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Founded in 1850, the University of Sydney is Australia's first university and is regarded as one of its most prestigious, ranked as the 27th most reputable university in the world. In 2013, it was ranked 38th and in the top 0.3% in the QS World University Rankings. Five Nobel or Crafoord laureates have been affiliated with the university as graduates and faculty. The University is colloquially known as one of Australia's "Sandstones", a status similar to that of the "Ivy League" in the United States and the "Russell Group" in the United Kingdom.
The university's Coat of Arms, granted by the College of Arms are an amalgamation of the arms of the universities of Oxford and Cambridge, and their important figures, heraldry and other references to the two ancient universities are sprawled throughout the university in its architecture and character. Its motto, "Sidere mens eadem mutato" translated literally gives "Though the stars change, the mind is the same", but has been more liberally translated to give, "Sydney University is really just Oxford or Cambridge laterally displaced approximately 12,000 miles".
The 2013 QS World University Rankings placed Sydney in the top 20 in the world in 11 subjects; more than a third of the 30 measured. The University of Sydney was ranked 8th in the world for Education, 9th in Accounting and Finance and 10th in Law. Additionally, Sydney was placed 12th in English Language and Literature, History and Archaeology, Linguistics and Civil Engineering and Structural Engineering, the highest in Australia of those subjects. Psychology at Sydney was ranked 14th, Pharmacy and Pharmacology, and Communication and Media were ranked 16th, and the Sydney Medical School was ranked 17th.
Its main campus has been ranked in the top 10 of the world's most beautiful universities by the British Daily Telegraph, The Huffington Post and Disney Pixar, among others such as Oxford and Cambridge and is spread across the inner-city suburbs of Camperdown and Darlington.
The research and education hub of the Charles Perkins Centre is a state-of-the-art building designed to support collaboration and new ways of thinking. Opened for Semester 1 of 2014, the new building comprises a structure of six floors, plus three basement levels, and an area of approximately 49,500 square metres – almost twice the surface area of the Sydney Cricket Ground.
Located on the north-west boundary of the University’s Camperdown Campus, bordering St John's College and next to the Royal Prince Alfred Hospital (RPA) - Sydney's largest hospital and the teaching hospital of the Sydney Medical School. The hub will play a key role in fostering collaboration and multidisciplinary research, creating a research and education precinct with links to nearby affiliated medical research institutes and the hospital.
This building along with the original sandstone Anderson Stuart medical school is my new home.
With most of my classes located in this magnificent building, you'd probably think I'd eventually be tired of seeing it day after day, and yet the allure has still yet to wear off.
East Midland 297 (CRR 197J), an Alexander-bodied Atlantean PDR1/3, in NBC leaf green livery in Sheffield's Central Bus Station.
day 3
in the catholic neighbourhood around falls road
this mural celebrates the easter rising (éirí amach na cásca) of 1916
PS Waverley departs Rothesay Outer Harbour, Isle of Bute..
Named after Sir Walter Scott’s first novel, Paddle Steamer PS Waverley was built on the Clyde in 1947 - to replace the original Waverley that sunk off Dunkirk during active war service in 1940.
Waverley’s keel was laid on December 27, 1945 but due to material shortages after the war, she was not ready for launch until October 2, 1946.
It wasn’t until the following year on January 20, 1947 that she was towed to Greenock for the installation of her boiler and engines. Finally she made her maiden voyage on June 16, 1947 and started what was to become a very long career.
Since 2003 Waverley has been listed in the National Historic Fleet by National Historic Ships UK as "a vessel of pre-eminent national importance". She appeared in the 2011 film 'Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows'. She is claimed to be "the most photographed ship in the world."
Waverley has had several colour schemes in her life. Early photographs show paddle boxes painted sometimes white and sometimes black. The gold stripe along the hull is in some photos and not others. Today Waverley has the LNER 1947 livery of red, white and black funnels, traditional brown-grained (or "scumbled") superstructure and black paddle-wheel boxes, decorated with gold lettering on each side.
Waverley was originally intended to sail only between Craigendoran & Arrochar in West Scotland. She now sails right round Britain offering regular trips on the Clyde, the Thames, South Coast of England and the Bristol Channel with calls at Liverpool & Llandudno.
Waverley is the world’s last sea-going paddle steamer. In 1975, at the end of her working life, she was famously bought for £1 by the Paddle Steamer Preservation Society. Waverley Steam Navigation Co. Ltd, a charity registered in Scotland, was set up.
Tonnage:693 grt;
Length:239 ft 11 in (73.13 m);
Beam: 57 ft 3 in (17.45 m);
Draught:6 ft 3 in (1.91 m).
Installed power:2,100 ihp (1,566kW)
Waverley is powered by a three-crank diagonal triple-expansion marine steam engine built by Rankin & Blackmore, Engineers, Eagle Foundry, Greenock, Scotland. It is rated at 2,100 IHP and achieved a trial speed of 18.37 knots (34.02 km/h; 21.14 mph) at 57.8 rpm. Passengers can watch these engines from passageways on either side of the engine room.
