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Incredible Rosewood Sideboard Designed By The Ole Wanscher Trained Designer Richard Young, For Merrow Associates, UK. Late 60's to Late 70's.
May 31, 2022 - Juan Torres (left), Associate Lab Director for Energy Systems Integration at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) introduces himself to Chance Henderson, a participant in the Student Training in Applied Research (STAR) Internship Program mingle with NREL staff during a welcome reception to kick off their 10-week program at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). STAR is part of NREL’s University Partnerships Program, and provides robust professional development and mentoring for students from underrepresented groups, primarily from Historically Black Colleges and Universities, Hispanic Serving Institutions, and American Indian and Alaska Native Serving Institutions. (Photo by Werner Slocum / NREL)
From left: Agriculture Secretary Tom Vilsack, Mary Wagner, Associate Chief, U.S. Forest Service, Nancy Sutley, Chair of the White House Council on Environmental Quality, Harris Sherman, Under Secretary, Natural Resources and Environment, Butch Blazer, Deputy Under Secretary, Natural Resources and Environment and David Brown, Executive Vice President, National Trust for Historic Preservation. Secretary Vilsack and the invited speakers explained the discipline and perseverance of many people and organizations at the Chimney Rock National Monument Dedication Celebration held at the United States Department of Agriculture in Washington, D.C., on Monday, Sept. 24, 2012. President Barack Obama designated Chimney Rock in the San Juan National Forest in Southwest Colorado as a national monument on Friday, Sept. 21, 2012. A move that will help preserve 4,726 acres in southwestern Colorado surrounded by the Southern Ute Indian Reservation. The land will be managed by the U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service with assistance from local tribes. Chimney Rock was home to the Pueblo People 1,000 years ago and is culturally significant for Native American tribes. USDA photo by Bob Nichols.
Stafford Associates, Dr. Eugene F. Stafford Building, is a Data Center and Office Building located on Long Island at 21 Bennetts Road in Setauket, New York. The facility incorporates many green features and anticipates a LEED Silver certification, LEED elements incorporated into the building include:
Preferred parking for hybrid vehicles & those carpooling – encourages use of these means of transportation which lowers greenhouse gas emissions
Rainwater collection for site irrigation – lowers the buildings demand for potable water
20% + of site left as open space – help maintain habitat for natural ecosystem
Cut off light fixtures – maintains dark sky
Waterless urinals, dual flush toilets & low flow fixtures – lowers buildings demand for potable water
Implementation of Construction Waste Management Plan – encourages the reuse & recycling of Construction waste & keeps useable material from the landfill
Use of SIPs (Structurally Insulated Panels) – tighter more efficient building envelope, lowers energy demand and associated pollution
Tighter building envelope and innovative building systems – approximate 30% less energy use and carbon footprint than typical building construction
Recycled content in building materials – reduces need for virgin materials and associated environmental costs
Local/regional content in building materials – supports local economy while reducing impact of transporting materials to the site
Low VOC materials – healthier indoor air for building occupants
CO2 monitoring – healthier indoor air for building occupants
The building itself is 30,000 sq. ft. and has many house like qualities to give clients, tenants and employees the sense that they are working with a family owned business. The building is adorned with rich earth tones throughout which can be found in the black marble steps with orange veins to the mahogany in the Stafford lobby, the deep brown accented carpets and natural wall coverings. Craftsmanship and high technology are infused throughout the building from the hand crafted railings in the center atriums to the Tier 3 Data Center that boasts concurrently maintainable site infrastructure guaranteeing 99.982% availability.
Sanja Boskovic, Associate Dean, BCIT Aerospace receiving the Star Blanket from Saskatchewan Indian Institute of Technologies (SIIT) for all the support provided to the SIIT AME program.
by Internet Archive Book Images
An associate in accounting degree is the perfect degree to take if you want to gain entry level accounting positions in large and small firms. The degree course is a popular route for many Certified Public Accountants as you can gain the kind of experience you...
Passing Killamarsh Junction and its associated signalbox. I am facing backwards to the southern direction of travel, hanging out of a carriage door window.
The line to the right is the Waleswood Curve which enabled traffic to pass E-S and S-E without reversing, this facility was notably used by fish trains from Grimsby to southern England and South Wales. The main signals are 'Off' from my train. The diverging signal is for Killamarsh North Junction, a short distance behind the camera to the south of Killamarsh Junction! Trains which diverged there travelled a short, steep line to Killamarsh South Junction and the ex-LDECR Beighton Branch. The confusing naming came about because Killamarsh North and South Junctions and the joining track were installed in 1907 when the GCR absorbed the LDECR, by that time Killamarsh Junction had been in existence for some years, so changing its name would have involved a lot of hassle and risked dangerous confusion.
Note the thich brickwork of the 'box's base, this was extra blast protection installed in WW2, aiming to keep the equipment safe, if not the staff!
On 28th February 1965 I undertook a trip specifically to travel a route in terminal decline - the Great Central Main Line, especially the part north of Nottingham, which I knew best.
Manchester Central-Sheffield Victoria-Marylebone expresses had finished in 1959/60 and local passenger services north of Rugby Central had finished on 5th March 1963.
The only daytime passenger service between Nottingham Victoria and Sheffield Victoria was the York-Bournemouth (Newcastle-Bournemouth in Summer) which laft Sheffield Victoria southbound at 11:37, as it had for as long as anyone could remember. The return train also travelled in daylight.
I therefore researched how far south on the GCR I could travel and be able to cross the platform and travel back on the return working. The answer was Rugby Central with a comfortable time there in case of delays and to explore the place.
Interestingly, when I phoned to double-check the lady in the Booking Office at Sheffield Victoria did her best to redirect me to travel to and from Sheffield Midland. When it came to it on the day the ticket clerk had to hand write Rugby Central on my ticket, which to my immense regret, I lent to a 'friend' some years later; I have not seen it since.
