The colonization of the Moon is the proposed establishment of permanent human communities on the Moon. Advocates of space exploration have seen settlement of the Moon as a logical step in the expansion of humanity beyond the Earth. Recent indication that water might be present in noteworthy quantities at the Lunar poles has increased interest in the Moon. Polar colonies could also avoid the problem of long Lunar nights (about 354 hours, a little more than two weeks) and take advantage of the sun continuously.

Permanent human habitation on a planetary body other than the Earth is one of science fiction's most prevalent themes. As technology has advanced, and concerns about the future of humanity on Earth have increased, the argument that space colonization is an achievable and worthwhile goal has gained momentum. Because of its proximity to Earth, the Moon has been seen as a prime candidate for the location of humanity's first permanently occupied extraterrestrial base.

On July 1st we national commemorate the 150 years anniversary of slavery abolition of all Caribbean Island who were colonized by The Netherlands.

Keti Koti 'broken chains' in Surinamese is also the celebration of the emancipation and is by providing traditional folk clothing,speeches,silence,food,music,art,film,poetry and discussions their respect.

On July 1st we national commemorate the 150 years anniversary of slavery abolition of all Caribbean Island who were colonized by The Netherlands.

Keti Koti 'broken chains' in Surinamese is also the celebration of the emancipation and is by providing traditional folk clothing,speeches,silence,food,music,art,film,poetry and discussions their respect.

Indian ricegrass colonizes disturbed sites that harbor an abundance of exotic annual and perennial plants (e.g., grasses such as Bromus tectorum, Agropyron repens). This site lies near a construction area in the Idaho National Laboratory off Taylor Blvd, Bingham County, Idaho.

I'm pretty sure that the human race will be just fine whenever it chooses to colonize other planets. It's amazing how we are able to live anywhere we choose to.

Scholars gathered together at the Pequot Museum on Friday & Saturday, Oct. 18 & 19, for the 17th Century American Northeast Conference to reexamine the complexity of a changing cultural landscape and the consequences of colonization and warfare.

On July 1st we national commemorate the 150 years anniversary of slavery abolition of all Caribbean Island who were colonized by The Netherlands.

Keti Koti 'broken chains' in Surinamese is also the celebration of the emancipation and is by providing traditional folk clothing,speeches,silence,food,music,art,film,poetry and discussions their respect.

Here we have pioneer species of lichen colonizing a surface of chert. These adhere directly and almost fully to the surface. I believe the large one is a foliose lichen (like foliage, or leaves).

A lichen is actually a mutualistic relationship between a fungus, and either photosynthetic algal cells or a photosynthetic cyanobacteria. Mutualism is a form of symbiosis in which both of the interacting species benefit from the relationship. (mutually beneficial)

The rock does not necessarily benefit. Lichen accelerate weathering through both chemical and physical processes. Physically they anchor with hyphae from the fungus and, like roots, the hyphae can disrupt the physical structure rock.

Chemically, lichen secrete small amounts of acid which weaken the mineral substrate, freeing nutrients and allowing the fungal hyphae to penetrate the rock.

Physically lichen anchor with hyphae from the fungus and, like roots, the hyphae can disrupt the physical structure of rock. But that's not the only mechanism for physical weathering by lichen. The living structure of the lichen can swell and shrink, and certain chemical secretions can swell within cracks of the rocks - both of which add to accelerated weathering. For a fascinating discussion on these weathering effects see this article by Chen, et al..

Interestingly, they also often secrete a substance known as usnic acid which has a bitter taste and may protect the lichen from grazing. It also may be a form of sunscreen - protecting the lichen from harm due to sunlight.

Sorry about the flat nature of these photos. It was overcast and I haven't yet figured out how to properly compensate for the flat light.

These shots are from a chert exposure in the Marin Headlands, California. The shots was taken on an unnamed hillock along the southern side of Gerbode Valley, just off of Conzelman Rd.. The center of the hillock has been made into a water tank. (see map)

Frogeye leaf spot often occurs near last year's fire blight cankers that have been colonized by the black rot fungus. Photo courtesy of Alan R. Biggs, West Virginia University.

Tall tumblemustard, Sisymbrium altissimum, colonizes disturbance prone sites and is uncommon in adjacent sagebrush steppe with high native plant cover. This site lies in a construction area adjacent to Wyoming big sagebrush steppe in the Idaho National Laboratory, north of highway 20 off Taylor Blvd, Bingham County, Idaho.

Plants colonize lava flows, Kilauea volcano, Hawaii. February 2011.

Photo: Sandra Johnstone, Vancouver Island University

Scholars gathered together at the Pequot Museum on Friday & Saturday, Oct. 18 & 19, for the 17th Century American Northeast Conference to reexamine the complexity of a changing cultural landscape and the consequences of colonization and warfare.

Marina Grande. Procida was colonized by ancient Myceneans, ancient Greeks, and by Roman patricians, who used it as a pleasure resort during Roman rule. After the fall of the Roman Empire, the island was devastated by the Vandals, the Goths, and later the Saracens. The population resettled in the fortified village of Terrra Murata.

Procida has been chosen as a film set for numerous films. The most famous are Il Postino and The Talented Mr. Ripley.

Samuel Champlain 1567-1635, Navigator, Discoverer, Colonizer

Self-critique: D+ Harsh mid-day lighting and very over-exposed, boring sky, Problems with contrast and statue detail. Eliminated clutter OK.

On July 1st we national commemorate the 150 years anniversary of slavery abolition of all Caribbean Island who were colonized by The Netherlands.

Keti Koti 'broken chains' in Surinamese is also the celebration of the emancipation and is by providing traditional folk clothing,speeches,silence,food,music,art,film,poetry and discussions their respect.

A colonizer of newly disturbed site, Malva neglecta produces generally white flowers by mid summer and appears to produce large flowers that may be involved in outcrossing and smaller flowers near the stem base that may be involved in self-pollination. This site lies in a 2010 construction area on the campus of Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana.

