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Southerness is a small, compact coastal village in Dumfries and Galloway, Scotland. Southerness is located approximately 2 mi (3.2 km) south of the A710 between Caulkerbush and Kirkbean. The town today is mainly a tourist village and has for many years had a large number of static caravans, some private and many rented to holiday makers. The local bus services to and from Dalbeattie and Dumfries are more frequent during the summer season.
Southerness has a large, shallow, sandy beaches on both sides of the rocky next to the village and to the west extend out to the vast Mersehead Sands exposed at low tide. The only landmark is its Southerness lighthouse which was built in 1749 and is one of the oldest lighthouses in Scotland. The lighthouse stands approximately 56 feet (17 m) tall and was decommissioned in the 1930s.
One of the two golf courses was redesigned in 1947 by course manager Mackenzie Ross.
The village has to the north a magnificent backdrop of the "marilyn" Criffel, and to the south the sandy (please note the quick sand) bay of Gillfoot. On clear days the views stretch across the Solway Firth to the Lakeland fells.
Tourist facilities
18-hole golf course
JJ's fish and chip shop
Paul Jones Hotel
19th Hole bar
Mermaid Bar
The Venue
The Minimarket
Evening entertainment "during the high season"
Two ParkDean caravan parks
LightHouse Leisure is a family run park with about 200 caravans. It also has the Mermaid Bar on site where bingo is offered most evenings during the season, and a swimming pool with tanning booth. LightHouse Leisure is about a 2-minute walk away from the beach and lighthouse of Southerness.
Southerness Holiday Park is owned by Parkdean Resorts. There is a new multi-purpose swimming pool, built in 2011, with flumes, a toddlers' pool, and a 25-metre swimming pool. The site also has a nature trail.
The Solway Firth (Scottish Gaelic: Tràchd Romhra) is a firth that forms part of the border between England and Scotland, between Cumbria (including the Solway Plain) and Dumfries and Galloway. It stretches from St Bees Head, just south of Whitehaven in Cumbria, to the Mull of Galloway, on the western end of Dumfries and Galloway. The Isle of Man is also very near to the firth. The firth comprises part of the Irish Sea.
The firth's coastline is characterised by lowland hills and small mountains. It is a mainly rural area, with mostly small villages and settlements (such as Powfoot). Fishing, hill farming, and some arable farming play a large part in the local economy, although tourism is increasing.
The northern part of the English coast of the Solway Firth was designated as an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty, known as the Solway Coast, in 1964. Construction of the Robin Rigg Wind Farm in the firth began in 2007.
Within the firth, there are some salt flats and mud flats that can be dangerous, due to their frequently shifting patches of quicksand.
There are over 290 square kilometres (110 sq mi) of Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSIs) in the area of the firth (one of which is Salta Moss), as well as national nature reserves — at Caerlaverock and in Cumbria. On the Cumbrian side, much of the coastline has been designated an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB). The Solway Coast’s AONB has two separate sections: the first runs westward from just north of Carlisle to Skinburness; the second runs south from the hamlet of Beckfoot, past Mawbray and Allonby, to Crosscanonby.
In 2013, the honeycomb worm and blue mussel were designated as targets of conservation efforts, and Allonby Bay (an inlet of the Solway Firth) was put forward as a candidate for a Marine Conservation Zone.
A 53-mile (85 km) long-distance walking route, the Annandale Way, runs through Annandale, from the source of the River Annan, in the Moffat Hills, to the Solway Firth; it was opened in September 2009.
Unlike other parts of the west coast of Scotland, the Solway Firth has only a few islands. They are:
Hestan Island
Rough Island
Little Ross
The so-called Isle of Whithorn (which is actually a peninsula).
The Islands of Fleet
The Solway Firth is the estuary of the River Eden and the River Esk.
The name 'Solway' (recorded as Sulewad in 1218) is of Scandinavian origin, and was originally the name of a ford across the mud flats at Eskmouth. The first element of the name is probably from the Old Norse word súl 'pillar', referring to the Lochmaben Stane, though it may instead be from súla, meaning 'solan goose'. Súl and súla both have long vowels, but the early spellings of Solway indicate a short vowel in the first element. This may be due to the shortening of an originally long vowel in the Middle English period but may also represent an original short vowel. If this is the case, the first element may be *sulr, an unrecorded word cognate with Old English sol 'muddy, pool', or a derivative of sulla, meaning 'to swill'.
The second element of the name is from the Old Norse vað, meaning 'ford' (which is cognate with the modern English word wade).
The area had three fords: the Annan or Bowness Wath, the Dornock Wath (once called the Sandywathe), and the main one —the Solewath (also called the Solewath or the Sulewad).
A wooden lighthouse was built in 1841 at Barnkirk Point (grid reference NY 1903 6425). It was destroyed by fire in 1960.
On 9 March 1876, a 79-ton French lugger St. Pierre, was stranded - and finally declared lost - on Blackshaw Bank, an ill-defined feature which extends for a considerable distance on both sides of the channel of the River Nith.
Between 1869 and 1921, the estuary was crossed by the Solway Junction Railway on a 1780 m (5850 ft) iron viaduct. The line was built to carry iron ore from the Whitehaven area to Lanarkshire and was financed and operated by the Caledonian Railway of Scotland. After the railway, which was not a financial success, ceased operating in 1921, the railway bridge became a popular footpath, enabling residents of Scotland to easily cross into England, where alcoholic drink was legally available seven days a week. (Scotland was dry on Sundays at the time.) The viaduct was demolished between 1931 and 1933.
