via Racialicious I’ve spoken before at length about images used by instructors to accompany history lessons, and what they teach us about history versus what they don’t. This leads to students given the impression that many different people of color somehow “showed up” just in time to be exploited by slavers and colonizers (think of how “First Contact” narratives are commonly the first mention on Native Americans in US History, or “Chinese Immigrants” show up in time to build railroads and then mysteriously disappear), and contribute to the misconception of a socially and racially isolated Europe in perpetuity. Which of course leads to this phenomenon in popular media: (from an episode of “Psych”) As if merely stating the location and the time is a total justification for ubiquitous whiteness in casting. If you were actually interested in historical accuracy, it might be noted: By the eighteenth century the black population in England, particularly in London, had indeed become a community, with a concern for joint action and solidarity. When in 1773, for example, two black men were confined to Bridewell prison for begging, more than 300 black people not only visited them but provided for their economic and emotional support. In the later eighteenth century there were black pubs, churches and community meeting places, changing the picture of isolated individual domestic servants and roving beggars on London streets to that of a thriving and structured black community. Black London: Life before Emancipation, Gretchen Holbrook Gerzina. Rutgers University Press, 1995. The problem here is that if the visual narrative shows a person of color, especially a Black individual, who is not being subjected to horrific violence, dehumanization, or is not literally a photograph of a dead body, it’s seen as an “exception” or “anomaly”. Note the tweet above that cites the use of lynching postcards, a terrifying example of how racist murders were not only common, but normalized. I think that if these kinds of images are used as the only types of images from history students see of Black people, that is absolutely a form of racial aggression and even violence that has been embedded and institutionalized in American culture. See Chimamanda Adichie’s powerful talk, The Danger of a Single Story: It is impossible to talk about the single story without talking about power. There is a word, an Igbo word, that I think about whenever I think about the power structures of the world, and it is “nkali.” It’s a noun that loosely translates to “to be greater than another.” Like our economic and political worlds, stories too are defined by the principle of nkali: How they are told, who tells them, when they’re told, how many stories are told, are really dependent on power. Power is the ability not just to tell the story of another person, but to make it the definitive story of that person. The Palestinian poet Mourid Barghouti writes that if you want to dispossess a people, the simplest way to do it is to tell their story and to start with, “secondly.” If you are an educator, you hold a piece of that power. It’s important to tell the truth about oppression, violence, and genocide in history. But beware of making that the only stories that are seen and heard. Part of the point of Medievalpoc is to try and create a visual and textual narrative in which people of color can also enjoy history as playground, as a point of pride, as somewhere they can see themselves, ourselves, as something other than subjugated. How can we foster educational environments where these topics can be discussed without putting the onus on students of color? Without making students who may already be “the only” one in their learning environment feel even more singled out? Given my own experience in educational and professional spaces, I try to be more sensitive to what it feels like being “the only [insert your category here]” in class and to be more mindful of how the particular composition of the classroom can inflect a discussion. In one of my classes, we were discussing the Travels of John Mandeville and its description of “Ethiopians” and discourses of blackness and beauty. There happened be only one black student in class that day, and as we approached this topic many of the classmates’ glances began to drift, as if on cue, toward this person…perhaps in anticipation that this student would soon speak up, or otherwise just to gauge her reaction; in any case, it was an unconscious and unspoken shift in the class dynamic that “singled out” the student in a way that obviously made her uncomfortable. This student avoided eye contact with me as this was happening (clearly she did not want to be called upon) and, picking up on this weird classroom dynamic, I redirected the conversation by inserting myself in the moment. I said something to the effect that “as a nonwhite person I find these Eurocentric racial discourses cause me great discomfort. We obviously have both white and nonwhite people in this room, so what are some ways we can all approach reading this passage today?” I found that at this point all the students felt they had more of a “way into” the discussion and there was no longer this perception that only one “type” of person bore the burden of responding to this passage. It was one way to give us all permission to openly acknowledge the many different bodies in class and to engage in a shared discussion. Although I touched base with this particular student later about things in office hours and we had a productive conversation about this and made sure she hadn’t felt alienated, I don’t doubt that I could have done better—but I at least tried to “call out” a (subtle) shift in class behavior as it was happening and do something productive with it. "Intersections: On Annoyances, Mistakes … and Possibilities" by Jonathan Hsy (The Medieval Middle) We can do better. We can do better.

Probably Purpureocillium sp. (syn. Paecilomyces)

Stencil street art depicting a chimpanzee wearing a sign that says "Kill Your Colonizers", seen in the Twin Arrows Trading Post, Twin Arrows, Arizona. The artist is First Seven Design Labs.

According to the inscribed tablet at the base of this rock in Amersfort Park:

This park is named after the city of Amersfoort in the Netherlands, the homeland of the Dutch settlers who colonized and farmed this area of Brooklyn in the 1620's. This New Amersfort Rock is a replica of the 200,000 year old rock that proudly stands in the city of Amersfoort. This rock has become a symbol that celebrates the city of Amersfoort and links the Dutch and Brooklyn communities together.

The legend behind the original rock in Amersfoort (two o's, as opposed to one in the Brooklynized name), known as the Amersfoortse Kei, varies a little from telling to telling, but it goes something like this:

Hundreds of years ago, there was a boulder that sat along the road outside of town. (It was carried there by a glacier some 150,000-200,000 years ago; I assume that's what the "200,000 year old" claim on the tablet refers to.) in 1661, Everard Meyster, a local aristocrat, made a bet with some friends that he could convince the people of Amersfoort to drag the 8-ton boulder into town in exchange for some beer and pretzels. He was apparently successful; 400 residents showed up and hauled the massive rock all the way to the town square to put it on display.

People from other towns started making fun of the Amersfoorters for having spent so much effort doing something so pointless. They referred to them derisively as "keien trekkers", which translates roughly to "boulder pullers". Embarrassed by this, the Amersfoorters decided to bury the boulder around 1672, hoping people would forget the whole story.

The boulder was uncovered in 1903, and the people of Amersfoort, sufficiently temporally removed from the shame of their forebears, decided to display it proudly once again. To this day, it stands on a pedestal in the central part of the city. Check it out in Street View!

I'm not sure how closely the Brooklyn "replica" resembles the original. Comparing photos, they seem to be roughly the same shape and color, but that might be the extent of their similarities (although it's hard to say without seeing them both in person). I don't know if someone actually tried to make the Brooklyn boulder look like the original, or if they just found a big rock and thought, "Hey, this looks kinda like that one back in Amersfoort."

Indigenous People's Day - October 12, 2020

Mission San Rafael Arcángel

San Rafael, California

On Indigenous People's Day, local native Coast Miwoks and allies rallied in front of the statue of Junípero Serra at Saint Raphael’s Catholic Church in Marin County, CA, calling for the removal of the statue and acknowledgment of Serra's brutal legacy. After numerous impassioned speeches, the statue was covered with red paint and ropes were used to pull the statue down. Similar actions had been taken across the state and country in recent months in a push to end the practice of glorifying brutal colonizers and proponents of slavery.

Serra was a Spanish Franciscan priest who is credited with establishing and overseeing the California Mission system that brutally enslaved the thriving native populations that had inhabited the land for thousands of years. The Spanish missions not only stole indigenous lands but sought to erase native languages and cultures. During this period (l769-1834), 37,000 California natives died at missions as a result of disease, starvation, overwork or mistreatment. Despite this history, statues honoring Junípero Serra have been erected all over California, and over considerable protest, Pope Francis conferred sainthood on Serra on September 23, 2015.

Following the toppling of this statue, 5 people were charged with felony vandalism at the request of the church (which also unsuccessfully sought a charge of 'hate crime'). 4 women identify as indigenous and 2 as baptized in the Catholic church.

----

From the rally:

Lucina Vidauri, Coast Miwok descendent, spoke at the rally, “Serra’s life mission was to convert the California natives. The entire [California Mission] system was designed to convert native populations. That meant imprisonment, enslavement and murder. And this guy was the leader of it all. Indigenous customs and traditions were banned from this very mission. [...] They were not allowed to speak their language, they were not allowed to speak their traditions, they were not allowed to do their traditional ways. They were made ‘civilized’. Right here in this church. There was a lot of tragedy.”

Dean Houghlin, Coast Miwok descendent and chair of the Coast Miwok Tribal Council of Marin: “Why does this colonization and this genocide continue with this statue that represents the enslavement, the murder, the child abuse, the desecration of our ancestor’s bones, the desecration of our land. [...] So I ask you again to please stand with us, with me and my relatives, my family, the descendants of the people that were enslaved here and that actually built this mission. [...] To change this so it doesn’t continue. So that we can heal. So all of us can have a sense of possibility. A sense of compassion for each other. This is not the Coast Miwok tradition to dishonor life.”