"The former Lava Cast Forest Geological Area (now part of the Newberry National Volcanic Monument) was established by the Forest Service in 1942. The geological area was established to protect the many lava trees and tree molds which occur in the area. The various flows of the Lava Cast Forest were all erupted from the Northwest Rift Zone of Newberry Volcano."

"There is a one mile paved self guided interpretive trail with barrier free access. The trail loops through an area where hot molten lava erupted from the northwest flank of Newberry Volcano and engulfed a forest here 7,000 years ago. The landscape now includes the "casts" or molds, of these ancient trees. Colonizing plants, such as delicate penstemon flowers and Indian paintbrush, have taken root in the rocky soil. Ponderosa pine trees have re-established themselves and flourished as well, so that the landscape now includes a blend of the past and the present."

www.fs.fed.us/r6/centraloregon/newberrynvm/interest-lavac...

Shiitake logs colonization area above a stream.

Keeping humidity high, good aeration

Grower: André Ramos, Quinta da Avó

Shiitake logs colonization area above a stream.

Keeping humidity high, good aeration

Grower: André Ramos, Quinta da Avó

Authentic culture without colonization.

未被殖民的真，發自內心的美。

Bangkok, Kingdom of Thailand

Bago, formerly Pegu, is a city and the capital of Bago Region in Myanmar (Burma). It is located 80 km north-east of Yangon.

HISTORY

The Gulf of Martaban was colonized by Mon people from the Thaton Kingdom, who established Bago. The earliest mention of Bago in history is by the Arab geographer ibn Khordadbeh around 850 AD. At the time, the Mon capital had shifted to Thaton. The area came under rule of the Burmese from Bagan in 1056. After the collapse of Bagan to the Mongols in 1287, the Mon regained their independence.

In Lower Burma, a Mon dynasty established itself first at Mottama and then at Bago. During the reign of King Razadarit, Bago and Ava Kingdom were engaged in the Forty Years' War. The peaceful reign of Queen Shin Sawbu came to an end when she chose the Buddhist monk Dhammazedi (1472–1492) to succeed her. Under Dhammazedi, Bago became a centre of commerce and Theravada Buddhism.

From 1369–1539, Hanthawaddy was the capital of the Mon Hanthawaddy Kingdom, which covered all of what is now Lower Burma. The area came under Burman control again in 1539, when it was annexed by King Tabinshwehti of the Taungoo Dynasty. The kings of Taungoo made Bago their royal capital from 1539–1599 and again in 1613–1635, and used it as a base for repeated invasions of the Ayutthaya Kingdom.

In 1519, António Correia, then a merchant from the Portuguese casados settlement at Cochin landed in Bago, then known to the Portuguese as Pegu, looking for new markets for pepper from Cochin. A year later, Portuguese India Governor Diogo Lopes de Sequeira sent an ambassador to Pegu.

As a major seaport, the city was frequently visited by Europeans, among these, Gasparo Balbi in late 1500s. The Europeans often commented on its magnificence. The Burmese capital relocated to Ava in 1634. In 1740, the Mon revolted and founded the Restored Hanthawaddy Kingdom. However, a Bamar king, Alaungpaya, captured the city in May 1757.

Bago was rebuilt by King Bodawpaya (r. 1782-1819), but by then the river had shifted course, cutting the city off from the sea. It never regained its previous importance. After the Second Anglo-Burmese War, the British annexed Bago in 1852. In 1862, the province of British Burma was formed, and the capital moved to Yangon. The substantial differences between the colloquial and literary pronunciations, as with Burmese words, was a reason of the British corruption "Pegu".

In 1911, Hanthawaddy was described as a district in the Bago (or Pegu) division of Lower Burma. It lay in the home district of Yangon, from which the town was detached to make a separate district in 1880. It had an area of 7,830 km2, with a population of 48,411 in 1901, showing an increase of 22% in the past decade. Hanthawaddy and Hinthada were the two most densely populated districts in the province.

Hanthawaddy, as it was constituted in 1911, consisted of a vast plain stretching up from the sea between the To (or China Bakir) mouth of the Irrawaddy River and the Pegu Range. Except the tract of land lying between the Pegu Range on the east and the Yangon River, the country was intersected by numerous tidal creeks, many of which were navigable by large boats and some by steamers. The headquarters of the district was in Rangoon, which was also the sub-divisional headquarters. The second sub-division had its headquarters at Insein, where there were large railway works. Cultivation was almost wholly confined to rice, but there were many vegetable and fruit gardens.

Today, Hanthawaddy is one of the wards of Bago city.

PLACES OF INTEREST

Shwethalyaung Buddha (Reclining Buddha)

Shwemawdaw Paya

Kyaik Pun Paya

Kanbawzathadi Palace site and museum

Maha Kalyani Sima

Mahazedi Paya

Shwegugale Paya

Bago Degree College

Bago Sittaung Canal

On July 1st we national commemorate the 150 years anniversary of slavery abolition of all Caribbean Island who were colonized by The Netherlands.

Keti Koti 'broken chains' in Surinamese is also the celebration of the emancipation and is by providing traditional folk clothing,speeches,silence,food,music,art,film,poetry and discussions their respect.

On July 1st we national commemorate the 150 years anniversary of slavery abolition of all Caribbean Island who were colonized by The Netherlands.

Keti Koti 'broken chains' in Surinamese is also the celebration of the emancipation and is by providing traditional folk clothing,speeches,silence,food,music,art,film,poetry and discussions their respect.

Shiitake logs colonization area above a stream.

Keeping humidity high, good aeration

Grower: André Ramos, Quinta da Avó

Scholars gathered together at the Pequot Museum on Friday & Saturday, Oct. 18 & 19, for the 17th Century American Northeast Conference to reexamine the complexity of a changing cultural landscape and the consequences of colonization and warfare.

On July 1st we national commemorate the 150 years anniversary of slavery abolition of all Caribbean Island who were colonized by The Netherlands.