The Ministry of Defence had by 1999 fired more than 6,350 depleted uranium rounds into the Solway Firth from its testing range at Dundrennan Range.
The Solway Firth has been used as the location for films. For example, the 1973 film The Wicker Man was filmed around Kirkcudbright and Burrow Head on the Wigtownshire coast.
In July 2019, the American metal band Slipknot released a song called “Solway Firth” that is named after the firth.
Dumfries and Galloway is one of the 32 unitary council areas of Scotland, located in the western part of the Southern Uplands. It is bordered by East Ayrshire, South Ayrshire, and South Lanarkshire to the north; Scottish Borders to the north-east; the English ceremonial county of Cumbria, the Solway Firth, and the Irish Sea to the south, and the North Channel to the west. The administrative centre and largest settlement is the town of Dumfries. The second largest town is Stranraer, located 76 miles (122 km) to the west of Dumfries on the North Channel coast.
Dumfries and Galloway corresponds to the historic shires of Dumfriesshire, Kirkcudbrightshire, and Wigtownshire, the last two of which are collectively known as Galloway. The three counties were combined in 1975 to form a single region, with four districts within it. The districts were abolished in 1996, since when Dumfries and Galloway has been a unitary local authority. For lieutenancy purposes, the area is divided into three lieutenancy areas called Dumfries, Wigtown, and the Stewartry of Kirkcudbright, broadly corresponding to the three historic counties.
The Dumfries and Galloway Council region is composed of counties and their sub-areas. From east to west:
Dumfriesshire County
the sub-area of Dumfriesshire – Annandale
the sub-area of Dumfriesshire – Eskdale
the sub-area of Dumfriesshire – Nithsdale
Kirkcudbrightshire County
the sub-area of Kirkcudbrightshire – Stewartry (archaically, Desnes)
Wigtownshire County
the sub-area of Wigtownshire – Machars (archaically, Farines)--divided into census areas (civil parish areas)
the sub-area of Wigtownshire – Rhins of Galloway divided into census areas (civil parish areas)
The term Dumfries and Galloway has been used since at least the 19th century – by 1911 the three counties had a united sheriffdom under that name. Dumfries and Galloway covers the majority of the western area of the Southern Uplands,[1] it also hosts Scotland's most Southerly point, at the Mull of Galloway in the west of the region.
Water systems and transport routes
The region has a number of south running water systems which break through the Southern Uplands creating the main road, and rail, arteries north–south through the region and breaking the hills up into a number of ranges.
River Cree valley carries the A714 north-westward from Newton Stewart to Girvan and Water of Minnoch valley which lies just west of the Galloway Hills carries a minor road northward through Glentrool village into South Ayrshire. This road leaves the A714 at Bargrennan.
Water of Ken and River Dee form a corridor through the hills called the Glenkens which carries the A713 road from Castle Douglas to Ayr. The Galloway Hills lie to the west of this route through the hills and the Carsphairn and Scaur Hills lie to the east.
River Nith rises between Dalmellington and New Cumnock in Ayrshire and runs east then south down Nithsdale to Dumfries. Nithsdale carries both the A76 road and the rail line from Dumfries to Kilmarnock. It separates the Carsphairn and Scaur Hills from the Lowther Hills which lie east of the Nith.
River Annan combines with Evan Water and the River Clyde to form one of the principal routes into central Scotland from England – through Annandale and Clydesdale – carrying the M74 and the west coast railway line. This gap through the hills separates the Lowthers from the Moffat Hills.
River Esk enters the Solway Firth just south of Gretna having travelled south from Langholm and Eskdalemuir. The A7 travels up Eskdale as far as Langholm and from Langholm carries on up the valley of Ewes Water to Teviothead where it starts to follow the River Teviot to Hawick. Eskdale itself heads north west from Langholm through Bentpath and Eskdalemuir to Ettrick and Selkirk.
The A701 branches off the M74 at Beattock, goes through the town of Moffat, climbs to Annanhead above the Devil's Beef Tub (at the source of the River Annan) before passing the source of the River Tweed and carrying on to Edinburgh. Until fairly recent times the ancient route to Edinburgh travelled right up Annandale to the Beef Tub before climbing steeply to Annanhead. The present road ascends northward on a ridge parallel to Annandale but to the west of it which makes for a much easier ascent.
From Moffat the A708 heads north east along the valley of Moffat Water (Moffatdale) on its way to Selkirk. Moffatdale separates the Moffat hills (to the north) from the Ettrick hills to the south.
There are three National scenic areas within this region.
Nith Estuary: this area follows the River Nith southward from just south of Dumfries into the Solway Firth. Dumfries itself has a rich history going back over 800 years as a Royal Burgh (1186). It is particularly remembered as the place where Robert the Bruce murdered the Red Comyn in 1306 before being crowned King of Scotland – and where Robert Burns spent his last years. His mausoleum is in St Michael's graveyard. Going down the east bank is the village of Glencaple, Caerlaverock Castle, Caerlaverock Wild Fowl Trust, an ancient Roman fort on Ward Law Hill and nearby in Ruthwell is the Ruthwell Cross and the Brow Well where Robert Burns "took the waters" and bathed in the Solway just before his death. On the west bank, there are several walks and cycle routes in Mabie Forest, Kirkconnell Flow for the naturalist, the National Museum of Costume just outside New Abbey and Sweetheart Abbey within the village. Criffel (569 metres) offers the hill walker a reasonably modest walk with views across the Solway to the Lake District. The house of John Paul Jones founder of the American Navy is also open to visitors near Kirkbean.