The Flies (Diptera , Linnaeus, 1758 ) are an order of insects terrestrial or hydrophilic , or water dippers frequently in preimaginal stages . Under the aspect systematic and phylogenetic Diptera belong to Panorpoidei , the first of three lineages in which it has developed the olometabolia of endopterygote . The name refers to the number of wings which are supplied these insects , and is derived from the ancient greek δις (dis ) twice and πτερόν ( pteron ) : wing .

The order , in its primitive forms , is present on Earth, perhaps , from the Permian , but with clear evidence from the Triassic , comprises about 120,000 known species. The remarkable variety of environments colonized and frequent relationship with the man , with economic implications , medical and sanitary , make this order any of the groupings of insects of greater importance. Suffice it to say that the order includes species that are among the most important sores from the agriculture world , species responsible for the transmission of serious and notorious man sometimes borne diseases , such as malaria, spread across multiple continents and, finally, ubiquitous and commensal species of man, as the very common housefly .

The order of the Diptera is characterized by a substantial morphological uniformity which often makes it difficult , if not impossible , the recognition of the taxa lower , especially at the level of species or genus.

adult

The adult insects are small or medium in size, while large ones are rare : only certain Diptera of the families of Mydidae and Pantophthalmidae reach 95-100 mm wingspan . The liveries have low or bright colors , uniform or varied , sometimes uses the aposematism , such as in the Syrphidae . The exoskeleton is usually very consistent . Of fundamental importance, for taxonomic , is the presence and distribution of the attached tegumental , in particular bristles .

The head is distinct from the thorax , with a marked narrowing at the neck . In primitive forms is undershot in others, it is typically ipognato . The shape of the skull capsule varies substantially rising from the primitive Diptera Nematocera more evolved. In the first , the dorsal-ventral part of the skull extends forward, with respect to the eyes due to growth in length of the clypeus and throat (also called area subgenale ) at the distal end of the extension is the mouthparts . In other Diptera the head has a shape subglobose and the fronto - clypeal content development is presenting itself as an area bounded superiorly by the eyes and from the top ( or only eyes in the forms at the head oloptico laterally from the eyes and cheeks or gene and inferiorly by the apparatus mug . Cyclorrhapha in Schizophora , a morphological element of particular importance is the presence of suture or suture ptilinale front , formed by the resorption of ptilinum after flickering . these the adult Diptera , when the flickering, causing the breakage of the pupal ( pupa ) by means of the bulge of a vesicle front , the ptilinum . After the flicker, the vesicle is reabsorbed in the capsule cranial and it remains a suture in the frontal region that has an inverted U-shaped conformation . the suture separates two regions : the upper one is the frontal region , which has continuity with the summit, the orbital region and the gene , the lower one is called the face or clypeus , contains the insertion of antennae and terminates at the bottom with the margin epistomale in at which comprises the upper lip.

Chief of Calliphora .

The eyes are usually very obvious , but reached a remarkable development in most Brachiceri . In this suborder occur markedly convex and developed to fill a large part of the lateral face . The summit between the two eyes , can sometimes be reduced to a narrow area running from the forehead to the occipital region , or disappear altogether because of the direct contact between the eyes , or merger . The morphology of the compound eye is characterized by a significant number of ommatidia , of the order of thousands in mossy . The ocelli , when present, are located in the top of the summit, arranged according to the vertices of a triangle in an area called stemmaticum or ocellar triangle . For the purpose of systematic is important the presence , the arrangement and the conformation of the bristles cephalic , to which is associated a specific terminology . The bristles are distinct in vibrissae , short, strong , and macrochete markedly longer . According to the arrangement are distinct in fronto- orbital vertical postverticali , ocellari and postocellari .

The antennas are divided into two basic morphological types that are the basis of the distinction between the two suborders and their names . In Nematocera are pluriarticolate , or feathery hair type , consisting of 7-15 undifferentiated items . In Brachiceri consist of a maximum of six articles, of which the first three well-developed and the others reduced to form thread-like appendage called pork or stylus , the scape and pedicel are poorly developed relatively reduced, and the third antennal segment is noticeably larger and bears the pork .

The mouthparts show , according to the taxonomic groups , a variety of conformations due to piercing-sucking type (eg Tabanidae and Culicidae ) , the type lapping-sucking ( Muscoidea ) and the suction type (eg Syrphidae ) . The morphology and function are closely associated with diet : the type piercing-sucking occurs in the bloodsucking Diptera , the lapping-sucking Diptera in glicifagi that feed on sugar solutions crystallized , the one sucking in glicifagi that feed mainly on nectar and pollen.

Chest [edit | edit source ]

Schematic representation of the morphology of the thorax of a dipteran muscoide : dorsal view (left ), lateral (right) .

The fundamental peculiarity of the Diptera is the remarkable evolutionary specialization achieved in the shape of the wings and morpho- anatomical adaptation of the chest. Except for the infrequent shapes meiottere ( microtteri , subatteri or wingless ) , Diptera are typically winged and using the wings as the primary means of locomotion.

The crane flies have long barbells, clearly visible behind the wings.

The level of specialization anatomical , morphological and functional is such that in general these insects formidable flightless , with particular reference to the agility . All Diptera are equipped with only one pair of functional wings , those mesotoraciche (front ) . The wings metatoraciche are transformed into paddles . From this character derives the name of the order, from the greek " dipteros " which means "two wings." In consequence of this morphological structure , the mesothorax represents the segment of greater development and complexity , while significantly reduced are the prothorax and the metathorax .

The rockers are organs claviform useful to balance the flight , consisting of a dilated proximal portion connected to the auditory perception ( from a membrane cordotonale ) elongated towards a distal portion of rich sensory bristles . The homology between the hind wings and the rocker is demonstrated by the four-winged mutant of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster , which is free . The development of the rocker arms varies according to the systematic group : in Tipulidae are thin but long and conspicuous, but are usually hidden from the wings in most of the other groups . What Calyptratae , which includes grouping the Diptera more evolved , the rocker arms are protected by caliptra lower ( or squama thoracic ) , one of the two scales that form the caliptra .

Tachinid Diptera , with caliptra highlighted.

The wing mesotoracica is entirely membranous , completely transparent and colorless or pigmented bearing zonal useful for the purposes of recognition. Its surface is divided into three regions : the region is the most developed flight feathers , including the ribs more robust , the rear is the anal region , and finally in the rear - proximal tract , there is an expansion lobiforme said alula . In Calyptratae between the alula and the chest is located on the upper caliptra , also called scale or wing tegula . The system is simplified ribs but is representative of the Comstock - Needham system , which was conceived in the late nineteenth century to define their own specific terminology of the wing morphology of Diptera . In the Diptera are therefore well clear and distinct typical longitudinal ribs (costa , subcosta , radio , media, cubit ) and its ramifications , in addition to two ribs anal , of which the second , also known as axillary , separate from the anal region ' alula . Details concerning the ramifications differentiations , the transverse ribs and the shape of the cells, are important for determining the taxonomic characters .

The legs are kind of surgery , relatively thin compared to the body.

abdomen

Ipopigio the male of a tipulide .

The morphology of the abdomen is substantially determined by adaptation morfoanatomico , in both sexes , according to the playback. In general , the 10 uriti are reduced to a smaller number of uriti apparent to the structural modifications of the first and the last uriti .

In the front usually occurs in the first urite atrophy and fusion of the 2nd and 3rd urotergiti . Tergites and sternites may be quite distinct , but often there is a development for which the differential tergite to sternite covering the ventral abdomen , the extreme case is when the expansions of tergite merge ventrally forming a tube structure or ring .

In females , the last uriti thin and stretch forming apparatus telescopic everted , said ovipositor replacement . At this morphological adaptation is often accompanied sclerotisation structures urite eighth terminals , so that the ovipositor of substitution is able to penetrate through the tissues of the body that will host the eggs and larvae .

In the male , the last uriti undergo a complex transformation to form a system , integrated with the external genitals , said ipopigio . The degree and nature of structural change change according to the systematic group , but typically occur markedly with the development of lobes of the ninth urotergo forceps ( epandrio ) and IX urosterno ( ipandrio ) . Sometimes occurs a torsion along the axis of the abdomen , with consequent reversal of the positions and dell'epandrio dell'ipandrio .

larva

Eucefala larva of Anopheles .

Most of the larvae of Diptera live in an aquatic environment , in decaying organic substrates , in other organisms (fungi , animals, plants ) . Their morphological structure therefore has a substantial simplification suited to a kind of life is not free .

The larvae of Diptera is due to the type apodo , or with the absence of legs , although sometimes , especially in the aquatic larvae are present appendages similar to pseudopodia . The head is usually devoid of eyes , has a chewing mouthparts modified antennas with a maximum of six items, more or less developed or reduced to papillae. The head can be clearly distinguished from the chest ( larvae eucefale ) , indistinct from the rest of the body ( microcefale ) , sunken chest ( criptocefale ) .