The day was classic February, cool and grey, but mercifully not raining. I spent the entire journey from Sheffield to Nottingham hanging out of door windows catching familiar locations from a vantage point likely to vanish forever. I was out of the windows again through subsequent stations.
At a virtually deserted Rugby Central I wandered the station and the site. After a while a pleasant voice called me from the signalbox and invited me up. I didn't need asking twice.
A magical day.
Junagarh Fort (Rajasthani: जुनाग्द क़िला) is a fort in the city of Bikaner, Rajasthan, India. The fort was originally called Chintamani and was renamed Junagarh or "Old Fort" in the early 20th century when the ruling family moved to Lalgarh Palace outside the fort limits. It is one of the few major forts in Rajasthan which is not built on a hilltop. The modern city of Bikaner has developed around the fort.
The fort complex was built under the supervision of Karan Chand, the Prime Minister of Raja Rai Singh, the sixth ruler of Bikaner, who ruled from 1571 to 1611 AD. Construction of the walls and associated moat commenced in 1589 and was completed in 1594. It was built outside the original fort of the city, about 1.5 kilometres from the city centre. Some remnants of the old fort are preserved near the Lakshmi Narayan temple.
Historical records reveal that despite the repeated attacks by enemies to capture the fort, it was not taken, except for a lone one-day occupation by Kamran Mirza. Kamran was the second son of the Mughal Emperor Babur who attacked Bikaner in 1534, which was then ruled by Rao Jait Singh. In the battle, the Mughals were defeated by Rathors. Kamran then returned to Lahore.
The 5.28 hectares large fort precinct is studded with palaces, temples and pavilions. These buildings depict a composite culture, manifest in the mix of architectural styles.
GEOGRAPHY
Junagarh fort is located in the arid region of the Thar desert of Rajasthan bordered on the northwest by the Aravalli range, a range of mountains in western India. Part of the desert area is in Bikaner city, which is one of the three desert triangle cities; the other two cities are Jaisalmer and Jodhpur. The name of the place where Bikaner city with its forts was established was then known as Jungladesh.
HISTORY
Before the present Junagarh Fort was built, an old stone fort existed in the city. This fort was built in 1478 by Rao Bika who established the city of Bikaner in 1472. Rao Bika was the second son of Maharaja Rao Jodha of the Rathor clan, the founder of Jodhpur city. He conquered the large arid lands to the northern region of Rajasthan to set up his domain. As the second son of Jodha he had no chance of inheriting his father’s territory of Jodhpur or to the title of Maharaja. He, therefore, reconciled and decided to build his own kingdom at Bikaner at the place then called "Jungladesh". Bikaner, though a partly of the Thar Desert, was considered an oasis on the trade route between Central Asia and the Gujarat coast since it had adequate spring water sources. Bika’s name was thus tagged to the Bikaner city as well as to the then state of Bikaner (“the settlement of Bika”) that he established. The history of Bikaner and the fort within it thus start with Bika. It was only about 100 years later that Bikaner’s fortunes flourished under Raja Rai Singhji, the sixth ruler of Bikaner, who ruled from 1571 to 1611. During the Mughal Empire’s rule in the country, he accepted the suzerainty of the Mughals and held a high position of an army general in the court of Emperor Akbar and his son Emperor Jahangir. His successful war exploits by way of winning half of Mewar kingdom won him accolades and rewards from the Mughal emperors. He was gifted the jagirs (lands) of Gujarat and Burhanpur. With the large revenue earned from these jagirs, he built the Junagarh fort on a plain land, which has an average elevation of 230 m. The formal foundation ceremony for the fort was held on 17 February 1589 and the fort was completed on 17 January 1594. Raja Rai Singhji, was an expert in arts and architecture and the knowledge that he acquired during his several sojourns to several countries are amply reflected in the numerous monuments he built in the Junagarh fort. Thus the fort, a composite structure, became an outstanding example of architecture and a unique centre of art, amidst the Thar desert.
Karan Singh who ruled from 1631 to 1639, under the suzerainty of the Mughals, built the Karan Mahal palace. Later rulers added more floors and decorations to this Mahal. Anup Singh, who ruled from 1669–98, made substantial additions to the fort complex, with new palaces and the Zenana quarter (royal dwelling for females). He refurbished the Karan Mahal with a Diwan-i-Am (public audience hall) and called it the Anup Mahal. Gaj Singh who ruled from 1746 to 1787 refurbished the Chandra Mahal (the Moon palace). Following him, Surat Singh ruled from 1787 to 1828 and he lavishly decorated the audience hall (see picture in info box) with glass and lively paintwork. Dungar Singh who reigned from 1872 to 1887 built the Badal Mahal (the weather palace) named so in view of a painting of falling rain and clouds (a rare event in arid Bikaner). Ganga Singh who ruled from 1887 to 1943 built the Ganga Niwas Palace, which has towers at the entrance patio. This palace was designed by Sir Samuel Swinton Jacob.[10] Ganga Singh’s son Sadul Singh succeeded his father in 1943 but acceded to the Union of India in 1949. He died in 1950.
Bikaner came under the suzerainty of the British Raj under a treaty of paramountcy signed in 1818, where after the Maharajas of Bikaner invested heavily on refurbishing their Junagarh fort. However, during the 18th century, before this treaty was signed, there was internecine war between rulers of Bikaner and Jodhpur and also amongst other Thakur, which was put down by the British troops. It is reported that during the attack by Jodhpur army, of the two entrances to the fort (one in the east and the other in the west), the eastern entrance and the southern rampart were damaged; marks of cannonballs fired are seen on the southern façade of the fort.