East Stewartry Coast: this takes in the coast line from Balcary Point eastward across Auchencairn Bay and the Rough Firth past Sandyhills to Mersehead. There are several coastal villages within this area – Auchencairn, Kippford, Colvend, Rockcliffe, and Portling. There is also a round tower at Orchardton and the islands of Hestan Isle and Rough Island can be reached at low tide outside the breeding season for birds. Mersehead is a wildfowl reserve. The area has a number of coastal paths.
Fleet Valley: this area takes in Fleet Bay with its holiday destinations of Auchenlarie, Mossyard Bay, Cardoness, Sandgreen and Carrick Shore. The area also includes the town of Gatehouse of Fleet and the historic villages of Anworth and Girthon – there is a castle at Cardoness in the care of Historic Scotland.
The region is known as a stronghold for several rare and protected species of amphibian, such as the Natterjack toad and the Great crested newt. There are also RSPB Nature Reserves at the Mull of Galloway, Wood of Cree (Galloway Forest Park), Ken Dee Marshes (near Loch Ken) and Mereshead (near Dalbeattie on the Solway Firth)
There are five 7Stanes mountain biking centres in Dumfries and Galloway at Dalbeattie, Mabie, Ae, Glentrool and Kirroughtree. The Sustrans Route 7 long distance cycle route also runs through the region. There is excellent hill walking in the Moffat Hills, Lowther Hills the Carsphairn and Scaur Hills and Galloway Hills. The Southern Upland Way coast to coast walk passes through Dumfries and Galloway and the 53-mile long Annandale Way travels from the Solway Firth into the Moffat hills near the Devil's Beef Tub. There is also fresh water sailing on Castle Loch at Lochmaben and at various places on Loch Ken Loch Ken also offers waterskiing and wakeboarding. The Solway Firth coastline offers fishing, caravaning and camping, walking and sailing.
Dumfries and Galloway is well known for its arts and cultural activities as well as its natural environment.[citation needed]
The major festivals include the region-wide Dumfries & Galloway Arts Festival, and Spring Fling Open Studios. Other festivals include Big Burns Supper in Dumfries and the Wigtown Book Festival in Wigtown – Scotland's national book town.
Places of interest
Galloway and List of Category A listed buildings in Dumfries and Galloway
Annandale distillery - Scotch Whisky
Bladnoch Distillery & Visitor Centre - Scotch Whisky
Caerlaverock Castle – Historic Scotland
Caerlaverock NNR (national nature reserve)
WWT Caerlaverock – a reserve of the Wildfowl and Wetlands Trust
Cardoness Castle
Castle of St John, Stranraer
Corsewall Lighthouse, privately owned
Drumlanrig Castle
HM Factory, Gretna, Eastriggs – site of a munitions factory during World War I
Galloway Forest Park, Forestry and Land Scotland
Galloway Hydro Electric Scheme, Scottish Power
Glenlair – home of 19th century physicist James Clerk Maxwell
Glenluce Abbey
Hallhill Covenanter Martyrs Memorial - near Kirkpatrick Irongray Church.
Isle of Whithorn Castle
Kenmure Castle – a seat of the Clan Gordon
Loch Ken
MacLellan's Castle, Kirkcudbright
Motte of Urr
Mull of Galloway – RSPB/ South Rhins Community Development Trust
Ruthwell Cross
Samye Ling Tibetan Monastery
Southern Upland Way – long distance footpath
Sweetheart Abbey, New Abbey
Threave Castle
Prior to 1975, the area that is now Dumfries and Galloway was administered as three separate counties: Dumfriesshire, Kirkcudbrightshire, and Wigtownshire. The counties of Scotland originated as sheriffdoms, which were established from the twelfth century, consisting of a group of parishes over which a sheriff had jurisdiction. An elected county council was established for each county in 1890 under the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1889.
The three county councils were abolished in 1975 under the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1973, which established a two-tier structure of local government across Scotland comprising upper-tier regions and lower-tier districts. A region called Dumfries and Galloway was created covering the area of the three counties, which were abolished as administrative areas. The region contained four districts:
Annandale and Eskdale, covering the eastern part of Dumfriesshire.
Nithsdale, covering the western part of Dumfriesshire and a small part of Kirkcudbrightshire.
Stewartry, covering most of Kirkcudbrightshire.
Wigtown, covering all of Wigtownshire and a small part of Kirkcudbrightshire.
Further local government reform in 1996 under the Local Government etc. (Scotland) Act 1994 saw the area's four districts abolished, with the Dumfries and Galloway Council taking over the functions they had previously performed. The council continues to use the areas of the four abolished districts as committee areas. The four former districts are also used to define the area's three lieutenancy areas, with Nithsdale and Annandale and Eskdale together forming the Dumfries lieutenancy, the Stewartry district corresponding to the Stewartry of Kirkcudbright lieutenancy, and the Wigtown district corresponding to the Wigtown lieutenancy.
