View allAll Photos Tagged Colonization,
Urban Colonization
Seems like the water shutoffs and massive drainage charge in Detroit has been set up to seize poor people’s homes and land to conclude deals which embraces more money on the table.
3D Art project by Leon Keer at Murals in the Market Festival Detroit.
On July 1st we national commemorate the 150 years anniversary of slavery abolition of all Caribbean Island who were colonized by The Netherlands.
Keti Koti 'broken chains' in Surinamese is also the celebration of the emancipation and is by providing traditional folk clothing,speeches,silence,food,music,art,film,poetry and discussions their respect.
"The former Lava Cast Forest Geological Area (now part of the Newberry National Volcanic Monument) was established by the Forest Service in 1942. The geological area was established to protect the many lava trees and tree molds which occur in the area. The various flows of the Lava Cast Forest were all erupted from the Northwest Rift Zone of Newberry Volcano."
"There is a one mile paved self guided interpretive trail with barrier free access. The trail loops through an area where hot molten lava erupted from the northwest flank of Newberry Volcano and engulfed a forest here 7,000 years ago. The landscape now includes the "casts" or molds, of these ancient trees. Colonizing plants, such as delicate penstemon flowers and Indian paintbrush, have taken root in the rocky soil. Ponderosa pine trees have re-established themselves and flourished as well, so that the landscape now includes a blend of the past and the present."
www.fs.fed.us/r6/centraloregon/newberrynvm/interest-lavac...
Urban Colonization
Seems like the water shutoffs and massive drainage charge in Detroit has been set up to seize poor people’s homes and land to conclude deals which embraces more money on the table.
3D Art project by Leon Keer at Murals in the Market Festival Detroit.
"The former Lava Cast Forest Geological Area (now part of the Newberry National Volcanic Monument) was established by the Forest Service in 1942. The geological area was established to protect the many lava trees and tree molds which occur in the area. The various flows of the Lava Cast Forest were all erupted from the Northwest Rift Zone of Newberry Volcano."
"There is a one mile paved self guided interpretive trail with barrier free access. The trail loops through an area where hot molten lava erupted from the northwest flank of Newberry Volcano and engulfed a forest here 7,000 years ago. The landscape now includes the "casts" or molds, of these ancient trees. Colonizing plants, such as delicate penstemon flowers and Indian paintbrush, have taken root in the rocky soil. Ponderosa pine trees have re-established themselves and flourished as well, so that the landscape now includes a blend of the past and the present."
www.fs.fed.us/r6/centraloregon/newberrynvm/interest-lavac...
On July 1st we national commemorate the 150 years anniversary of slavery abolition of all Caribbean Island who were colonized by The Netherlands.
Keti Koti 'broken chains' in Surinamese is also the celebration of the emancipation and is by providing traditional folk clothing,speeches,silence,food,music,art,film,poetry and discussions their respect.
Early Spanish explorers probably were the first to introduce hogs in Texas over 300 years ago. As colonization increased, hog numbers subsequently increased. They provided an important source of cured meat and lard for settlers.
During the fight for Texas independence as people fled for safety into the United States or Mexico, many hogs escaped or were released. It was not until the mid 1800s when hostilities between the United States and Mexico ended that settlers once again began bringing livestock back into Texas. The livestock included hogs that ranged freely. Many escaped, contributing to the feral population.
In the 1930s, European wild hogs, "Russian boars," were first imported and introduced into Texas by ranchers and sportsmen for sport hunting. Most of these eventually escaped from game ranches and began free ranging and breeding with feral hogs. Because of this crossbreeding, there are very few, if any, true European hogs remaining in Texas.
Feral hogs are unprotected, exotic, non-game animals. Therefore, they may be taken by any means or methods at any time of year. There are no seasons or bag limits, however a hunting license and landowner permission are required to hunt them.
NEWFOUNDOUT
Much like the Nipissing Colonization Road, the Opeongo Road was another of the government's road colonization attempts. As people would immigrate to Canada and settle along these roads, they'd clear the land to build a home and farm. However the land proved to be poor for growing and many of these settlers left with broken dreams.
The settlers to the Opeongo Road were given 100 acres of land. The Public Land Act (1853) proclaimed, "One hundred acres will be given free to any settlers, 18 years of age, who shall take possession of the Lot within one month from the date of his application, erect on it a house, 18 by 20 feet, put in a state of cultivation at least 12 acres in the course of four years, and live on the Lot during the period. Should he fulfill these conditions he will obtain an indisputable titles to the land, but failing to do so, it will be sold or given to another." While many immigrants received title to the land in 1864, the title was not deeded until the land was cleared and the home built. So many settlers lived on the land for years before receiving title to what they had worked so hard for. Land was given out on a first come, first served basis.
Newfoundout was never a town or a community. It was simply a location where 13 families made their homes up a mountain. Some settlers lived along the Opeongo road while others, like those of Newfoundout, lived in the back parts of the area. It was not an easy route, for the trek to the site was about 6km. Children had to walk this route every day to attend school.
The road to Newfoundout was situated across from what was called Davidson's Corners. This was the site where the Davidson family first built their home in 1849.
Between 1860 and 1890 these families lived in the back part of the colonization road, trying to make a living on their farms. By 1948, the area was completely abandoned.
As for the Colonization Road, Agent T.P. French resigned in 1864. Others tried but were never able to finish the colonization road. When the Canadian Central Railway made its way through Renfrew in 1893, immigration to the area declined.
Location: Take the Opeongo Road west from highway 41 for about 3.5 km to an intersection (Newfoundout Road). South of here there will be a dirt road. Newfoundout is about 40 minutes up this path. These directions come from Ron Brown's Ghost Towns Volume 2 as I have never been here.
Used by permission. Credit: www.ontarioabandonedplaces.com
The Cistercian Route is an expression that identifies a particular territory consists of the counties of Alt Camp, Conca de Barberà and Urgell and its 65 municipalities.
Its name comes from the artistic and cultural heritage of each of these counties has a Cistercian monastery: Santes Creus, Poblet and Vallbona de les Monges. The three Cistercian monasteries are the bait of the Cistercian Route but the brand goes beyond the monasteries, their monumentality and sobriety, as he discovered some counties with traditions, a wealth of landscapes ....
Santes Creus
Of the three Cistercian monasteries Santes Creus is the most faithfully reproduces the construction plan Bernard.
One of the largest and best preserved Cistercian monastic ensembles that we can visit today. Founded in 1168, protected by kings and nobility, became a center for spiritual studies and colonization of the territory. The monastic life is held continuously until 1835.
The church, sober and stunning architecture, has the royal tombs of Peter the Great and of James II and his wife Blanca of Anjou, as well as the great admiral Roger de Llúria. We can also admire the stained glass windows and Gothic Cistercian and a Baroque altarpiece of Joseph Tremulles.
Also highlight the chapter house, the escriptorium the great monks' dormitory and cloister Gothic (fourteenth century) attributed to the English Reinart December Fennel, with an elegant carved decoration.
Source & more info: www.larutadelcister.info
Details best viewed in Original Size.