Depending on the number and placement of tracheal spiracles , we distinguish the following types of respiratory system :

apneustico , with no stigmas ;

metapneustico , with only a couple of abdominal stigmas ;

anfipneustico , with a couple of stigmas in the prothorax and an abdominal ;

olopneustico , with two pairs of stigmas thoracic and eight abdominal pairs .

Larva of microcephalic muscide .

The most frequent type , the applicant in the generality of Brachiceri , is to anfipneustico , while other types appear mostly in aquatic larvae .

The larvae most familiar features of the Brachycera Cyclorrhapha , have a wormlike appearance , with poor differentiation of the regions of the body ( head, thorax , abdomen ) to the point that they are commonly called , improperly , worms , these larvae have a cylindrical- conical , more wide in the abdominal stretch , mouthparts simplified , represented by two jaws shaped like a hook and by a series of scleritis cephalic interior , which form in the so-called complex apparatus cephalo -pharyngeal . Unlike the mandibles chewing mouthparts , the hooks of the apparatus cephalo -pharyngeal feature movements along a vertical plane .

Special morphological adaptations are found in larvae adapted to living in aquatic environment or as endoparassitoidi For example , the larvae of aquatic scavengers Syrphidae ( rat-tail maggots ) have a long respiratory siphon , which allows them to live immersed in muddy funds or putrid waters , while those of the Tachinidae have breathing tubes that lead into the trachea of the host or outside of his body.

pupa

Pupa of Anopheles obtecta .

The pupae of Diptera can be obtecte or exarate . The former have the drafts of the wings and legs visible but appressed to the rest of the body , as the whole is wrapped by a single cuticle , and the latter have the appendages wrapped by a cuticle of their own and are therefore detachable from the rest .

The pupae of the Brachycera Cyclorrhapha are related to the type evoico ( pupae coerced ) , as they evolve in a pseudobozzolo , said puparium formed by a modification of the morphological and biochemical dell'exuvia the last larval stage . The way in which the opening of the pupa , when the flickering, discerns between two major taxonomic groups , the Aschiza and Schizophora . The pupae are also exarate evoiche and identify with those of Ciclorrafi . The pupae obteche are generally free and unprotected , with the exception of those of Simuliidae , which are protected by bozzoletti built with debris cemented together by silk.

In the last phase of their lives, the pupae of Diptera become mobile . This mobility , in fact, is due to the adult form farata , which is already fully formed but not yet escaped dall'exuvia pupal .

Biology [edit | edit source ]

Pupa of Ceratitis capitata .

The Diptera are reproduced for general anfigonia and are oviparous , with less frequent cases , if not rare , reproduction by parthenogenesis or pedogenesis . You can also use the live birth and ovoviviparità . Post-embryonic development is of type olometabolico or , in some cases , hypermetabolic . Recurring feature among the Diptera is the remarkable brevity of the development cycle , look particularly problematic in the case of Diptera malicious or harmful , because it makes it difficult to control in the event of turnover of several generations.

The larvae typically blind , living in many different environments : soil, water , materials decomposing in the nests of social insects and, finally , into other bodies ; less common however, is the free outdoor life . Among the organisms mainly attacked include, in particular fungi , animals and plants and the trophic relationship with the guest is configured , as appropriate , with predation ( fungi, plants ) , with parasitism (mammals ) , with the parassitoidismo ( other insects) . The larvae live inside micetofaghe mines dug between the slats in the flesh of the fruit bodies . Those phytophagous live equally in mines, dug mostly in leaves, fruits , stems and fleshy roots , or within galls . Zoofaghe The larvae live mostly in body cavities or in subcutaneous location and cause infections such myiasis . The larvae entomofaghe finally live within larvae of other insects, and thus behave as parasitoids endophagous .

The hovering of Hoverflies is a remarkable example of adaptation to the flight of Diptera .

Unique are the methods of locomotion of the larvae of apode Ciclorrafi : These larvae are adapted to live within the cavity, move alternating contractions and extensions of the body , pivoting on the walls of the cavity in which they live , with the help of the hooks of the apparatus mullet -pharyngeal and ambulacrali areas located in the ventral part of the body. When you are away from their natural environment are able to jump more using the body as a spring : fold the body by grasping the caudal end with the mouthparts , after which release it abruptly straightening the body jumping due to the reaction of the surface of support.

Adults are , in most cases , excellent fliers : thanks to the complex anatomical structure and morphology of the apparatus of flight ( direct and indirect muscles , sclerites of the wing articulation , barbells , air sacs ) their wing is able to make complex movements which give these bugs a remarkable agility and speed. Overall, the Diptera are , along with the Hymenoptera , the highest expression of the evolutionary capabilities of flight in insects, to the point that adults of different species spend a considerable part of their lives hovering in flight. Not less sophisticated is the functionality of pretarsi , whose appendages ( nails , empodium , arolio ) allow the stationing and locomotion on surfaces of various nature , including those extremely smooth , such as glass , even on the inverted position .

Here's how you used the lip lapping-sucking mouthparts .

The diets of adults, in general, are attributable to a liquid diet : irrespective of morphological heterogeneity , the mouthparts are adapted to take only liquids after perforation or , more frequently, on the food substrate . Recruitment is by suction in Diptera to mouthparts sucking or piercing - sucking , or capillary rise , in those with lapping-sucking mouthparts . Among the Diptera occur frequently in adult diet hematophagous , represented both among the Nematocera (eg, Culicidae ) , is among the Brachiceri (eg tabanids , Ippoboscidi , Glossinidi , Stomoxidini Muscidae ) . More broadly , however, represented the diet glicifago . In this case the food source is represented by the nectar of flowers , honeydew of Hemiptera , from vegetable juices emitted from any injuries , and sugary substances from fluids of various nature. In particular the complex anatomical- morphological structure and functionality of the lip lapping-sucking mouthparts , by means of so-called pseudotrachee , allows these Diptera the intake of sugar crystallized , as in the case of honeydew or honey crystallized or municipality sugar. The specificity of glicifaga diet requires supplementation with nitrogen sources , which frequently are represented by excrement or decaying organic materials . This aspect is of particular importance for the health and hygiene of Man Diptera diners , such as the common housefly : This insect feeding simultaneously on substrates and on unhealthy foods addressors Man, is a possible vector -borne pathogens to ' man through food

At breakfast - The Flies (Diptera , Linnaeus, 1758 ) are an order of insects terrestrial or hydrophilic , or water dippers frequently in preimaginal stages . Under the aspect systematic and phylogenetic Diptera belong to Panorpoidei , the first of three lineages in which it has developed the olometabolia of endopterygote . The name refers to the number of wings which are supplied these insects , and is derived from the ancient greek δις (dis ) twice and πτερόν ( pteron ) : wing .

The order , in its primitive forms , is present on Earth, perhaps , from the Permian , but with clear evidence from the Triassic , comprises about 120,000 known species. The remarkable variety of environments colonized and frequent relationship with the man , with economic implications , medical and sanitary , make this order any of the groupings of insects of greater importance. Suffice it to say that the order includes species that are among the most important sores from the agriculture world , species responsible for the transmission of serious and notorious man sometimes borne diseases , such as malaria, spread across multiple continents and, finally, ubiquitous and commensal species of man, as the very common housefly .

The order of the Diptera is characterized by a substantial morphological uniformity which often makes it difficult , if not impossible , the recognition of the taxa lower , especially at the level of species or genus.

adult

The adult insects are small or medium in size, while large ones are rare : only certain Diptera of the families of Mydidae and Pantophthalmidae reach 95-100 mm wingspan . The liveries have low or bright colors , uniform or varied , sometimes uses the aposematism , such as in the Syrphidae . The exoskeleton is usually very consistent . Of fundamental importance, for taxonomic , is the presence and distribution of the attached tegumental , in particular bristles .

The head is distinct from the thorax , with a marked narrowing at the neck . In primitive forms is undershot in others, it is typically ipognato . The shape of the skull capsule varies substantially rising from the primitive Diptera Nematocera more evolved. In the first , the dorsal-ventral part of the skull extends forward, with respect to the eyes due to growth in length of the clypeus and throat (also called area subgenale ) at the distal end of the extension is the mouthparts . In other Diptera the head has a shape subglobose and the fronto - clypeal content development is presenting itself as an area bounded superiorly by the eyes and from the top ( or only eyes in the forms at the head oloptico laterally from the eyes and cheeks or gene and inferiorly by the apparatus mug . Cyclorrhapha in Schizophora , a morphological element of particular importance is the presence of suture or suture ptilinale front , formed by the resorption of ptilinum after flickering . these the adult Diptera , when the flickering, causing the breakage of the pupal ( pupa ) by means of the bulge of a vesicle front , the ptilinum . After the flicker, the vesicle is reabsorbed in the capsule cranial and it remains a suture in the frontal region that has an inverted U-shaped conformation . the suture separates two regions : the upper one is the frontal region , which has continuity with the summit, the orbital region and the gene , the lower one is called the face or clypeus , contains the insertion of antennae and terminates at the bottom with the margin epistomale in at which comprises the upper lip.