The council headquarters is at the Council Offices at 113 English Street in Dumfries, which had been built in 1914 as the headquarters for the old Dumfriesshire County Council, previously being called "County Buildings".
The first election to the Dumfries and Galloway Regional Council was held in 1974, initially operating as a shadow authority alongside the outgoing authorities until the new system came into force on 16 May 1975. A shadow authority was again elected in 1995 ahead of the reforms which came into force on 1 April 1996. Political control of the council since 1975 has been as follows:
Since 2007 the council has been required to designate a leader of the council. The leader may also act as the convener, chairing council meetings, or the council may choose to appoint a different councillor to be convener. Prior to 2007 the council sometimes chose to appoint a leader, and sometimes did not. The leaders since 2007 have been:
The news of the passing of the Dutch engineer who invented the audio Compact Cassette, Lou Ottens, got me to thinking how useful and handy these were back in the day and efficient - even a provision to prevent accidental ereasure. The quality of the audio wasn't up there with reel-to-reel, but they paved they way for portable music. Even after portable compact disc (which Mr. Ottens was involved in the development of) players came out, portable cassette players were the best way to go - easier to fit into a pocket and slower battery drain - though it took many years to get the player down to the size of the cassette itself. Until at least MP3 players came out, which like everything else digital revolutionized everything.
An unusual sight in South Wales was a clean class 37, however 37234 is almost ex works and therefore has not yet been covered in grime and coal dust from the valley pits, 24th August 1975.
Locomotive History
37234 was released from the English Electric Vulcan Foundry, as D6934 on the 10th April 1964 and allocated to Landore MPD. It remained a South Wales engine for over twenty two years until transferred to Thornaby in November 1986. It was refurbished in March 1987 and renumbered 37685, being allocated to Tinsley on release from Crewe works for freight duties. This was followed by transfers to Thornaby and Immingham until stored in March 1993 unserviceable. 37685 was reinstated in June 1993 and transferred to Inverness for sleeper train passenger duties from Inverness/Aberdeen – Edinburgh, which it undertook until April 1995 when it was back to freight duties based on Motherwell, Immingham and Toton until stored again in June 1999. Reinstated again in September 1999 for infrastructure duties in France it spent almost a year out of the country before returning in August 2000. Since returning from France 37685 was predominately in store with brief periods of activity in the leaf fall season. Sold to the West Coast Railway Company in December 2007 it has been overhauled and reinstated to traffic in May 2010 for charter train duties.
Hanimex Compact, Orwochrome UT18
Re-scanned and re-edited 31st March 2019
From where I sit at this moment, Orkney seems so remote. It's easy to forget that it sits just off John o' Groats and was a bit of Scotland nibbled away and submerged at the end of the Last Glacial Period. Prior to that, the lowered sea levels left Doggerland high and dry — a convenient stepping stone for humans to repopulate Britain from the rest of Europe. Yes, I've been to the very north of the archipelago, to North Ronaldsay. Today I'm away to South Ronaldsay — ironically juxtaposed at opposite ends from its northern namesake. This won't take me to Orkney's most southerly isle, Stroma, which to be honest has less water between it and Scotland that it has between itself and the rest of Orkney.
Here's a reminder of how compact these islands are. This is the northern tip of Glimps Holm looking back across Lamb Holm to Mainland. By now I've crossed two of the causeways constructed as navigation barriers in WWII. There are what appears to be military installations, there on the cliffs of Lamb Holm. In the middleground lie relics of the block ships sunk here early in WWI. I think this was the SS Numidian, an almost 5000 ton steel hulled steamer scuttled here on 30 December 1914. She was sunk in the company of SS Aorangi, SS Thames and SS Minieh with, I think, Numidian in the shallow water near this spot. I could be wrong. If you need a better answer there's a kind of trainspotters' guide to the wrecks of Scapa Flow.
Orkney is so user-friendly. It's a small place, compact, packed to the gunwales with history; so much that with sea level rise its, Plimsoll line is in peril of disappearing beneath the waves. Getting about is quick and easy; all that and it has a village named Twatt.
If there’s one company in Australia with heaps of dino compactors, that company will be Suez, or SITA as I wish they were still known. Maybe in the past the company had more dino work on a national scale, but the high majority is now subject to their Sydney operations, with most of their bulk bin trucks indeed dino roll-offs. I’m sure the company has a good couple hundred open top containers, compactor containers and integrated units in Sydney, a lot of which appear to be young or freshened up. However, a few years ago I came across one of their older pieces of equipment outside their Wetherill Park transfer station, just sitting on the road unattended while its transporter was somewhere else. I love seeing a compactor just sitting on the road out from a dock, especially at night in the Sydney CBD haha It’s not often you would find a compactor of this capacity being used for garbage, so I think it’s safe to say this is a dry waste container or more likely one for paper and cardboard. You can tell this one is an oldie, with very faded paint and signage, plenty of scratches and a decent amount of rust. You can see the front of the container has been punched inwards... a result of the many times this steel box has been pushed into its resting position by the bail hook and frame. I reckon the “No Parking Day Or Night” signs should feature an additional “Offending Vehicles Will Be Towed” - not hard to do with the truck!
Not many if any places to see a pair of SD35's running now days in the US, here GLC 383 and 384 work the interchange with the Ann Arbor RR at Osmer siding just north of Ann Arbor, Michigan. Nice compact packages these SD35's seen from above, if only EMD had cataloged an SD30, that would have been a pretty swell looking unit - August 23, 2024.
