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A commercial forest seen through the ‘eyes’ of a 3D laser scanning system developed by the ESA-supported Treemetrics company.
The trees of planet Earth – recently estimated to number three trillion in total – are both environmental and economic resources, and require careful stewardship.
“We estimate 20% of global forest resources are currently going to waste as they are harvested,” explains Enda Keene, CEO of Irish company Treemetrics.
“What Treemetrics aims to deliver is more wood from fewer trees, through a complete end-to-end forest management system. It combines forest mapping, assessment and valuing with decision-making tools for harvest planning as well as real-time monitoring of the cutting and collecting process.”
Treemetrics developed a project in collaboration with ESA’s Advanced Research in Telecommunications Systems (ARTES) programme’s Integrated Applications Promotion to integrate satellite communications into its system, enabling managers to monitor their equipment and track harvesting as it happens, even from remote forest locations.
The company can perform forest mapping through aerial and drone photography and ‘laser radar’ lidar, as well as satellite Earth observation – using missions including ESA’s Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2.
These maps are given a third dimension through ‘ground truthing’. Laser scanners perform a 360-degree survey at regular intervals to measure the straightness and health of trees – accurately estimating their quality as logs in advance of them being logged.
Mr Keene adds: “We are very grateful for the great technical, financial and business planning support we received through ESA’s IAP, which enabled the creation of a world class product for the global forest industry.”
The company’s customers to date include state forest agencies in 26 countries, as well as private forest owners and government agencies.
Credit: Treemetrics
Clones execute their Jedi General under the direction Order 66. (Built as an application to the Dark Times RPG)
I am pleased to announce that ChicModa is looking for fresh new faces! Blogger Applications are now open! Please read the below requirements and complete the short blogger MOU. At the end of the MOU, you will receive the SLURL to the Blogotex Access Point to complete the application.
Blogger Requirements:
MINIMUM REQUIREMENTS TO APPLY:
♥ Has an active blog and Flickr.
♥ Uses/Has either the Maitreya Lara or Slink Hourglass bodies.
REQUIREMENTS TO MAINTAIN:
♥ 2 posts per month is required. New releases should always be priority.
♥ New event releases should be blogged within 10 days of event start date while mainstore & older release items have a more relaxed turn around time.
♥ If you take it, you must blog it.
♥ Include blogged item in the ChicModa Flickr group with a link back to your blog post.
QUALITIES THAT CATCH OUR ATTENTION DURING APPLICATION REVIEW:
♥ Exposure/Following.
♥ Style, Presentation & Quality of Photos.
♥ Proper Tagging/Credit.
♥ ChicModa uses the Blogotex blogger management system.
♥ Auto-suspensions by Blogotex for missing deadlines or not maintaining requirements will result in removal from the team.
READY TO APPLY? Great - go here first:
docs.google.com/forms/d/12F96NSOCa4xKAmv9LXFW6DEe1EpgerHS...
Hi Bloggers!
To open a new Blogger App each 6 months is part of our brand values and... a new MINIMAL Bloggers Application is now open ! ♥♥♥
📍New & old bloggers can apply
📍Please read the rules CAREFULLY before applying
📍From today until September 30th the Blogotex Access Point is available in mainstore to touch and apply.
Thanks for your interest and support 🌹
Location: Malaastre system, mid rim territories
Date: 19 BBY
Number:: CT-8851-04
Nickname:Ace
///CT-8851-04 notes\\\
Searching small abandoned Jedi hideout in Malaastre system, large forest fields, everywhere you can be ambushed Zillo Beast or Dug raiders, isn't fun.
We got echo from Imperial Inteligence about group of one two Jedi masters and one Padawan, plus some humans still beliving in Jedi order hiding somewhere on northwest parts of the planet. Jedi with his Padawan got 501st. two days ago, they lost one just one member. We, 41st., splited on groups per 15 soldiers must order Palpatine's Order 66 followed his vision about order in Galaxy - kill next Jedi. 35 years old male human Jedi Master is our target and we can't fail. Intelligence says she should be hide in old Comunication outpost.