Keti Koti 'broken chains' in Surinamese is also the celebration of the emancipation and is by providing traditional folk clothing,speeches,silence,food,music,art,film,poetry and discussions their respect.

Many are thinking that all canons in Masbate are from Spain.

Yes, they were brought here by the spanish colonizers but this canon was made in France as the markings would say.

What are they doing in Masbate? To defend the colonizers, to colonize, what else.

This one is located in San Jacinto, Ticao Island, Masbate. This is in my book entitled: Mukha ng Isla (face of an Island).

Scholars gathered together at the Pequot Museum on Friday & Saturday, Oct. 18 & 19, for the 17th Century American Northeast Conference to reexamine the complexity of a changing cultural landscape and the consequences of colonization and warfare.

Scholars gathered together at the Pequot Museum on Friday & Saturday, Oct. 18 & 19, for the 17th Century American Northeast Conference to reexamine the complexity of a changing cultural landscape and the consequences of colonization and warfare.

Scholars gathered together at the Pequot Museum on Friday & Saturday, Oct. 18 & 19, for the 17th Century American Northeast Conference to reexamine the complexity of a changing cultural landscape and the consequences of colonization and warfare.

The Cattle Egret (Bubulcus ibis) is an Old World species that colonized northeastern South America from Africa in the 1870s and 1880s (although it may not have actually established until decades later), spread to Florida by the 1940s or 1950s, and reached California by the mid-1960s. More recently, it has colonized the Australasian region. In the Western Hemisphere, the Cattle Egret breeds locally from most of the United States (and adjacent Canada) south (mainly in coastal lowlands) through Middle America, the West Indies, and South America (including Trinidad and Tobago and the Galapagos Islands) to northern Chile and northern Argentina; in southern Europe, it breeds from the Mediterranean region east to the Caspian Sea and south throughout most of Africa (except the Sahara), including Madagascar and islands in the Indian Ocean. In Southeast Asia, it breeds from India east to eastern China, Japan, and the Ryukyu Islands and south throughout the Philippines and East Indies to New Guinea and Australia. In the New World, Cattle Egrets winter throughout much of the breeding range from the West Coast, Gulf Coast, and Florida in the United States south through the West Indies, Middle America, and South America. In the Old World, they winter from southern Spain and northern Africa south and east through the remainder of the breeding range in Africa and southwestern Asia and from southern Asia and the Philippines south through Indonesia and the Australian region. The Cattle Egret was introduced to the Hawaiian Islands in 1959 and is now established on most of the larger Hawaiian Islands. The Cattle Egrets in Asia and Australia are sometimes treated as a distinct species, the Eastern Cattle Egret (B. coromanda), separate from the Western Cattle Egret (Bubulcus ibis).

Unlike other herons and egrets, this species typically feeds in dry fields, often following cattle or other grazing animals and waiting for them to flush insects. It also occurs in other open habitats, including aquatic ones. It nests in low trees and shrubs in mixed colonies with other species of herons and egrets. When associated with grazing cattle in fields, Cattle Egrets feed mainly on large insects flushed by the cattle, but in other situations they may eat crayfish, earthworms, snakes, nestling birds, bird eggs, and sometimes fish. They may also scavenge for food in garbage dumps. Although often associated with cattle or horses in North America, on other continents Cattle Egrets may follow elephants, camels, zebras, deer, and other grazers. They may also follow tractors and lawnmowers.

Cattle Egrets usually first breed at 2 to 3 years of age. The male establishes a pairing territory in or near the colony and displays there to attract a mate. Displays include stretching the neck and raising plumes while swaying from side to side, making short flights with exaggerated deep wingbeats. The nest site is typically in a tree or shrub in a heron rookery on an island or in a swamp. The nest is built mainly by the female using materials collected mainly by the male. It is a platform or shallow bowl of sticks, often with green, leafy twigs added. The typically 3 to 4 (range 1 to 9) eggs are pale blue. Incubation is by both sexes for 21 to 26 days. Young are fed by both parents (by regurgitation). The young begin to climb around near the nest at around 15 to 20 days, to fly at 25 to 30 days, and become independent around 45 days.

Cattle Egrets are strongly migratory. Birds from northern breeding areas in North America may winter to the West Indies, Middle America, and northern South America. In the United States, they are common year-round in Florida, along the Gulf Coast, and in parts of the Southwest. Young birds may disperse great distances, even thousands of kilometers.

Source: eol.org/pages/1048666/details

Taken at the International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños, Philippines

Influence of Spanish Colonization in the Philippines

Vernacular housing. Procida was colonized by ancient Myceneans, ancient Greeks, and by Roman patricians, who used it as a pleasure resort during Roman rule. After the fall of the Roman Empire, the island was devastated by the Vandals, the Goths, and later the Saracens.

Procida has been chosen as a film set for numerous films. The most famous are Il Postino and The Talented Mr. Ripley.

View Large On Black

© All Rights Reserved

No Usage Allowed in Any Form Without the Written Consent of Serena Livingston

Bog Formation

The bog is a product of glaciation. As the last ice sheet melted 13,000 years ago, a large block of ice broke off and settled in the glacial till (sand and gravel). When the block melted it left a kettle lake, cut off from any watercourses. Sedges, mosses and other plants gradually colonized the margins of the lake. Due to the cool, oxygen-poor conditions, when dead plants sank to the bottom, they did not break down fully, but became compressed as peat.

In time, the accumulating peat formed a semi-floating mat that crept from the outer edges of the bog towards the open water at the centre. As the mat became consolidated, Sphagnum mosses, heath plants and spruce trees grew on the drier hummocks.

The Sifton Bog is an acidic bog in which only a limited number of plants can grow. Most would normally be found in more northern climates. Since the bog is surrounded by woods with Carolinian affinities, one can experience in a ten minute walk changes in vegetation that could take a journey of several hundred kilometres.

