights reserved. Please do not share or post elsewhere without permission.
Highway 99 has received a total of 15 national and international awards, making it one of the most celebrated public private partnerships in North America.
For more information - tranbc.ca/2011/12/21/the-sea-to-sky-highway-award-winning...
The final section of a 400 foot flagpole is lowered into place at Acuity Insurance in Sheboygan WI. by a 500 foot crane. The 4 guys hanging out between the sections are 350 feet in the air! The next photo is this one cropped up to 1:1
On December 17, 2016 the 35th Class of the Michigan Youth Challenge Academy celebrated the completion of their programs. Assistant Secretary of Defense, Mr. Todd Weiler delivered the keynote address to the graduates.
Brand: Lang
Year: 2011
Item no.: 5037105
Number of pieces: 500
Image by Artist/Photographer: Susan Bourdet
Date and place of purchase: November 2011, Ebay USA (new)
Date of completion: October 19-20, 2015.
Time for completion: 186 min.
***************************************
Hersteller: Lang
Jahr: 2011
Artikelnummer: 5037105
Anzahl Teile: 500
Bild: Susan Bourdet
Kaufdatum und Ort: November 2011, Ebay USA (OVP)
Datum gelegt: 19.-20. Oktober 2015.
Legezeit: 186 Min.
Maisons La Roche-Jeanneret
Architect: Le Corbusier ル・コルビュジエ
Location: 8-10, square du Docteur Blanche 75016, Paris, France
Completion year: 1923–1925
Arrive in Style! Scheduled for completion September 2011. We’ll help you arrive in style in this beautiful H3-45 Double Slide. with the new Volvo D13, it handles like a dream. Of course we’ve got a fabulous interior planned full of Millennium’s signature curves. Rich Mahagony cabinetry, imported granite floors and all of the upgraded designer accents that you’ve come to expect from Millennium. Contact our design team for a complete design layout.
No visit to York would be complete without a walk around the City Walls. At 3.4 kilometres long, the beautifully preserved walls are the longest medieval town walls in England. About 2.5 million people walk along all or part of the City walls each year, enjoying some amazing views. The completion of the entire circuit will take approximately 2 hours. There are five main bars or gateways, one Victorian gateway, one postern (a small gateway) and 45 towers.
York City Walls
The city or ‘bar’ walls of York are the most complete example of medieval city walls still standing in England today. Beneath the medieval stonework lie the remains of earlier walls dating as far back as the Roman period.
The Roman walls survived into the 9th century when, in AD 866, York was invaded by the Danish Vikings. The Vikings buried the existing Roman wall under an earth bank and topped with a palisade – a tall fence of pointed wooden stakes.
The wooden palisade was replaced in the 13th and 14th centuries with the stone wall we see today.
The medieval city walls originally included 4 main gates or ‘bars’ (Bootham Bar, Monk Bar, Walmgate Bar and Micklegate Bar), 6 postern or secondary gates and 44 intermediate towers. The defensive perimeter stretched over 2 miles encompassing the medieval city and castle.
By the late 18th century, however, the walls were no longer required as defences for the city and had fallen into disrepair. In 1800, the Corporation of York applied for an Act of Parliament to demolish them. In addition to the poor condition of the walls at the time, the narrow gateways of the bars were inconvenient and the walls themselves hindered the city’s expansion.
Many other cities, including London, were removing their outdated, medieval city walls at this time. In York, however, the city officials met with fierce and influential opposition and by the mid-nineteenth century the Corporation had been forced to back down.
Unfortunately, the call for preservation came too late for some parts of the walls – the barbicans at all but one of the gateways (Walmgate Bar) had been torn down along with 3 postern gates, 5 towers and 300 yards of the wall itself.
Since the mid-nineteenth century the walls have been restored and maintained for public access, including the planting of spring flowers on the old Viking embankment. Today the walls are a Scheduled Ancient Monument and a Grade 1 listed building.
Bootham Bar
There has been a gateway here for nearly 2000 years - Bootham Bar is on the site of one of the four main entrances to the Roman fortress.