Then said web are almost here, first traces of civilization are antenna and some type of vaporator. We must moving silent, like says our training, be ready for everything. We are here, outpost on the clearing in the woods hidden in rocks. Everyone expects a snare but nothing happened yet. Control panel of main entry isn't in the best condition but looks like a working. New plan is raid in base, I must turn on night vision on my helmet because is twilight and the last rays of the sun aren't enough.
Bisk, leader of our group, counting in Mando'a: "rayshe’a, cuir, ehn, t'ad... solus...action!! Somebody opened doors and they all go inside. First blaser voice and... Bright blue light of lightsaber. "Is over, is over!" Bisk screaming.
Report for headquarters
Jedi we found was hidden in the abandoned Comunication outpost and was subsequently neutralized. He was surprised and did not cause much injury and no death. The body was burned and the lightsaber confiscated. The whole unit is now pointing to the pickup. CT-8678-55 ends
________________________________
I would like to introduce new RPG group called Dark Times, group is focused on timeline after Order 66, for application - like me, you must make executing Order 66. I have to admit that with writing stories like this I have not had experience so far, and I have always admired the other work and time spent with it. But now I know it's really fun and fun as if you were writing your own book. This scene is from my Comunication base Zero 4, whitch I still own, but I also used it as good application scene.
Huge thanks for Photoshop mag, ruleyourgalaxy, for his fantastic edit, all comments about photo quality and cool effects deserves Malen. Without his help this will looks like boring and unprofessional made. Thank you Malen. Also huge thanks for other Dark Times members and admins for story inspiration, mostly [Banana Ketchup]
Ʌce Bricks
Flamingos - Parque das Aves - Foz do Iguaçu - PR
Copyright © 2011 GFerreiraJr
® rights reserved
REPRODUÇÃO PROIBIDA
® Todos os direitos reservados
** Foto sem tratamento em Photoshop ou outros aplicativos, somente assinada. Uso de filtro UV
** Photo untreated into Photoshop or other applications, only signed. Use of UV filter
Pittosporaceae is known by several common names, including Australian laurel, Japanese pittosporum, mock orange and Japanese cheesewood. It is a rounded, broadleaved evergreen shrub or small tree that is native to Japan, Korea and China. The fruit, shown here, is a hairy, woody capsule about 1 cm wide divided into three valves. Inside are red seeds in a bed of resinous pulp.
The effects in this photograph are the result of an image transformation application called "Prisma". Prisma transforms normal photos into amazing images that attempt to replicate the human artistic touch. This phone-based app turns photographs into digital art in the style of drawings, watercolors, and paintings.
Super Sales Weekend is taking applications for new merchants.
Listings are 75L for up to 4 items and reaches more than 6000 people. You can list your inworld store, your marketplace store or both.
Please visit our blog for details and application. supersalesweekendsl.blogspot.com/p/ssw-application.html
Showing my typing speed didn't help my application. I got the idea nobody was really interested in that.
UPDATE:
Applications are closed. Thank you for all the notecards!
We will check them out and contact the selected bloggers.
Have a great day and thank you for your support :)
-----------------------
TO APPLY:
7 ~ Blogger Application OPEN ! ~ Until June 30th.
- You're blog must be at least 6 months old .
- You must have high-quality pictures and a decent amount of views per picture.
- You must blog at least 50% of my new releases per month.
- Finally, you must have In world group space available.
Please send a notecard with your name, your blog and flickr links to Noir Gothly.
Thank you!
This was one of those days when I purposely photograph to break the rules of composition ... in this case ... "never center your horizon." It is a good exercise in seeing and I highly recommend it especially if you are in the "photographic doldrums." I am impressed with advances with the ability of the digital medium to capture shadow detail. I think just a few years ago it was a poor cousin to film in this regard and now it has caught up or exceeded film's capabilities - certainly colour film although perhaps not B&W just yet ... the operative word being 'yet'. I'm not a big fan of HDR and don't do it myself, however, I admit some folks are using it to great advantage ... I find that most overdo it though and often end up ruining potentially good images with overzealous application of the technique.
Series: The Meshchovsk childhood
From a cycle: The Average strip
"Аппликация"
серия: Мещовское детство
Мещовск, Калужская область, Россия
апрель 2010
из цикла: Срединная полоса
Finally, we have Blogotex System!!