The main crank is solidly attached to both paddle wheels so they cannot turn independently of each other. The Waverley therefore has a much larger turning circle than modern ferries
656 cc
3 in-line
EMWalhalla 2024
"Elk Merk Waardig"
Louwman's Toyota World
Raamdonksveer
Nederland - Netherlands
May 2024
YX63 KFE sitting in Aldershot Bus Depot about to set out to the Bus Station for route 19 to Haslemere High Lane Estate.
Seen with its freshly applied branding, route 2 and 3 in the Blackwater Vally area are getting a brand new look.
I heard that the 3 was being rebranded after the repaint of 36909-17 but the 2 was unexpected.
The 2 hasn’t been branded since the marbles many years ago!
All of 36909-16 have now been branded for route 3,
39651/53/54/55 are all route 2 branded.
Makes you wonder if the 2 is now being rebranded, perhaps the 4/5 or the 14/15 will be rebranded too!
ADL E20D enviro 200
Seen 27/02/19
First mentioned in a papal letter in 1262, it is the main church in Babenhausen, originally Catholic, but during the Reformation became protestant
To all who visit and view, and – especially – express support and satisfaction: you are much appreciated!
Erstmals erwähnt wurde St. Nikolaus 1262, die ältesten, heute noch erkennbaren Teile des Gotteshauses wurden im 14. Jahrhundert errichtet
______________________________________________
Album Description – Babenhausen, Germany – 03DEC2017:
For my first layover in December I wanted to take the train from Mainz to Babenhausen to visit the Blachnik family & see the Christmas Market, December 2-3 in 2017: Cheryl made it possible, swapping her trip on the 2nd for mine on the 3rd! The plane left Charlotte with 6 open seats, and Joe got on board!
This was the first "great, big, historic Christmas Market" for Babenhausen, and I was really excited: what I wanted most to experience was the castle courtyard, normally not open to the public but for this historic weekend, would house 1 of the 2 live nativity scenes in Babenhausen, featuring a new-born donkey foal as a heartwarming companion to the Holy Family.
And I was eager to hear the Catholic Church Choir singing their concert for the first Sunday in Advent in the Old Town Square at 4 p.m., and also the Babenhausen brass ensemble at 6 p.m.
These 3 highlights along with the Advent Bazaar were what I had selected as my top 4 picks: Joe & I gave up our nap upon arrival in Mainz, heading instead straight to the train station:
Gertrud now wanted us to take her to the Christmas Market, in snowfall not feasible for 94-year-old Heinz in a wheelchair (he still wanted to go). Gertrud: "Not me. I've been 100 times," yet later in the week: "Hundreds of lights! It'll be so beautiful!" It'll be cold & wet outside! Gertrud: "Just dress appropriately."
Due to a delay at the FRA airport, we were later than expected coming into Mainz and due to trains running not so frequently that day, missed the 8:49 train we had hoped to catch and the next train at 10:01, but caught the 10:49 train arriving 11:58, and the Christmas Market would open at noon, as it's Sunday.
Joe: "Hi, Gertrud, how are you?" Here we were, to take her to the Christmas Market: "I'm excited!" She served Heinz a huge nice dinner – for him alone – then she, Joe, & I set out into icy-needle snowflakes, Gertrud in Sunday attire: dressy shoes, gloves, & coat, "no goofy cap!" Gertrud, yours looks like mine!
So she did put it on, after all. But she didn't head to the castle, adjacent to their residence. She turned her walker away from it, toward the main street. She told us she was treating us to lunch and went into a restaurant. She had made reservations!
We entered festive, jam-packed surroundings & dined 2 hours, resuming our trek after a delicious meal, to Old Town Square flanked by half-timbered houses and St. Nikolaus Church.
Next to the church is the fellowship hall with its Advent bazaar. Gertrud told Joe & me to take the stairs – too many for her to negotiate – up to shop the bazaar, & enjoyed cake downstairs visiting with friends from her 89 years living in Babenhausen.
Then Gertrud wanted to go straight home. Even so, clad for a fine lunch in the restaurant, on the way she lost feeling in her fingers from the frozen precipitation: "I'll say 10 'Our Father's' if I make it back..." [I don't know if she said all ten, but for the first time in my life, I did!] At 3:30 we were telling Heinz about our Christmas Market visit, & Joe asked about sitting down, in seconds sound asleep in Heinz's easy chair. I scrapped plans to see the castle courtyard + the choral & brass concerts. Joe got a Mainz weather update: ice on snow, thus we said good-bye before 4:30, crunching through snow to catch the 4:59 train.
It was sundown and snow fell the whole day, from Frankfurt to Mainz to Babenhausen and back: cold, but oh so picturesque!
It felt late (pitch dark), but in Mainz the Christmas Market was going full swing. We had planned on the 7:59 train to arrive in Mainz about quarter past 9 (21:12), and then I realized we had come 3 hours earlier; we hopped off the bus at the Cathedral.
Joe said, "I'm hungry," & bought a Bratwurst. At the hotel I asked his favorite part of the day. "I liked the Wurst the best."