After a volcanic island erupts from the sea it takes a long time for life to take hold. Brought by birds and wind, the plants that first colonize the lava fields must take root where few others can. Often, these are cacti present in a nearby island. These first colonizers in turn make soil which then makes it possible for other plants to take hold and eventually replace these first colonizers. Of course, with plants come small animals and predators soon follow.
If you are considering a visit the Galapagos Islands, Click Here for some helpful hints.
The reticulated python (Malayopython reticulatus) is a python species native to South and Southeast Asia. It is the world's longest snake, and the third heaviest after the green anaconda and Burmese python. It is listed as least concern on the IUCN Red List because of its wide distribution. In several countries in its range, it is hunted for its skin, for use in traditional medicine, and for sale as pets. Due to this, reticulated pythons are one of the most economically important reptiles worldwide.
It is an excellent swimmer, has been reported far out at sea, and has colonized many small islands within its range.
Like all pythons, it is a non-venomous constrictor. In very rare cases, adult humans have been killed (and in at least three reported cases, eaten) by reticulated pythons.
Taxonomy
The reticulated python was first described in 1801 by German naturalist Johann Gottlob Theaenus Schneider, who described two zoological specimens held by the Göttingen Museum in 1801 that differed slightly in colour and pattern as separate species—Boa reticulata and Boa rhombeata. The specific name, reticulatus, is Latin meaning "net-like", or reticulated, and is a reference to the complex color pattern. The generic name Python was proposed by French naturalist François Marie Daudin in 1803. American zoologist Arnold G. Kluge performed a cladistics analysis on morphological characters and recovered the reticulated python lineage as sister to the genus Python, hence not requiring a new generic name in 1993.
In a 2004 genetics study using cytochrome b DNA, Robin Lawson and colleagues discovered the reticulated python as sister to Australo-Papuan pythons, rather than Python molurus and relatives. Raymond Hoser erected the genus Broghammerus for the reticulated python in 2004, naming it after German snake expert Stefan Broghammer, on the basis of dorsal patterns distinct from those of the genus Python, and a dark mid-dorsal line from the rear to the front of the head, and red or orange (rather than brown) iris colour. In 2008, Lesley H. Rawlings and colleagues reanalysed Kluge's morphological data and combined it with genetic material, finding the reticulated clade to be an offshoot of the Australo-Papuan lineage as well. They adopted and redefined the genus name Broghammerus.
However, this and numerous other names by the same author were criticized by several authors, who proposed ignoring them for the purposes of nomenclature despite this being contrary to the ICZN Code that underpins binomial nomenclature, ostensibly promoting the establishment of a dual nomenclature. R. Graham Reynolds and colleagues subsequently and knowing that it was described already, redescribed the genus Malayopython for this species and its sister species, the Timor python, calling the Timor python M. timoriensis. Hoser has since argued that the Malayopython name is a junior synonym of Broghammerus. Neither of these proposed reclassifications has been recognized by the ITIS, but Malayopython has been recognized by a number of subsequent authors and the Reptile Database.
Subspecies
M. r. reticulatus (Schneider, 1801) – Asian reticulated python
M. r. jampeanus Auliya et al., 2002 – Kayaudi reticulated python or Tanahjampean reticulated python, about half the length, or according to Auliya et al. (2002), not reaching much more than 2 m (6 ft 7 in) in length. Found on Tanahjampea in the Selayar Archipelago south of Sulawesi. Closely related to M. r. reticulatus of the Lesser Sundas.
M. r. saputrai Auliya et al., 2002 – Selayer reticulated python, occurs on Selayar Island in the Selayar Archipelago and also in adjacent Sulawesi. This subspecies represents a sister lineage to all other populations of reticulated pythons tested. According to Auliya et al. (2002) it does not exceed 4 m (13 ft 1 in) in length.
The latter two are dwarf subspecies. Apparently, the population of the Sangihe Islands north of Sulawesi represents another such subspecies, which is basal to the P. r. reticulatus plus P. r. jampeanus clade, but it is not yet formally described.
The proposed subspecies M. r. "dalegibbonsi", M. r. "euanedwardsi", M. r. "haydnmacphiei", M. r. "neilsonnemani", M. r. "patrickcouperi", and M. r. "stuartbigmorei" have not found general acceptance.
Characteristics
The reticulated python has smooth dorsal scales that are arranged in 69–79 rows at midbody. Deep pits occur on four anterior upper labials, on two or three anterior lower labials, and on five or six posterior lower labials.
The reticulated python is the largest snake native to Asia. More than a thousand wild reticulated pythons in southern Sumatra were studied, and estimated to have a length range of 1.5 to 6.5 m (4 ft 11 in to 21 ft 4 in), and a weight range of 1 to 75 kg (2 lb 3 oz to 165 lb 6 oz). Reticulated pythons with lengths more than 6 m (19 ft 8 in) are rare, though according to the Guinness Book of World Records, it is the only extant snake to regularly exceed that length. One of the largest scientifically measured specimens, from Balikpapan, East Kalimantan, Indonesia, was measured under anesthesia at 6.95 m (22 ft 10 in) and weighed 59 kg (130 lb 1 oz) after not having eaten for nearly 3 months.
The specimen once widely accepted as the largest-ever "accurately" measured snake, that being Colossus, a specimen kept at the Highland Park Zoo (now the Pittsburgh Zoo and Aquarium) in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, during the 1950s and early 1960s, with a peak reported length of 8.7 metres (28 ft 7 in) from a measurement in November 1956, was later shown to have been substantially shorter than previously reported. When Colossus died on 14 April 1963, its body was deposited in the Carnegie Museum of Natural History. At that time, its skeleton was measured and found to be 20 ft 10 in (6.35 m) in total length, and the length of its fresh hide was measured as 23 ft 11 in (7.29 m) – both measurements being significantly shorter than what had been previously estimated in 1956. The hide tends to stretch from the skinning process, thus may be longer than the snake from which it came – e.g., by roughly 20–40% or more.[31] The previous reports had been constructed by combining partial measurements with estimations to compensate for "kinks", since completely straightening an extremely large live python is virtually impossible. Because of these issues, a 2012 journal article concluded, "Colossus was neither the longest snake nor the heaviest snake ever maintained in captivity." Too large to be preserved with formaldehyde and then stored in alcohol, the specimen was instead prepared as a disarticulated skeleton. The hide was sent to a laboratory to be tanned, but it was either lost or destroyed, and now only the skull and selected vertebrae and ribs remain in the museum's collection. Considerable confusion exists in the literature over whether Colossus was male or female (females tend to be larger). Numerous reports have been made of larger snakes, but since none of these was measured by a scientist nor any of the specimens deposited at a museum, they must be regarded as unproven and possibly erroneous. In spite of what has been, for many years, a standing offer of a large financial reward (initially $1,000, later raised to $5,000, then $15,000 in 1978 and $50,000 in 1980) for a live, healthy snake 30 ft (9.14 m) or longer by the New York Zoological Society (later renamed as the Wildlife Conservation Society), no attempt to claim this reward has ever been made.
Reported sizes
DateLocationReported lengthReported weightReported girthScientifically analyzed lengthComments
The colour pattern is a complex geometric pattern that incorporates different colours. The back typically has a series of irregular diamond shapes flanked by smaller markings with light centers. In this species' wide geographic range, much variation of size, colour, and markings commonly occurs.