Altamura Bento Avatar is opening the door to new applications!
We are looking for bloggers (male and female).
To apply, please teleport to the Altamura Bento Avatar Mainstore and click on the blogotex access point that you will find in the entrance near the Altamura Bento Avatar group Joiner.
Blogotex will give you a web url where you can apply.
!!!!! Please carefully read the rules and requirement before applying!
ALTAMURA MAINSTORE >> maps.secondlife.com/secondlife/Capodorso/231/25/24
Happy to announce our blogger application:
3rd March - 18th March closes.
Please to apply fill the link below :
goo.gl/forms/jr0yzUsCi22p1FaI3
Thank you so much for the amazing support
@MINIMAL Mainstore
We are looking for fresh and new bloggers.
Please make sure to read our blogger rules before apply.
Applications now open! To apply click the blogotex word under the castel in the main store. maps.secondlife.com/secondlife/Foxwood/106/32/2498
Photographed May 2024 / Olympus OM-1 35mm SLR film camera with w-Olympus 28mm/2 lens. The film was ILFORD PAN 400 bulk stock metered ASA 320 and developed in glycol version Pyrocat-HD using sodium carbonate as alkali. The negative was digitalised via a PENTAX k3 DSLR and the image rendered on an iPad 9th Generation using the Snapseed application: full frame scan of entire negative area without trimming.
The piggu convention blogger applications are now open.
Apply here: forms.gle/fhXYg8cnxu7V2xaS8
The piggu convention is sponsored by:
=Chubby Bunny=
KALEIDO
Orange*Pekoe
Zoobatos
Babbellotta
The main piggu brand will of course be front and centre with our sponsors!
Applications are open for Designers and Bloggers for the Around the Grid 10 hunt.
This hunt will run July 13-Sept 30. Please read all the rules before applying. This hunt will have two prims but one prize. 1L for hunters or 25L for shoppers option.
Apply via website: Designers Applications
funwithhunts.blogspot.com/p/app.html
Blogger Applications funwithhunts.blogspot.com/p/blogger-application.html
I wish my life was so poignantly beautiful as books and I could always look at the world like it was a film with close-ups and wide angle shots and blurring in and out of focus and noticing the small things.
Sorry for not uploading at the moment, I've been sorting out my UCAS application and writing the old personal statement, all done now, pretty scary stufff!
tumblr (vintage) | please like my new facebook page
Xange Madrigal of Glamrus poses and Verone Potez of EPIA have paired up together and are proud to announce the opening of a brand new event, The Expo; which will officially open on June 30th, 2016. It will be located on a beautifully designed, Miami inspired downtown sim, surrounded with rising palm trees and exquisitely architectured buildings. This classy gallery will feature a unique, bi-monthly, exposition of works by 30 talented content-creators in Second Life. Each gallery exposition has a one-of-a-kind theme which will focus on a certain skillset. This upcoming round is named “Embodied”, which will focus primarily on animators and pose-creators, displaying their capabilities of making our avatars express themselves through carefully made poses-and-motion.
Interested?
Designer Application: docs.google.com/forms/d/1unWAuF4FtmABj8Mau5aMLGPlPwfjkRF-...
Blogger Application: docs.google.com/forms/d/1RMtNRMMjGLvkqBYPLRthrAUlUC25j2uK...
Want to check out the events location?
Following our brand values, we open a new Blogger Application each 6 months and old & new bloggers can apply by the Blogotex Access Point available in mainstore.
Is very important for us to read the rules carefully before applying.
Applications are open from today, March 13th, to March 21st
Review and selection will be the week of 22-28 of March.
Thank you.
FATE is now accepting blogger applications. As a FATE blogger you will receive items from both FATEwear and FATEplay (and any other products I put out!). If you are interested in being an official blogger please fill out the application form tinyurl.com/FATEapply
Thank you!
We are looking to add a few good bloggers to our team! Want to find out more? Click the application below. Applications close 9/7/2014
docs.google.com/forms/d/1gZFK5q5M14vIZuMMKN7Mj_K-pC7MqRzt...