Done for Arch's challenge #23: urban sniper.
"The UCS was designed for Frontline Security due to the request of a sniper rifle that could be used in urban combats. Its charging mechanism is an update of the XV factory: Every time the bolt goes back, the shell is moved with it and ejected from behind in the side of the weapon. Thanks to the modular parts, can be updated as a sniper or a assault rifle. Purchase today and regret never!"
Code: www.mediafire.com/?267xay1e38uxdus
Credit to Poke for the bullpup receiver and Doffe for the awesome rails.
Enjoy! and comment please!
A V-22 Osprey unfolds it's rotors as the crew preps the aircraft for departure from the California International Air Show.
The prototype. This was my quickly thrown together attempt to make a spit box out of an ordinary eBay find. It actually turned out pretty nice despite my hurried effort. My wife claimed this one immediately because it is small and "pretty". I've actually gotten a huge amount of use out of it already. One can't tell from the pic, but the wells are extremely deep and hold a ton of paint. In case you're wondering, it's spray enamel from the hardware store. Works great and matches your clothes dryer!
Hanimex Vef Compact. Objectif Hanimar 20mm f/4 Wide Angle. Petit bouton pour 3 ouvertures f/11, f/6.3, f/4. Film 110 vitesse 1/125. Année 1977.
Fujica Compact 35. Objectif Fujinon 38mm f/2.8 Vitesses 1/30 1/250.
Posemètre au sélénium qui contrôle les conditions d'éclairage correctes, en plus du mode automatique, la possibilité de régler manuellement. Synchro X sur la face avant du boîtier. Année 1967.
Why cant these camera manufacturer's produce a Owners Manual that not only names the buttons, levers & dials but actually tells you what each of them does and why you would want to use them in the first place, some of us are NOT techies or Rocket Scientists.
Car: BMW 316i Compact.
Year of manufacture: 1999.
Date of first registration in the UK: 20th May 1999.
Place of registration: Chelmsford.
Date of last MOT: 7th April 2021.
Mileage at last MOT: 100,621.
Last change of keeper: 9th August 2020
Date taken: 3rd June 2021.
Album: Carspotting 2021
Ploughed Field, Sutton, near Southend-on-Sea looking west.
Fujifilm FinePix F401 vintage digital compact camera.
A rose is a woody perennial flowering plant of the genus Rosa, in the family Rosaceae, or the flower it bears. There are over three hundred species and tens of thousands of cultivars. They form a group of plants that can be erect shrubs, climbing, or trailing, with stems that are often armed with sharp prickles.[citation needed] Their flowers vary in size and shape and are usually large and showy, in colours ranging from white through yellows and reds. Most species are native to Asia, with smaller numbers native to Europe, North America, and northwestern Africa.[citation needed] Species, cultivars and hybrids are all widely grown for their beauty and often are fragrant. Roses have acquired cultural significance in many societies. Rose plants range in size from compact, miniature roses, to climbers that can reach seven meters in height.[citation needed] Different species hybridize easily, and this has been used in the development of the wide range of garden roses.
The leaves are borne alternately on the stem. In most species they are 5 to 15 centimetres (2.0 to 5.9 in) long, pinnate, with (3–) 5–9 (–13) leaflets and basal stipules; the leaflets usually have a serrated margin, and often a few small prickles on the underside of the stem. Most roses are deciduous but a few (particularly from Southeast Asia) are evergreen or nearly so.
The flowers of most species have five petals, with the exception of Rosa sericea, which usually has only four. Each petal is divided into two distinct lobes and is usually white or pink, though in a few species yellow or red. Beneath the petals are five sepals (or in the case of some Rosa sericea, four). These may be long enough to be visible when viewed from above and appear as green points alternating with the rounded petals. There are multiple superior ovaries that develop into achenes.[3] Roses are insect-pollinated in nature.
The aggregate fruit of the rose is a berry-like structure called a rose hip. Many of the domestic cultivars do not produce hips, as the flowers are so tightly petalled that they do not provide access for pollination. The hips of most species are red, but a few (e.g. Rosa pimpinellifolia) have dark purple to black hips. Each hip comprises an outer fleshy layer, the hypanthium, which contains 5–160 "seeds" (technically dry single-seeded fruits called achenes) embedded in a matrix of fine, but stiff, hairs. Rose hips of some species, especially the dog rose (Rosa canina) and rugosa rose (Rosa rugosa), are very rich in vitamin C, among the richest sources of any plant. The hips are eaten by fruit-eating birds such as thrushes and waxwings, which then disperse the seeds in their droppings. Some birds, particularly finches, also eat the seeds.
The sharp growths along a rose stem, though commonly called "thorns", are technically prickles, outgrowths of the epidermis (the outer layer of tissue of the stem), unlike true thorns, which are modified stems. Rose prickles are typically sickle-shaped hooks, which aid the rose in hanging onto other vegetation when growing over it. Some species such as Rosa rugosa and Rosa pimpinellifolia have densely packed straight prickles, probably an adaptation to reduce browsing by animals, but also possibly an adaptation to trap wind-blown sand and so reduce erosion and protect their roots (both of these species grow naturally on coastal sand dunes). Despite the presence of prickles, roses are frequently browsed by deer. A few species of roses have only vestigial prickles that have no points.