Our best of 213 photos on this beautiful day are a 2-album set:
• Babenhausen, Germany – 03DEC2017
• Mainz, Germany – 03DEC2017
Hope you enjoy the 25% of 145 Babenhausen photos we took!
Taken after three years of careful planning. Getting familiar with the bird and it's feeding habits. Coordinating the timing of the bugs and the bird took much of my time,
One of the 6 trains per day, 3 in either direction serving Niagara Falls, has performed his station stop and is accelerating for Hamilton. Number 151 departed Toronto Union 5 minutes after Windsor train Number 75, but made the stops at Oakville and Burlington, unlike 75.
There are two other fans on the extreme left of the photo. They are unidentifiable to me, given both the passage of time, and the poor resolution of the film. They both are shooting from " the proper side ", for sun angle, so they are likely older than me.
Dennis Dart / Alexander B37F new April 2005 in Bath , working on town service 3 in Weston-super-Mare .
It was painted in Purple University livery for U2 in Bath in September 2017 , but this requires double deckers so at the end of the summer timetable purple 32003 , 32006 and 32015 went to Bath as they were no longer needed on service 20 , in exchange for purple Darts 42897/9 , 42910.
These Darts were thought to be temporary , but they are now being painted in a new version of Badgerline livery for Weston town services , 42910 being the first , with 42897 and 42899 being repainted in October 2018. 42901 which was in Olympia livery has also been repainted.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
History
United States
Name: USS Idaho
Namesake: State of Idaho
Awarded: 30 June 1914
Builder: New York Shipbuilding Corporation
Laid down: 20 January 1915
Launched: 30 June 1917
Sponsored by: Henrietta Amelia Simons
Commissioned: 24 March 1919
Decommissioned: 3 July 1946
Nickname(s): Big Spud
Honors and
awards: 7 Battle Stars
Fate: Sold for scrap 24 November 1947
General characteristics [1]
Class & type: New Mexico-class battleship
Displacement: 32,000 tons
Length: 624 ft (190 m)
Beam: 97.4 ft (29.7 m)
Draft: 30 ft (9.1 m)
Speed: 21 kn (24 mph; 39 km/h)
Complement: 1,081 officers and men
Armament:
12 × 14 in (360 mm) guns
14 × 5 in (130 mm)/51 cal guns,[2]
4 × 3 in (76 mm) guns
2 × 21 in (530 mm) torpedo tubes
Armor:
Belt: 8–13.5 in (203–343 mm)
Barbettes: 13 in (330 mm)
Turret face: 18 in (457 mm)
Turret sides: 9–10 in (229–254 mm)
Turret top: 5 in (127 mm)
Turret rear 9 in (229 mm)
Conning tower: 11.5 in (292 mm)
Decks: 3.5 in (89 mm)
USS Idaho (BB-42), a New Mexico-class battleship, was the fourth ship of the United States Navy to be named for the 43rd state. Her keel was laid down by the New York Shipbuilding Corporation of Camden, New Jersey. She was launched on 30 June 1917 sponsored by Miss Henrietta Amelia Simons, granddaughter of Idaho Governor Moses Alexander; and commissioned on 24 March 1919, Captain Carl Theodore Vogelgesang in command.
Inter-War period
USS Idaho in 1927
Idaho sailed on 13 April 1919 for shakedown training out of Guantanamo Bay, and after returning to New York City received President of Brazil Epitácio Pessoa for the voyage to Rio de Janeiro. Departing on 6 July with her escort, the battleship arrived Rio on 17 July. From there she set course for the Panama Canal, arriving Monterey, California, in September to join the Pacific Fleet. She joined other dreadnoughts in training exercises and reviews, including a Fleet Review by President of the United States Woodrow Wilson on 13 September. In 1920, the battleship carried Secretary of the Navy Josephus Daniels and the Secretary of the Interior John B. Payne on an inspection tour of Alaska.
Upon her return from Alaska on 22 July 1920, Idaho took part in fleet maneuvers off the California coast and as far south as Chile. She continued this training until 1925, taking part in numerous ceremonies on the West Coast during the interim. Two of the original 14 5 in (130 mm)/51 cal guns were removed in 1922.[2] Idaho took part in the fleet review held by President Warren Harding in Seattle shortly before his death in 1923. The battleship sailed on 15 April 1925 for Hawaii, participated in war games until 1 July, and then got underway for Samoa, Australia, and New Zealand. On the return voyage, Idaho embarked gallant Commander John Rodgers and his seaplane crew after their attempt to fly to Hawaii, arriving San Francisco, California on 24 September.
For the next six years, Idaho operated out of San Pedro, California, on training and readiness operations off California and in the Caribbean Sea. She sailed from San Pedro on 7 September 1931 for the East Coast, entering Norfolk Navy Yard on 30 September for modernization. The earlier 3 in (76 mm) anti-aircraft guns were replaced by eight 5 in (130 mm)/25 cal guns.[2] The veteran battleship also received better armor, "blister" antisubmarine protection, better machinery, and tower masts during this extensive overhaul, and was readied for many more years of useful naval service. After completion on 9 October 1934, the ship conducted shakedown in the Caribbean before returning to her home port, San Pedro on 17 April 1935.