They were making an application on the Duplex across the street.. They need to do that more than once, tho.. I have mine done 4 times a year because there are carpenter ants in the area and they love your house to call home... Happy Truck Thursday, Everybody!!
All the parts in this image were not officially released to the public. I have obtained them through other collectors and resellers. From left to right:
• prototype SNOT plates
• a test print
• a Q-Element
• a Grangemouth test brick
• a Satin-Light blue minifigure
These items have been collected because of a genuine hobbyist interest in, and enthusiasm for, LEGO history, production, engineering and quality control. Finding and understanding these items, is like an ongoing treasure hunt that is shared with a community of like-minded LEGO fans.
The items
Prototype parts
Prototype parts, like the prototype SNOT plates in the photo, are "early models" of part designs. The parts never made it into production in this form. They are generally used to evaluate the part design (for example to evaluate the concept, visual appearance, user-experience testing, ...). The parts are usually discarded afterwards.
The parts that I own have been sold in LEGO's internal shop for employees or have been given away in lots that LEGO donated, for example for promotional purposes.
Test bricks
LEGO required that the chemical companies and manufacturers followed a strict quality control programme using test bricks. They often manufactured other plastic products also. The quality control process that was in place for their work for LEGO, was frequently also applied to their other plastic products. As a result, test bricks can be found in a wide range of materials and colours that were never used by LEGO itself.
Initially, old production moulds were used. These bricks have the LEGO logo on all studs. Later specific test brick moulds were made. Initially, those also had the LEGO logo on all studs. After that, bricks with the letters ABCD with varying stud size were used. Later those were replaced by bricks with the letter C on the studs. These days, several other letters are seen.
Nightshift Grangemouth test bricks
In the late 1970s some employees at Borg-Warner wanted to experiment with some of the excess plastic from the regular LEGO production and used the mould to produce bricks with a "granite effect", like the multicoloured brick in the photo. The bricks they produced were given to children. They did not see this as a problem, because the marbled "granite" bricks could be clearly distinguished from real LEGO products. This might have been done with permission within the factory, or they might have been produced during night shifts, but LEGO was not pleased about it. As the story was told on BrickLink, the bricks were eventually spotted by a LEGO representative and the mould was taken away.
It looks like soon after, the test moulds with LEGO logos were replaced with test moulds without LEGO markings. From now on, if any unofficial products that might not meet all quality standards made their way to the general public, it would be clear that these were not official LEGO products.
Test prints
A lot can go wrong while printing on LEGO parts. That is why LEGO has a quality control process for printing. We find both print alignment calibration parts and parts that are printed on the "wrong" base colour, like the minifigure head in the photo.
We assume that these wrong-coloured parts are usually test prints, made on whatever colour was available in the machine at the time but not on the intended colour. This way, the final print design can be evaluated while any test parts can easily be separated from the later actual production parts. That way, there can be no confusion and only the correct parts can be included into sets. Even with all that care, things can still go wrong. Technology can fail, printers can run out of ink, etc. As a result, incomplete prints or misaligned prints are also found.
These parts used to be very rare, but in recent year many have found their way to resellers. They have been included in charity gifts that LEGO made, and some German resellers that seem to have access to LEGO's leftovers get them.
Q-elements
Q-Elements are parts that are made by LEGO for use in model shops. The model shops can request certain parts in unusual colours when they need them. That is how the transparent dark blue brick in this photo was made. They are intended to be used by these model shops only, and as a result they probably do not have to meet all the strict quality requirements that the parts that are released in sets have to meet. That would explain why transparent parts are available to model shops but not in sets. Leftovers from these model shops are sometimes sold or given away.
Mould test runs
Moulds require maintenance. After a mould has been disassembled, maintained and reassembled, a test is needed to ensure that everything works properly. Traditionally, red and transparent material has been used for these tests because some flaws are more visible using these colours.
Few of these parts have shown up, although the number seems to be increasing. These parts used to be rare, but are not hard to find now (finding a random part is easy, finding a specific part is still nearly impossible).
The parts are still often sold as "rare prototypes" by resellers who wish to increase the price.