The existing structure is not Roman but it has been around for quite a while. The archway itself dates from the 11th century and the rest of the structure is largely from the 14th century. In 1501 a door knocker was installed as Scots were required to knock first and seek permission from the Lord Mayor to enter the city.
The bar was damaged during the siege of York in 1644. Like Micklegate Bar, it was sometimes used to display the heads of traitors, the heads of three rebels opposing Charles II’s restoration were placed here in 1663.
Bootham Bar was the last of the gates to lose its barbican, demolished in 1835.
Fishergate Bar
1315AD - 1487AD
Fishergate Bar is one of six gateways in the city walls. It faces South towards Selby. Nearby used to be the large flooded area known as the King’s Fishpond.
‘Barram Fishergate’ is the first documented reference to the bar, in 1315. A central stone above the archway reveals the date of the current bar. It contains the York coat of arms and an inscription which reads:
‘A.doi m.cccc.lxxx.vii Sr Willm Tod knight mayre this wal was mayd in his days lx yadys’
This tells us that sixty yards of the wall, including the bar, was built in 1487 under Sir William Tod, mayor of York.
But just two years later, in 1489, Fishergate Bar suffered considerable damage in the Yorkshire peasants’ revolt against Henry VII. The rebels burned the gates of the bar after murdering the Earl of Northumberland. The gateway was bricked up soon after and wasn’t re-opened until 1834, to give better access for the cattle market.
Micklegate Bar
Micklegate Bar was the most important of York’s four main medieval gateways and the focus for grand events. The name comes from 'Micklelith', meaning great street.
It was the main entrance to the city for anyone arriving from the South. At least half a dozen reigning monarchs have passed through this gate and by tradition they stop here to ask the Lord Mayor's permission to enter the city.
The lower section of the bar dates from the 12th century, the top two storeys from the 14th. The building was inhabited from 1196. Like the other main gates, Micklegate Bar originally had a barbican built on the front, in this case demolished in 1826.
For centuries the severed heads of rebels and traitors were displayed above the gate, the many victims include Sir Henry Purcey (Hotspur) in 1403 and Richard, Duke of York in 1460. The last of the severed heads was removed in 1754.
Monk Bar
Monk Bar is the largest and most ornate of the bars, it dates from the early 14th century. It was a self-contained fortress, with each floor capable of being defended. On the front of the bar is an arch supporting a gallery, including 'murder-holes' through which missiles and boiling water could be rained down upon attackers.
Monk Bar has the city’s only working portcullis, in use until 1970. Like the other main gateways, Monk Bar originally had a barbican on the front. This was demolished in 1825.
The rooms above the gateway have had various uses over the years, including as a home and as a jail for rebellious Catholics in the 16th century.
The Red Tower
1490AD - 1491AD
The Red Tower, built in 1490, forms the only brick section of York’s famous city walls. Because it was built of brick its construction did not sit well with the local stone masons. So much so that it was the cause of dispute, and even murder.
The masons who worked on the majority of York’s walls and buildings were unhappy about the employment of tilers to build the Red Tower; their unhappiness led to them attempting to sabotage the building of the tower. The tilers had to ask for protection from the city council to stop the masons from threatening them and breaking their tools.
This protection made little difference, however. In 1491, the tiler John Patrik was murdered. Two leading masons, William Hindley and Christopher Homer, were charged with the murder but quickly acquitted.
The first recorded use of the name “The Red Tower” was in 1511, presumably in reference to its red brick colour rather than its bloody past.
Despite forming an important and unique part of the city walls, the Red Tower fell quickly into disrepair. It had to be repaired multiple times, notably in 1541 and 1545, and was in ruins by 1736. It was roughly restored in 1800 and became known as ‘Brimstone House’ – probably a reference to its former use as a manufactory for gunpowder. It has two storeys, and a garderobe. The way that the tower appears now is thanks to G F Jones’ restorations in 1857-8.
Walmgate Bar
Walmgate Bar is the most complete of the four main medieval gateways to the city, it is the only bar to retain its barbican, portcullis and inner doors.
Its oldest part is a 12th century stone archway, the walled barbican at the front dates from the 14th century, the wooden gates from the 15th century and the timber-framed building on the inside from the 16th century.