As war clouds gathered in the Pacific, the fleet increased the tempo of its training operations. Idaho carried out fleet tactics and gunnery exercises regularly until arriving with the battle fleet at Pearl Harbor on 1 July 1940. The ship sailed for Hampton Roads on 6 June 1941 to perform Atlantic neutrality patrol, a vital part of US policy in the early days of the European fighting. She moved to Iceland in September to protect American advance bases and was on station at Hvalfjörður when the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on 7 December catapulted America into the war.
World War II
Idaho at Hvalfjörður, Iceland, October 1941.
Idaho and sister ship Mississippi departed Iceland two days after Pearl Harbor to join the Pacific Fleet, and arrived at San Francisco, California, via Norfolk, Virginia, and the Panama Canal on 31 January 1942. She conducted additional battle exercises in California waters and out of Pearl Harbor until October 1942, when she entered Puget Sound Navy Yard to be regunned. The original secondary battery of 5 in (130 mm)/51 cal guns was removed to make room for anti-aircraft machine guns.[2] Upon completion of this work, Idaho again took part in battle exercises, and sailed on 7 April 1943 for operations in the Aleutian Islands. There she was flagship of the bombardment and patrol force around Attu, where she gave gunfire support to the United States Army landings on 11 May. During the months that followed, she concentrated on Kiska, culminating in an assault on 15 August. The Japanese were found to have evacuated the island in late July, thus abandoning their last foothold in the Aleutians.
Idaho returned to San Francisco on 7 September to prepare for the invasion of the Gilbert Islands. Moving to Pearl Harbor, she got underway with the assault fleet on 10 November and arrived off Makin Atoll on 20 November. She supported the fighting ashore with accurate gunfire support and antiaircraft fire, remaining in the Gilberts until sailing for Pearl Harbor on 5 December.
Next on the Pacific timetable was the invasion of the Marshall Islands, and the veteran battleship arrived off Kwajalein early on 31 January 1944 to soften up shore positions. Again, she hurled tons of shells into Japanese positions until 5 February, when the outcome was one of certain victory. After replenishing at Majuro, she bombarded other islands in the group, then moved to Kavieng, New Ireland for a diversionary bombardment on 20 March.
Idaho bombarding Okinawa in 1945.
Idaho returned to the New Hebrides on 25 March, and after a short stay in Australia arrived Kwajalein with a group of escort carriers on 8 June. From there, the ships steamed to the Marianas, where Idaho began a pre-invasion bombardment of Saipan on 14 June. With the landing assault underway on 15 June, the battleship moved to Guam for bombardment assignments. As the American fleet destroyed Japanese carrier air power in the Battle of the Philippine Sea from 19–21 June, Idaho protected the precious transport area and reserve convoys. After returning to Eniwetok from 28 June to 9 July, the ship began preinvasion bombardment of Guam on 12 July, and continued the devastating shelling until the main assault eight days later. As ground troops battled for the island, Idaho stood offshore providing vital support until anchoring at Eniwetok on 2 August.
The ship continued to Espiritu Santo and entered a floating dry dock on 15 August for repairs to her "blisters". After landing rehearsals on Guadalcanal in early September, Idaho moved to Peleliu on 12 September and began bombarding the island, needed as a staging base for the invasion of the Philippines. Despite the furious bombardment, Japanese entrenchments gave assault forces stiff opposition, and the battleship remained off Peleliu until 24 September providing the all-important fire support for advancing Marines. She then sailed for Manus and eventually to Bremerton, Washington, where she arrived for needed repairs on 22 October. The 5 in (130 mm)/25 cal guns were replaced by 10 5 in (130 mm)/38 cal guns in single enclosed mounts (she was the only ship of her class to receive this modification).[2] This was followed by battle practice off California.
Idaho''s mighty guns were needed for the next giant amphibious assault on the way to Japan. She sailed from San Diego on 20 January 1945 to join a battleship group at Pearl Harbor. After rehearsals, she steamed from the Marianas on 14 February for the invasion of Iwo Jima. As Marines stormed ashore on 19 February, Idaho was again blasting enemy positions with her big guns, and fired star shells at night to illuminate the battlefield. She remained off Iwo Jima until 7 March, when she underway for Ulithi and the last of the great Pacific assaults – Okinawa.
Idaho sailed on 21 March as part of Rear Admiral Deyo's Gunfire and Covering Group and flagship of Bombardment Unit 4. She arrived offshore on 25 March and began silencing enemy shore batteries and pounding installations. The landings began on 1 April, and as the Japanese made a desperate attempt to drive the vast fleet away with kamikaze attacks, Idaho's gunners shot down numerous planes. In a massed attack on 12 April, the battleship shot down five kamikazes before suffering damage to her port blisters from a near-miss. After temporary repairs, she sailed 20 April and arrived at Guam five days later.