"Nightshift minifigures"
Before 2020, only very few transparent minifigures were known to exist. They were probably really part of initial mould testing (looking for hidden flaws in the first parts made in a new mould). These were extremely rare. Also, a red Darth Vader helmet was known. That part was probably also made during a first mould test. It sold for such a high value, that later clone brands made "replica prototype helmets" and sold those on Ebay.
In 2020, several transparent minifigures found their way to online sales platforms. The figures were made with genuine LEGO parts, made in unreleased colours. As far as we could tell, the parts originated in the Mexico factory. They were received with enthusiasm by several collectors who were willing to pay serious amounts of money for them. Soon, more minifigures became available. In order to increase collectability and related value, soon accessories like helmets/headgear and weapons were added to the minifigures. Minifigures related to themes like Star Wars and Batman became available in a wide range of colours. When these figures were first made, I expected LEGO to stop them soon. For some reason, LEGO has not done that or has not been able to. By 2022, the range of colours has increased to include 9 or 10 colours with glitter and 11 colours with satin have been made or announced (including the figure in this photo). Many of those colours were never released with those additions in officially released LEGO products.
Because the quality standards that normally apply to LEGO parts did not fully apply to these figures, deviations could occur. Several transparent parts are already known to crack. There is a good reason why LEGO does not release full-transparent minifigures. The available combination of material and design is not suitable for this application. This is an important quality consideration for LEGO products, but it does not appear to be for these unofficial released parts.
I would guess that these parts are made in small quantities during mould testing after maintenance. That would keep them out of the regular LEGO production lines, and possibly out of strict supervision.
Replicas and clones
Finally, there are replica's and clones, which are parts that were "inspired" by actual LEGO bricks. Made with "Is no fake, is copy"-ethics. For example, we have seen
• Replica stickers or replica prints on genuine (unprinted) LEGO parts, especially for expensive collectible sets
• Replica Plant Leaves 6 x 5 (part 2417) that were made "only in colours that LEGO did not make", until LEGO made some of those colours later...
• Replica train wheel rubber, to replace old parts that have deteriorated over time.
• Custom chromed parts, making it difficult to find the parts that were actually chromed by LEGO
• And finally last year there was a story that Chinese clone bricks were found that used the LEGO logo. As far as I know, this is the first time that suspected clone bricks might actually have used the LEGO logo. Usually, people just think that parts made in another mould version must be fake.
These fake parts often violate the intellectual property rights of LEGO (and franchises like Star Wars when those stickers/prints are copied). For collectors, they can make things very difficult. How to separate genuine or even rare valuable items from cheap knock-offs?
I don't have any of these in my collection, but I would probably be interested in a few of those rumoured Chinese Fake-LEGO-2x4-bricks with LEGO logo...
Reasons to collect
Treasure hunt and the community - It's a fun hobby
People still frequently find items that have never been seen by our community before. Finding them, sharing them online, and engaging the community bring both joy and social interaction with fellow collectors. The new items provide an opportunity to everyone to learn something new and to gain new insights or better understanding.
There is also fun in the chase. Figuring out what is out there and where to find it. Gotta catch 'em all!
And, finally.... Ohhh, Look how beautiful this new brick is!
Understanding history and product design
Through collecting these items, we can learn about LEGO's history. By comparing them, or thinking about why things are the way they are, we can learn about the evolution of technology and ideas. Every brick tells a story, about when and how it was made, about the challenges that had to be overcome or about the people that made and used them.
Conservation of knowledge and unique items
By finding, collecting and conserving items that are otherwise unobtainable and that might otherwise be scrapped and destroyed, we preserve tangible items that tell us the stories behind them in a visible way. When we find these items, we are often also finding the stories relating to these items.
Telling a story
Finally, when the items and their information become available, we can use those to tell a story. We can share what we have found in exhibitions or online, like on this Flickr page. Through these items and their stories, we can help people understand their rich history.
Ethical considerations
Collecting unreleased items?
While collecting, a collector should consider the implications of his or her actions.
We could consider several aspects:
1) Why the parts were made;
2) How the parts became available;
3) Who benefits from them;
4) Confidentiality and conflicts of interest.
Most of these parts were made as part of LEGO's design or quality control processes. They were made by LEGO or by their suppliers because they were needed.