Ganga Singh was the best-known king among the Rajasthan princes. A favourite of the British Raj, he earned the title of Knight Commander of the Star of India. He served as a member of the Imperial War Cabinet, represented the country at the Imperial First World War Conferences and the British Empire at the Versailles Peace Conference and was aware of the shift of fortunes in the World War II but died in 1943, before the war was won by the allies. His contribution to the building activity in Junagarh involved separate halls for public and private audience in the Ganga Mahal and a durbar hall for formal functions. The hall where he held his Golden Jubilee as a ruler of Bikaner is now a museum. He also got a new palace - north of Junagarh fort - designed and built by Swinton, the third of the new palaces built in Bikaner and named it Lalgarh Palace in the name of his father and shifted his residence from Junagarh fort to this palace in 1902. The royal family still lives in a special suite in the Lalbagh palace, which they have converted into a heritage hotel.
STRUCTURES
The structures built within the Junagarh fort are the palaces and temples, which are made of red sandstone (Dulmera) and marble. The palaces are described as picturesque with their assortment of courtyards, balconies, kiosks and windows. The fort, the temples and the palaces are preserved as museums and provide insight into the grandiose living style of the past Maharanas of Rajasthan. The fort is called “a paradox between medieval military architecture and beautiful interior decoration”.
OVERVIEW
The massive fort built in the plains of Bikaner has a rectangular (quadrangular) layout with a peripheral length of 986 m. The fort walls are 4.4 m wide and 12 m in height. It encompasses an area of 5.28 ha. It was surrounded by a moat which was 6.1–7.6 m deep with a base width of 4.6 m and top width of 9.1 m. However, the moat no longer exists. The fort is well fortified with 37 bastions (‘burj’ in local language) and seven gates (two are main gates) to counter enemy attacks. The fort was built as a “new stronghold” outside of the ruins of an old fort built by Rao Bika and on the periphery of the Bikaner city walls (1.5 kilometres from the city centre); the old fort was demolished a century after it was built.
The fort with seven gates contains several palaces, pavilions and many temples of Hindu and Jain religions - the earliest dated to the 16th century. A major feature of the fort is the stone carving done in red and gold coloured sandstones. The interiors of the palaces are decorated and painted in traditional Rajasthani style. The Junagarh palaces have a large number of rooms, as every king built his own separate set of rooms, not wanting to live in his predecessors’ rooms. These structures were considered as “at par with those of Louis’s France or of Imperial Russia”. Several types of architectural style are discerned in the fort complex and hence it is called a true depiction of composite culture. The earliest style is of Rajput architecture, defined by Gujarati and Mughal architectural influence reflecting the association with Mughal rulers, the second type is of semi-western architecture reflecting British influence, and finally the revivalists Rajput architecture that evolved particularly during the rule of Maharaja Ganga Singh. Only the most representative of all these architectural styles are on display for visitors. Thus, the unique monuments on display in the Junagarh Fort represent sixteen successive generations of the rulers of Bikaner, starting from the end of the 16th century.
GATES
While the main entry gate was Karan Pol or Parole, facing east, the current gate of entry is called Suraj Pol (meaning the Sun gate), 'pol' also colloquially spelt prol, built in gold coloured or yellow sandstone, unlike the other gates and buildings built in red sandstone. It is the east facing gate permitting the rising Sun’s rays to fall on the gate, which is considered a good omen. The doors of this gate are strengthened with iron spikes and studs to prevent ramming by elephants during an attack. At the entrance to the gate, two red stone statues of elephants with mahouts stand as sentinels. The gate was also the location for announcing the arrival and departure of royalty by musicians playing the trumpet from a gallery in the gate. The other gates are Karan Pol, Daulat Pol, Chand Pol (a double gate) and Fateh Pol; these provided access to various monuments in the fort. The Karan Pol gate is also braced with iron spikes to prevent battering of the gate by elephants. To the right of this gate is Daulat Pol. Forty-one hand imprints are seen on the Daulat Pol gate wall, in red colour, of the wives of the Maharajas of Bikaner, who committed sati (self immolation) on the funeral pyres of their husbands who died in battle.
Between the main gate and the palace, there is a quadrangle, and then another gate called the Tripolia gate (triple gateway) before accessing the royal chambers. Next to this gate is a small temple called the Har Mandir, where the Royal family used to offer worship. In the quadrangle, which houses a large pavilion with a water pool built in Carrara Italian marble. The Karan Mahal, where public audience was held in the Diwan-i-Am by Karan Singh (1631–39) and his successors till the 20th century, can also be seen in the same quadrangle.
TEMPLES
Har Mandir temple was the royal chapel - private temple of the royal family. The royal family celebrated the Hindu festival of Dussera and Gangaur here, apart from celebrating other family functions such as birthdays and marriages. In the Dussera celebrations, weapons and horses were worshipped here. The main deities worshipped in this temple are the Hindu deities Lakshmi Narayan, a combined representation of god Vishnu and his consort Lakshmi.
The Ratan Behari temple located near the Junagarh Fort, was built in 1846 by the 18th ruler of Bikaner. It was built in Indo-Mughal architectural style using white marble. The Hindu god Krishna is deified in this temple.
PALACES
Karan mahal (Public Audience Hall) was built by Karan Singh in c.1680 to mark his victory over the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb. It is considered as one of the most exquisite palaces built with gardens, which displays the aesthetic sensibilities of the royalty of Rajasthan. It has stained glass windows and intricately carved balconies built in stone and wood fluted columns. Later Rajas, Anup Singh and Surat Singh, also added lot of glitter to this palace with inlaid polychrome glass, intricate mirror patterns, and red and gold paint. In the coronation chamber, there is a shored up alcove, which was used as a throne.