The veteran of so many of the landings of the Pacific quickly completed repairs and returned to Okinawa on 22 May to resume fire support. Idaho remained until 20 June, then sailed for battle maneuvers in Leyte Gulf until hostilities ceased on 15 August.
Idaho made her triumphal entry into Tokyo Bay with occupation troops on 27 August, and was anchored there during the signing of the surrender on board the Missouri on 2 September. Four days later she began the long voyage to the East Coast of the United States, steaming via the Panama Canal to arrive at Norfolk on 16 October. She decommissioned on 3 July 1946 and was placed in reserve until sold for scrap on 24 November 1947 to Lipsett, Incorporated, of New York City.
Liberi cieli - 3
In EXPLORE
Thanks for your visit and comments! : ))
Grazie per le vostre gentili parole. :))
Germany, Hamburg, Airport Days 2015 Dornier Do 228 NG, built in 2012 & 1997 respectively by RUAG Aviation
The Do 228 NG is a twin-engine turboprop, which together with a machine of the same type from the Naval Air Wing 3 in Nordholz on behalf of the Federal Ministry of Transport for the CCME in use. The term "Pollution Control" to the aircraft provides information on its main task; hunting on polluters & monitoring of pollution of the North & Baltic Sea. Special devices such as radar, infrared- & ultraviolet sensors, microwave radiometers & fluorescence laser as well as video cameras is directed during the flight to the discovered contamination via a direct data line to the CCME. From there, each further procedure will be coordinated with the partners in the Maritime Security Centre. Pilots & operators fly an average of three to four missions during day & night in almost all kinds of weather.
Manufacturer RUAG Aviation
Year 2012 and 1997
Engine 2 x Honeywell TPE 331, each with 774 PS
Length 16.56 meters
Wingspan 16.97 meters
Height 4.86 meters
...Danke, Xièxie 谢谢, Thanks, Gracias, Merci, Grazie, Obrigado, Arigatô, Dhanyavad, Chokrane to you & over
4,3 million visits in my photostream with countless motivating comments
216.5 cu in L head,
6 cyl.,
85 hp,
Wheel base 112.3 in.,
Weight 2940 lbs,
Base price $877,
16323 produced,
Texas Transportation Museum,
Wetmore, San Antonio, Texas
For my video; youtu.be/kSgGKOqzZYw
G-BNNO at Norwich Int. Airport (NWI), Norfolk.
Model: PA-28-161 Cherokee Warrior II
Manufacturer: Piper
Year built: 1981
Construction number: 28-8116099
Registration number: G-BNNO
Owner: Premier Flight Training, Norwich Airport, Norfolk
Number of seats: 4
Length: 23 ft. 3 in. (7.102 m)
Height: 7 ft. 3 in. (2.225 m)
Wingspan: 30 ft. (9.14 m)
Wing area: 160 sq. ft. (15 m2)
Empty weight: 1,201 lb. (545 kg)
MTOW 2,150 lb. (975 kg)
Engine: 1 x Lycoming O-320-D3G
Engine output: 1 x 150 hp (110 kW)
Max speed: 123 knots (142 mph - 228 km/h)
Cruise speed: 108 knots (124 mph - 200 km/h)
Stall speed: 47 knots (54 mph - 87 km/h)
Rate of climb: 660 ft./min. (3.4 m/sec)
Service ceiling: 14,300 ft. (4,400 m)
Range: 465 nm (535 miles - 861 km)
Previous registration: N8307X
Ref. 53138.
Renault Dacia Duster phase 2 (2013).
"Guardia Civil" (España).
Escala 1/43.
Mondo Sp.A. (Italia).
Made in China.
Año 2014 (?).
More info about Dacia Duster facelift 2013, 1:43 Mondo Motors:
autosworld.eu/2015/03/03/dacia-duster-facelift-2013-143-m...
More info & pictures about Dacia Duster phase 1 (Solido) and Dacia Duster phase 2 (Mondo Motors).
forum.lesptitesrenault.fr/viewtopic.php?p=163914
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Dacia Duster
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
"The Dacia Duster is a compact sport utility vehicle (SUV) produced jointly by the French manufacturer Renault and its Romanian subsidiary Dacia since 2010.
It is also marketed as the Renault Duster in certain markets, such as India, Iran, Kazakhstan, Russia, Mexico, South Africa, Ukraine, the UAE and in South America.
It is also rebadged as the Nissan Terrano in Russia and India.
It was officially launched at the 2010 Geneva Motor Show and is the third model based on the Logan platform, after the Sandero.
In 2014, 40% of the Duster units sold worldwide were badged Dacia and 60% (70% in 2013) were sold under the Renault marque.
A four-door double cab pick-up was launched at the end of 2015 in South America, marketed as the Renault Duster Oroch.
An unrelated off-road vehicle, the ARO 10 manufactured by Auto Romania, was sold as Dacia Duster in some markets during the 1980s and 1990s."
(...)
[Phase 1 : 2010 — 2013]
"The Duster was initially introduced in the ice racing version prepared for the Andros Trophy, presented for the first time on 17 November 2009.