Chief of Calliphora .

The eyes are usually very obvious , but reached a remarkable development in most Brachiceri . In this suborder occur markedly convex and developed to fill a large part of the lateral face . The summit between the two eyes , can sometimes be reduced to a narrow area running from the forehead to the occipital region , or disappear altogether because of the direct contact between the eyes , or merger . The morphology of the compound eye is characterized by a significant number of ommatidia , of the order of thousands in mossy . The ocelli , when present, are located in the top of the summit, arranged according to the vertices of a triangle in an area called stemmaticum or ocellar triangle . For the purpose of systematic is important the presence , the arrangement and the conformation of the bristles cephalic , to which is associated a specific terminology . The bristles are distinct in vibrissae , short, strong , and macrochete markedly longer . According to the arrangement are distinct in fronto- orbital vertical postverticali , ocellari and postocellari .

The antennas are divided into two basic morphological types that are the basis of the distinction between the two suborders and their names . In Nematocera are pluriarticolate , or feathery hair type , consisting of 7-15 undifferentiated items . In Brachiceri consist of a maximum of six articles, of which the first three well-developed and the others reduced to form thread-like appendage called pork or stylus , the scape and pedicel are poorly developed relatively reduced, and the third antennal segment is noticeably larger and bears the pork .

The mouthparts show , according to the taxonomic groups , a variety of conformations due to piercing-sucking type (eg Tabanidae and Culicidae ) , the type lapping-sucking ( Muscoidea ) and the suction type (eg Syrphidae ) . The morphology and function are closely associated with diet : the type piercing-sucking occurs in the bloodsucking Diptera , the lapping-sucking Diptera in glicifagi that feed on sugar solutions crystallized , the one sucking in glicifagi that feed mainly on nectar and pollen.

Chest [edit | edit source ]

Schematic representation of the morphology of the thorax of a dipteran muscoide : dorsal view (left ), lateral (right) .

The fundamental peculiarity of the Diptera is the remarkable evolutionary specialization achieved in the shape of the wings and morpho- anatomical adaptation of the chest. Except for the infrequent shapes meiottere ( microtteri , subatteri or wingless ) , Diptera are typically winged and using the wings as the primary means of locomotion.

The crane flies have long barbells, clearly visible behind the wings.

The level of specialization anatomical , morphological and functional is such that in general these insects formidable flightless , with particular reference to the agility . All Diptera are equipped with only one pair of functional wings , those mesotoraciche (front ) . The wings metatoraciche are transformed into paddles . From this character derives the name of the order, from the greek " dipteros " which means "two wings." In consequence of this morphological structure , the mesothorax represents the segment of greater development and complexity , while significantly reduced are the prothorax and the metathorax .

The rockers are organs claviform useful to balance the flight , consisting of a dilated proximal portion connected to the auditory perception ( from a membrane cordotonale ) elongated towards a distal portion of rich sensory bristles . The homology between the hind wings and the rocker is demonstrated by the four-winged mutant of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster , which is free . The development of the rocker arms varies according to the systematic group : in Tipulidae are thin but long and conspicuous, but are usually hidden from the wings in most of the other groups . What Calyptratae , which includes grouping the Diptera more evolved , the rocker arms are protected by caliptra lower ( or squama thoracic ) , one of the two scales that form the caliptra .

Tachinid Diptera , with caliptra highlighted.

The wing mesotoracica is entirely membranous , completely transparent and colorless or pigmented bearing zonal useful for the purposes of recognition. Its surface is divided into three regions : the region is the most developed flight feathers , including the ribs more robust , the rear is the anal region , and finally in the rear - proximal tract , there is an expansion lobiforme said alula . In Calyptratae between the alula and the chest is located on the upper caliptra , also called scale or wing tegula . The system is simplified ribs but is representative of the Comstock - Needham system , which was conceived in the late nineteenth century to define their own specific terminology of the wing morphology of Diptera . In the Diptera are therefore well clear and distinct typical longitudinal ribs (costa , subcosta , radio , media, cubit ) and its ramifications , in addition to two ribs anal , of which the second , also known as axillary , separate from the anal region ' alula . Details concerning the ramifications differentiations , the transverse ribs and the shape of the cells, are important for determining the taxonomic characters .

The legs are kind of surgery , relatively thin compared to the body.

abdomen

Ipopigio the male of a tipulide .

The morphology of the abdomen is substantially determined by adaptation morfoanatomico , in both sexes , according to the playback. In general , the 10 uriti are reduced to a smaller number of uriti apparent to the structural modifications of the first and the last uriti .

In the front usually occurs in the first urite atrophy and fusion of the 2nd and 3rd urotergiti . Tergites and sternites may be quite distinct , but often there is a development for which the differential tergite to sternite covering the ventral abdomen , the extreme case is when the expansions of tergite merge ventrally forming a tube structure or ring .

In females , the last uriti thin and stretch forming apparatus telescopic everted , said ovipositor replacement . At this morphological adaptation is often accompanied sclerotisation structures urite eighth terminals , so that the ovipositor of substitution is able to penetrate through the tissues of the body that will host the eggs and larvae .

In the male , the last uriti undergo a complex transformation to form a system , integrated with the external genitals , said ipopigio . The degree and nature of structural change change according to the systematic group , but typically occur markedly with the development of lobes of the ninth urotergo forceps ( epandrio ) and IX urosterno ( ipandrio ) . Sometimes occurs a torsion along the axis of the abdomen , with consequent reversal of the positions and dell'epandrio dell'ipandrio .

larva

Eucefala larva of Anopheles .

Most of the larvae of Diptera live in an aquatic environment , in decaying organic substrates , in other organisms (fungi , animals, plants ) . Their morphological structure therefore has a substantial simplification suited to a kind of life is not free .

The larvae of Diptera is due to the type apodo , or with the absence of legs , although sometimes , especially in the aquatic larvae are present appendages similar to pseudopodia . The head is usually devoid of eyes , has a chewing mouthparts modified antennas with a maximum of six items, more or less developed or reduced to papillae. The head can be clearly distinguished from the chest ( larvae eucefale ) , indistinct from the rest of the body ( microcefale ) , sunken chest ( criptocefale ) .

Depending on the number and placement of tracheal spiracles , we distinguish the following types of respiratory system :

apneustico , with no stigmas ;

metapneustico , with only a couple of abdominal stigmas ;

anfipneustico , with a couple of stigmas in the prothorax and an abdominal ;

olopneustico , with two pairs of stigmas thoracic and eight abdominal pairs .

Larva of microcephalic muscide .

The most frequent type , the applicant in the generality of Brachiceri , is to anfipneustico , while other types appear mostly in aquatic larvae .

The larvae most familiar features of the Brachycera Cyclorrhapha , have a wormlike appearance , with poor differentiation of the regions of the body ( head, thorax , abdomen ) to the point that they are commonly called , improperly , worms , these larvae have a cylindrical- conical , more wide in the abdominal stretch , mouthparts simplified , represented by two jaws shaped like a hook and by a series of scleritis cephalic interior , which form in the so-called complex apparatus cephalo -pharyngeal . Unlike the mandibles chewing mouthparts , the hooks of the apparatus cephalo -pharyngeal feature movements along a vertical plane .

Special morphological adaptations are found in larvae adapted to living in aquatic environment or as endoparassitoidi For example , the larvae of aquatic scavengers Syrphidae ( rat-tail maggots ) have a long respiratory siphon , which allows them to live immersed in muddy funds or putrid waters , while those of the Tachinidae have breathing tubes that lead into the trachea of the host or outside of his body.

pupa

Pupa of Anopheles obtecta .

The pupae of Diptera can be obtecte or exarate . The former have the drafts of the wings and legs visible but appressed to the rest of the body , as the whole is wrapped by a single cuticle , and the latter have the appendages wrapped by a cuticle of their own and are therefore detachable from the rest .

The pupae of the Brachycera Cyclorrhapha are related to the type evoico ( pupae coerced ) , as they evolve in a pseudobozzolo , said puparium formed by a modification of the morphological and biochemical dell'exuvia the last larval stage . The way in which the opening of the pupa , when the flickering, discerns between two major taxonomic groups , the Aschiza and Schizophora . The pupae are also exarate evoiche and identify with those of Ciclorrafi . The pupae obteche are generally free and unprotected , with the exception of those of Simuliidae , which are protected by bozzoletti built with debris cemented together by silk.

In the last phase of their lives, the pupae of Diptera become mobile . This mobility , in fact, is due to the adult form farata , which is already fully formed but not yet escaped dall'exuvia pupal .

Biology [edit | edit source ]

Pupa of Ceratitis capitata .