Evolution
The oldest remains of roses are from the Late Eocene Florissant Formation of Colorado. Roses were present in Europe by the early Oligocene.
Today's garden roses come from 18th-century China. Among the old Chinese garden roses, the Old Blush group is the most primitive, while newer groups are the most diverse.
Species
Hulthemia (formerly Simplicifoliae, meaning "with single leaves") containing two species from southwest Asia, Rosa persica and Rosa berberifolia, which are the only roses without compound leaves or stipules.
Hesperrhodos (from the Greek for "western rose") contains Rosa minutifolia and Rosa stellata, from North America.
Platyrhodon (from the Greek for "flaky rose", referring to flaky bark) with one species from east Asia, Rosa roxburghii (also known as the chestnut rose).
Rosa (the type subgenus, sometimes incorrectly called Eurosa) containing all the other roses. This subgenus is subdivided into 11 sections.
Banksianae – white and yellow flowered roses from China.
Bracteatae – three species, two from China and one from India.
Caninae – pink and white flowered species from Asia, Europe and North Africa.
Carolinae – white, pink, and bright pink flowered species all from North America.
Chinensis – white, pink, yellow, red and mixed-colour roses from China and Burma.
Gallicanae – pink to crimson and striped flowered roses from western Asia and Europe.
Gymnocarpae – one species in western North America (Rosa gymnocarpa), others in east Asia.
Laevigatae – a single white flowered species from China.
Pimpinellifoliae – white, pink, bright yellow, mauve and striped roses from Asia and Europe.
Rosa (syn. sect. Cinnamomeae) – white, pink, lilac, mulberry and red roses from everywhere but North Africa.
Synstylae – white, pink, and crimson flowered roses from all areas.
Uses
Roses are best known as ornamental plants grown for their flowers in the garden and sometimes indoors. They have been also used for commercial perfumery and commercial cut flower crops. Some are used as landscape plants, for hedging and for other utilitarian purposes such as game cover and slope stabilization.
Ornamental plants
The majority of ornamental roses are hybrids that were bred for their flowers. A few, mostly species roses are grown for attractive or scented foliage (such as Rosa glauca and Rosa rubiginosa), ornamental thorns (such as Rosa sericea) or for their showy fruit (such as Rosa moyesii).
Ornamental roses have been cultivated for millennia, with the earliest known cultivation known to date from at least 500 BC in Mediterranean countries, Persia, and China. It is estimated that 30 to 35 thousand rose hybrids and cultivars have been bred and selected for garden use as flowering plants. Most are double-flowered with many or all of the stamens having morphed into additional petals.
In the early 19th century the Empress Josephine of France patronized the development of rose breeding at her gardens at Malmaison. As long ago as 1840 a collection numbering over one thousand different cultivars, varieties and species was possible when a rosarium was planted by Loddiges nursery for Abney Park Cemetery, an early Victorian garden cemetery and arboretum in England.
Cut flowers
Roses are a popular crop for both domestic and commercial cut flowers. Generally they are harvested and cut when in bud, and held in refrigerated conditions until ready for display at their point of sale.
In temperate climates, cut roses are often grown in greenhouses, and in warmer countries they may also be grown under cover in order to ensure that the flowers are not damaged by weather and that pest and disease control can be carried out effectively. Significant quantities are grown in some tropical countries, and these are shipped by air to markets across the world.
Some kind of roses are artificially coloured using dyed water, like rainbow roses.
Perfume
Rose perfumes are made from rose oil (also called attar of roses), which is a mixture of volatile essential oils obtained by steam distilling the crushed petals of roses. An associated product is rose water which is used for cooking, cosmetics, medicine and religious practices. The production technique originated in Persia and then spread through Arabia and India, and more recently into eastern Europe. In Bulgaria, Iran and Germany, damask roses (Rosa × damascena 'Trigintipetala') are used. In other parts of the world Rosa × centifolia is commonly used. The oil is transparent pale yellow or yellow-grey in colour. 'Rose Absolute' is solvent-extracted with hexane and produces a darker oil, dark yellow to orange in colour. The weight of oil extracted is about one three-thousandth to one six-thousandth of the weight of the flowers; for example, about two thousand flowers are required to produce one gram of oil.
The main constituents of attar of roses are the fragrant alcohols geraniol and L-citronellol and rose camphor, an odorless solid composed of alkanes, which separates from rose oil. β-Damascenone is also a significant contributor to the scent.
Food and drink
Rose hips are high in vitamin C, are edible raw, and occasionally made into jam, jelly, marmalade, and soup, or are brewed for tea. They are also pressed and filtered to make rose hip syrup. Rose hips are also used to produce rose hip seed oil, which is used in skin products and some makeup products.
Rose water has a very distinctive flavour and is used in Middle Eastern, Persian, and South Asian cuisine—especially in sweets such as Turkish delight, barfi, baklava, halva, gulab jamun, knafeh, and nougat. Rose petals or flower buds are sometimes used to flavour ordinary tea, or combined with other herbs to make herbal teas. A sweet preserve of rose petals called gulkand is common in the Indian subcontinent. The leaves and washed roots are also sometimes used to make tea.