The production version was revealed to the media on 8 December 2009, and was subsequently launched at the Geneva Motor Show in March 2010.
Based on the B0 platform, the Duster measures 4.31 metres (169.7 in) in length, 1.82 metres (71.7 in) in width and has 210 mm (8.3 in) of ground clearance. Its luggage space has a volume of up to 475 litres (16.8 cu ft), while with the rear benchseat folded and tipped forward, its carrying ability can exceed 1,600 litres (57 cu ft).
The Duster is offered with two-wheel drive or four-wheel-drive. The 4x4 variants make use of Nissan's all-wheel drive system,"
(...)
[Phase 2 : 2013 - ]
Facelift
"In September 2013, the facelifted Dacia Duster was presented at the Frankfurt Motor Show.
The exterior received important changes in the front with a new chromed grille and redesigned headlights, restyled roof bars, new 16-inch wheels and modest modifications in the rear.
The interior was also renewed, with design and features similar to those introduced the previous year on the new models in the Dacia line-up.
A new TCe 125 1.2 liter direct-injection turbo engine was introduced."
(...)
Sources:
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacia_Duster
fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacia_Duster
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Nissan B platform
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
"The B platform is an automobile platform for compact and subcompact cars of the Renault-Nissan Alliance since 2002."
(...)
Dacia B0 platform
"A version with stretched wheelbase, named B0 platform,and developed by Dacia, is used for the following cars:
- Dacia Logan
- Dacia Sandero
- Dacia Duster
The B0 platform is also used by the Alliance's partner AvtoVAZ:
- Lada XRAY
- Lada Largus
The B0 platform is also used by Renault Avtoframos plant:
- Renault Kaptur
Entry #3 in my HDR aircraft series is the MiG-21, the most-produced supersonic jet aircraft in aviation history.
In posting shots on other social media last year, it seemed that my shots at Ruckinge were not as complete as they should have been.
I did call in last year, but due to COVID, the church was locked.
On Saturday, we were in Ham Street so I could hunt butterflies, and surprisingly, Ham Street has no church within the village, instead there is Ruckinge and Orelestone to the north and east.
Orelestone I only visited last year, so have not been inside, but Ruckinge I last saw inside in 2014.
Saturday mornings there is a regular coffee morning in the shop, and I arrived just after midday as the refreshments were being packed away. Another role into which parish churches step into as other civic buildings are sold off up and down the country.
The tall, squat dower is visible from half a mile away, towering over the mature trees between. Clearly an ancient construction, Norman for sure, and topped by a wee little steeple.
Being a glorious day, I walked round the outside of the church, recording some of the finer details, like the tympanums over the west and south doors.
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A large church of Norman origins, the west door being a much-weathered example of twelfth-century work. The south doorway is also Norman and has the remains of two mass dials carved into its dressed stonework. The masonry inside the church shows clear signs of fire damage, and a nice crownpost roof of the fourteenth century probably marks the date of the rebuilding after the fire. Of the same period are the returned stalls on the south side of the chancel - the fronts being little more than a series of plain upright planks, with some spectacularly proportioned poppy-heads at each end. Outside, the upper stage of the tower dates from the thirteenth century and has a small pyramidal roof with needle spire.
www.kentchurches.info/church.asp?p=Ruckinge
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RUCKING
LIES the next parish westward from Bilsington, for the most part upon the clay-hills. It is written in Domesday, Rochinges, and now usually called and written Ruckinge. Part of it, in which the church stands, is in the hundred of Newchurch, and another part in the hundred of Ham. That part of it which is below the hill southward is in the level of Romney Marsh, and within the liberty and jurisdiction of the justices of it, and the residue is within that of the justices of the county, and within the district of the Weald.
The PARISH lies so obscurely as to be but little known, it is a dreary unpleasant place, the roads are very narrow and miry, as bad as any in the Weald, the soil being a deep miry clay; that from Limne, through Bilsington, Ham-street, and Warehorne, crosses this parish on the side of the clay-hill, inclining nearer to the Marsh. The church stands on the side of the hill, overlooking the Marsh, which lies at the foot of it southward. The upper or northern side of it is mostly coppice wood. It contains about 930 acres of upland, and as many of marsh-land. There is no village, the houses being dispersed about the parish, and are mostly inhabited by poorer sort of people.
IN THE YEAR 791 king Offa gave to Christ-church, in Canterbury, fifteen plough-lands in Kent, among which was this estate of Roching, together with several dennes, for the feed of hogs, in the Weald; (fn. 1) but it was afterwards wrested from the church, during the Danish wars, and it continued in lay hands at the time of the conquest, soon after which it appears to have been in the possession of Hugo de Montfort, from whom archbishop Lanfranc recovered it again to his church, in the solemn assembly, held on this occasion by the king's command, at Pinenden-heath, in the year 1076. This estate coming thus into the hands of the church, on the division made of the revenues of it between the archbishop and his monks, was allotted by him to the latter, and the possession of it was confirmed to them by king Henry I. and II. In Somner's Gavelkind, is a transcript of a release anno 17 Edward I. of the base services of several of the tenants of this manor (gavelkind men) who brought them out, and consequently it was a mere change from service into money, by the mutual consent of lord and tenant. King Edward II. in his 10th year, granted to the prior and convent of Christ-church, free-warren in all their demesne lands in Rucking, among other places. In which state this manor continued till the suppression of the priory, anno 31 Henry VIII. when it came into the king's hands, where it did not remain long, for the king settled it by his dotation charter, in his 33d year, on his new-erected dean and chapter of Canterbury, part of whose possessions it still remains. The heirs of the Rev. Dr. James Andrews, lately deceased, are now entitled to the lease of it. There is no court held for this manor.