In zoo exhibits, the colour pattern may seem garish, but in a shadowy jungle environment amid fallen leaves and debris, it allows them to virtually disappear. Called disruptive colouration, it protects them from predators and helps them to catch their prey.
The huge size and attractive pattern of this snake has made it a favorite zoo exhibit, with several individuals claimed to be above 20 ft (6.1 m) in length and more than one claimed to be the largest in captivity. However, due to its huge size, immense strength, aggressive disposition, and the mobility of the skin relative to the body, it is very difficult to get exact length measurements of a living reticulated python, and weights are rarely indicative, as captive pythons are often obese. Claims made by zoos and animal parks are sometimes exaggerated, such as the claimed 14.85 m (48 ft 9 in) snake in Indonesia which was subsequently proven to be about 6.5–7 m (21 ft 4 in – 23 ft 0 in) long. For this reason, scientists do not accept the validity of length measurements unless performed on a dead or anesthetized snake that is later preserved in a museum collection or stored for scientific research.
A reticulated python kept in the United States in Kansas City, Missouri, named "Medusa" is considered by the Guinness Book of World Records to be the longest living snake ever kept in captivity. In 2011 it was reported to measure 7.67 m (25 ft 2 in) and weigh 158.8 kg (350 lb 2 oz).
In 2012, an albino reticulated python, named "Twinkie", housed in Fountain Valley, California, was considered to be the largest albino snake in captivity by the Guinness World Records. It measured 7 m (23 ft 0 in) in length and weighed about 168 kg (370 lb).
Dwarf forms of reticulated pythons also occur, from some islands northwest of Australia, and these are being selectively bred in captivity to be much smaller, resulting in animals often referred to as "super dwarfs". Adult super dwarf reticulated pythons are typically between 1.82 and 2.4 m (6 ft 0 in and 7 ft 10 in) in length.
Distribution and habitat
The reticulated python is found in South and Southeast Asia from the Nicobar Islands, India, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, Malaysia, and Singapore, east through Indonesia and the Indo-Australian Archipelago (Sumatra, the Mentawai Islands, the Natuna Islands, Borneo, Sulawesi, Java, Lombok, Sumbawa, Sumba, Flores, Timor, Maluku, Tanimbar Islands) and the Philippines (Basilan, Bohol, Cebu, Leyte, Luzon, Mindanao, Mindoro, Negros, Palawan, Panay, Polillo, Samar, Tawi-Tawi). The original description does not include a type locality. The type locality was restricted to "Java" by Brongersma (1972).
Three subspecies have been proposed, but are not recognized in the Integrated Taxonomic Information System. The color and size can vary a great deal among the subspecies described. Geographical location is a good key to establishing the subspecies, as each one has a distinct geographical range.
The reticulated python lives in rainforests, woodlands, and nearby grasslands. It is also associated with rivers and is found in areas with nearby streams and lakes. An excellent swimmer, it has even been reported far out at sea and has consequently colonized many small islands within its range. During the early years of the 20th century, it is said to have been common even in busy parts of Bangkok, sometimes eating domestic animals.
Behaviour and ecology
As with all pythons, the reticulated python is an ambush predator, usually waiting until prey wanders within strike range before seizing it in its coils and killing by constriction. Its natural diet includes mammals and occasionally birds. Small specimens up to 3–4 m (9 ft 10 in – 13 ft 1 in) long eat mainly small mammals such as rats, other rodents, mouse-eared bats, and treeshrews, whereas larger individuals switch to prey such as small Indian civet and binturong, primates, pigs, and deer weighing more than 60 kg (132 lb 4 oz). As a rule, the reticulated python seems able to swallow prey up to one-quarter its own length and up to its own weight. Near human habitation, it is known to snatch stray chickens, cats, and dogs on occasion. Among the largest documented prey items are a half-starved sun bear of 23 kg (50 lb 11 oz) that was eaten by a 6.95 m (22 ft 10 in) specimen and took some 10 weeks to digest. At least one case is reported of a foraging python entering a forest hut and taking a child.
Reproduction
The reticulated python is oviparous. Adult females lay between 15 and 80 eggs per clutch. At an optimum incubation temperature of 31–32 °C (88–90 °F), the eggs take an average of 88 days to hatch. Hatchlings are at least 0.61 m (2 ft) in length.
Danger to humans
Large reticulated pythons are occasionally found on the outskirts of Bangkok. Usually, a minimum of two people is required to successfully extract such a large snake.
Reticulated python in Pune
The reticulated python is among the few snakes that prey on humans. In 2015, the species was added to the Lacey Act of 1900, prohibiting import and interstate transport due to its "injurious" history with humans. Attacks on humans are not common, but this species has been responsible for several reported human fatalities, in both the wild and captivity. Considering the known maximum prey size, a full-grown reticulated python can open its jaws wide enough to swallow a human, but the width of the shoulders of some adult Homo sapiens can pose a problem for even a snake with sufficient size. Reports of human fatalities and human consumption (the latest examples of consumption of an adult human being well authenticated) include:
A report of a visit of Antonio van Diemen, Governor-General of the Dutch East India Company, to the Banda Islands in 1638, includes a description of an enslaved woman who, when tending to a garden on the volcanic island of Gunung Api, was strangled by a snake of "24 houtvoeten" (slightly over seven meters) in length, and then swallowed whole. The snake, having become slow after ingesting such a large prey, was subsequently shot by Dutch soldiers and brought to the Governor-General to be looked at, with its victim still inside. Although less reliable than this first-hand document, several early published travel journals describe similar episodes.
In early 20th-century Indonesia: On Salibabu island, North Sulawesi, a 14-year-old boy was killed and supposedly eaten by a specimen 5.17 m (17.0 ft) in length. Another incident involved a woman reputedly eaten by a "large reticulated python", but few details are known.
In the early 1910s or in 1927, a jeweller went hunting with his friends and was apparently eaten by a 6 m (20 ft) python after he sought shelter from a rainstorm in or under a tree. Supposedly, he was swallowed feet-first, perhaps the easiest way for a snake to actually swallow a human.
Among a small group of Aeta peoples in the Philippines, six deaths by pythons were said to have been documented within a period of 40 years, plus one who died later of an infected bite.
In September 1995, a 29-year-old rubber tapper from the southern Malaysian state of Johor was reported to have been killed by a large reticulated python. The victim had apparently been caught unaware and was squeezed to death. The snake had coiled around the lifeless body with the victim's head gripped in its jaws when it was stumbled upon by the victim's brother. The python, reported as measuring 7.0 m (23 ft) long and weighing more than 140 kg (300 lb), was killed soon after by the arriving police, who shot it four times.
In October 2008, a 25-year-old woman from Virginia Beach appeared to have been killed by a 4.0 m (13 ft) pet reticulated python. The apparent cause of death was asphyxiation. The snake was later found in the bedroom in an agitated state.[49]
In January 2009, a 3-year-old boy was wrapped in the coils of a 18 ft (5.5 m) pet reticulated python, turning blue. The boy's mother, who had been petsitting the python on behalf of a friend, rescued the toddler by gashing the python with a knife. The snake was later euthanized because of its wounds.