It was burned by rebels in 1489 and battered by cannon during the siege of 1644.
Baile Hill
William the Conqueror ordered two castles to be built in York, one on either side of the River Ouse.
They formed a defensive system in response to the recent violent unrest.
'York Castle' was later reinforced and eventually rebuilt in stone and so now appears much more substantial. But originally both castles were of a similar size and layout.
Baile Hill is the name given to all that remains of York's other castle. It was the man-made mound, or motte, of the castle.
Excavations in 1979 revealed remains of timber buildings and a strong fence at the summit of the mound, together with a staircase up one side. The surrounding bailey was defended by a bank of earth built on top of the original Roman city wall.
Barker Tower
This river-side tower was built in the 14th century. It was positioned at the boundary of the medieval city-centre and, in conjunction with Lendal Tower on the opposite bank, was used to control river traffic entering the city. A great iron chain was stretched across the river between the two towers and boatmen had to pay a toll to cross it. The chain also served as a defence for the city. As early as 1380 Thomas Smyth was named as the tower’s ‘keeper of the chain’.
For boats coming downstream it would be the second toll in quick succession; St Mary's Abbey had its own tower and toll collection system a little further up the river.
Barker tower was leased for long periods to various ferrymen (and at least one woman) who ran passengers across the Ouse until Lendal Bridge was built in 1863. The ferry ran 'in summer and winter, fair weather and foul, Sundays and weekdays'.
The ferry was put out of business when Lendal Bridge opened in 1863. The tower has had plenty of other uses over the years, including as a mortuary for a brief time in the 19th century.
Let antibiotic run to completion.
This is a photographic series to demonstrate home care and administration of an IV antibiotic through a PICC line. All images are model and property released. Commercial references removed upon request.
These images are submitted as stock photography and not intended to replace the guidance of a healthcare provider.
© 2011 A L Christensen
The MTA announced the on-time completion of the F Line's East River Tunnel. The tunnel is the last of the MTA’s 11 under-river tunnels that were damaged by Superstorm Sandy’s corrosive floodwaters to be repaired and made more resilient against future storms.
Photo: Trent Reeves / MTA Construction & Development
More photos from the movie set of "Tenderness", our full-length 3D and at 4K resolution feature film.
Shooting completion, as scheduled: Autumn/end of 2014.
Director: Wacław Mikłaszewski
Photography: Mario Suze
Enjoy!
***
Kolejne zdjęcia z planu filmowego "Czułość", pełnometrażowego filmu fabularnego realizowanego w technologii 3D, w rozdzielczości 4K.
Planowane zakończenie zdjęć jesień/koniec 2014 r.
Reżyseria: Wacław Mikłaszewski
Zdjęcia: Mario Suze
“From its 1913 completion until it was converted to apartments in 1965, these three grey towers were the Vanderbilt Hotel, one of the city’s most fashionable in the early 20th Century. Singer Enrico Caruso lived here in 1920 and 1921, his last U.S. home. Underneath this building is Vanderbilt Station, a restaurant that used to be the Della Robbia Bar, aka The Crypt. The vaulted Gaustavino ceiling is the big claim to fame.” – nysonglines.com
The completion of the work to rehabilitate seven stations along the West End D Line in Brooklyn was marked on August 2, 2012, with a ribbon-cutting ceremony at the Bay Parkway Station attended by MTA leaders and local elected officials. This seven station, $88 million stimulus project funded by the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) of 2009 brought station elements at the elevated stations and segments of the elevated structure south of 62nd Street into a state of good repair. Work included the transformation of the Bay Parkway Station into an ADA key station providing full vertical accessibility for the disabled through the installation of three elevators.
At the podium is Tom Prendergast, President of MTA New York City Transit.
Photo: Metropolitan Transportation Authority / Patrick Cashin.
MTA officials announced the completion of work to install a platform-to-mezzanine escalator on the L platform at Union Square. Part of the broader L Project, the the addition of the new escalator is expected to reduce crowding and improve circulation at the Union Square Station once ridership levels return to pre-COVID levels.
(Photo: Marc A. Hermann / MTA New York City Transit)