Phool Mahal ("Flower Palace") is the oldest part of the palace and was built by king Raja Rai Singh of Bikaner, who ruled between 1571-1668.
Anup Mahal is a multi-storey structure, which functioned as the administrative headquarters of the kingdom. It has ornate wooden ceilings with inlaid mirrors, Italian tiles, and fine lattice windows and balconies. It has some gold leaf paintings. It is considered as one of the “grandest construction”.
Chandra Mahal has the most luxurious room in the palace, which houses gold plated deities and paintings inlaid with precious stones. In the royal bedroom, mirrors have been strategically placed so that the Maharaja could see from his bed, any intruder entering his room.
Ganga Mahal was built in the 20th century by Ganga Singh who reigned for 56 years from 1887 to 1943, has a large durbar hall known as the Ganga Singh Hall that houses the Museum. The museum has exhibits of war weaponry and also a World War I aeroplane (biplane), which is stated to be well maintained.
Badal Mahal (The weather palace) is part of the Anup Mahal extensions. It has paintings of Shekhawati Dundlod chiefs paying respects to the Maharaja of Bikaner in different types of turbans. Photos of people standing on nails, wood, swords and saws are also depicted here – a display of faith and endurance. The walls in this palace depict fresco paintings of the Hindu god Krishna and his consort Radha amidst the rain clouds.
Bikaneri Havelies located both within and outside the fort in the Bikaner city’s by lanes are also of unique architectural style in home architecture. Aldous Huxley who visited these havelis reportedly said “They are the pride of Bikaner.”
FORT MUSEUM
The museum within the fort called the Junagarh Fort Museum was established in 1961 by Maharaja Dr.Karni Singhji under the control of "Maharaja Rai Singhji Trust". The Museum exhibits Sanskrit and Persian manuscripts, miniature paintings, jewels, royal costumes, farmans (royal orders), portrait galleries, costumes, headgear and dresses of gods’ idols, enamelware, silver, palanquins, howdahs and war drums. The museum also displays armoury that consists of one of the assorted collection of post medieval arms.
MAHARAJA RAI SINGHJI TRUST
Maharaja Rai Singhji Trust has been set up by the 'Royal family of Bikaner' with the basic objective to showcase the fort with professional inputs in various areas and to improve the experience for visitors. Another objective is to promote education and research scholarships, cultural activities, setting up of libraries and integration with other such trusts.
WIKIPEDIA
The Cosmopolitan™ of Las Vegas Young The Giant Concert Ticket Giveaway
OFFICIAL RULES.
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Junagarh Fort (Rajasthani: जुनाग्द क़िला) is a fort in the city of Bikaner, Rajasthan, India. The fort was originally called Chintamani and was renamed Junagarh or "Old Fort" in the early 20th century when the ruling family moved to Lalgarh Palace outside the fort limits. It is one of the few major forts in Rajasthan which is not built on a hilltop. The modern city of Bikaner has developed around the fort.
The fort complex was built under the supervision of Karan Chand, the Prime Minister of Raja Rai Singh, the sixth ruler of Bikaner, who ruled from 1571 to 1611 AD. Construction of the walls and associated moat commenced in 1589 and was completed in 1594. It was built outside the original fort of the city, about 1.5 kilometres from the city centre. Some remnants of the old fort are preserved near the Lakshmi Narayan temple.
Historical records reveal that despite the repeated attacks by enemies to capture the fort, it was not taken, except for a lone one-day occupation by Kamran Mirza. Kamran was the second son of the Mughal Emperor Babur who attacked Bikaner in 1534, which was then ruled by Rao Jait Singh. In the battle, the Mughals were defeated by Rathors. Kamran then returned to Lahore.
The 5.28 hectares large fort precinct is studded with palaces, temples and pavilions. These buildings depict a composite culture, manifest in the mix of architectural styles.
GEOGRAPHY
Junagarh fort is located in the arid region of the Thar desert of Rajasthan bordered on the northwest by the Aravalli range, a range of mountains in western India. Part of the desert area is in Bikaner city, which is one of the three desert triangle cities; the other two cities are Jaisalmer and Jodhpur. The name of the place where Bikaner city with its forts was established was then known as Jungladesh.
HISTORY
Before the present Junagarh Fort was built, an old stone fort existed in the city. This fort was built in 1478 by Rao Bika who established the city of Bikaner in 1472. Rao Bika was the second son of Maharaja Rao Jodha of the Rathor clan, the founder of Jodhpur city. He conquered the large arid lands to the northern region of Rajasthan to set up his domain. As the second son of Jodha he had no chance of inheriting his father’s territory of Jodhpur or to the title of Maharaja. He, therefore, reconciled and decided to build his own kingdom at Bikaner at the place then called "Jungladesh". Bikaner, though a partly of the Thar Desert, was considered an oasis on the trade route between Central Asia and the Gujarat coast since it had adequate spring water sources. Bika’s name was thus tagged to the Bikaner city as well as to the then state of Bikaner (“the settlement of Bika”) that he established. The history of Bikaner and the fort within it thus start with Bika. It was only about 100 years later that Bikaner’s fortunes flourished under Raja Rai Singhji, the sixth ruler of Bikaner, who ruled from 1571 to 1611. During the Mughal Empire’s rule in the country, he accepted the suzerainty of the Mughals and held a high position of an army general in the court of Emperor Akbar and his son Emperor Jahangir. His successful war exploits by way of winning half of Mewar kingdom won him accolades and rewards from the Mughal emperors. He was gifted the jagirs (lands) of Gujarat and Burhanpur. With the large revenue earned from these jagirs, he built the Junagarh fort on a plain land, which has an average elevation of 230 m. The formal foundation ceremony for the fort was held on 17 February 1589 and the fort was completed on 17 January 1594. Raja Rai Singhji, was an expert in arts and architecture and the knowledge that he acquired during his several sojourns to several countries are amply reflected in the numerous monuments he built in the Junagarh fort. Thus the fort, a composite structure, became an outstanding example of architecture and a unique centre of art, amidst the Thar desert.