Because it is the most southerly large acidic bog in Canada, it is an invaluable study area, the more so because of its location in a large urban centre. The Sifton Bog is a Class 2 provincially significant wetland.

Some background:

]The VF-4 Lightning III began development in 2005 under the initial designation of the VF-X-4. Developed as a successor craft to the VF-1 Valkyrie, the VF-4 Lightning III was designed as a variable fighter that emphasized mobility in outer space.

The VF-4 variable fighter remained in active service into the late 2040's but was complemented or substituted in many branches of the UN Forces by the cheaper and more atmospherically maneuverable VF-5000 Star Mirage. The VF-4 Lightning III was eventually replaced as the main variable fighter of U.N. Spacy in the later half of the 2030s by the VF-11 Thunderbolt.

General characteristics:

Manufacturer: Stonewell/Bellcom

Equipment Type: Variable fighter

Government: U.N. Spacy, U.N. Space Marines

Introduction: 2012

Operational Deployment: September 2012

Dimensions:

Accommodation: pilot only

Fighter Mode: wingspan 12.65 meters; height 5.31 meters; length 16.8 meters

Mass: empty 13.95 metric tons

Structure: space metal frame, SWAG energy conversion armor

Powerplant:

2x Shinnakasu/P&W/Roice FF-2011 thermonuclear turbine engines,

rated at 14,000 kg (137.34 kN) each

2x dorsal rocket engines (mounted on top of the main thermonuclear turbine engines)

2x ramjet engines (embedded into the inner wing sections)

P&W HMM-1A high-maneuverability vernier thrusters

Performance:

Fighter Mode: Mach 3.02 at 10,000 m

Mach 5.15 at 30,000+ m

Thrust-to-weight ratio: (empty) 2.01 (rating for turbine engine thrust ONLY)

g limit: unknown

[Armament:

2 x large beam cannons in forward engine nacelles

12x semi-recessed long range missiles (mounted on engine nacelles and ventral fuselage)

8x underwing pylons for missiles, gun pods an/or drop tanks

The kit and its assembly:

Well, this build has been lingering for almost 25 years in the back of my mind. It just took so long that a suitable IP kit (with a reasonable price tag) would materialize!

The original inspiration struck me with a VF-4 profile in the source book "This is animation special: Macross PLUS" from 1994, which accidently fell into my hands in a local Japanese book store. Among others, a side and top view profile of an aggressor VF-4 in an all-brown, Soviet-style paint scheme was featured. At that time I found the idea and the scheme pretty cool, so much that I even built a modified 1:100 VF-1 as a ground attack aircraft in this paint scheme.

However, the original VF-4 profile from the source book had always been present, but for years there had been no affordable kit. There have been garage/resin kits, but prices would start at EUR 250,-, and these things were and are extraordinarily rare.

Things changed for the better when WAVE announced an 1:72 VF-4 kit in late 2016, and it eventually materialized in late 2017. I immediately pre-ordered one from Japan (in a smart move, this even saved money) and it eventually turned up here in Germany in early 2018. Patience pays out, it seems...

I had preferred a 1:100 kit, though, due to space issues and since almost any other Macross variable fighter model in my collection is in this small scale, but I am happy that a decent VF-4 kit at all appeared after so many years!

Concerning the WAVE kit, there’s light and shadow. First of all, you have to know that you get a VF-4A. This is mentioned nowhere on the box, but might be a vital information for hardcore modelers. The early VF-4A is a rather different aircraft than the later VF-4G, with so fundamental differences that it would warrant a completely new kit! On the other side, with a look at the kit’s parts, I could imagine that a VF-4B two-seater could be easily realized in the future, too.

The kit is a solid construction, a snap-fit kit molded in different colors so that it can be built without painting. This sounds toy-like, but - like many small scale Bandai Valkyrie kits - anything you ask for is actually there. When you use glue and put some effort into the kit and some donor parts, you can make a very good model from it.

The kit's box is pretty oversized, though (any sprue is shrink-wrapped, horrendous garbage pile and wasted space!), and the kit offers just a single decal (water-slide decals, not stickers) option for a Skull Squadron VF-4A – AFAIK it’s Hikaru Ichijoe’s machine that appears in one of the Macross Flash Back 2012 music videos, as it escorts the SDF-02 “Megaroad” colonial ship after launch from Earth towards the center of our Galaxy.

The parts are crisply molded, and I actually like the fact that the kit is not as uber-engineered as the Hasegawa Valkyries. You can actually call the WAVE kit simple - but in a positive sense, because the parts number is reduced to a minimum, material strength is solid and the kit's construction is straightforward. Fit is excellent – I just used some putty along the engine gondolas due to their complex shape, but almost anything else would either fit almost perfectly or just call for some sanding. Impressive!

Surface details etc. are rather basic, but very crisp and emphasized enough that anything remains visible after adding some paint. However, after all, this aircraft is just a fictional animation mecha, and from this perspective the kit is really O.K..

After building the kit I most say that it's nothing that leaves you in awe, and for a retail price of currently roundabout EUR 50-70,- (I was lucky to get it for an early bird deal at EUR 40,-, but still pricey for what I got) the kit is pretty expensive and has some weaknesses:

The model comes with a decent (= simple) cockpit and a very nice and large pilot figure, but with no ordnance except for the semi-recessed long-range missiles (see below). The cockpit lacks any side consoles, floor or side wall details. If you put the pilot into the cockpit as intended, this is not a big issue, since the figure blocks any sight into the cockpit’s lower regions. However, the side sticks are molded into the pilot’s hands, so that you have to scratch a lot if you want to present the cockpit open and with an empty seat.

The landing gear is simple, too, and the wells are very shallow (even though they feature interior details). As a special feature, you can switch with some extra parts between an extended or retracted landing gear, and there are extra parts that allow the air intakes and some vectoring nozzles to be closed/extended for orbital operations. However, detail fetishists might replace the OOB parts with the landing gear from an 1:72 F-18 for an overall better look.