The Diptera are reproduced for general anfigonia and are oviparous , with less frequent cases , if not rare , reproduction by parthenogenesis or pedogenesis . You can also use the live birth and ovoviviparità . Post-embryonic development is of type olometabolico or , in some cases , hypermetabolic . Recurring feature among the Diptera is the remarkable brevity of the development cycle , look particularly problematic in the case of Diptera malicious or harmful , because it makes it difficult to control in the event of turnover of several generations.

The larvae typically blind , living in many different environments : soil, water , materials decomposing in the nests of social insects and, finally , into other bodies ; less common however, is the free outdoor life . Among the organisms mainly attacked include, in particular fungi , animals and plants and the trophic relationship with the guest is configured , as appropriate , with predation ( fungi, plants ) , with parasitism (mammals ) , with the parassitoidismo ( other insects) . The larvae live inside micetofaghe mines dug between the slats in the flesh of the fruit bodies . Those phytophagous live equally in mines, dug mostly in leaves, fruits , stems and fleshy roots , or within galls . Zoofaghe The larvae live mostly in body cavities or in subcutaneous location and cause infections such myiasis . The larvae entomofaghe finally live within larvae of other insects, and thus behave as parasitoids endophagous .

The hovering of Hoverflies is a remarkable example of adaptation to the flight of Diptera .

Unique are the methods of locomotion of the larvae of apode Ciclorrafi : These larvae are adapted to live within the cavity, move alternating contractions and extensions of the body , pivoting on the walls of the cavity in which they live , with the help of the hooks of the apparatus mullet -pharyngeal and ambulacrali areas located in the ventral part of the body. When you are away from their natural environment are able to jump more using the body as a spring : fold the body by grasping the caudal end with the mouthparts , after which release it abruptly straightening the body jumping due to the reaction of the surface of support.

Adults are , in most cases , excellent fliers : thanks to the complex anatomical structure and morphology of the apparatus of flight ( direct and indirect muscles , sclerites of the wing articulation , barbells , air sacs ) their wing is able to make complex movements which give these bugs a remarkable agility and speed. Overall, the Diptera are , along with the Hymenoptera , the highest expression of the evolutionary capabilities of flight in insects, to the point that adults of different species spend a considerable part of their lives hovering in flight. Not less sophisticated is the functionality of pretarsi , whose appendages ( nails , empodium , arolio ) allow the stationing and locomotion on surfaces of various nature , including those extremely smooth , such as glass , even on the inverted position .

Here's how you used the lip lapping-sucking mouthparts .

The diets of adults, in general, are attributable to a liquid diet : irrespective of morphological heterogeneity , the mouthparts are adapted to take only liquids after perforation or , more frequently, on the food substrate . Recruitment is by suction in Diptera to mouthparts sucking or piercing - sucking , or capillary rise , in those with lapping-sucking mouthparts . Among the Diptera occur frequently in adult diet hematophagous , represented both among the Nematocera (eg, Culicidae ) , is among the Brachiceri (eg tabanids , Ippoboscidi , Glossinidi , Stomoxidini Muscidae ) . More broadly , however, represented the diet glicifago . In this case the food source is represented by the nectar of flowers , honeydew of Hemiptera , from vegetable juices emitted from any injuries , and sugary substances from fluids of various nature. In particular the complex anatomical- morphological structure and functionality of the lip lapping-sucking mouthparts , by means of so-called pseudotrachee , allows these Diptera the intake of sugar crystallized , as in the case of honeydew or honey crystallized or municipality sugar. The specificity of glicifaga diet requires supplementation with nitrogen sources , which frequently are represented by excrement or decaying organic materials . This aspect is of particular importance for the health and hygiene of Man Diptera diners , such as the common housefly : This insect feeding simultaneously on substrates and on unhealthy foods addressors Man, is a possible vector -borne pathogens to ' man through food

DETAILS / LOCATION

Camera Nikon D7100

Lens Tamron 90mm Macro

Focal Length 90mm

Shutter Speed 1/250 secs

Aperture f/13

ISO/Film 200

even the air we breathe is compromised

Corregidor History

In 1898, after almost 400 years of colonization, the Philippines was ceded by Spain to the United States after payment of US$20 million. Soon after, the Americans used Corregidor as an army post and named the it, Fort Mills in honor of Brig. Gen. Samuel M. Mills. The Americans built bomb-shelters, concrete emplacements, a hospital and trails around the island. In 1922 construction of the Malinta Tunnel started to protect military installations and wares in case of war. In addition, 56 Coastal guns, 13 anti-aircraft artillery batteries and 10 searchlights was installed.

In 1941, hours after Japan bombed Pearl Harbor, the Japanese invaded the Philippines. Corregidor served as the last resistance point of the retreating Filipino and American forces fighting the Japanese. Gen. Douglas MacArthur used Corregidor island as a base for the Allied forces form 1941 to 1942. Corregidor also served as the temporary shelter for the government of President Manuel L. Quezon and his family for two months (December 24, 1941 to February 19, 1942) prior to the eventual exile of the Philippine Commonwealth government to the United States. After the fall of Bataan to on April 9, 1942 to the Japanese, Corregidor surrendered after holding out for 27 days.

This annual bunchgrass is a colonizer of recently disturbed settings, such as in newly planted lawns and along irrigation ditches. Technically, this population might belong to the native Echinochloa muricata, rough barnyard grass because the fertile lemma has a slender hairless tip. Echinochloa crus-galli, barnyard grass, is an introduced annual marked by a fertile lemma with an abruptly contracted hairy tip. I find no other trait, genetic, ecological, or morphological, that covaries with this lemma tip difference.

Indigenous People's Day - October 12, 2020

Mission San Rafael Arcángel

San Rafael, California

On Indigenous People's Day, local native Coast Miwoks and allies rallied in front of the statue of Junípero Serra at Saint Raphael’s Catholic Church in Marin County, CA, calling for the removal of the statue and acknowledgment of Serra's brutal legacy. After numerous impassioned speeches, the statue was covered with red paint and ropes were used to pull the statue down. Similar actions had been taken across the state and country in recent months in a push to end the practice of glorifying brutal colonizers and proponents of slavery.

Serra was a Spanish Franciscan priest who is credited with establishing and overseeing the California Mission system that brutally enslaved the thriving native populations that had inhabited the land for thousands of years. The Spanish missions not only stole indigenous lands but sought to erase native languages and cultures. During this period (l769-1834), 37,000 California natives died at missions as a result of disease, starvation, overwork or mistreatment. Despite this history, statues honoring Junípero Serra have been erected all over California, and over considerable protest, Pope Francis conferred sainthood on Serra on September 23, 2015.

Following the toppling of this statue, 5 people were charged with felony vandalism at the request of the church (which also unsuccessfully sought a charge of 'hate crime'). 4 women identify as indigenous and 2 as baptized in the Catholic church.

----

From the rally:

Lucina Vidauri, Coast Miwok descendent, spoke at the rally, “Serra’s life mission was to convert the California natives. The entire [California Mission] system was designed to convert native populations. That meant imprisonment, enslavement and murder. And this guy was the leader of it all. Indigenous customs and traditions were banned from this very mission. [...] They were not allowed to speak their language, they were not allowed to speak their traditions, they were not allowed to do their traditional ways. They were made ‘civilized’. Right here in this church. There was a lot of tragedy.”

Dean Houghlin, Coast Miwok descendent and chair of the Coast Miwok Tribal Council of Marin: “Why does this colonization and this genocide continue with this statue that represents the enslavement, the murder, the child abuse, the desecration of our ancestor’s bones, the desecration of our land. [...] So I ask you again to please stand with us, with me and my relatives, my family, the descendants of the people that were enslaved here and that actually built this mission. [...] To change this so it doesn’t continue. So that we can heal. So all of us can have a sense of possibility. A sense of compassion for each other. This is not the Coast Miwok tradition to dishonor life.”

An iris has colonized the Albany Bulb!

Urban Colonization

Seems like the water shutoffs and massive drainage charge in Detroit has been set up to seize poor people’s homes and land to conclude deals which embraces more money on the table.

3D Art project by Leon Keer at Murals in the Market Festival Detroit.

Indigenous People's Day - October 12, 2020

Mission San Rafael Arcángel

San Rafael, California

On Indigenous People's Day, local native Coast Miwoks and allies rallied in front of the statue of Junípero Serra at Saint Raphael’s Catholic Church in Marin County, CA, calling for the removal of the statue and acknowledgment of Serra's brutal legacy. After numerous impassioned speeches, the statue was covered with red paint and ropes were used to pull the statue down. Similar actions had been taken across the state and country in recent months in a push to end the practice of glorifying brutal colonizers and proponents of slavery.

Serra was a Spanish Franciscan priest who is credited with establishing and overseeing the California Mission system that brutally enslaved the thriving native populations that had inhabited the land for thousands of years. The Spanish missions not only stole indigenous lands but sought to erase native languages and cultures. During this period (l769-1834), 37,000 California natives died at missions as a result of disease, starvation, overwork or mistreatment. Despite this history, statues honoring Junípero Serra have been erected all over California, and over considerable protest, Pope Francis conferred sainthood on Serra on September 23, 2015.