Although the parts were not made to be released to the general public, most parts that do find their way out of the factories seem to do so by legitimate routes. They are, for example, included in sales or donations of leftover parts. There are stories where chemical companies have given test parts to their employees.
In most cases the person who made the parts did not personally benefit from them. The parts were often seen as unusable leftovers that could be donated or as interesting gifts to contacts or people who were involved in their development, or simply as toys for children of employees. Only later, often decades later when these children were grown up or when the employees died, did these parts make it to the secondary market. Resellers make some money by finding and selling these items.
As far as I know, confidentiality and conflicts of interest have not caused any issues yet. Considering confidentiality, we might happen to find information that could (still) be confidential. The basic principle should be that we, as fans of LEGO, do not wish to do any harm to LEGO. As a result, intellectual property and proprietary information should remain confidential. We can, however, share all publicly available information (including when it takes some effort of specialist knowledge to get it) about the items we find and our thoughts about them. Collectors might have personal friendships with people in the professional communities. We can ask for information, but we should respect their professional limits in what they can or cannot share and respect confidentiality when they ask us to remain silent about something.
Stimulation of illegitimate behaviour
In the case of the minifigure, a new situation seems to have occurred. It looks like someone, or probably a small group of people, is actively benefiting from an illegitimate activity. They have discovered the LEGO AFOL collectors market, and have found that serious money can be made by selling "unreleased prototypes", especially of minifigures related to collectable themes like Star Wars or Batman.
We cannot be certain as long as no official statements are made by LEGO, but it seems like these parts are made using LEGO moulds and LEGO materials without proper authorisation and without financial benefits for LEGO. This might be a form of theft, by the employee(s) who used the facilities and materials for personal gain. When buying these items, we might support and stimulate this kind of behaviour.
I consider the "nightshift minifigures" an interesting example of how LEGO employees and LEGO collectors deal with these items. Because of that, I do think that some of these parts have a place in my collection. I do however do not wish to stimulate the production of these figures much. That is why I choose to limit myself to a few parts. I will not buy any for resale or trade. That is just my approach though, every collector will have to make his or her own choices here.
YEAH!! :D Cherry has already looking for a great active blogger team! :3
please dont send me NC ! only fill it
Red Light District is looking for Bloggers for our Adult Monthly event from July - October!
If you are interested in blogging some of the best adult items SL has to offer, check out the Blogger rules and fill out our Blogger Application!
For more information contact, Lushes Blessed
Applications are OPEN again till 25th July via
No limit for the bloggers who will be selected!
All selected bloggers will receive an invite in enVOGUE Blogger Group in the next days after application is closed.
Blogger group re-opens each 3 months when are selected new bloggers and reevaluated the current bloggers.
Hugs ♥
Annoying Hunt is a one month calendar full of hunts for our beloved customers and to have fun! Each brand will have their own day of the month during which they will make the hunt at their store!
THE RULE IS SIMPLE: you have to change the price of a fatpack (if you don't make fatpacks choose a regular pack) with a HUGE discount, leave it where it is and give a hint to customers!
Form: forms.gle/58mu9rr6ANM5Mzsn6
500L fee only for December in the spirit of holidays!
#342: As of 5/16/21, of my 3200+ pics, this is listed as #342 in most # of faves.
#1129: As of 4/18/22, under Flickr's popularity rankings of my 3100+ pics, this is listed as #1129 in "interestingness."
For a fun interlude, this is an alternative/filtered image based off one of my popular pics posted here on flickr in the last year+. This particular image was generated with the help of the FaceApp application, where I took a photo of the original "2020-02-12-pic28" pic I've posted here, then just applied a simple filter. This was done in part to help with the graininess or the poor lighting in the original - and to have some fun with light filtering.
The day this pic was originally taken, Feb 12, 2020, is still the last opportunity I've had for dressing up and going out en femme. It was about a month before everything shut down because of coronavirus, and (most impactful for my femme activity) about a month before my wife's company's office closed permanently, leaving her to work from home every day since then.