In France, there is much use of rose syrup, most commonly made from an extract of rose petals. In the Indian subcontinent, Rooh Afza, a concentrated squash made with roses, is popular, as are rose-flavoured frozen desserts such as ice cream and kulfi.
The flower stems and young shoots are edible, as are the petals (sans the white or green bases). The latter are usually used as flavouring or to add their scent to food. Other minor uses include candied rose petals.
Rose creams (rose-flavoured fondant covered in chocolate, often topped with a crystallised rose petal) are a traditional English confectionery widely available from numerous producers in the UK.
Under the American Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, there are only certain Rosa species, varieties, and parts are listed as generally recognized as safe (GRAS).
Rose absolute: Rosa alba L., Rosa centifolia L., Rosa damascena Mill., Rosa gallica L., and vars. of these spp.
Rose (otto of roses, attar of roses): Ditto
Rose buds
Rose flowers
Rose fruit (hips)
Rose leaves: Rosa spp.
As a food ingredient
The rose hip, usually from R. canina, is used as a minor source of vitamin C. Diarrhodon (Gr διάρροδον, "compound of roses", from ῥόδων, "of roses") is a name given to various compounds in which red roses are an ingredient.
Art and symbolism
The long cultural history of the rose has led to it being used often as a symbol. In ancient Greece, the rose was closely associated with the goddess Aphrodite. In the Iliad, Aphrodite protects the body of Hector using the "immortal oil of the rose" and the archaic Greek lyric poet Ibycus praises a beautiful youth saying that Aphrodite nursed him "among rose blossoms". The second-century AD Greek travel writer Pausanias associates the rose with the story of Adonis and states that the rose is red because Aphrodite wounded herself on one of its thorns and stained the flower red with her blood. Book Eleven of the ancient Roman novel The Golden Ass by Apuleius contains a scene in which the goddess Isis, who is identified with Venus, instructs the main character, Lucius, who has been transformed into a donkey, to eat rose petals from a crown of roses worn by a priest as part of a religious procession in order to regain his humanity. French writer René Rapin invented a myth in which a beautiful Corinthian queen named Rhodanthe ("she with rose flowers") was besieged inside a temple of Artemis by three ardent suitors who wished to worship her as a goddess; the god Apollo then transformed her into a rosebush.
Following the Christianization of the Roman Empire, the rose became identified with the Virgin Mary. The colour of the rose and the number of roses received has symbolic representation. The rose symbol eventually led to the creation of the rosary and other devotional prayers in Christianity.
Ever since the 1400s, the Franciscans have had a Crown Rosary of the Seven Joys of the Blessed Virgin Mary. In the 1400s and 1500s, the Carthusians promoted the idea of sacred mysteries associated with the rose symbol and rose gardens. Albrecht Dürer's painting The Feast of the Rosary (1506) depicts the Virgin Mary distributing garlands of roses to her worshippers.
Roses symbolised the Houses of York and Lancaster in a conflict known as the Wars of the Roses.
Roses are a favored subject in art and appear in portraits, illustrations, on stamps, as ornaments or as architectural elements. The Luxembourg-born Belgian artist and botanist Pierre-Joseph Redouté is known for his detailed watercolours of flowers, particularly roses.
Henri Fantin-Latour was also a prolific painter of still life, particularly flowers including roses. The rose 'Fantin-Latour' was named after the artist.
Other impressionists including Claude Monet, Paul Cézanne and Pierre-Auguste Renoir have paintings of roses among their works. In the 19th century, for example, artists associated the city of Trieste with a certain rare white rose, and this rose developed as the city's symbol. It was not until 2021 that the rose, which was believed to be extinct, was rediscovered there.
In 1986 President Ronald Reagan signed legislation to make the rose the floral emblem of the United States.
Pests and diseases
Main article: List of pests and diseases of roses
Wild roses are host plants for a number of pests and diseases. Many of these affect other plants, including other genera of the Rosaceae.
Cultivated roses are often subject to severe damage from insect, arachnid and fungal pests and diseases. In many cases they cannot be usefully grown without regular treatment to control these problems.
I will be using this camera in week 325 of my 52 film cameras in 52 weeks project:
www.flickr.com/photos/tony_kemplen/collections/72157623113584240
Some compact 35mm cameras side by side.
Olympus Pen S
Olympus Trip 35
Olympus XA + A16
Olympus Mju I / 1
Olympus Mju I / 1 limited , serial number 00001xx
Olympus Mju II / 2
Olympus Mju II / 2 Zoom 80
Nikon L35AF
Nikon L35AF2
Nikon L35AF3
Yashica T
Yashica T2
Yashica T3
Yashica T4
Yashica J-Mini Super
Pentax Espio Mini / UC-1
Pentax PC35AF-M
Minolta Hi-Matic 7s II
Minolta AF-C + EF-C
Minolta Riva Mini ( same thing as Leica Mini )
Canon G-III QL17 + Canonlite D
Canon MC + MC-S
Minox 35 GT + TC 35
Ricoh FF-1 + SL 121A
Konica EU Mini Peanuts
Belomo Agat 18k
Lomo LC-A+
Vivitar 28mm fixed focus
Olympus µ[mju:] Panorama
Fujifilm Neopan ACROS 100
On tumblr: theatreofthemundane.tumblr.com
On Instagram: lemonhats
Possibly useful if you understand x-ray astronomy or want to understand it. Harder x-rays in blue, softer in red.