Following the toppling of this statue, 5 people were charged with felony vandalism at the request of the church (which also unsuccessfully sought a charge of 'hate crime'). 4 women identify as indigenous and 2 as baptized in the Catholic church.

----

From the rally:

Lucina Vidauri, Coast Miwok descendent, spoke at the rally, “Serra’s life mission was to convert the California natives. The entire [California Mission] system was designed to convert native populations. That meant imprisonment, enslavement and murder. And this guy was the leader of it all. Indigenous customs and traditions were banned from this very mission. [...] They were not allowed to speak their language, they were not allowed to speak their traditions, they were not allowed to do their traditional ways. They were made ‘civilized’. Right here in this church. There was a lot of tragedy.”

Dean Houghlin, Coast Miwok descendent and chair of the Coast Miwok Tribal Council of Marin: “Why does this colonization and this genocide continue with this statue that represents the enslavement, the murder, the child abuse, the desecration of our ancestor’s bones, the desecration of our land. [...] So I ask you again to please stand with us, with me and my relatives, my family, the descendants of the people that were enslaved here and that actually built this mission. [...] To change this so it doesn’t continue. So that we can heal. So all of us can have a sense of possibility. A sense of compassion for each other. This is not the Coast Miwok tradition to dishonor life.”

On July 1st we national commemorate the 150 years anniversary of slavery abolition of all Caribbean Island who were colonized by The Netherlands.

Keti Koti 'broken chains' in Surinamese is also the celebration of the emancipation and is by providing traditional folk clothing,speeches,silence,food,music,art,film,poetry and discussions their respect.

On July 1st we national commemorate the 150 years anniversary of slavery abolition of all Caribbean Island who were colonized by The Netherlands.

Keti Koti 'broken chains' in Surinamese is also the celebration of the emancipation and is by providing traditional folk clothing,speeches,silence,food,music,art,film,poetry and discussions their respect.

Urban Colonization

Seems like the water shutoffs and massive drainage charge in Detroit has been set up to seize poor people’s homes and land to conclude deals which embraces more money on the table.

3D Art project by Leon Keer at Murals in the Market Festival Detroit.

Urban Colonization

Seems like the water shutoffs and massive drainage charge in Detroit has been set up to seize poor people’s homes and land to conclude deals which embraces more money on the table.

3D Art project by Leon Keer at Murals in the Market Festival Detroit.

Michigan was home to Native American cultures before colonization by Europeans. When the first European explorers arrived, the most populous and influential tribes were Algonquian peoples, specifically, the Ottawa, the Anishnabe (called Chippewa in French, after their language Ojibwe), and the Potawatomi. The Anishnabe, whose numbers are estimated to have been between 25,000 and 35,000, were the most populous.

The Anishnabe were well-established in Michigan's Upper Peninsula and northern Michigan, and also inhabited northern Ontario, northern Wisconsin, southern Manitoba, and northern and north-central Minnesota. The Ottawa lived primarily south of the Straits of Mackinac in northern and western Michigan, while the Potawatomi were primarily in the southwest. The three nations co-existed peacefully as part of a loose confederation called the Council of Three Fires. Other tribes in Michigan, in the south and east, were the Mascouten, the Menominee, the Miami, and the Wyandot, who are better known by their French name, Huron.

Scholars gathered together at the Pequot Museum on Friday & Saturday, Oct. 18 & 19, for the 17th Century American Northeast Conference to reexamine the complexity of a changing cultural landscape and the consequences of colonization and warfare.

On July 1st we national commemorate the 150 years anniversary of slavery abolition of all Caribbean Island who were colonized by The Netherlands.

Keti Koti 'broken chains' in Surinamese is also the celebration of the emancipation and is by providing traditional folk clothing,speeches,silence,food,music,art,film,poetry and discussions their respect.

On July 1st we national commemorate the 150 years anniversary of slavery abolition of all Caribbean Island who were colonized by The Netherlands.

Keti Koti 'broken chains' in Surinamese is also the celebration of the emancipation and is by providing traditional folk clothing,speeches,silence,food,music,art,film,poetry and discussions their respect.

Scholars gathered together at the Pequot Museum on Friday & Saturday, Oct. 18 & 19, for the 17th Century American Northeast Conference to reexamine the complexity of a changing cultural landscape and the consequences of colonization and warfare.

This is one of the Portuguese guns overlooking Macau from the Forte Monte, which I believe is a shortening of the Fortress of St. Paul of Monte.

On July 1st we national commemorate the 150 years anniversary of slavery abolition of all Caribbean Island who were colonized by The Netherlands.

Keti Koti 'broken chains' in Surinamese is also the celebration of the emancipation and is by providing traditional folk clothing,speeches,silence,food,music,art,film,poetry and discussions their respect.

White maize cobs colonized by fungus. Photo by IITA. (file name: MA_PD_001). ONLY low res file available.

On July 1st we national commemorate the 150 years anniversary of slavery abolition of all Caribbean Island who were colonized by The Netherlands.

Keti Koti 'broken chains' in Surinamese is also the celebration of the emancipation and is by providing traditional folk clothing,speeches,silence,food,music,art,film,poetry and discussions their respect.

FUCK OFF YOU CRIMINAL REPTILIAN PEDOPHILIAC INFECTIONS AND OUTBREAKS OF CONTAGIOUS BIO-WARFARE AND HYBRID CRIMINAL WEEDS VIRUSES AND BAD OMENS, AND FUCKING CRIMINAL CONJURORS. GO FUCK YOURSELVES AND YOUR ENTIRE RACE AND SPECIES BECAUSE THAT IS WHAT YOU DESERVE FOR ALL THE CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY THAT YOU CONTINUE TO COMMISSION, ORCHESTRARTE, PREPETRATE, AND COVER-UP.

YOU ARE FUCKING ANIMALS AND SHOULD HAVE BEEN EXTINCT AGES AGO, BECAUSE YOU ARE A THREAT AND DANGER TO HUMANITY AND THE ECOSYSTEMS.

FUCKING VIRULENT ALIEN PREDATOR COLONIES AND COLONIZERS.

THIS IS A VERY VERY VERY (VVV) IMPORTANT MESSAGE FOR THE GOOD-FOR-NOTHING CANADIAN POLICE, WHO ARE GOOD FOR NOTHING CRIMINAL ACCOMPLICES, BRAIN-DEAD COMATOSE SPECTATORS WITH ACUTE DEMENTIA AND AMNESIA AND A BUNCH OF LOONIES AND LUNATICS AND SCHEMING ASSASSINS AND FUCKING MERCURIAL MERCENARIES ON CRACK AND COCAINE ENJOYING PAYROLL FROM THE LABOUR AND TOIL OF THE CANADIAN PUBLIC AND WAGING WAR ON THAT VERY PUBLIC. WHAT A BUNCH OF BASTARDS.

I AM PERSONALLY MAKE IT MY MISSION IN LIFE TO WRING YOUR BALLS AND BRING YOU TO YOUR SENSES AND CONSCIOUSNESS, AND TEACH YOU A LESSON ABOUT GOVERNANCE, ACCOUNTABILITY, HUMAN RIGHTS, AND JUSTICE - FUCKING MORONS ! YOU HAVE GONE TOO TOO FAR - IT IS TRAGIC AND REGRETTABLE BUT YOU HAVE TO BE STOPPED IN YOUR TRACKS RIGHT WHERE YOU ARE LEST YOU DO MORE DAMAGE TO SOCIETY - FUCKING INSANE IDIOTIC MORONS.

Urban Colonization

Seems like the water shutoffs and massive drainage charge in Detroit has been set up to seize poor people’s homes and land to conclude deals which embraces more money on the table.

3D Art project by Leon Keer at Murals in the Market Festival Detroit.

Urban Colonization

Seems like the water shutoffs and massive drainage charge in Detroit has been set up to seize poor people’s homes and land to conclude deals which embraces more money on the table.

3D Art project by Leon Keer at Murals in the Market Festival Detroit.

Bago, formerly Pegu, is a city and the capital of Bago Region in Myanmar (Burma). It is located 80 km north-east of Yangon.

HISTORY

The Gulf of Martaban was colonized by Mon people from the Thaton Kingdom, who established Bago. The earliest mention of Bago in history is by the Arab geographer ibn Khordadbeh around 850 AD. At the time, the Mon capital had shifted to Thaton. The area came under rule of the Burmese from Bagan in 1056. After the collapse of Bagan to the Mongols in 1287, the Mon regained their independence.

In Lower Burma, a Mon dynasty established itself first at Mottama and then at Bago. During the reign of King Razadarit, Bago and Ava Kingdom were engaged in the Forty Years' War. The peaceful reign of Queen Shin Sawbu came to an end when she chose the Buddhist monk Dhammazedi (1472–1492) to succeed her. Under Dhammazedi, Bago became a centre of commerce and Theravada Buddhism.