In December 2013, a 59-year-old security guard was strangled to death while trying to capture a python near the Bali Hyatt, a luxury hotel on Indonesia's resort island. The incident happened around 3 am as the 4.5-m (15-ft) python was crossing a road near the hotel. The victim had offered to help capture the snake, which had been spotted several times before near the hotel in the Sanur, Bali, area and escaped back into nearby bushes.
In March 2017, the body of Akbar Salubiro, a 25-year-old farmer in Central Mamuju Regency, West Sulawesi, Indonesia, was found inside the stomach of a 7 m (23 ft) reticulated python. He had been declared missing from his palm tree plantation, and the people searching for him found the python the next day with a large bulge in its stomach. They killed the python and found the whole body of the missing farmer inside. This was the first fully confirmed case of a person being eaten by a python. The process of retrieving the body from the python's stomach was documented by pictures and videos taken by witnesses.
In June 2018, a 54-year-old Indonesian woman in Muna Island, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia, was killed and eaten by a 23 ft (7 m) python. The woman went missing one night while working in her garden, and the next day, a search party was organized after some of her belongings were found abandoned in the garden. The python was found near the garden with a large bulge in its body. The snake was killed and carried into town, where it was cut open, revealing the woman's body completely intact.
In June 2020, a 16-year-old Indonesian boy was attacked and killed by a 7 m (23 ft) long python in Bombana Regency, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia. The incident took place near a waterfall at Mount Kahar in Rumbia sub-district. The victim was separated from his four friends in the woods. When he screamed, his friends came to help and found him encoiled by a large python. Villagers came to help and managed to kill the snake using a parang machete. However, the victim had already suffocated.
In October 2022, a 52-year-old woman in Terjun Gajah village, Betara Subdistrict, West Tanjung Jabung Regency, Jambi, Indonesia, was killed and swallowed whole by a 6 m (20 ft) reticulated python. She went to tap rubber sap on 23 October 2022 and did not return home after sunset. After she was reported missing for a day and a night, a search party discovered a large python with a bulge in its body in a jungle near the rubber plantation. The villagers immediately killed and dissected the python and discovered the intact body of the missing woman inside. Villagers were alarmed, fearing more large pythons might be lurking in the rubber plantation, because farmers previously had reported two goats missing.
In captivity
In Ragunan Zoo, Terrarium, South Jakarta, Indonesia
Increased popularity of the reticulated python in the pet trade is due largely to increased efforts in captive breeding and selectively bred mutations such as the "albino" and "tiger" strains. Smaller variants such as the "super dwarf" variants found on small islands are likewise popular due to their smaller size, as they grow to a fraction of the lengths and weights of their mainland kin due to genetics, limited space and prey availability. It can make a good captive, but keepers working with adults from mainland populations should have previous experience with large constrictors to ensure safety to both animal and keeper. Although its interactivity and beauty draws much attention, some feel it is unpredictable. The python can bite and possibly constrict if it feels threatened, or mistakes a hand for food. While not venomous, large pythons can inflict serious injuries by biting, sometimes requiring stitches.
In popular culture
In Moonraker (1979), a reticulated python tries to suffocate James Bond (Roger Moore), but Bond kills the snake with a hypodermic pen.
On July 1st we national commemorate the 150 years anniversary of slavery abolition of all Caribbean Island who were colonized by The Netherlands.
Keti Koti 'broken chains' in Surinamese is also the celebration of the emancipation and is by providing traditional folk clothing,speeches,silence,food,music,art,film,poetry and discussions their respect.
Posing - The Flies (Diptera , Linnaeus, 1758 ) are an order of insects terrestrial or hydrophilic , or water dippers frequently in preimaginal stages . Under the aspect systematic and phylogenetic Diptera belong to Panorpoidei , the first of three lineages in which it has developed the olometabolia of endopterygote . The name refers to the number of wings which are supplied these insects , and is derived from the ancient greek δις (dis ) twice and πτερόν ( pteron ) : wing .
The order , in its primitive forms , is present on Earth, perhaps , from the Permian , but with clear evidence from the Triassic , comprises about 120,000 known species. The remarkable variety of environments colonized and frequent relationship with the man , with economic implications , medical and sanitary , make this order any of the groupings of insects of greater importance. Suffice it to say that the order includes species that are among the most important sores from the agriculture world , species responsible for the transmission of serious and notorious man sometimes borne diseases , such as malaria, spread across multiple continents and, finally, ubiquitous and commensal species of man, as the very common housefly .
The order of the Diptera is characterized by a substantial morphological uniformity which often makes it difficult , if not impossible , the recognition of the taxa lower , especially at the level of species or genus.
adult
The adult insects are small or medium in size, while large ones are rare : only certain Diptera of the families of Mydidae and Pantophthalmidae reach 95-100 mm wingspan . The liveries have low or bright colors , uniform or varied , sometimes uses the aposematism , such as in the Syrphidae . The exoskeleton is usually very consistent . Of fundamental importance, for taxonomic , is the presence and distribution of the attached tegumental , in particular bristles .
The head is distinct from the thorax , with a marked narrowing at the neck . In primitive forms is undershot in others, it is typically ipognato . The shape of the skull capsule varies substantially rising from the primitive Diptera Nematocera more evolved. In the first , the dorsal-ventral part of the skull extends forward, with respect to the eyes due to growth in length of the clypeus and throat (also called area subgenale ) at the distal end of the extension is the mouthparts . In other Diptera the head has a shape subglobose and the fronto - clypeal content development is presenting itself as an area bounded superiorly by the eyes and from the top ( or only eyes in the forms at the head oloptico laterally from the eyes and cheeks or gene and inferiorly by the apparatus mug . Cyclorrhapha in Schizophora , a morphological element of particular importance is the presence of suture or suture ptilinale front , formed by the resorption of ptilinum after flickering . these the adult Diptera , when the flickering, causing the breakage of the pupal ( pupa ) by means of the bulge of a vesicle front , the ptilinum . After the flicker, the vesicle is reabsorbed in the capsule cranial and it remains a suture in the frontal region that has an inverted U-shaped conformation . the suture separates two regions : the upper one is the frontal region , which has continuity with the summit, the orbital region and the gene , the lower one is called the face or clypeus , contains the insertion of antennae and terminates at the bottom with the margin epistomale in at which comprises the upper lip.
Chief of Calliphora .
The eyes are usually very obvious , but reached a remarkable development in most Brachiceri . In this suborder occur markedly convex and developed to fill a large part of the lateral face . The summit between the two eyes , can sometimes be reduced to a narrow area running from the forehead to the occipital region , or disappear altogether because of the direct contact between the eyes , or merger . The morphology of the compound eye is characterized by a significant number of ommatidia , of the order of thousands in mossy . The ocelli , when present, are located in the top of the summit, arranged according to the vertices of a triangle in an area called stemmaticum or ocellar triangle . For the purpose of systematic is important the presence , the arrangement and the conformation of the bristles cephalic , to which is associated a specific terminology . The bristles are distinct in vibrissae , short, strong , and macrochete markedly longer . According to the arrangement are distinct in fronto- orbital vertical postverticali , ocellari and postocellari .