Luminosity is provided by a .20-7.00 keV image. I decided that if I had a point source that produced 3 photons with one from each filter range, it would completely disappear if I didn't use a luminosity layer, so I decided it's important to use one.
Data are from Observation ID 11261
Red: .30-.95 keV
Green: .95-2.87 keV
Blue: 2.87-7.00 keV
North is NOT up. It is 19.6° counter-clockwise from up.
A rare caravan which has an elevating canvas-sided roof. These date from the early 1980s and would originally have been painted beige with white stripes.
The Ford Ranger is a compact pickup truck that was manufactured and marketed by Ford Motor Company between 1982 and 2011 for the 1983 to 2012 model years. Introduced as a replacement for the Mazda-produced Ford Courier sold from 1971 to 1982, the Ranger was produced in three generations. Introduced a year after the Chevrolet S-10, the Ranger would go on to become the best-selling compact truck in the United States from 1987 to 2004.
Production of the Ranger was sourced from three different assembly plants. Twin Cities Assembly Plant in St. Paul, Minnesota produced the Ranger for its entire model run; the last vehicle produced at Twin Cities Assembly was the final 2012 Ford Ranger. But from 1983 to 1999, production was supplemented at Louisville Assembly Plant in Louisville, Kentucky and from 1993 to 2004, Edison Assembly in Edison, New Jersey.
Although Ford began to use the Ranger name on all compact trucks worldwide starting in 1998, global export of the North American version was primarily limited to South America, including Argentina, Brazil, and Chile; South American versions of the Ranger were produced in Argentina from 1998 to 2012.
Rebadged variants of the second-generation Ford Ranger were marketed by Mazda as the B-Series with Mazda using engine displacement for their model designation: the B2500 had the 2.5-liter inline-four engine and the B4000 has a 4.0-liter V6. For 2002, the B-Series was renamed to simply Mazda Truck in the United States.
Second generation
1992–1997
The redesign in 1992 for 1993 featured mild restyling, flush-mounted door glass, wider doors, and slight fender flares. The 1989-style dashboard remained, but the seats and door panels were new. The 2.9-liter engine was discontinued. For the first time, every model was produced with a flareside bed. The engines offered were offered in displacements of 2.3-, 3.0- and a 4.0 liters. The Mazda M5OD-R1 was now the sole manual transmission option. A new "Splash" model was introduced, which had a flare side bed, unique chrome wheels, 1 inch (25 mm) lowered rear suspension and a 2 inch lowered front suspension (on 4x2 models), and special vinyl "Splash" decals on the sides and the tailgate.
The 1993 Splash trim level was offered with regular cab in arctic white, gloss black, red orange, and sky blue. The Mazda B-Series became a re-badged Ranger for the 1994 model year, but the Mazda B-Series did not offer an equivalent to the Splash model. While 1993 Rangers used R-12 Freon, 1994 model year saw the transition to CFC-free air-conditioning systems in compliance with the Clean Air Act. For the 1994 model year, the Splash trim had options which all included; a 1 in (25 mm) lowered rear suspension and 2 inch lowered front suspension (on 4x2 models), flare side bed, an extended cab, and unique chrome wheels. The decals also underwent subtle changes. While the 1993–1994 models sported red, yellow and blue stripes, the 1995–1996 models had lime green stripes. Additionally, the available colors for the Splash model changed from the 1993–1994 models to the 1995–1997 models. The latter were offered in Maroon Red, Gloss black, White, and Canary Yellow.
Ford Ranger jump seat open
Fall 1994 production (1995 model year) included a steering wheel modified to include a driver's side airbag and a redesigned dashboard which included a double DIN radio head unit. Also for 1995 (model year), SuperCab trucks could have a power driver's seat. The A4LD transmission was updated. 2.3 L and 3.0 L models got the 4R44E, while 4.0 L trucks got the 4R55E. The front brakes were changed to use the same 2-piston brake calipers as the second-generation Explorer, and four-wheel anti-lock brakes were added as standard on 4x4 and 4.0 L models. From October 1995 (1996 model year), an optional passenger airbag (the first compact truck to offer one) became available, with a key-operated cutoff switch that allowed the airbag to be turned off for smaller passengers riding in the front seat. In October 1996, the 1997 model year brought in the first ever five-speed automatic transmission to be used by an American manufacturer. The 4.0-liter models were equipped with the 5R55E, while the 3.0-liter was still mated to the 4R44E.
[Text from Wikipedia]
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Ranger_(North_America)
This miniland-scale Lego Ford Ranger X Cab Pickup (1996 - North America Offroad Custom) has been created for Flickr LUGNuts' 92nd Build Challenge, - "Stuck in the 90's", - all about vehicles from the decade of the 1990s.
This model was a 'By Request' offered up by Lino, for a Ford 1996 Ranger customised to the gills. I chose for this model to present the vehicle as specified by a horse-riding enthusiast. Styling-wise, my two daughters assisted in how the car should look, including the matching horse trailer.
The Ranger sports a custom full-width chrome grill treatment, including headlight covers. The paintwork is two-tone aqua and white, and appears as a miniland-scale version of what Lego 'Friends' vehicular sets would look like (without some of the colour-blindness which blights them). The Ranger also boasts moon-disc wheels, chrome tube side steps. White lifting cover for the pickup tray, monochrome tail lamps and a tow hitch, for the one-horse trailer.