Karan Singh who ruled from 1631 to 1639, under the suzerainty of the Mughals, built the Karan Mahal palace. Later rulers added more floors and decorations to this Mahal. Anup Singh, who ruled from 1669–98, made substantial additions to the fort complex, with new palaces and the Zenana quarter (royal dwelling for females). He refurbished the Karan Mahal with a Diwan-i-Am (public audience hall) and called it the Anup Mahal. Gaj Singh who ruled from 1746 to 1787 refurbished the Chandra Mahal (the Moon palace). Following him, Surat Singh ruled from 1787 to 1828 and he lavishly decorated the audience hall (see picture in info box) with glass and lively paintwork. Dungar Singh who reigned from 1872 to 1887 built the Badal Mahal (the weather palace) named so in view of a painting of falling rain and clouds (a rare event in arid Bikaner). Ganga Singh who ruled from 1887 to 1943 built the Ganga Niwas Palace, which has towers at the entrance patio. This palace was designed by Sir Samuel Swinton Jacob. Ganga Singh’s son Sadul Singh succeeded his father in 1943 but acceded to the Union of India in 1949. He died in 1950.
Bikaner came under the suzerainty of the British Raj under a treaty of paramountcy signed in 1818, where after the Maharajas of Bikaner invested heavily on refurbishing their Junagarh fort. However, during the 18th century, before this treaty was signed, there was internecine war between rulers of Bikaner and Jodhpur and also amongst other Thakur, which was put down by the British troops. It is reported that during the attack by Jodhpur army, of the two entrances to the fort (one in the east and the other in the west), the eastern entrance and the southern rampart were damaged; marks of cannonballs fired are seen on the southern façade of the fort.
Ganga Singh was the best-known king among the Rajasthan princes. A favourite of the British Raj, he earned the title of Knight Commander of the Star of India. He served as a member of the Imperial War Cabinet, represented the country at the Imperial First World War Conferences and the British Empire at the Versailles Peace Conference and was aware of the shift of fortunes in the World War II but died in 1943, before the war was won by the allies. His contribution to the building activity in Junagarh involved separate halls for public and private audience in the Ganga Mahal and a durbar hall for formal functions. The hall where he held his Golden Jubilee as a ruler of Bikaner is now a museum. He also got a new palace - north of Junagarh fort - designed and built by Swinton, the third of the new palaces built in Bikaner and named it Lalgarh Palace in the name of his father and shifted his residence from Junagarh fort to this palace in 1902. The royal family still lives in a special suite in the Lalbagh palace, which they have converted into a heritage hotel.
STRUCTURES
The structures built within the Junagarh fort are the palaces and temples, which are made of red sandstone (Dulmera) and marble. The palaces are described as picturesque with their assortment of courtyards, balconies, kiosks and windows. The fort, the temples and the palaces are preserved as museums and provide insight into the grandiose living style of the past Maharanas of Rajasthan. The fort is called “a paradox between medieval military architecture and beautiful interior decoration”.
OVERVIEW
The massive fort built in the plains of Bikaner has a rectangular (quadrangular) layout with a peripheral length of 986 m. The fort walls are 4.4 m wide and 12 m in height. It encompasses an area of 5.28 ha. It was surrounded by a moat which was 6.1–7.6 m deep with a base width of 4.6 m and top width of 9.1 m. However, the moat no longer exists. The fort is well fortified with 37 bastions (‘burj’ in local language) and seven gates (two are main gates) to counter enemy attacks. The fort was built as a “new stronghold” outside of the ruins of an old fort built by Rao Bika and on the periphery of the Bikaner city walls (1.5 kilometres from the city centre); the old fort was demolished a century after it was built.
The fort with seven gates contains several palaces, pavilions and many temples of Hindu and Jain religions - the earliest dated to the 16th century. A major feature of the fort is the stone carving done in red and gold coloured sandstones. The interiors of the palaces are decorated and painted in traditional Rajasthani style. The Junagarh palaces have a large number of rooms, as every king built his own separate set of rooms, not wanting to live in his predecessors’ rooms. These structures were considered as “at par with those of Louis’s France or of Imperial Russia”. Several types of architectural style are discerned in the fort complex and hence it is called a true depiction of composite culture. The earliest style is of Rajput architecture, defined by Gujarati and Mughal architectural influence reflecting the association with Mughal rulers, the second type is of semi-western architecture reflecting British influence, and finally the revivalists Rajput architecture that evolved particularly during the rule of Maharaja Ganga Singh. Only the most representative of all these architectural styles are on display for visitors. Thus, the unique monuments on display in the Junagarh Fort represent sixteen successive generations of the rulers of Bikaner, starting from the end of the 16th century.
GATES
While the main entry gate was Karan Pol or Parole, facing east, the current gate of entry is called Suraj Pol (meaning the Sun gate), 'pol' also colloquially spelt prol, built in gold coloured or yellow sandstone, unlike the other gates and buildings built in red sandstone. It is the east facing gate permitting the rising Sun’s rays to fall on the gate, which is considered a good omen. The doors of this gate are strengthened with iron spikes and studs to prevent ramming by elephants during an attack. At the entrance to the gate, two red stone statues of elephants with mahouts stand as sentinels. The gate was also the location for announcing the arrival and departure of royalty by musicians playing the trumpet from a gallery in the gate. The other gates are Karan Pol, Daulat Pol, Chand Pol (a double gate) and Fateh Pol; these provided access to various monuments in the fort. The Karan Pol gate is also braced with iron spikes to prevent battering of the gate by elephants. To the right of this gate is Daulat Pol. Forty-one hand imprints are seen on the Daulat Pol gate wall, in red colour, of the wives of the Maharajas of Bikaner, who committed sati (self immolation) on the funeral pyres of their husbands who died in battle.