The antennas are divided into two basic morphological types that are the basis of the distinction between the two suborders and their names . In Nematocera are pluriarticolate , or feathery hair type , consisting of 7-15 undifferentiated items . In Brachiceri consist of a maximum of six articles, of which the first three well-developed and the others reduced to form thread-like appendage called pork or stylus , the scape and pedicel are poorly developed relatively reduced, and the third antennal segment is noticeably larger and bears the pork .
The mouthparts show , according to the taxonomic groups , a variety of conformations due to piercing-sucking type (eg Tabanidae and Culicidae ) , the type lapping-sucking ( Muscoidea ) and the suction type (eg Syrphidae ) . The morphology and function are closely associated with diet : the type piercing-sucking occurs in the bloodsucking Diptera , the lapping-sucking Diptera in glicifagi that feed on sugar solutions crystallized , the one sucking in glicifagi that feed mainly on nectar and pollen.
Chest [edit | edit source ]
Schematic representation of the morphology of the thorax of a dipteran muscoide : dorsal view (left ), lateral (right) .
The fundamental peculiarity of the Diptera is the remarkable evolutionary specialization achieved in the shape of the wings and morpho- anatomical adaptation of the chest. Except for the infrequent shapes meiottere ( microtteri , subatteri or wingless ) , Diptera are typically winged and using the wings as the primary means of locomotion.
The crane flies have long barbells, clearly visible behind the wings.
The level of specialization anatomical , morphological and functional is such that in general these insects formidable flightless , with particular reference to the agility . All Diptera are equipped with only one pair of functional wings , those mesotoraciche (front ) . The wings metatoraciche are transformed into paddles . From this character derives the name of the order, from the greek " dipteros " which means "two wings." In consequence of this morphological structure , the mesothorax represents the segment of greater development and complexity , while significantly reduced are the prothorax and the metathorax .
The rockers are organs claviform useful to balance the flight , consisting of a dilated proximal portion connected to the auditory perception ( from a membrane cordotonale ) elongated towards a distal portion of rich sensory bristles . The homology between the hind wings and the rocker is demonstrated by the four-winged mutant of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster , which is free . The development of the rocker arms varies according to the systematic group : in Tipulidae are thin but long and conspicuous, but are usually hidden from the wings in most of the other groups . What Calyptratae , which includes grouping the Diptera more evolved , the rocker arms are protected by caliptra lower ( or squama thoracic ) , one of the two scales that form the caliptra .
Tachinid Diptera , with caliptra highlighted.
The wing mesotoracica is entirely membranous , completely transparent and colorless or pigmented bearing zonal useful for the purposes of recognition. Its surface is divided into three regions : the region is the most developed flight feathers , including the ribs more robust , the rear is the anal region , and finally in the rear - proximal tract , there is an expansion lobiforme said alula . In Calyptratae between the alula and the chest is located on the upper caliptra , also called scale or wing tegula . The system is simplified ribs but is representative of the Comstock - Needham system , which was conceived in the late nineteenth century to define their own specific terminology of the wing morphology of Diptera . In the Diptera are therefore well clear and distinct typical longitudinal ribs (costa , subcosta , radio , media, cubit ) and its ramifications , in addition to two ribs anal , of which the second , also known as axillary , separate from the anal region ' alula . Details concerning the ramifications differentiations , the transverse ribs and the shape of the cells, are important for determining the taxonomic characters .
The legs are kind of surgery , relatively thin compared to the body.
abdomen
Ipopigio the male of a tipulide .
The morphology of the abdomen is substantially determined by adaptation morfoanatomico , in both sexes , according to the playback. In general , the 10 uriti are reduced to a smaller number of uriti apparent to the structural modifications of the first and the last uriti .
In the front usually occurs in the first urite atrophy and fusion of the 2nd and 3rd urotergiti . Tergites and sternites may be quite distinct , but often there is a development for which the differential tergite to sternite covering the ventral abdomen , the extreme case is when the expansions of tergite merge ventrally forming a tube structure or ring .
In females , the last uriti thin and stretch forming apparatus telescopic everted , said ovipositor replacement . At this morphological adaptation is often accompanied sclerotisation structures urite eighth terminals , so that the ovipositor of substitution is able to penetrate through the tissues of the body that will host the eggs and larvae .
In the male , the last uriti undergo a complex transformation to form a system , integrated with the external genitals , said ipopigio . The degree and nature of structural change change according to the systematic group , but typically occur markedly with the development of lobes of the ninth urotergo forceps ( epandrio ) and IX urosterno ( ipandrio ) . Sometimes occurs a torsion along the axis of the abdomen , with consequent reversal of the positions and dell'epandrio dell'ipandrio .
larva
Eucefala larva of Anopheles .
Most of the larvae of Diptera live in an aquatic environment , in decaying organic substrates , in other organisms (fungi , animals, plants ) . Their morphological structure therefore has a substantial simplification suited to a kind of life is not free .
The larvae of Diptera is due to the type apodo , or with the absence of legs , although sometimes , especially in the aquatic larvae are present appendages similar to pseudopodia . The head is usually devoid of eyes , has a chewing mouthparts modified antennas with a maximum of six items, more or less developed or reduced to papillae. The head can be clearly distinguished from the chest ( larvae eucefale ) , indistinct from the rest of the body ( microcefale ) , sunken chest ( criptocefale ) .
Depending on the number and placement of tracheal spiracles , we distinguish the following types of respiratory system :
apneustico , with no stigmas ;
metapneustico , with only a couple of abdominal stigmas ;
anfipneustico , with a couple of stigmas in the prothorax and an abdominal ;
olopneustico , with two pairs of stigmas thoracic and eight abdominal pairs .
Larva of microcephalic muscide .
The most frequent type , the applicant in the generality of Brachiceri , is to anfipneustico , while other types appear mostly in aquatic larvae .
The larvae most familiar features of the Brachycera Cyclorrhapha , have a wormlike appearance , with poor differentiation of the regions of the body ( head, thorax , abdomen ) to the point that they are commonly called , improperly , worms , these larvae have a cylindrical- conical , more wide in the abdominal stretch , mouthparts simplified , represented by two jaws shaped like a hook and by a series of scleritis cephalic interior , which form in the so-called complex apparatus cephalo -pharyngeal . Unlike the mandibles chewing mouthparts , the hooks of the apparatus cephalo -pharyngeal feature movements along a vertical plane .
Special morphological adaptations are found in larvae adapted to living in aquatic environment or as endoparassitoidi For example , the larvae of aquatic scavengers Syrphidae ( rat-tail maggots ) have a long respiratory siphon , which allows them to live immersed in muddy funds or putrid waters , while those of the Tachinidae have breathing tubes that lead into the trachea of the host or outside of his body.
pupa
Pupa of Anopheles obtecta .
The pupae of Diptera can be obtecte or exarate . The former have the drafts of the wings and legs visible but appressed to the rest of the body , as the whole is wrapped by a single cuticle , and the latter have the appendages wrapped by a cuticle of their own and are therefore detachable from the rest .
The pupae of the Brachycera Cyclorrhapha are related to the type evoico ( pupae coerced ) , as they evolve in a pseudobozzolo , said puparium formed by a modification of the morphological and biochemical dell'exuvia the last larval stage . The way in which the opening of the pupa , when the flickering, discerns between two major taxonomic groups , the Aschiza and Schizophora . The pupae are also exarate evoiche and identify with those of Ciclorrafi . The pupae obteche are generally free and unprotected , with the exception of those of Simuliidae , which are protected by bozzoletti built with debris cemented together by silk.