Provisions for underwing hardpoints are actually molded into the lower fuselage part (and could be punched/drilled open - another indication that more VF-4 boxings with extra sprues might follow?), but the kit does not come with any pylons or other ordnance than the dozen fuselage-mounted AAMs. Furthermore, the semi-recessed missiles are just that: you only get the visible halves of the only provided ordnance, which are simply stuck into slits on the model’s surface. As a consequence, you have to mount them at any rate – building a VF-4 for a diorama in which the missiles are about to be loaded would require massive scratch-building efforts and modifications.

Another problem indirectly arises when you put some effort into the kit and want to clean and pre-paint the missiles before assembly: every missile is different and has its allocated place on the VF-4 hull. The missiles are numbered – but only on the sprue! Once you cut them out, you either have to keep them painstakingly in order, or you will spend a long evening figuring out where which missile belongs! This could be easily avoided if the part number would be engraved on the missiles’ back sides – and that’s what I actually did (with a water-proof pen, though) in order to avoid trouble.

The clear canopy is another issue. The two parts are crystal-clear, but, being a snap-fit kit, the canopy parts have to be clipped into the fuselage (rear part) and onto a separate canopy frame (front part). In order to fit, the clear parts have cramps molded into their bases – and due to the excellent transparency and a magnifier effect, you can see them easily from the outside – and on the inside, when you leave the cockpit open. It’s not a pretty solution, despite the perfect fit of the parts.

One option I can think of is to carefully sand the cramps and the attachment points away, but I deem this a hazardous stunt. I eventually hid the cramps behind a thin line of paint, which simulates a yellow-ish canopy seal. The extra windscreen framing is not accurate, but the simplest solution that hides this weak point.

The kit itself was built OOB, because it goes together so well. I also refrained from adding pylons and ordnance – even though you can easily hang anything from Hasegawa’s VF-1 weapon set under the VF-4’s wings and fuselage. A final, small addition was a scratched, ventral adapter for a 3.5 mm steel rod, as a display for the flight scene beauty pic.

Painting and markings:

As mentioned above, the livery is based on an official profile which I deem authentic and canonical. My aircraft depicts a different machine from VFT-127, though, since I could not (and did not really want to) 100% replicate the profile's machine from the Macross PLUS source book, "13 Red". Especially the squadron’s emblem on the fin would create massive problems.

For the two-tone wrap-around scheme I used Humbrol 72 (Khaki Drill) and 98 (Chocolate Brown), based on the printed colors in the source book where I found the scheme. The pattern is kept close to the benchmark profile, and, lacking an underside view, I just mirrored the upper scheme. The starboard side pattern was guesstimated.

As a second-line aggressor aircraft, I weathered the VF-4 with a black ink wash, some post-shading with various lighter tones (including Humbrol 160, 168, 170 and 187) and did some wet-sanding treatment for an uneven and worn look.

Interior surfaces were painted according to visual references from various sources: the landing gear and the air intakes became white, while the cockpit was painted in RAF Dark Sea Grey.

In order to add some color to the overall brown aircraft I decided to paint the missiles all around the hull in white with tan tips – in the profile, the appear to be integrated into the camouflage, what I found dubious.

Most stencils come from the OOB sheet, but I added some more from the scrap box. The grey "kite" roundels come from an 1:72 Hasegawa Macross F-14 Tomcat kit sheet, which I acquired separately for a reasonable price. Even though it took four weeks to be delivered from Asia, the investment was worthwhile, since the sheet also provided some useful low-viz stencils.

The VAT-127 “Zentraedi Busters” unique tail insignia was more complicated, because these had to be printed at home. As a side note, concerning the fin marking, I recently found a translation of the benchmark profile's text on mahq.net, which is interesting: "The Regult within the targeting reticle on the tail met with disapproval from micronized Zentraedi pilots, and so was only used for a short time." The comment also reveals that the original aircraft's modex is "713", not just "13" as depicted, so I tried to reflect these details on my build, too.

I eventually settled for a solution that was partly inspired by the kit’s OOB fin marking and the wish for more contrast for the motif: I scanned the original Regult pod illustration from the source book and printed it on white decal sheet. This was sealed with two layers of glossy acrylic varnish (applied with a rattle can) and then cut into a white field that fills the fixed part of the fin (using the WAVE kit’s OOB fin markings as reference). Once in place and dry, two black outlines were added separately (generic decal material) which help blend the decal and the surroundings. Finally, thin strips of silver decal sheet were used for the fins’ leading edges.

This design variation, compared with the original “13 Red” illustration, led to the idea of a flight leader’s machine with slightly more prominent markings. In order to take this concept further I also gave the aircraft a white stripe around the front fuselage, placed under the kite roundel and again with black outlines for a consistent look. It’s not much different from “13 Red”, but I think that it looks conclusive and, together with the white fin markings and the missiles, livens up the VF-4’s look.

The appropriate flight leader tactical code “01 Red” was puzzled together from single digits from a Begemot Su-27 sheet, the rest of the bort numbers were taken from the OOB sheet (which incidentally feature a “01” code, too).

Concerning the OOB decal sheet, there’s much light but also some deep shadow. While the register is excellent and the carrier film flexible enough to lay down smoothly, the instructions lack information where to place the zillion of stencils (“No step” and “Beware of Blast” stuff) are to be placed! You only get references for the major markings – the rest has either to be guessed, OR you are in possession of the VF-4 source book from Softbank Publishing which was (incidentally?) released in parallel with the WAVE kit. This mecha porn offers an overview of all(!) relevant stencils on the VF-4A’s hull, and ONLY with this information the exhaustive decal sheet makes some sense…

As final steps, the VF-4 received some dry-brushing with light grey around the leading edges, some chipped paint was simulated with dry-brushed aluminum and, finally, light soot stains around the vectoring nozzles all around the hull and the weapon bays were created with graphite. Then the kit was sealed with matt acrylic varnish (Italeri).