Between the main gate and the palace, there is a quadrangle, and then another gate called the Tripolia gate (triple gateway) before accessing the royal chambers. Next to this gate is a small temple called the Har Mandir, where the Royal family used to offer worship. In the quadrangle, which houses a large pavilion with a water pool built in Carrara Italian marble. The Karan Mahal, where public audience was held in the Diwan-i-Am by Karan Singh (1631–39) and his successors till the 20th century, can also be seen in the same quadrangle.
TEMPLES
Har Mandir temple was the royal chapel - private temple of the royal family. The royal family celebrated the Hindu festival of Dussera and Gangaur here, apart from celebrating other family functions such as birthdays and marriages. In the Dussera celebrations, weapons and horses were worshipped here. The main deities worshipped in this temple are the Hindu deities Lakshmi Narayan, a combined representation of god Vishnu and his consort Lakshmi.
The Ratan Behari temple located near the Junagarh Fort, was built in 1846 by the 18th ruler of Bikaner. It was built in Indo-Mughal architectural style using white marble. The Hindu god Krishna is deified in this temple.
PALACES
Karan mahal (Public Audience Hall) was built by Karan Singh in c.1680 to mark his victory over the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb. It is considered as one of the most exquisite palaces built with gardens, which displays the aesthetic sensibilities of the royalty of Rajasthan. It has stained glass windows and intricately carved balconies built in stone and wood fluted columns. Later Rajas, Anup Singh and Surat Singh, also added lot of glitter to this palace with inlaid polychrome glass, intricate mirror patterns, and red and gold paint. In the coronation chamber, there is a shored up alcove, which was used as a throne.
Phool Mahal ("Flower Palace") is the oldest part of the palace and was built by king Raja Rai Singh of Bikaner, who ruled between 1571-1668.
Anup Mahal is a multi-storey structure, which functioned as the administrative headquarters of the kingdom. It has ornate wooden ceilings with inlaid mirrors, Italian tiles, and fine lattice windows and balconies. It has some gold leaf paintings. It is considered as one of the “grandest construction”.
Chandra Mahal has the most luxurious room in the palace, which houses gold plated deities and paintings inlaid with precious stones. In the royal bedroom, mirrors have been strategically placed so that the Maharaja could see from his bed, any intruder entering his room.
Ganga Mahal was built in the 20th century by Ganga Singh who reigned for 56 years from 1887 to 1943, has a large durbar hall known as the Ganga Singh Hall that houses the Museum. The museum has exhibits of war weaponry and also a World War I aeroplane (biplane), which is stated to be well maintained.
Badal Mahal (The weather palace) is part of the Anup Mahal extensions. It has paintings of Shekhawati Dundlod chiefs paying respects to the Maharaja of Bikaner in different types of turbans. Photos of people standing on nails, wood, swords and saws are also depicted here – a display of faith and endurance. The walls in this palace depict fresco paintings of the Hindu god Krishna and his consort Radha amidst the rain clouds.
Bikaneri Havelies located both within and outside the fort in the Bikaner city’s by lanes are also of unique architectural style in home architecture. Aldous Huxley who visited these havelis reportedly said “They are the pride of Bikaner.”
FORT MUSEUM
The museum within the fort called the Junagarh Fort Museum was established in 1961 by Maharaja Dr.Karni Singhji under the control of "Maharaja Rai Singhji Trust". The Museum exhibits Sanskrit and Persian manuscripts, miniature paintings, jewels, royal costumes, farmans (royal orders), portrait galleries, costumes, headgear and dresses of gods’ idols, enamelware, silver, palanquins, howdahs and war drums. The museum also displays armoury that consists of one of the assorted collection of post medieval arms.
MAHARAJA RAI SINGHJI TRUST
Maharaja Rai Singhji Trust has been set up by the 'Royal family of Bikaner' with the basic objective to showcase the fort with professional inputs in various areas and to improve the experience for visitors. Another objective is to promote education and research scholarships, cultural activities, setting up of libraries and integration with other such trusts.
WIKIPEDIA
2022 EERE-ES Research associate Ruben Galicia-Avila, a physics major from Old Dominion University, working on controlled conductivity to enhance control of thermal energy storage by studying heat pipes in Albany, Oregon.
Heat Pipes (en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_pipe) can be used to increase and control heat-transfer into and out of thermal masses. This project will compare the performance of power systems which use thermal energy storage with and without the operation of heat-pipes. Ruben will work through the summer will be to show how, and how much, taking control of the effective conductivity of a thermal mass contributes the flexibility of a power system and/or a combined heat & power system. Ruben will learn the functional limits of heat-pipes and apply them to system models provided by the mentor. By applying heat-pipe behavior to these models, and by investigating design changes which would improve functionality or ease of operation, the intern will help define the merit and scope of adding a "conductivity control" to a power system using thermal energy storage.
Portrait of Associate Dean for Graduate & Professional Education for the College of Engineering Omolola (Lola) Eniola-Adefeso in the North Campus Research Complex Building 28, at the University of Michigan, in Ann Arbor on Thursday, July 7, 2022.
Eniola-Adefeso is currently a Professor and Miller faculty Scholar in the University of Michigan's Chemical Engineering department and the primary investigator of the Eniola-Adefeso Lab.