In the last phase of their lives, the pupae of Diptera become mobile . This mobility , in fact, is due to the adult form farata , which is already fully formed but not yet escaped dall'exuvia pupal .
Biology [edit | edit source ]
Pupa of Ceratitis capitata .
The Diptera are reproduced for general anfigonia and are oviparous , with less frequent cases , if not rare , reproduction by parthenogenesis or pedogenesis . You can also use the live birth and ovoviviparità . Post-embryonic development is of type olometabolico or , in some cases , hypermetabolic . Recurring feature among the Diptera is the remarkable brevity of the development cycle , look particularly problematic in the case of Diptera malicious or harmful , because it makes it difficult to control in the event of turnover of several generations.
The larvae typically blind , living in many different environments : soil, water , materials decomposing in the nests of social insects and, finally , into other bodies ; less common however, is the free outdoor life . Among the organisms mainly attacked include, in particular fungi , animals and plants and the trophic relationship with the guest is configured , as appropriate , with predation ( fungi, plants ) , with parasitism (mammals ) , with the parassitoidismo ( other insects) . The larvae live inside micetofaghe mines dug between the slats in the flesh of the fruit bodies . Those phytophagous live equally in mines, dug mostly in leaves, fruits , stems and fleshy roots , or within galls . Zoofaghe The larvae live mostly in body cavities or in subcutaneous location and cause infections such myiasis . The larvae entomofaghe finally live within larvae of other insects, and thus behave as parasitoids endophagous .
The hovering of Hoverflies is a remarkable example of adaptation to the flight of Diptera .
Unique are the methods of locomotion of the larvae of apode Ciclorrafi : These larvae are adapted to live within the cavity, move alternating contractions and extensions of the body , pivoting on the walls of the cavity in which they live , with the help of the hooks of the apparatus mullet -pharyngeal and ambulacrali areas located in the ventral part of the body. When you are away from their natural environment are able to jump more using the body as a spring : fold the body by grasping the caudal end with the mouthparts , after which release it abruptly straightening the body jumping due to the reaction of the surface of support.
Adults are , in most cases , excellent fliers : thanks to the complex anatomical structure and morphology of the apparatus of flight ( direct and indirect muscles , sclerites of the wing articulation , barbells , air sacs ) their wing is able to make complex movements which give these bugs a remarkable agility and speed. Overall, the Diptera are , along with the Hymenoptera , the highest expression of the evolutionary capabilities of flight in insects, to the point that adults of different species spend a considerable part of their lives hovering in flight. Not less sophisticated is the functionality of pretarsi , whose appendages ( nails , empodium , arolio ) allow the stationing and locomotion on surfaces of various nature , including those extremely smooth , such as glass , even on the inverted position .
Here's how you used the lip lapping-sucking mouthparts .
The diets of adults, in general, are attributable to a liquid diet : irrespective of morphological heterogeneity , the mouthparts are adapted to take only liquids after perforation or , more frequently, on the food substrate . Recruitment is by suction in Diptera to mouthparts sucking or piercing - sucking , or capillary rise , in those with lapping-sucking mouthparts . Among the Diptera occur frequently in adult diet hematophagous , represented both among the Nematocera (eg, Culicidae ) , is among the Brachiceri (eg tabanids , Ippoboscidi , Glossinidi , Stomoxidini Muscidae ) . More broadly , however, represented the diet glicifago . In this case the food source is represented by the nectar of flowers , honeydew of Hemiptera , from vegetable juices emitted from any injuries , and sugary substances from fluids of various nature. In particular the complex anatomical- morphological structure and functionality of the lip lapping-sucking mouthparts , by means of so-called pseudotrachee , allows these Diptera the intake of sugar crystallized , as in the case of honeydew or honey crystallized or municipality sugar. The specificity of glicifaga diet requires supplementation with nitrogen sources , which frequently are represented by excrement or decaying organic materials . This aspect is of particular importance for the health and hygiene of Man Diptera diners , such as the common housefly : This insect feeding simultaneously on substrates and on unhealthy foods addressors Man, is a possible vector -borne pathogens to ' man through food
On July 1st we national commemorate the 150 years anniversary of slavery abolition of all Caribbean Island who were colonized by The Netherlands.
Keti Koti 'broken chains' in Surinamese is also the celebration of the emancipation and is by providing traditional folk clothing,speeches,silence,food,music,art,film,poetry and discussions their respect.
The colonization of Ambedkar: Caste politics behind Arundhati Roy-Navayana’s appropriation of ‘Annihilation of Caste’
Scholars gathered together at the Pequot Museum on Friday & Saturday, Oct. 18 & 19, for the 17th Century American Northeast Conference to reexamine the complexity of a changing cultural landscape and the consequences of colonization and warfare.
Urban Colonization
Seems like the water shutoffs and massive drainage charge in Detroit has been set up to seize poor people’s homes and land to conclude deals which embraces more money on the table.
3D Art project by Leon Keer at Murals in the Market Festival Detroit.
Dientes de león蒲公英屬dandelion#Taraxacum
Taraxacum es un género de plantas con flores de la familia Asteraceae conocidas comúnmente como dientes de león, panaderos o ásteres. Se han descrito unos 3.600 taxones, de los que unos 2300 son especies aceptadas, con 4 taxones infra-específicos también aceptados, todo el resto se va repartiendo entre unos 500 sinónimos y cerca de 550 sin resolver.
蒲公英屬（學名：Taraxacum）植物通稱蒲公英、黃花地丁、，華花郎、蒲公草、、西洋蒲公英、乳草、奶汁草、殘飛墜、卜地蜈蚣、鬼燈籠，為菊目菊科的一屬，是溫帶至亞熱帶常見的一種植物。蒲公英中很多種採孤雌生殖，葉邊的形狀像獅子的尖牙。其英文名字Dandelion來自法語dent-de-lion，正是獅子牙齒之意，蒲公英花語為「我在遠處為你的幸福而祈禱」。屬名Taraxacum源于波斯語tarashqun，即蒲公英。
The species of Taraxacum are tap-rooted, perennial, herbaceous plants, native to temperate areas of the Northern Hemisphere. The genus contains many species, which usually (or in the case of triploids, obligately) reproduce by apomixis, resulting in many local populations and endemism. In the British Isles alone, 234 microspecies (i.e. morphologically distinct clonal populations) are recognised in nine loosely defined sections, of which 40 are "probably endemic".A number of species of Taraxacum are seed-dispersed ruderals that rapidly colonize disturbed soil, especially the common dandelion (T. officinale), which has been introduced over much of the temperate world. After flowering is finished, the dandelion flower head dries out for a day or two. The dried petals and stamens drop off, the bracts reflex (curve backwards), and the parachute ball opens into a full sphere. When development is complete, the mature seeds are attached to white, fluffy "parachutes" which easily detach from the seedhead and glide by wind, dispersing.