Well, in the end, it’s not a carbon copy of the inspiring illustration, but rather another machine from the same squadron, with more creative freedom. I stayed as true to the benchmark as possible, though, and I like the result. Finally, after almost 25 years, I can tick this project off of my long ideas and inspiration list.

Considering the kit itself, I am really torn. I am happy that there finally is a VF-4 IP kit at all after so many years, but to me it’s a contradictive offer. I am not certain about the target group, because for a toy-like snap-fit kit it’s too detailed and expensive, but for the serious modeler it has some major flaws.

The biggest issue is the kit’s horrendous price – even if it would be more detailed or contained some fine resin or PE parts (which I would not want, just a “good” plastic kit). Sure, you can put some effort into the kit and improve it, e .g. in the cockpit or with a donor landing gear, but weak points like the “flat” missiles and the lack of proper bays for them are IMHO poor. For the relatively huge price tag I’d hoped for a “better” OOB offer. However, the kit is easy to build and a good representation of the Lightning III, and I am curious if there are kit variants in WAVE’s pipeline?

On July 1st we national commemorate the 150 years anniversary of slavery abolition of all Caribbean Island who were colonized by The Netherlands.

Keti Koti 'broken chains' in Surinamese is also the celebration of the emancipation and is by providing traditional folk clothing,speeches,silence,food,music,art,film,poetry and discussions their respect.

Procida was colonized by ancient Myceneans, ancient Greeks, and by Roman patricians, who used it as a pleasure resort during Roman rule. After the fall of the Roman Empire, the island was devastated by the Vandals, the Goths, and later the Saracens.

Procida has been chosen as a film set for numerous films. The most famous are Il Postino and The Talented Mr. Ripley.

FUCK OFF YOU CRIMINAL REPTILIAN PEDOPHILIAC INFECTIONS AND OUTBREAKS OF CONTAGIOUS BIO-WARFARE AND HYBRID CRIMINAL WEEDS VIRUSES AND BAD OMENS, AND FUCKING CRIMINAL CONJURORS. GO FUCK YOURSELVES AND YOUR ENTIRE RACE AND SPECIES BECAUSE THAT IS WHAT YOU DESERVE FOR ALL THE CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY THAT YOU CONTINUE TO COMMISSION, ORCHESTRARTE, PREPETRATE, AND COVER-UP.

YOU ARE FUCKING ANIMALS AND SHOULD HAVE BEEN EXTINCT AGES AGO, BECAUSE YOU ARE A THREAT AND DANGER TO HUMANITY AND THE ECOSYSTEMS.

FUCKING VIRULENT ALIEN PREDATOR COLONIES AND COLONIZERS.

THIS IS A VERY VERY VERY (VVV) IMPORTANT MESSAGE FOR THE GOOD-FOR-NOTHING CANADIAN POLICE, WHO ARE GOOD FOR NOTHING CRIMINAL ACCOMPLICES, BRAIN-DEAD COMATOSE SPECTATORS WITH ACUTE DEMENTIA AND AMNESIA AND A BUNCH OF LOONIES AND LUNATICS AND SCHEMING ASSASSINS AND FUCKING MERCURIAL MERCENARIES ON CRACK AND COCAINE ENJOYING PAYROLL FROM THE LABOUR AND TOIL OF THE CANADIAN PUBLIC AND WAGING WAR ON THAT VERY PUBLIC. WHAT A BUNCH OF BASTARDS.

I AM PERSONALLY MAKE IT MY MISSION IN LIFE TO WRING YOUR BALLS AND BRING YOU TO YOUR SENSES AND CONSCIOUSNESS, AND TEACH YOU A LESSON ABOUT GOVERNANCE, ACCOUNTABILITY, HUMAN RIGHTS, AND JUSTICE - FUCKING MORONS ! YOU HAVE GONE TOO TOO FAR - IT IS TRAGIC AND REGRETTABLE BUT YOU HAVE TO BE STOPPED IN YOUR TRACKS RIGHT WHERE YOU ARE LEST YOU DO MORE DAMAGE TO SOCIETY - FUCKING INSANE IDIOTIC MORONS.

Elymus elymoides, squirreltail, readily colonizes disturbed sites that already have abundant cover of exotic annuals or where fire has recently removed the sagebrush and green rabbitbrush dominates the recolonization. This site has a recent burn history and thus harbors abundant Elymus elymoides and Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus. It lies near a construction area in the sagebrush steppe of the Idaho National Laboratory, north of highway 20 along Taylor Blvd, Bingham County, Idaho. It thus harbors and abundance also of Salsola tragus.

Bago, formerly Pegu, is a city and the capital of Bago Region in Myanmar (Burma). It is located 80 km north-east of Yangon.

HISTORY

The Gulf of Martaban was colonized by Mon people from the Thaton Kingdom, who established Bago. The earliest mention of Bago in history is by the Arab geographer ibn Khordadbeh around 850 AD. At the time, the Mon capital had shifted to Thaton. The area came under rule of the Burmese from Bagan in 1056. After the collapse of Bagan to the Mongols in 1287, the Mon regained their independence.

In Lower Burma, a Mon dynasty established itself first at Mottama and then at Bago. During the reign of King Razadarit, Bago and Ava Kingdom were engaged in the Forty Years' War. The peaceful reign of Queen Shin Sawbu came to an end when she chose the Buddhist monk Dhammazedi (1472–1492) to succeed her. Under Dhammazedi, Bago became a centre of commerce and Theravada Buddhism.

From 1369–1539, Hanthawaddy was the capital of the Mon Hanthawaddy Kingdom, which covered all of what is now Lower Burma. The area came under Burman control again in 1539, when it was annexed by King Tabinshwehti of the Taungoo Dynasty. The kings of Taungoo made Bago their royal capital from 1539–1599 and again in 1613–1635, and used it as a base for repeated invasions of the Ayutthaya Kingdom.

