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The Actinobacteria receive much attention, since they produce a wide variety of metabolites, including antibiotics, antitumor agents, antioxidant molecules and enzyme inhibitors. These bacteria can be found in various habitats, including soil, ocean, extreme environments, mangrove, lichen, plants, and animals. The classification of Actinobacteria based upon the morphological observation, physiological and biochemical characteristics is not enough to differentiate the genera of this phylum. Following, a complementary identification is performed based on the distribution of specific constituents of the cellular wall, such as diaminopimelic acid and carbohydrates. With the advent of molecular biology, the identification of genera and species became more reliable. The screening of microbial natural products has become an important route to discover new bioactive compounds in order to develop new therapeutic agents. Actinobacteria remains one of the leading producers of biopharmaceuticals; endophytic Actinobacteria also yield secondary metabolites with wide range of biological activity. This review focuses on gathering relevant information on identification, classification, chemical diversity of Actinobacteria, as well as reveals some biotechnological applications of these bacteria. Actinobacteria are microorganisms widely distributed in nature, inhabiting mainly soil, and plants. These prokaryotes are broadly responsible for the production of various metabolites commercially available, such as antibiotics, antifungal compounds, enzymes, and chemotherapeutic agents. Endophytic Actinobacteria also produce active substances, and have important functions in the development of plants with agro-industrial interest, as well as in research efforts against multidrug-resistant bacteria, in order to find new effective compounds that can be used in clinical routine. This review provides data with a focus on spreading the importance of these microorganisms, as well as turns the attention to the fact that more studies are necessary for application of these Actinobacteria as innovative biotechnological tools.
Author(s) Details
Rosilma de O. Araujo-Melo
Departamento de Antibióticos, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Avenida dos Economistas, S/N, Cidade Universitária, Recife-PE, CEP 52171-011, Brazil.
Thales Henrique B. de Oliveira
Departamento de Antibióticos, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Avenida dos Economistas, S/N, Cidade Universitária, Recife-PE, CEP 52171-011, Brazil.
Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Biociências, UFPE, Avenida Moraes Rego, S/N, Cidade Universitária, Recife-PE, CEP 50670-420, Brazil.
Carlos Vinícius J. de Oliveira
Departamento de Antibióticos, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Avenida dos Economistas, S/N, Cidade Universitária, Recife-PE, CEP 52171-011, Brazil.
Janete M. de Araújo
Departamento de Antibióticos, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Avenida dos Economistas,S/N, Cidade Universitária, Recife-PE, CEP 52171-011, Brazil.
Kêsia X. R. F. de Sena
Departamento de Antibióticos, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Avenida dos Economistas, S/N, Cidade Universitária, Recife-PE, CEP 52171-011, Brazil.
Luana Cassandra Breitenbach Barroso Coelho
Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Biociências, UFPE, Avenida Moraes Rego, S/N, Cidade Universitária, Recife-PE, CEP 50670-420, Brazil.
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Martin Wainstein and Sylvia Ngo practice laboratory-based techniques in biological research in thier biotechnology class. Photo by: Philip Channing.
Logo created for the University of Wisconsin-Madison Masters of Science in Biotechnology Program class of 2013. Anthony Clemento version. My publications from the program: gregemmerich.wordpress.com/ Program website: www.ms-biotech.wisc.edu/
ILRI's Vish Nene in discussion with Kenyan journalists on tour of ILRI lab facilities following a media roundtable on livestock disease research breakthroughs held at ILRI in Nairobi, 30 Apr, 2013 (photo credit: ILRI/Paul Karaimu).
Bacilisa Luna (left), biotechnology assistant, introduces students to the work of CIMMYT's biotechnology laboratory during the center's open house event "CIMMYT a Puerta Abierta". On 24 September 2010, 340 students from 18 Mexican universities visited the center's headquarters at El Batán, Mexico, where they toured the facilities while learning about CIMMYT’s mission and work. The aim of the event was to encourage students already interested in agricultural development as well as to inspire those who perhaps were unsure of their future careers.
For more information, see CIMMYT's blog story at: blog.cimmyt.org/?p=5854.
Photo credit: Xochiquetzal Fonseca/CIMMYT.
Morten Nielsen at an immuno-informatics workshop held at ILRI in Nairobi, 4 Jun 2013 (photo credit: ILRI/Paul Karaimu).
16 February 2016, Rome, Italy - Walter Quispe Huilcca Coordinator, Potato Park Participatory Plant Breeding Program, Potato Park, Cusco, Peru. FAO International Symposium on “The Role of Agricultural Biotechnologies in Sustainable Food Systems and Nutrition”. Side event. New breeding technologies for smallholders’ challenges. FAO headquarters (Sheikh Zayed Centre).
Photo credit must be given: ©FAO/Pier Paolo Cito. Editorial use only. Copyright ©FAO.
Attendees at the Biotechnology Entrepreneurship Bootcamp and Reception at the 2013 BIO International Convention
A student scrutinizes a display during an introduction to CIMMYT's biotechnology laboratory, part of CIMMYT's open house event "CIMMYT a Puerta Abierta". On 24 September 2010, 340 students from 18 Mexican universities visited the center's headquarters at El Batán, Mexico, where they toured the facilities while learning about CIMMYT’s mission and work. The aim of the event was to encourage students already interested in agricultural development as well as to inspire those who perhaps were unsure of their future careers.
For more information, see CIMMYT's blog story at: blog.cimmyt.org/?p=5854.
Photo credit: Xochiquetzal Fonseca/CIMMYT.