Founded around 1320, this castle was part of colonization of the area around the river Sázava, rich on silver deposits. It soon became the center of a wealthy county, which was growing through the 14th Century. Problems came at the beginning of the 15th Century, when Čeněk of Ronov came into sharp disputes with the church, and became a determined opponent of the Hussites. After his participation on a raid against the city of Chotěboř, where three hundred of Hussites, who surrendered, were burned alive, the wrath of the Hussite movement turned against him. Ronov was besieged in October 1424, seized and heavily damaged. It seems that Čeněk fell in the siege, and his large domain was destroyed. The last member of the family sold the castle in 1434. With new owners, the castle remains usable and used, but loses any importance as a center of power. It is last mentioned as used in 1516,and abandoned in 1538. Today remains of outer walls and the main palace can be found, the castle was not very wide and surrounded by a deep trench carved into rock. The ruin is one of the less accesible, situated into a private forest where game animals can be shot, and it´s not a good idea to leave the one path that´s intended for the acccess. The castle is actually surrounded by a marsh, and the hill is full of agressive ants and pretty sharp nettles, which makes the tour definitely not a boring one.
Scholars gathered together at the Pequot Museum on Friday & Saturday, Oct. 18 & 19, for the 17th Century American Northeast Conference to reexamine the complexity of a changing cultural landscape and the consequences of colonization and warfare.
Urban Colonization
Seems like the water shutoffs and massive drainage charge in Detroit has been set up to seize poor people’s homes and land to conclude deals which embraces more money on the table.
3D Art project by Leon Keer at Murals in the Market Festival Detroit.
"The former Lava Cast Forest Geological Area (now part of the Newberry National Volcanic Monument) was established by the Forest Service in 1942. The geological area was established to protect the many lava trees and tree molds which occur in the area. The various flows of the Lava Cast Forest were all erupted from the Northwest Rift Zone of Newberry Volcano."
"There is a one mile paved self guided interpretive trail with barrier free access. The trail loops through an area where hot molten lava erupted from the northwest flank of Newberry Volcano and engulfed a forest here 7,000 years ago. The landscape now includes the "casts" or molds, of these ancient trees. Colonizing plants, such as delicate penstemon flowers and Indian paintbrush, have taken root in the rocky soil. Ponderosa pine trees have re-established themselves and flourished as well, so that the landscape now includes a blend of the past and the present."
www.fs.fed.us/r6/centraloregon/newberrynvm/interest-lavac...
Urban Colonization
Seems like the water shutoffs and massive drainage charge in Detroit has been set up to seize poor people’s homes and land to conclude deals which embraces more money on the table.
3D Art project by Leon Keer at Murals in the Market Festival Detroit.
"The former Lava Cast Forest Geological Area (now part of the Newberry National Volcanic Monument) was established by the Forest Service in 1942. The geological area was established to protect the many lava trees and tree molds which occur in the area. The various flows of the Lava Cast Forest were all erupted from the Northwest Rift Zone of Newberry Volcano."
"There is a one mile paved self guided interpretive trail with barrier free access. The trail loops through an area where hot molten lava erupted from the northwest flank of Newberry Volcano and engulfed a forest here 7,000 years ago. The landscape now includes the "casts" or molds, of these ancient trees. Colonizing plants, such as delicate penstemon flowers and Indian paintbrush, have taken root in the rocky soil. Ponderosa pine trees have re-established themselves and flourished as well, so that the landscape now includes a blend of the past and the present."
www.fs.fed.us/r6/centraloregon/newberrynvm/interest-lavac...
This well known colonizing annual grass (the purple haze) is often not abundant. Where it is abundant, native species also co-occur in high diversity and abundance (Elymus elymoides and Poa sandbergii are also abundant in this photo).
Description: A digitized print, courtesy of Heritage Auctions, with the actual physical print selling at auction (lot No. 52031) on Dec. 11, 2010; the buyer and seller were not disclosed. The original print was sepia toned, however, the version here has been colorized to match an 1865 colorized woodcut, of this same exact scene, which was originally published in “The Illustrated London News,” of May 20, 1865, on page 472. The photograph itself appears to have been lost to history, and is missing from all Civil War and Lincoln related publications of the last 160 years.
“Much of the work of the leading Civil War Photographers is well documented. But not all of it. Today, at the beginning of the Twenty-first Century, unknown Civil War Photographs are still surfacing.” Author, photo-historian, and Center for Civil War Photography (CCWP) president, Bob Zeller, penned the above words 25 years ago, and he proved last December that such discoveries still occur, when he spotted this lost Alexander Gardner masterpiece, while perusing an old listing on the Heritage Auctions website.
The Heritage listing does not identify this scene as Lincoln's funeral procession, as it was part of a larger Civil War photograph album, containing 348 albumen images, and it is unclear if the purchaser was aware that it included the rarest of all Lincoln funeral photographs. In any case, if not for Bob Zeller and Heritage Auctions, which thankfully posted a his-res version on its website, this piece would still be lost, locked away somewhere in a private collection.
I had the privilege of writing about this discovery for the April 2025 edition of "Battlefield Photographer." This image is one of only a handful of actual photographs of Lincoln’s funeral procession in the Nation’s Capital on April 19, 1865, all Alexander Gardner Gallery images. Unlike the other four Gardner photographs of the procession, which were stereographs, facing to the southwest towards the U.S. Capitol, this is a large format single-lens image, facing the opposite direction to the northwest, towards the oncoming procession. All of these Lincoln funeral photos were taken from the roof of the Colonization Building, which use to sit on the SW corner of 4 ½ St. & Penn. Ave.
There really are no other decent Civil War era photographs of this stretch of Pennsylvania Ave. This is the only available photograph, from that era, that clearly shows the National Hotel where the assassin, John Wilkes Booth, was lodging and plotting with other conspirators. We see the National here (large building, flag half mast, right of center), just five days after Booth left Room No. 228 and headed to Ford's Theatre to kill the President. Until now, the image most often utilized for the National, during the Lincoln conspiracy, is not a photograph at all, but an 1860 watercolor of it by artist A. Meyer.
There are other historic D.C. landmarks which can be seen in this image, including the Metropolitan Hotel, and in the distance, Mathew Brady's Gallery. Additional posts to come. -PT
---------------------
Links:
Heritage Auctions and link to original sepia toned print - click on "view more," right after the 12 thumbnails (under the two Lincoln images), and scroll though the rest of the photos - it's towards the end: historical.ha.com/itm/military-and-patriotic/civil-war/th...
Colorized Woodcut - this image is online and can be downloaded in high def, at Ford's Theatre website. Note that Ford's indicates it came from Harper's Weekly, but they provide no publication date, and the most likely reason is that it only appeared in the Illustrated London News of May 20, 1865. Also note, that the original version that I found, from the latter publication, was at archive.org, presented in B&W, not colorized. The colorized woodcut was perhaps a special commission for some collector? The original woodcut caption was also edited in the colorized version: rememberinglincoln.fords.org/node/548
1860 watercolor of the National Hotel at Library of Congress: www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2004662333/
The Center for Civil War Photography (CCWP): www.civilwarphotography.org/
On July 1st we national commemorate the 150 years anniversary of slavery abolition of all Caribbean Island who were colonized by The Netherlands.
Keti Koti 'broken chains' in Surinamese is also the celebration of the emancipation and is by providing traditional folk clothing,speeches,silence,food,music,art,film,poetry and discussions their respect.