In 1519, António Correia, then a merchant from the Portuguese casados settlement at Cochin landed in Bago, then known to the Portuguese as Pegu, looking for new markets for pepper from Cochin. A year later, Portuguese India Governor Diogo Lopes de Sequeira sent an ambassador to Pegu.

As a major seaport, the city was frequently visited by Europeans, among these, Gasparo Balbi in late 1500s. The Europeans often commented on its magnificence. The Burmese capital relocated to Ava in 1634. In 1740, the Mon revolted and founded the Restored Hanthawaddy Kingdom. However, a Bamar king, Alaungpaya, captured the city in May 1757.

Bago was rebuilt by King Bodawpaya (r. 1782-1819), but by then the river had shifted course, cutting the city off from the sea. It never regained its previous importance. After the Second Anglo-Burmese War, the British annexed Bago in 1852. In 1862, the province of British Burma was formed, and the capital moved to Yangon. The substantial differences between the colloquial and literary pronunciations, as with Burmese words, was a reason of the British corruption "Pegu".

In 1911, Hanthawaddy was described as a district in the Bago (or Pegu) division of Lower Burma. It lay in the home district of Yangon, from which the town was detached to make a separate district in 1880. It had an area of 7,830 km2, with a population of 48,411 in 1901, showing an increase of 22% in the past decade. Hanthawaddy and Hinthada were the two most densely populated districts in the province.

Hanthawaddy, as it was constituted in 1911, consisted of a vast plain stretching up from the sea between the To (or China Bakir) mouth of the Irrawaddy River and the Pegu Range. Except the tract of land lying between the Pegu Range on the east and the Yangon River, the country was intersected by numerous tidal creeks, many of which were navigable by large boats and some by steamers. The headquarters of the district was in Rangoon, which was also the sub-divisional headquarters. The second sub-division had its headquarters at Insein, where there were large railway works. Cultivation was almost wholly confined to rice, but there were many vegetable and fruit gardens.

Today, Hanthawaddy is one of the wards of Bago city.

PLACES OF INTEREST

Shwethalyaung Buddha (Reclining Buddha)

Shwemawdaw Paya

Kyaik Pun Paya

Kanbawzathadi Palace site and museum

Maha Kalyani Sima

Mahazedi Paya

Shwegugale Paya

Bago Degree College

Bago Sittaung Canal

WIKIPEDIA

My guess is, lichens were the first terrestrial forms of life on earth [because they can live on bare rock], and mosses were the second - because they can live on rock too, especially if lichens have already created a little organic matter there.

Moss actually grows pretty aggressively when it's wet, as you can see all the new clumps that are forming. And when it's dry, the moss turns brown and sits there until the rain comes again, and then it greens right up, in a matter of minutes.

On July 1st we national commemorate the 150 years anniversary of slavery abolition of all Caribbean Island who were colonized by The Netherlands.

Keti Koti 'broken chains' in Surinamese is also the celebration of the emancipation and is by providing traditional folk clothing,speeches,silence,food,music,art,film,poetry and discussions their respect.

日據時代的宿舍

Dorm of Japanese colonization

Bago, formerly Pegu, is a city and the capital of Bago Region in Myanmar (Burma). It is located 80 km north-east of Yangon.

HISTORY

The Gulf of Martaban was colonized by Mon people from the Thaton Kingdom, who established Bago. The earliest mention of Bago in history is by the Arab geographer ibn Khordadbeh around 850 AD. At the time, the Mon capital had shifted to Thaton. The area came under rule of the Burmese from Bagan in 1056. After the collapse of Bagan to the Mongols in 1287, the Mon regained their independence.

In Lower Burma, a Mon dynasty established itself first at Mottama and then at Bago. During the reign of King Razadarit, Bago and Ava Kingdom were engaged in the Forty Years' War. The peaceful reign of Queen Shin Sawbu came to an end when she chose the Buddhist monk Dhammazedi (1472–1492) to succeed her. Under Dhammazedi, Bago became a centre of commerce and Theravada Buddhism.

From 1369–1539, Hanthawaddy was the capital of the Mon Hanthawaddy Kingdom, which covered all of what is now Lower Burma. The area came under Burman control again in 1539, when it was annexed by King Tabinshwehti of the Taungoo Dynasty. The kings of Taungoo made Bago their royal capital from 1539–1599 and again in 1613–1635, and used it as a base for repeated invasions of the Ayutthaya Kingdom.

In 1519, António Correia, then a merchant from the Portuguese casados settlement at Cochin landed in Bago, then known to the Portuguese as Pegu, looking for new markets for pepper from Cochin. A year later, Portuguese India Governor Diogo Lopes de Sequeira sent an ambassador to Pegu.

As a major seaport, the city was frequently visited by Europeans, among these, Gasparo Balbi in late 1500s. The Europeans often commented on its magnificence. The Burmese capital relocated to Ava in 1634. In 1740, the Mon revolted and founded the Restored Hanthawaddy Kingdom. However, a Bamar king, Alaungpaya, captured the city in May 1757.

Bago was rebuilt by King Bodawpaya (r. 1782-1819), but by then the river had shifted course, cutting the city off from the sea. It never regained its previous importance. After the Second Anglo-Burmese War, the British annexed Bago in 1852. In 1862, the province of British Burma was formed, and the capital moved to Yangon. The substantial differences between the colloquial and literary pronunciations, as with Burmese words, was a reason of the British corruption "Pegu".

In 1911, Hanthawaddy was described as a district in the Bago (or Pegu) division of Lower Burma. It lay in the home district of Yangon, from which the town was detached to make a separate district in 1880. It had an area of 7,830 km2, with a population of 48,411 in 1901, showing an increase of 22% in the past decade. Hanthawaddy and Hinthada were the two most densely populated districts in the province.