The OTHER PART of this parish, not included in the above grant of king Offa, seems to be that which Cuthred, king of Kent, in the year 805, with the consent and leave of Cœnulf, king of Mercia, gave to Aldbertht his servant, and Seledrythe the abbot, being two plough-lands in Hrocing, situated on both sides of the river Limene, to hold in perpetual inheritance, free from all regal tribute, &c. (fn. 2) Soon after the Norman conquest Hugo de Montfort was become possessed of lands in this parish, some of which were those which had been given by king Offa, as above-mentioned, to the priory of Christ-church, which were again recovered from him by archbishop Lanfranc, at the great meeting held at Pinenden. The residue continued in his possession, and are accordingly entered in the survey of Domesday, under the general title of the lands of Hugo de Montfort:
Ralph, son of Richard, holds of Hugo half a suling in Rochinges, which Leuret held of king Edward. It was taxed at half a suling. The arable land is two carucates. There are now twelve villeins having one carucate and an half. Of wood the pannage for one hog. In the time of king Edward the Confessor it was worth fifty shillings, and afterwards thirty shillings, now fifty shillings.
IN THIS PART was the MANOR OF WESTBEREIS, alias Rokinges, which seems to have been once accounted as a moiety of the manor of Rucking. The former of these names it appears to have taken from the antient owners of it. After this name was extinct here, which was before the reign of king Henry IV. this manor was come into the name of Prisot, and in the 21st year of king Henry VI. was owned by John Prisot, who was that year made a sergeant-at-law, and in the 27th year of it knighted, and made chief justice of the common pleas, (fn. 3) in whose descendants it continued till the 8th year of king Henry VIII. when Thomas Prisot passed it away by sale to George Hount, in which name it continued till the 9th year of queen Elizabeth, when it was sold to Reginald Stroughill, usually called Struggle, who was in the commission of the peace in king Edward VI.'s reign, a name of antient extraction in Romney Marsh, where there were lands so called, and there they continued in good esteem at Lyd, of which town they were jurats, and possessed lands for many years afterwards. From this name this manor of Westberies, alias Rokinges, went by sale to Pearse, and anno 23 Elizabeth John Pearse, alienated it, being held in capite, to Richard Guildford and Bennet his wife, but he being indicted for not taking the oath of supremacy, they fled the realm, and were attainted of treason, and his lands became forfeited to the crown, where this manor seems to have remained till the death of the latter in 1597, anno 39 Elizabeth, when the queen granted the fee of it to Walter Moyle, gent. who sold it soon afterwards to Francis Bourne, esq. of Sharsted, and his grandson James Bourne owned it at the latter end of king Charles I.'s reign, and in his descendants it continued till it was at length sold to Parker, in which name it remained till John Parker, of London, alienated it in 1706 to Edward Andrews, of Hinxhill, and his daughter Susanna, who married George I'anns, of this parish, and left a daughter of her own name, who afterwards married first John Gray, M. D. of Canterbury, and secondly Tho. Ibbott, clerk, and entit led each of her husbands in turn respectively to the possession of this manor. On her death without issue, her heirs on her mother's side became entitled to it, and in them, to the number of more than thirty, the inheritance of it is at this time vested.
The MANOR OF BARDINDEN, or Barbodindenne, was likewise most probably situated in this part of Rucking, and was antiently so called from a family of the same name, who were possessors of it, one of whom, William de Barbodindenne, held it at his death, which was in the 9th year of king Edward III. and in his descendants it continued till at length it was alienated to Sir Robert Belknap, chief justice of the common pleas, who being attainted and banished in the 11th year of king Richard II. his estates became forfeited to the crown. Notwithstanding which, the king, who considered him as a martyr to his interest, granted him his estates again, and among others this manor, which he died possessed of in the 2d year of king Henry IV. His grandson John Belknap, in the beginning of king Henry VI.'s reign, alienated it to Engham, in which name it continued till king Henry VIII.'s reign, when it was sold to Sir Matthew Browne, of Beechworth, who held it in capite at his death, anno 4 and 5 Philip and Mary. His grandson Sir Thomas Browne passed it away by sale, in the 7th year of queen Elizabeth, to Thomas Lovelace, esq. whose cousin and heir William Lovelace, of Bethesden, sergeant-at-law, succeeded him in the possession of it, which afterwards descended down to Col. Richard Lovelace, who, soon after the death of king Charles I. alienated it, with his estates at Bethersden, to Mr. Richard Hulse, afterwards of Lovelace-place, in that parish, but whereabouts this manor is precisely situated, or who have been the proprietors of it since, I have not as yet been able to gain any discovery of.