Photo: Brenda Ahearn/University of Michigan, College of Engineering, Communications and Marketing
International associates toured the Walmart Home Office in Bentonville, Ark. today during their visit for the 2011 Walmart Shareholders' Meeting. To join the conversation visit www.walmartstores.com/shareholdersmeeting
Hair Ice associated with the fungus Exidiopsis effusa on the High Weald Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty, East Sussex England
The first of two early mornings in a frozen woodland, Hair Ice is very temperature and environment dependant, and the associated fungus must be present to help deliver this amazing phenomena, more on this here
Jennifer Fei, Programme Associate, The Climate Reality Project, USA, Jill Leaness, Global Shaper, Washington D.C. II Hub, USA
Sophia Simmons, Project Specialist, Climate and Environment, Global Shapers Community, World Economic Forum
speaking Climate Reality Workshop: Crafting Solutions at the Global Shapers Annual Summit 2022 in Geneva, Switzerland, 3 September, Copyright: World Economic Forum/Pascal Bitz
Sailboat Specifications
Hull Type: Keel/Cbrd.
Rigging Type: Gaffhead Sloop
Length overall: 22’6″ 6.858m
Length over deck: 19’3” 5.867m
Length of waterline: 17’7″ 5.334m
Beam: 7’2” 2.184m
Draught:1’6” – 4’0”0.457m – 1.219m
Displacement:2350lb1065kg
Ballast: 700 lb / 318 kg
Sail area:194ft218.02m2
Approx towing weight:3300lb1500kg
RCD categoryC
S.A./Disp.: 17.60
Bal./Disp.: 29.79
Disp./Len.: 195.75
Construction: GRP
Designer: Roger Dongray
First Built: 1979
# Built: 1000
Builder
Cornish Crabbers LLP
Unit 5, Bess Park Road
Wadebridge
Cornwall
PL27 6HB
Telephone: +44 (0)1208 862 666
Email: info@cornishcrabbers.co.uk
Auxiliary Power/Tanks (orig. equip.)
Make: Yanmar (opt.)
Model: Yanmar 1GM10 9hp
Type: Diesel
Sailboat Calculations
S.A./Disp.: 17.60
Bal./Disp.: 29.79
Disp./Len.: 195.75
Comfort Ratio: 14.60
Capsize Screening Formula: 2.16
Shrimper 19 standard sail away specification
Hull Construction: Hand laid solid GRP hull with no foam core. Integral centerplate case laminated as part of the complete hull structure. Internal bunk and
forepeak moulding bonded into hull with internal structural bulkheads bonded to both hull and deck mouldings. Standard colours are off white, dark blue
or dark green. The hull and deck joint is by way of an overlap or ‘Biscuit Tin Lid’ with GRP bonding.
Rudder: The rudder is transom hung on two stainless steel hangings bolted through the transom with Hardwood backing pads. The rudder is constructed
from laminated plywood with a stainless steel lifting drop plate.
Engine Beds: Engine beds are incorporated in the GRP bunk moulding with mild steel mounts bonded into the bed design which incorporates an oil drip tray.
Ballast: Ballast is by way of iron punchings encapsulated in resin inside the hull keel moulding. A galvanised steel centerplate forms part of the ballast
with a stainless steel lifting wire leading to a winch lifting system operated from the cockpit.
Boot Top: A single boot top moulded in gel coat located above antifouling level. Colour in contrast to main hull and normally matching the deck.
Deck Construction: Hand laid GRP with Balsa core in way of horizontal load areas. Hard wood pads under deck fittings and stress points.
Cockpit : Cockpit locker lids are hand laid with Balsa core. There is integrated non slip on horizontal surfaces with an optional two tone colour. A cockpit
drain is located in the center of the main foot well with additional drainage from the seats. A central watertight locker offers general storage or houses the
diesel engine when fitted.
Deck Fittings: Bespoke deck fittings including bowsprit, tabernacle and chain plates are made from stainless steel. 4 aluminium deck cleats are positioned
aft & amidships with two fairleads feeding a teak Sampson post forward. All sail controls are led aft to rope clutches / jammers with a single halyard
winch to starboard. Adjustable jib & mainsheet cars. Access below is via a teak lined sliding companionway hatch and split plywood / Perspex washboards.
Extra ventilation provided by an aluminium forward hatch.
Ports: 2 aluminium fixed ports are fitted one each in the hull topsides.
Chain plates: Chain plates are in stainless steel and through bolted on the hull sides.
Vents: Ventilation is via a washboard vent and opening forward hatch.
Miscellaneous Equipment: Fuel filler &tank vent.(Inboard version only), Life harness attachment point by the companionway, Rope tidies for halyards.
Cockpit Lockers: Two main watertight lockers with latches and padlocks are provided. A padlock is also provided for the companionway hatch.
Mainmast: Laminated in Sitka Spruce and treated with Sikkens Cetol including a stainless steel mast band to take Cap shrouds, jib and mainsail halyards.
All deck mounted on a substantial stainless steel tabernacle.
Main Boom: Laminated in Sitka Spruce and treated with Sikkens Cetol including a Stainless steel gooseneck fitting, kicker and mainsheet bands and all
associated reefing line leads / terminals.
Bowsprit: Laminated in Sitka Spruce and treated with Sikkens Cetol including a Stainless steel pivot fitting, end plate and bobstay take off points.
Gaff: Laminated in Sitka Spruce and treated with Sikkens Cetol including a Stainless steel gaff collar with rubber protection on bearing surface. Wire hoist
span and block.
Standing Rigging: Cap shrouds, lower shrouds & forestay in 4mm 1 x 19 stainless steel wire with swagged ends. Chromed rigging screws. Jib mounted on
reefing spar and controls led aft to cockpit.
Running Rigging: Main throat / peak halyards – 6mm braid. Jib &Staysail halyards – 6mm braid. Main topping lift – 6mm braid. Mainsail reefing lines –
6mm braid. Mainsail outhaul – 6mm braid. Mainsheet & Jib sheets – 10mm sheet rope. All associated blocks for purchase tackles.