Hanthawaddy, as it was constituted in 1911, consisted of a vast plain stretching up from the sea between the To (or China Bakir) mouth of the Irrawaddy River and the Pegu Range. Except the tract of land lying between the Pegu Range on the east and the Yangon River, the country was intersected by numerous tidal creeks, many of which were navigable by large boats and some by steamers. The headquarters of the district was in Rangoon, which was also the sub-divisional headquarters. The second sub-division had its headquarters at Insein, where there were large railway works. Cultivation was almost wholly confined to rice, but there were many vegetable and fruit gardens.

Today, Hanthawaddy is one of the wards of Bago city.

PLACES OF INTEREST

Shwethalyaung Buddha (Reclining Buddha)

Shwemawdaw Paya

Kyaik Pun Paya

Kanbawzathadi Palace site and museum

Maha Kalyani Sima

Mahazedi Paya

Shwegugale Paya

Bago Degree College

Bago Sittaung Canal

Bago, formerly Pegu, is a city and the capital of Bago Region in Myanmar (Burma). It is located 80 km north-east of Yangon.

HISTORY

The Gulf of Martaban was colonized by Mon people from the Thaton Kingdom, who established Bago. The earliest mention of Bago in history is by the Arab geographer ibn Khordadbeh around 850 AD. At the time, the Mon capital had shifted to Thaton. The area came under rule of the Burmese from Bagan in 1056. After the collapse of Bagan to the Mongols in 1287, the Mon regained their independence.

In Lower Burma, a Mon dynasty established itself first at Mottama and then at Bago. During the reign of King Razadarit, Bago and Ava Kingdom were engaged in the Forty Years' War. The peaceful reign of Queen Shin Sawbu came to an end when she chose the Buddhist monk Dhammazedi (1472–1492) to succeed her. Under Dhammazedi, Bago became a centre of commerce and Theravada Buddhism.

From 1369–1539, Hanthawaddy was the capital of the Mon Hanthawaddy Kingdom, which covered all of what is now Lower Burma. The area came under Burman control again in 1539, when it was annexed by King Tabinshwehti of the Taungoo Dynasty. The kings of Taungoo made Bago their royal capital from 1539–1599 and again in 1613–1635, and used it as a base for repeated invasions of the Ayutthaya Kingdom.

In 1519, António Correia, then a merchant from the Portuguese casados settlement at Cochin landed in Bago, then known to the Portuguese as Pegu, looking for new markets for pepper from Cochin. A year later, Portuguese India Governor Diogo Lopes de Sequeira sent an ambassador to Pegu.

As a major seaport, the city was frequently visited by Europeans, among these, Gasparo Balbi in late 1500s. The Europeans often commented on its magnificence. The Burmese capital relocated to Ava in 1634. In 1740, the Mon revolted and founded the Restored Hanthawaddy Kingdom. However, a Bamar king, Alaungpaya, captured the city in May 1757.

Bago was rebuilt by King Bodawpaya (r. 1782-1819), but by then the river had shifted course, cutting the city off from the sea. It never regained its previous importance. After the Second Anglo-Burmese War, the British annexed Bago in 1852. In 1862, the province of British Burma was formed, and the capital moved to Yangon. The substantial differences between the colloquial and literary pronunciations, as with Burmese words, was a reason of the British corruption "Pegu".

In 1911, Hanthawaddy was described as a district in the Bago (or Pegu) division of Lower Burma. It lay in the home district of Yangon, from which the town was detached to make a separate district in 1880. It had an area of 7,830 km2, with a population of 48,411 in 1901, showing an increase of 22% in the past decade. Hanthawaddy and Hinthada were the two most densely populated districts in the province.

Hanthawaddy, as it was constituted in 1911, consisted of a vast plain stretching up from the sea between the To (or China Bakir) mouth of the Irrawaddy River and the Pegu Range. Except the tract of land lying between the Pegu Range on the east and the Yangon River, the country was intersected by numerous tidal creeks, many of which were navigable by large boats and some by steamers. The headquarters of the district was in Rangoon, which was also the sub-divisional headquarters. The second sub-division had its headquarters at Insein, where there were large railway works. Cultivation was almost wholly confined to rice, but there were many vegetable and fruit gardens.

Today, Hanthawaddy is one of the wards of Bago city.

PLACES OF INTEREST

Shwethalyaung Buddha (Reclining Buddha)

Shwemawdaw Paya

Kyaik Pun Paya

Kanbawzathadi Palace site and museum

Maha Kalyani Sima

Mahazedi Paya

Shwegugale Paya

Bago Degree College

Bago Sittaung Canal

WIKIPEDIA

Hypothesis of colonization history based on DEC analysis.

(A) Biogeographic reconstruction based on dispersal-extinction-cladogenesis modelling implemented in Lagrange using the single MCC tree from the BEAST analysis (Fig. 2) after pruning outgroup taxa. Coloured squares represent maximum-likelihood range inheritance scenarios reconstructed under model M3 for nodes with PP above 0.5. Ranges inherited from widespread ancestors following cladogenesis are shown at the base of diverging branches, while single-area ancestral ranges are shown at nodes. Inferred events of dispersal along branches are also illustrated. When a node has alternative scenarios within 2 log-likelihood units of the optimal reconstruction, the relative probability (fraction of the global likelihood) for the optimal reconstruction is indicated. Given the relevance of the root node for the early colonization history of the group, the two alternative reconstructions are displayed, and the dispersal event inferred under the second best scenario (relative probability 0.36) is shown in brackets along the branch leading to subsect. Versicolores. (B–D) Hypothesis of colonization history of Linaria sect. Versicolores across the Mediterranean basin since the Late Miocene, based on phylogenetic, dating and biogeographic reconstruction results, as well as geological information. Coloured squares represent the range occupied by the group during each period, and arrows indicate hypothetical colonization events. Paleogeographic maps are based upon [77] (white – emerged areas; grey – submerged areas; lined – desiccating areas). Areas delimited for reconstructions are displayed in E. I – Iberian Peninsula; A – northern Africa; S – Sicily; G – Greece.