From 1369–1539, Hanthawaddy was the capital of the Mon Hanthawaddy Kingdom, which covered all of what is now Lower Burma. The area came under Burman control again in 1539, when it was annexed by King Tabinshwehti of the Taungoo Dynasty. The kings of Taungoo made Bago their royal capital from 1539–1599 and again in 1613–1635, and used it as a base for repeated invasions of the Ayutthaya Kingdom.

In 1519, António Correia, then a merchant from the Portuguese casados settlement at Cochin landed in Bago, then known to the Portuguese as Pegu, looking for new markets for pepper from Cochin. A year later, Portuguese India Governor Diogo Lopes de Sequeira sent an ambassador to Pegu.

As a major seaport, the city was frequently visited by Europeans, among these, Gasparo Balbi in late 1500s. The Europeans often commented on its magnificence. The Burmese capital relocated to Ava in 1634. In 1740, the Mon revolted and founded the Restored Hanthawaddy Kingdom. However, a Bamar king, Alaungpaya, captured the city in May 1757.

Bago was rebuilt by King Bodawpaya (r. 1782-1819), but by then the river had shifted course, cutting the city off from the sea. It never regained its previous importance. After the Second Anglo-Burmese War, the British annexed Bago in 1852. In 1862, the province of British Burma was formed, and the capital moved to Yangon. The substantial differences between the colloquial and literary pronunciations, as with Burmese words, was a reason of the British corruption "Pegu".

In 1911, Hanthawaddy was described as a district in the Bago (or Pegu) division of Lower Burma. It lay in the home district of Yangon, from which the town was detached to make a separate district in 1880. It had an area of 7,830 km2, with a population of 48,411 in 1901, showing an increase of 22% in the past decade. Hanthawaddy and Hinthada were the two most densely populated districts in the province.

Hanthawaddy, as it was constituted in 1911, consisted of a vast plain stretching up from the sea between the To (or China Bakir) mouth of the Irrawaddy River and the Pegu Range. Except the tract of land lying between the Pegu Range on the east and the Yangon River, the country was intersected by numerous tidal creeks, many of which were navigable by large boats and some by steamers. The headquarters of the district was in Rangoon, which was also the sub-divisional headquarters. The second sub-division had its headquarters at Insein, where there were large railway works. Cultivation was almost wholly confined to rice, but there were many vegetable and fruit gardens.

Today, Hanthawaddy is one of the wards of Bago city.

PLACES OF INTEREST

Shwethalyaung Buddha (Reclining Buddha)

Shwemawdaw Paya

Kyaik Pun Paya

Kanbawzathadi Palace site and museum

Maha Kalyani Sima

Mahazedi Paya

Shwegugale Paya

Bago Degree College

Bago Sittaung Canal

WIKIPEDIA

On July 1st we national commemorate the 150 years anniversary of slavery abolition of all Caribbean Island who were colonized by The Netherlands.

Keti Koti 'broken chains' in Surinamese is also the celebration of the emancipation and is by providing traditional folk clothing,speeches,silence,food,music,art,film,poetry and discussions their respect.

"The former Lava Cast Forest Geological Area (now part of the Newberry National Volcanic Monument) was established by the Forest Service in 1942. The geological area was established to protect the many lava trees and tree molds which occur in the area. The various flows of the Lava Cast Forest were all erupted from the Northwest Rift Zone of Newberry Volcano."

"There is a one mile paved self guided interpretive trail with barrier free access. The trail loops through an area where hot molten lava erupted from the northwest flank of Newberry Volcano and engulfed a forest here 7,000 years ago. The landscape now includes the "casts" or molds, of these ancient trees. Colonizing plants, such as delicate penstemon flowers and Indian paintbrush, have taken root in the rocky soil. Ponderosa pine trees have re-established themselves and flourished as well, so that the landscape now includes a blend of the past and the present."

www.fs.fed.us/r6/centraloregon/newberrynvm/interest-lavac...

Indigenous People's Day - October 12, 2020

Mission San Rafael Arcángel

San Rafael, California

On Indigenous People's Day, local native Coast Miwoks and allies rallied in front of the statue of Junípero Serra at Saint Raphael’s Catholic Church in Marin County, CA, calling for the removal of the statue and acknowledgment of Serra's brutal legacy. After numerous impassioned speeches, the statue was covered with red paint and ropes were used to pull the statue down. Similar actions had been taken across the state and country in recent months in a push to end the practice of glorifying brutal colonizers and proponents of slavery.

Serra was a Spanish Franciscan priest who is credited with establishing and overseeing the California Mission system that brutally enslaved the thriving native populations that had inhabited the land for thousands of years. The Spanish missions not only stole indigenous lands but sought to erase native languages and cultures. During this period (l769-1834), 37,000 California natives died at missions as a result of disease, starvation, overwork or mistreatment. Despite this history, statues honoring Junípero Serra have been erected all over California, and over considerable protest, Pope Francis conferred sainthood on Serra on September 23, 2015.

Following the toppling of this statue, 5 people were charged with felony vandalism at the request of the church (which also unsuccessfully sought a charge of 'hate crime'). 4 women identify as indigenous and 2 as baptized in the Catholic church.

----

From the rally:

Lucina Vidauri, Coast Miwok descendent, spoke at the rally, “Serra’s life mission was to convert the California natives. The entire [California Mission] system was designed to convert native populations. That meant imprisonment, enslavement and murder. And this guy was the leader of it all. Indigenous customs and traditions were banned from this very mission. [...] They were not allowed to speak their language, they were not allowed to speak their traditions, they were not allowed to do their traditional ways. They were made ‘civilized’. Right here in this church. There was a lot of tragedy.”

Dean Houghlin, Coast Miwok descendent and chair of the Coast Miwok Tribal Council of Marin: “Why does this colonization and this genocide continue with this statue that represents the enslavement, the murder, the child abuse, the desecration of our ancestor’s bones, the desecration of our land. [...] So I ask you again to please stand with us, with me and my relatives, my family, the descendants of the people that were enslaved here and that actually built this mission. [...] To change this so it doesn’t continue. So that we can heal. So all of us can have a sense of possibility. A sense of compassion for each other. This is not the Coast Miwok tradition to dishonor life.”

. I was exploring a montage of biological X-ray plasmic forms in a dark fairytale like environment

12.27.22

NOTE: On February 14, 1779 Captain James Cook of the British Royal Navy was killed by natives in Kealakekua Bay, on the Big Island of Hawaii. The stories passed down by the Indigenous people, Indigenous scholars such as Tina Ngata, along with Cook's crew member Georg Forster tell how Cook and his crew were true savages. They murdered the natives and raped their women and children.

According to Forster, Cook and his crew regularly raped Polynesian girls as young as 9 years old because they were "sooner ripe", despite Forster remarking they "had not the least marks of puberty". Cook brought a crew of 90 men - 80 of which are said to have been infected with syphillus - and spread veneral disease to the Indigenous people. He also exploited the natives, as they supplied him a massive amount of wood in exchange for nails, which was not a fair trade.

Cook sailed across the world bringing murder, rape, disease, and colonialism to native peoples all over the Pacific. He also deceived the native people by taking advantage of the fact that they associated him with a god - not correcting the misunderstanding.

When he was killed, Cook was trying to take the the ruling chief Kalaniʻōpuʻu hostage in response to an unknown person stealing a small boat.

It is no easy task to research Cook with fragments of the story scattered across the internet. However, Kailani Tours' incredible storytelling tour guide Jim Carey told quite a viscerally impactful tale on the Big Island circle tour.

On July 1st we national commemorate the 150 years anniversary of slavery abolition of all Caribbean Island who were colonized by The Netherlands.

Keti Koti 'broken chains' in Surinamese is also the celebration of the emancipation and is by providing traditional folk clothing,speeches,silence,food,music,art,film,poetry and discussions their respect.

On July 1st we national commemorate the 150 years anniversary of slavery abolition of all Caribbean Island who were colonized by The Netherlands.

Keti Koti 'broken chains' in Surinamese is also the celebration of the emancipation and is by providing traditional folk clothing,speeches,silence,food,music,art,film,poetry and discussions their respect.

On July 1st we national commemorate the 150 years anniversary of slavery abolition of all Caribbean Island who were colonized by The Netherlands.

Keti Koti 'broken chains' in Surinamese is also the celebration of the emancipation and is by providing traditional folk clothing,speeches,silence,food,music,art,film,poetry and discussions their respect.

"The former Lava Cast Forest Geological Area (now part of the Newberry National Volcanic Monument) was established by the Forest Service in 1942. The geological area was established to protect the many lava trees and tree molds which occur in the area. The various flows of the Lava Cast Forest were all erupted from the Northwest Rift Zone of Newberry Volcano."