Mainsail: Dacron in tan or cream. 2 reef points with tie in lacing. Luff and gaff lacing as required.
Jib: Dacron in tan or cream with wire luff and tell tails.
Boom Cover: In maroon, or cream acrylic. Fixings to allow for topping lift and mainsheet take off. All sails supplied with, sail numbers, logo and ties.
Engineering
Outboard Version
Outboard well: A teak engine mounting with stainless brackets. Engine well hull blank. GRP moulded fuel tank stowage and fuel lead splitter through aft
locker compartment. (fuel lead not supplied as standard)
Inboard Version
Stern Gear: A 1” stainless steel shaft is fitted, connected to the engine via a coupling and fitted with a Tides Marine ‘lip seal’ gland. The shaft drives a fixed
2-bladed propeller.
Engine: Yanmar 1GM10 9hp marine diesel engine. A 55 amp (12V) alternator is fitted to the engine.
Engine Instruments and Controls: The engine instruments are located at the rear of the cockpit coaming and are recessed with a clear cover. Instruments
include audible alarm, alternator warning light, start switch and stop control. A single lever engine control is supplied and fitted in the cockpit well.
Engine Cooling: The engine is directly salt water cooled. A 1/2″ diameter pipe leads from the main seawater inlet through a strainer to the engine and
discharges overboard through the exhaust.
Engine Exhaust: A flexible exhaust hose connects the exhaust via a swan neck with water trap to the outlet fitting through the transom.
Fuel System: A plastic diesel tank with a capacity of approximately 18 litres, breather and integrated fuel gauge. The tank is fitted with flow and return
lines, the flow line having a manual shut off valve.
Plumbing
Bilge System: 1 x Manual bilge pump operated from the cockpit with a handle stored in the aft locker.
Fresh Water Tanks: 2 x 10ltr plastic jerry cans with manual hand pump. Also a bucket / sink.
Soil System: When fitted the heads discharge directly to sea via a vent loop and skin fitting.
Inlet / Outlet Fittings: Engine: In through a single skin fitting with a valve and strainer, out via the exhaust system.
Gas System: There is a double burner hob cooker attached to a separately stored gas bottle.
12 volt DC system
Batteries: Engine – one 12 volt 55 amp/hour. (Optional on outboard version)
Charging: Via main engine – a 35 amp (at 12 volt) alternator.
Switchboard: An optional switch panel is fitted to boats that have additional electronics fitted.
Miscellaneous Standard Equipment
Deck: 1 x winch handle. 1 x bilge pump handle. Stowed in aft cockpit locker. 1 x fire extinguisher – situated down below.
Joinery: The interior joinery is constructed from high quality materials and in accordance with good yacht practice. Bulkheads and side back linings are
from plywood.
Finish: All cabin woodwork is finished in a mix of painted bulkheads and varnished trim.
Soles: Rubber textured sole throughout.
Upholstery: A choice of soft or wipe down plastic upholstery is available.
Associated Students Child Development Laboratory teacher Adam Davidoff (Child Development, ’15) recorded video lessons about the alphabet from his living room, which were uploaded to YouTube to support homeschooling parents.
(Jason Halley/University Photographer/CSU, Chico)
Children at the age of 3 – 5 have the wonder time. These years are normally associated with the #tantrums that shift into #cuddling, playing into whining, and the display of belief in fairy tales shifting into the intellectual discussions which make the adults wondering where did it come from.
Preschoolers are exceptional learners because preschool years are associated with exploring and learning new things. No wonder #preschoolers are often found pushing the limits in order to find out the logic behind everything. The preschoolers also learn a lot about the social skills as they make new friends and learn about interaction.
So, there are a few things that your preschooler may need when it comes to parenting.
Ensure that everything is structured
The first thing you will need to ensure is that your preschooler has got the regular routine to follow. For kids, the world is usually a #chaotic place which is quite unsafe for them. So, you need to make the household environment a little predictable with a bigger element of fun in it for them. Their meal and bedtime routines should be structured. But remember, it’s not about #disciplining your kids. It’s about giving them the sense of safety and happiness.
Enough sleep
Since preschoolers are quite active in both #physical and #mental aspects, they need proper #relaxation to get refreshed for more exploration. So, it’s important make sure that they are having enough sleep. The best thing you can do is to make them feel cozy about an hour before they go to bed, and making them feel relaxed after they would complete their nap. Furthermore, there should be some downtime for them every day.
Letting them gain control over their food intake
You undoubtedly want to feed your kids the best foods. But if you are not letting them make their own food choices, they will probably end up hating the healthy food choices. Furthermore, preschoolers usually tend to eat several times a day. So, if you are providing them with the healthy food choices, they may ultimately pick the #fast #foods. Therefore, you have to make sure that you have variety of healthy foods available in the home for your kids. And you should also take into consideration your children’s opinion regarding which health foods they would prefer.
Help your kids with their emotions
Just because your child is not making enough tantrums doesn’t mean that he/she is not having those big feelings. Every child has big feelings and these feelings need to vent. So, you can start with providing your child with frequent opportunities to have laughter. Telling them jokes and mocking the causes which would develop big feelings in them are the good practices. You need to respect their emotions though. Furthermore, you can introduce the session of roughhousing every day.
Empathic limits
In order to make sure that your child is well within the limits while thriving for being a better person, you need to put certain limits in place. Now, this limit placement is something kids would never want. They want what they want. So, it’s natural for them to get anxious. Another reason for this anxiety is that they start fearing about your disapproval. So, it’s important that you show empathy while setting the limits. They will feel being #understood and that’s what they really need to follow the limits.