I'm still hopeful for some (limited) resumption of femme activity. Anyhow, when the opportunity does arise, I hope I can capture some of the magic I had this day from just over 2 years ago. What do you think? :-)
Photography without poses
www.flickr.com/photos/listenwave/albums
✨Finding the observer, comes awareness!✨
Моя страница в Facebook
m.facebook.com/oleg.pivovarchik.1971
и
Мой Instagram
www.instagram.com/p/B6taU33o8Fk/?igshid=ujcv055oblu2
YouTube
www.youtube.com/channel/UCkNYo1uLNy67xCfeyc1h-ZQ?sub_conf... The purpose of creating and assigning 5G networks
Previous generation mobile communication networks had the following purposes and functionality:
1G: Analog Voice Service
2G: Voice over digital network services, low speed data services (GPRS, EDGE)
3G: High-speed data services (HSPA), with the ability to transmit voice over IP, mobile Internet access MBB (Mobile Broadband).
4G: LTE, LTE-A Mobile Broadband MBB, Voice over Voice (VoLTE)
5G networks greatly expand the limited functionality of previous generation mobile networks. The main functional features of 5G networks are as follows:
EMBB Advanced Mobile Broadband (enhanced MBB)
Ultra-Low Latency Reliable Communication (ULLRC) Massive IoT / IIoT, mMTC (massive Machine Type Communication)
Based on these three generalized types of functionality, the whole variety of services and capabilities of IMT2020 (5G) networks is built, the most characteristic of which are shown in the figure below:
The variety of functional capabilities of IMT2020 / 5G networks. Source: Emerging Trends in 5G / IMT2020, 2016, ITU
Gigabytes per second. 5G networks can significantly increase the speed of data transmission through various radio access technologies (RAT), and by using the new 5G NR radio frequency spectra (New Radio). The user gets almost unlimited bandwidth, both for home use of various services, and for the purposes of enterprises (Immersive Telepresence, Industrial IoT, etc.)
Smart House. A wide range of different Internet of Things (IoT) services will be available for the Smart Home and Smart Building solutions: video surveillance, control and automation of household appliances, security systems management, content storage, climate control, etc.
Smart city. The Smart City solution is a horizontal and vertical scaling of the functionality and range of Smart Home services. Main services of Smart City: Safe City, e-Government e-Government, e-Health e-Health, e-Education e-Education, e-Banking e-banking, Smart Meters utilities electronic collection, Smart Grid smart grids, etc. .
New 4K / 8K video services: Volumetric video, ultra-high definition (UHD) screen, presence effect option.
Work in the cloud. The service makes it possible not only to store data in a cloud storage and retrieve it from there, but also to use application programs that work directly from the cloud. Moreover, with the possibility of them but also use applications that work directly from the cloud. Moreover, with the possibility of them
use on any device and from any location. In addition, it is possible to use APIs through which cloud service providers can provide their services to subscribers of a 5G network operator.
Augmented and virtual reality (AR / VR). The virtual reality service VR (Virtual Reality) immerses a person in another world, influencing his senses, especially his vision (VR glasses). Augmented Reality AR (Augmented Reality) service combines a real environment for a user with virtual objects. These services are suitable not only for entertainment, games, virtual communication in the "telepresence" mode, but can also significantly improve the learning process, when students using VR glasses can, for example, visually see the internal structure of a person at a lecture on anatomy, a master in the workshop can study the assembly order of a complex unit, etc.
Industrial Automation. The 5G network, coupled with the technology of the Internet of things IoT, with the help of industrial sensors IIoT (Industrial Internet of things), as well as with the help of artificial intelligence, AI (AI, Artificial Intelligence) can significantly increase the degree of automation of production. At the same time, it becomes possible in real time to analyze large volumes of heterogeneous data (Big Data) both based on the findings (insights) and using machine and deep learning (Machine learning, Deep learning).
Business Critical Applications These applications may include, for example, electronic medicine (e-Health), emergency communications (Mission Critical Communication), tactile Internet (Tactile Internet) and others.
Unmanned vehicles (Driverless Vehicles). Unmanned transport can act as part of the Smart City service, however, it can be provided on its own platform. It includes not only unmanned vehicles (driverless cars), but also unmanned tractors for “smart agriculture” (Smart Agriculture), unmanned trains for the metro and suburban railways, drones and other types of public and special transport. In addition, on the 5G platform, the implementation of ADAS (Advanced Driver-Assistance Systems) driver assistance systems is possible.