A colonizer of newly disturbed site, Malva neglecta produces generally white flowers by mid summer and appears to produce large flowers that may be involved in outcrossing and smaller flowers near the stem base that may be involved in self-pollination. This site lies in a 2010 construction area on the campus of Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana.
WMU Office for Sustainability conducts project of using shiitake mushroom substrate to colonize wheat grain.
On July 1st we national commemorate the 150 years anniversary of slavery abolition of all Caribbean Island who were colonized by The Netherlands.
Keti Koti 'broken chains' in Surinamese is also the celebration of the emancipation and is by providing traditional folk clothing,speeches,silence,food,music,art,film,poetry and discussions their respect.
"The former Lava Cast Forest Geological Area (now part of the Newberry National Volcanic Monument) was established by the Forest Service in 1942. The geological area was established to protect the many lava trees and tree molds which occur in the area. The various flows of the Lava Cast Forest were all erupted from the Northwest Rift Zone of Newberry Volcano."
"There is a one mile paved self guided interpretive trail with barrier free access. The trail loops through an area where hot molten lava erupted from the northwest flank of Newberry Volcano and engulfed a forest here 7,000 years ago. The landscape now includes the "casts" or molds, of these ancient trees. Colonizing plants, such as delicate penstemon flowers and Indian paintbrush, have taken root in the rocky soil. Ponderosa pine trees have re-established themselves and flourished as well, so that the landscape now includes a blend of the past and the present."
www.fs.fed.us/r6/centraloregon/newberrynvm/interest-lavac...
On July 1st we national commemorate the 150 years anniversary of slavery abolition of all Caribbean Island who were colonized by The Netherlands.
Keti Koti 'broken chains' in Surinamese is also the celebration of the emancipation and is by providing traditional folk clothing,speeches,silence,food,music,art,film,poetry and discussions their respect.
This annual bunchgrass is a colonizer of recently disturbed settings, such as in newly planted lawns and along irrigation ditches. Technically, this population might belong to the native Echinochloa muricata, rough barnyard grass because the fertile lemma has a slender hairless tip. Echinochloa crus-galli, barnyard grass, is an introduced annual marked by a fertile lemma with an abruptly contracted hairy tip. I find no other trait, genetic, ecological, or morphological, that covaries with this lemma tip difference.
Urban Colonization
Seems like the water shutoffs and massive drainage charge in Detroit has been set up to seize poor people’s homes and land to conclude deals which embraces more money on the table.
3D Art project by Leon Keer at Murals in the Market Festival Detroit.
On July 1st we national commemorate the 150 years anniversary of slavery abolition of all Caribbean Island who were colonized by The Netherlands.
Keti Koti 'broken chains' in Surinamese is also the celebration of the emancipation and is by providing traditional folk clothing,speeches,silence,food,music,art,film,poetry and discussions their respect.
On July 1st we national commemorate the 150 years anniversary of slavery abolition of all Caribbean Island who were colonized by The Netherlands.
Keti Koti 'broken chains' in Surinamese is also the celebration of the emancipation and is by providing traditional folk clothing,speeches,silence,food,music,art,film,poetry and discussions their respect.
"The former Lava Cast Forest Geological Area (now part of the Newberry National Volcanic Monument) was established by the Forest Service in 1942. The geological area was established to protect the many lava trees and tree molds which occur in the area. The various flows of the Lava Cast Forest were all erupted from the Northwest Rift Zone of Newberry Volcano."
"There is a one mile paved self guided interpretive trail with barrier free access. The trail loops through an area where hot molten lava erupted from the northwest flank of Newberry Volcano and engulfed a forest here 7,000 years ago. The landscape now includes the "casts" or molds, of these ancient trees. Colonizing plants, such as delicate penstemon flowers and Indian paintbrush, have taken root in the rocky soil. Ponderosa pine trees have re-established themselves and flourished as well, so that the landscape now includes a blend of the past and the present."
www.fs.fed.us/r6/centraloregon/newberrynvm/interest-lavac...
"The former Lava Cast Forest Geological Area (now part of the Newberry National Volcanic Monument) was established by the Forest Service in 1942. The geological area was established to protect the many lava trees and tree molds which occur in the area. The various flows of the Lava Cast Forest were all erupted from the Northwest Rift Zone of Newberry Volcano."
"There is a one mile paved self guided interpretive trail with barrier free access. The trail loops through an area where hot molten lava erupted from the northwest flank of Newberry Volcano and engulfed a forest here 7,000 years ago. The landscape now includes the "casts" or molds, of these ancient trees. Colonizing plants, such as delicate penstemon flowers and Indian paintbrush, have taken root in the rocky soil. Ponderosa pine trees have re-established themselves and flourished as well, so that the landscape now includes a blend of the past and the present."
www.fs.fed.us/r6/centraloregon/newberrynvm/interest-lavac...
Article Title: Plant identity and density can influence arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi colonization, plant growth, and reproduction investment in coculture
Damien Derelle, Pierre-Emmanuel Courty, Isabelle Dajoz, Stéphane Declerck, Ingrid M. van Aarle, David Carmignac, and Patricia Genet
Citation: Botany, 2015, 93(7): 405-412, 10.1139/cjb-2014-0180
Source: www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/abs/10.1139/cjb-2014-0180
Caption: Fig. 1. Schematic 3D representation of the compartmented treatment system. The system consists of a central compartment connected to three satellite compartments via pipes. Root growth between compartments was avoided by inserting a nylon mesh at the extremity of each pipe. ML, Medicago low density; MH, Medicago high density; MSH, Medicago + Silene high density; M, Medicago truncatula; S, Silene vulgaris.
Botany, NRC Research Press, a division of Canadian Science Publishing. www.nrcresearchpress.com/journal/cjb
For rights and permission, click here [bit.ly/1pL1c5f]
On July 1st we national commemorate the 150 years anniversary of slavery abolition of all Caribbean Island who were colonized by The Netherlands.
Keti Koti 'broken chains' in Surinamese is also the celebration of the emancipation and is by providing traditional folk clothing,speeches,silence,food,music,art,film,poetry and discussions their respect.
"The former Lava Cast Forest Geological Area (now part of the Newberry National Volcanic Monument) was established by the Forest Service in 1942. The geological area was established to protect the many lava trees and tree molds which occur in the area. The various flows of the Lava Cast Forest were all erupted from the Northwest Rift Zone of Newberry Volcano."
"There is a one mile paved self guided interpretive trail with barrier free access. The trail loops through an area where hot molten lava erupted from the northwest flank of Newberry Volcano and engulfed a forest here 7,000 years ago. The landscape now includes the "casts" or molds, of these ancient trees. Colonizing plants, such as delicate penstemon flowers and Indian paintbrush, have taken root in the rocky soil. Ponderosa pine trees have re-established themselves and flourished as well, so that the landscape now includes a blend of the past and the present."
www.fs.fed.us/r6/centraloregon/newberrynvm/interest-lavac...
On July 1st we national commemorate the 150 years anniversary of slavery abolition of all Caribbean Island who were colonized by The Netherlands.
Keti Koti 'broken chains' in Surinamese is also the celebration of the emancipation and is by providing traditional folk clothing,speeches,silence,food,music,art,film,poetry and discussions their respect.