"There is a one mile paved self guided interpretive trail with barrier free access. The trail loops through an area where hot molten lava erupted from the northwest flank of Newberry Volcano and engulfed a forest here 7,000 years ago. The landscape now includes the "casts" or molds, of these ancient trees. Colonizing plants, such as delicate penstemon flowers and Indian paintbrush, have taken root in the rocky soil. Ponderosa pine trees have re-established themselves and flourished as well, so that the landscape now includes a blend of the past and the present."

www.fs.fed.us/r6/centraloregon/newberrynvm/interest-lavac...

Artichoke thistle is found in disturbed places, to 1,650 feet (<500 m), throughout the state, except deserts (Hickman 1993). It is common in annual rangelands, especially with a coastal influence, but also is found inland in disturbed grasslands or abandoned agricultural fields and is associated with overgrazing (Thomsen et al. 1986). It was one of the worst pests on California rangelands by the 1930s, invading over 150,000 acres in thirty-one counties and requiring prodigious and expensive efforts to eradicate or control it. By the 1980s the worst concentrations of the plant were found in Orange, Solano, and Contra Costa counties, with locally dense populations elsewhere in the Coast Ranges, Central Valley, and Sierra Nevada foothills (Barbe 1990). Placement on the California Department of Food and Agriculture’s B List reflects the fact that it became too widespread and difficult to eradicate in many areas, with the authorities opting for preventing its spread, and control when feasible.

Artichoke thistle has been observed colonizing riparian woodlands and natural openings in chaparral and coastal sage scrub, growing under willow, mulefat, and sycamore, as well as in native grasslands (Pepper and Kelly 1994). It does well in soils with a heavy clay content (Thomsen et al. 1986), which helps explain its invasion of grassland habitat occupied by endangered San Diego thornmint (Acanthomintha ilicifolia) (Kelly 1996).

www.cal-ipc.org/ip/management/ipcw/pages/detailreport.cfm...

COMMON KESTREL :

The Common Kestrel (Falco tinnunculus) is a bird of prey species belonging to the kestrel group of the falcon family Falconidae. It is also known as the European Kestrel, Eurasian Kestrel, or Old World Kestrel. In Britain, where no other brown falcon occurs, it is generally just called "the kestrel".

This species occurs over a large range. It is widespread in Europe, Asia, and Africa, as well as occasionally reaching the east coast of North America[citation needed]. But although it has colonized a few oceanic islands, vagrant individuals are generally rare; in the whole of Micronesia for example, the species was only recorded twice each on Guam and Saipan in the Marianas.[

> Description

Common Kestrels measure 32–39 cm (13–15 in) from head to tail, with a wingspan of 65–82 cm (26–32 in). Females are noticeably larger, with the adult male weighing 136-252 g (c,5-9 oz), around 155 g (around 5.5 oz) on average; the adult female weighs 154-314 g (about 5.5-11 oz), around 184 g (around 6.5 oz) on average. They are thus small compared with other birds of prey, but larger than most songbirds. Like the other Falco species, they have long wings as well as a distinctive long tail.

Their plumage is mainly light chestnut brown with blackish spots on the upperside and buff with narrow blackish streaks on the underside; the remiges are also blackish. Unlike most raptors, they display sexual colour dimorphism with the male having fewer black spots and streaks, as well as a blue-grey cap and tail. The tail is brown with black bars in females, and has a black tip with a narrow white rim in both sexes. All Common Kestrels have a prominent black malar stripe like their closest relatives.

The cere, feet, and a narrow ring around the eye are bright yellow; the toenails, bill and iris are dark. Juveniles look like adult females, but the underside streaks are wider; the yellow of their bare parts is paler. Hatchlings are covered in white down feathers, changing to a buff-grey second down coat before they grow their first true plumage.

> Behaviour and ecology

In the cool-temperate parts of its range, the Common Kestrel migrates south in winter; otherwise it is sedentary, though juveniles may wander around in search for a good place to settle down as they become mature. It is a diurnal animal of the lowlands and prefers open habitat such as fields, heaths, shrubland and marshland. It does not require woodland to be present as long as there are alternate perching and nesting sites like rocks or buildings. It will thrive in treeless steppe where there are abundant herbaceous plants and shrubs to support a population of prey animals. The Common Kestrel readily adapts to human settlement, as long as sufficient swathes of vegetation are available, and may even be found in wetlands, moorlands and arid savanna. It is found from the sea to the lower mountain ranges, reaching up to 4,500 m (15,000 ft) ASL in the hottest tropical parts of its range but only to about 1,750 meters (5,700 ft) in the subtropical climate of the Himalayan foothills

Globally, this species is not considered threatened by the IUCN. Its stocks were affected by the indiscriminate use of organochlorines and other pesticides in the mid-20th century, but being something of an r-strategist able to multiply quickly under good conditions it was less affected than other birds of prey. The global population is fluctuating considerably over the years but remains generally stable; it is roughly estimated at 1-2 million pairs or so, about 20% of which are found in Europe. There has been a recent decline in parts of Western Europe such as Ireland. Subspecies dacotiae is quite rare, numbering less than 1000 adult birds in 1990, when the ancient western Canarian subspecies canariensis numbered about ten times as many birds.

> Food and feeding

When hunting, the Common Kestrel characteristically hovers about 10–20 m (c.30–70 ft) above the ground, searching for prey, either by flying into the wind or by soaring using ridge lift. Like most birds of prey, Common Kestrels have keen eyesight enabling them to spot small prey from a distance. Once prey is sighted, the bird makes a short, steep dive toward the target. It can often be found hunting along the sides of roads and motorways. This species is able to see near ultraviolet light, allowing the birds to detect the urine trails around rodent burrows as they shine in an ultraviolet colour in the sunlight. Another favourite (but less conspicuous) hunting technique is to perch a bit above the ground cover, surveying the area. When the birds spot prey animals moving by, they will pounce on them. They also prowl a patch of hunting ground in a ground-hugging flight, ambushing prey as they happen across it.

Common Kestrels eat almost exclusively mouse-sized mammals: typically voles, but also shrews and true mice supply up to three-quarters or more of the biomass most individuals ingest. On oceanic islands (where mammals are often scarce), small birds – mainly passerine – may make up the bulk of its diet while elsewhere birds are only important food during a few weeks each summer when unexperienced fledglings abound. Other suitably sized vertebrates like bats, frogs and lizards are eaten only on rare occasions. However, kestrels may more often prey on lizards at southern latitudes, in northern latitudes the kestrel is found to more often deliver lizards to their nestlings during midday and also with increasing ambient temperature. Seasonally, arthropods may be a main prey item. Generally, invertebrates like camel spiders and even earthworms, but mainly sizeable insects such as beetles, orthopterans and winged termites are eaten with delight whenever the birds happen across them.

F. tinnunculus requires the equivalent of 4-8 voles a day, depending on energy expenditure (time of the year, amount of hovering, etc.). They have been known to catch several voles in succession and cache some for later consumption. An individual nestling consume on average 4.2 g/h, this is equivalent to 67.8 g/d (3-4 voles per day).

> Reproduction

The Common Kestrel starts breeding in spring (or the start of the dry season in the tropics), i.e. April/May in temperate Eurasia and sometime between August and December in the tropics and southern Africa. It is a cavity nester, preferring holes in cliffs, trees or buildings; in built-up areas, Common Kestrels will often nest on buildings, and generally they often reuse the old nests of corvids if are available. The diminutive subspecies dacotiae, the sarnicolo of the eastern Canary Islands is peculiar for nesting occasionally in the dried fronds below the top of palm trees, apparently coexisting rather peacefully with small songbirds which also make their home there. In general, Common Kestrels will usually tolerate conspecifics nesting nearby, and sometimes a few dozen pairs may be found nesting in a loose colony.

The clutch is normally 3-6 eggs, but may contain any number of eggs up to seven; even more eggs may be laid in total when some are removed during the laying time, which lasts about 2 days per egg laid. The eggs are abundantly patterned with brown spots, from a wash that tinges the entire surface buffish white to large almost-black blotches. Incubation lasts some 4 weeks to one month, and only the female hatches the eggs. The male is responsible for provisioning her with food, and for some time after hatching this remains the same. Later, both parents share brooding and hunting duties until the young fledge, after 4–5 weeks. The family stays close together for a few weeks, up to a month or so, during which time the young learn how to fend for themselves and hunt prey. The young become sexually mature the next breeding season.

Data from Britain shows nesting pairs bringing up about 2-3 chicks on average, though this includes a considerable rate of total brood failures; actually, few pairs that do manage to fledge offspring raise less than 3 or 4. Population cycles of prey, particularly voles, have a considerable influence on breeding success. Most Common Kestrels die before they reach 2 years of age; mortality til the first birthday may be as high as 70%. At least females generally breed at one year of age; possibly, some males take a year longer to maturity as they do in related species. The biological lifespan to death from senescence can be 16 years or more, however; one was recorded to have lived almost 24 years.

Photography : Aditya Roy