It should be emphasized that the figure above shows only some of the services and solutions of the 5G platform. Unlike the networks of previous generations, the range of services of which was strictly limited and somewhat expanded in 4G, the services of the 5G platform are synergistic and scalable, and are not limited to once defined functionality. In fact, 5G plays the role of a platform for the development of new services and DevOps applications, when new functions are created by developers (Development) in close coordination with the teams who are responsible for their implementation and operation (Operation).
In general, we can say that the 5G network incorporates not only mobile, but also fixed communication services, as well as high-speed Internet access with low latency and, in addition, specialized and corporate networks for vertical industries.
5G / IMT2020 platform versatility
Due to the fifth generation networks, it will also be possible to improve the quality of the use of existing services where large volumes of traffic are involved.
Theodore Sizer, vice president of wireless technology at Bell Labs, noted that there will be a wide variety of devices running on 5G networks. Smartphones and tablets will not go anywhere, but besides them, a whole “zoo” of various devices will appear on the network, including CCTV cameras, weather sensors, sensors of “smart” electric networks, “smart” houses and cars.
Ericsson said that 5G will usher in the long-term development of the Networked Society:
South Korean operator SK Telecom, one of the first companies to demonstrate 5G technology in action, at the initial stage of deployment of new generation networks focuses on ordinary users as the main consumers of services, company representatives told TAdviser in February 2016. Thanks to 5G, users can watch 3D-TV without glasses, download in seconds or watch UltraHD video online at high speed.
It will also be possible to use virtual and augmented reality applications at a new level, according to SK Telecom. For example, include elements of augmented reality in the educational process, creating virtual museums and models of the universe in the classrooms.
In the projects of “smart cities” 5G will allow real-time transmission of information from a much larger number of sensors at various objects. Qualcomm's senior director of product management for mobile technology, Sanjeev Athalye, notes that it will be possible to deploy a thousand sensors instead of a hundred, for servicing which there will be a sufficiently smaller number of base stations than with existing networks. These can be, for example, sensors for monitoring the state of housing and communal services objects, sensors for “smart lighting” or sound sensors installed for safety and order in the city. In the latter case, the sensors can detect suspicious or too loud sounds, and this information will be automatically transmitted to law enforcement.
New services using 5G can also be implemented in medicine. For example, to organize remote monitoring of patients. The doctor will be able to quickly receive information from special sensors and monitor the condition of patients around the clock.
Thanks to its very low latency, 5G will also open up more possibilities for remote operations using the robot. Such a service is especially relevant for small settlements where there are no surgeons in the field: controlling the manipulations of the robot, the operation can be performed by a specialist located in a completely different place. Due to 5G, such a service can be deployed in wireless networks.
The low data latency that next-generation networks can provide is also important for the deployment of smart power networks. Using sensors will allow you to instantly detect damage on the power line and block the spread of the consequences of damage further along the line. Thus, damage will affect fewer consumers of electricity.
In large manufacturing companies, in retail, logistics, 5G will make it possible to use more industrial robots that perform various functions instead of people and drones. The latter are already used in some industries, but are most often managed using Wi-Fi networks. 5G will allow you to cover a greater distance than Wi-Fi networks, and due to the low latency - increase the stability of such systems. For example, Amazon has a project to deploy a system for delivering goods using drones.
An example of services for which 5G will have an advantage is urban surveillance systems. 5G will help simplify their deployment and use. Now traffic from thousands of cameras in cities is mainly transmitted via fixed networks. To deploy such an infrastructure is not an easy task, since it is necessary to lay many wires. With 5G, you can receive terabytes of high-quality video
permissions without the use of wires.
Another example is a vehicle monitoring service in companies. Qualcomm’s Sanjeev Atali believes that with the advent of a new generation of networks, operators who provide such a service will be able to reduce its cost. This will be possible due to the fact that the cost of one 5G base station will be lower than the cost of stations for existing networks, and also due to the fact that one base station can simultaneously serve more devices, respectively, less base stations will be required for the service.
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