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Pima Air and Space Museum
SPACE SHUTTLE PROGRAM FIXED BASE GUIDANCE AND NAVIGATION SIMULATOR
One of only three advanced space shuttle orbiter simulators used to train NASA astronauts.
The fixed-base Guidance and Navigation Simulator (GNS) represents one of only three simulators once used to train astronauts for the Space Shuttle Program at NASA's Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas. Along with the motion-base Shuttle Mission Simulator (SMS) and the Fixed-Base Simulator (FBS), these complex machines were used to create a series of various mission tasks ranging from full mission rehearsals down to recreating specific exercises such as atmosphere entry or launching satellites.
Predating the SMS and FBS, the GNS was built in the late 1970s and operational by 1982. Initially it was primarily used only to test and verify guidance and navigation software that would later be installed in the SMS, FBS, and orbiters. As such it originally did not have visual computer-generated windscreen displays and much of the interior was unfinished, though it did contain the same complex array of cockpit instrumentation, controls, and computer displays operated by five distinct general-purpose computers (GPC) present in actual orbiters.
Following the Challenger accident investigation, the Rogers Commission suggested that NASA invest in additional crew training simulators to provide increased and expanded training and to handle the higher frequency of missions. However, the cost of providing an additional SMS or FBS proved too expensive, so NASA elected to upgrade the GNS into a full fixed-base crew simulator that was essentially identical to the FBS.
The upgraded GNS flight deck was enhanced to provide a more realistic appearance and a full visual computer-generated imagery system for the six forward facing windscreens. Computer-generated imagery (CGI) was a new science in the early 1980s and all the simulators used a first-generation CGI system, rudimentary by today's standards.
For 20 years the upgraded GNS was used interchangeably with the FBS and it is likely that every post-Challenger crew spent time in the GNS practicing launch, ascent, orbit, re-entry, and landing procedures.
With the end of the Space Shuttle Program, the GNS was retired in 2011. In late 2020 the GNS was used on the set of a science fiction movie due to be released in late 2021 [not sure why they’re being cryptic, its Roland Emmerich’s Moonfall]. The filmmakers modified the simulator's external appearance, making the GNS more closely resemble the outer surface of an actual orbiter, along with internal cabin modifications. Following movie shooting, the GNS flight deck was donated to the Pima Air & Space Museum in early 2021.
Cadets from 7th Regiment, Advanced Camp test the efficiency of their M51 Protective Masks within the Confidence Chamber as part of Cadet Summer Training on Fort Knox, Ky, June 14, 2024. The purpose of this exercise is to instill confidence in their equipment if they were to encounter CBRN elements in a combat environment. | Produced by Cassidy Disantis, Ohio University, CST Public Affairs Office.
Advanced corrosion.
The Barkas V 901/2 is a light commercial lorry made by the East-German manufacturer VEB Barkas-Werke, Hainichen in Karl-Marx-Stadt (Chemnitz) from 1954 until 1961. Originally, the vehicle was called the IFA V 901/2; this name was changed to Barkas V 901/2 in 1957. The V 901/2 is a body-on-frame vehicle with a front engine, and rear-wheel drive, that was available in several different body styles, including pickup trucks, minibusses, and panel vans. It succeeded the IFA Framo V 901, and was itself succeeded by the Barkas B 1000.
Geraldin Rojas and Ezequiel Paludi, taught a wonderful series of tango workshops in Leeds today. This was the line up for the final workshop focussing on musicality.
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Advanced corrosion.
The Barkas V 901/2 is a light commercial lorry made by the East-German manufacturer VEB Barkas-Werke, Hainichen in Karl-Marx-Stadt (Chemnitz) from 1954 until 1961. Originally, the vehicle was called the IFA V 901/2; this name was changed to Barkas V 901/2 in 1957. The V 901/2 is a body-on-frame vehicle with a front engine, and rear-wheel drive, that was available in several different body styles, including pickup trucks, minibusses, and panel vans. It succeeded the IFA Framo V 901, and was itself succeeded by the Barkas B 1000.