POUNDHURST is a manor, situated about a mile north-west from the church. It belonged in 1651 to Richard Watts, who sold it to Gadsley, from which name it passed to Hatch, and then to Read, who passed it away to Clarke, of Ashford, and Grace Clarke carried it in marriage to the Rev. Thomas Gellibrand, and at her death in 1782, gave it by will to her son the Rev. Joseph Gellibrand, of Edmonton, the present possessor of it.
The MANOR OF MORE was antiently held by owners of the same name, one of whom, Matthew at More, held it by knight's service in the 20th year of king Edward III. after which this manor of More came into the possession of the family of Brent, who were possessed of it in king Henry VII.'s reign. At length Thomas Brent, esq. of Wilsborough, dying in 1612, s. p. by his will gave this manor to his nephew Richard Dering, esq. of Pluckley, in whose descendants it continued down to Sir Edward Dering, bart. now of Surrenden, the present possessor of it.
Charities.
A PERSON UNKNOWN gave to this parish an annuity of 20s. paid out of lands in Romney Marsh, occupied by Mr. Stone, of Great Chart, which is yearly distributed on New Year's day to the poor, who receive no parish relief.
The poor constantly relieved are about twenty, casually forty.
THIS PARISH is within the ECCLESIASTICAL JURISDICTION of the diocese of Canterbury, and deanry of Limne.
The church, which is dedicated to St. Mary Magdalen, is a very small building, having at the west end a pointed tower, out of which rises a small slender spire. In the tower there are five bells. It has a middle isle, and two narrow ones coving to it on each side. It has one chancel, and another building at the east end of the south isle, built of flint, with two handsome gothic windows on the south side, and seems to have been a chantry or oratory. It is now made use of to lay the materials in for the repairs of the church. There is a white stone in the north isle, having once had the figures of a man and woman in brass. There are no other memorials or gravestones in the church. On the outside of the steeple, on the west side, there is a very antient Saxon arched door-way, with carved capitals and zig-zag ornaments round it, and some sculpture under the arch. And there is such another smaller one on the middle of the south side of the south isle.
The church of Rucking seems to have been esteemed part of the possessions of the see of Canterbury ever since the restoring of it to that church, by the means of archbishop Lanfranc as above mentioned, when, on the allotment of the manor to the priory and monks of Christ-church, the archbishop most probably retained the advowson of this church to himself. His grace the archbishop is the present patron of it.
It is a rectory, valued in the king's books at 14l. 13s. 4d. and the yearly tenths at 1l. 9s. 4d. In 1588 it was valued at one hundred pounds, communicants one hundred. In 1640 it was valued at eightyfive pounds, communicants the same as before. There are about eighteen acres of glebe.
In the petition of the clergy, beneficed in Romney Marsh, in 1635, for setting aside the custom of twopence an acre, in lieu of tithe-wool and pasturage, a full account of which has been given before, under Burmarsh, the rector of Rucking was one of those who met on this occasion; when it was agreed on all sides, that wool in the Marsh had never been known to have been paid in specie, the other tithes being paid or compounded for.
¶There is a modus of one shilling per acre on all grafs lands in this parish within the Marsh, and by custom, all the upland pays four-pence per acre for pasturage, and one shilling per acre when mowed, no hay having ever been taken in kind, the other tithes are either taken in kind, or compounded for. Formerly the woods of this parish paid tithes, after the rate of two shillings in the pound, according to the money paid for the fellets of them; but in a suit in the exchequer for tithe of wood, anno 1713, brought by Lodge, rector, against Sir Philip Boteler, it was decreed against the rector, that this parish was within the bounds of the Weald, and the woods in it consequently freed from tithes. Which decree has been acquiesced in ever since.
Harrods <3 in London
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chat on MSN
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see
pt.1 flickr.com/photos/rbstruckstop/106362057/
pt. 2 flickr.com/photos/rbstruckstop/110544555/
i guess they dont know who they messing wit
Dublin to Galway (MGWR) Railway Line - MP Broadstone 12.
Irish Rail 2900 Class Railcars Sets 17 + 3 in Leixlip, Kildare 22nd March 2015, with the 15:40 service from Maynooth to Dublin Pearse.
n° 5 of 6
Saab 94
The Saab Sonett was an open, two-seater competition sports car. It was planned to go into series production, but only six cars were made. This is the fifth car. The three-cylinder, two-stroke engine is tuned to 57,5 hp at 5.000 rpm. If it had gone into series production it would also have been offered in a "tourist" version, with a less hard-tuned - and demanding - engine.
748 cc
3 in-line
57,5 hp @ 5.000 rpm
Saab Car Museum
Åkerssjövägen 18
Trollhättan
Sverige - Sweden
July 2012
This is a leaf from a Bible that was probably produced in France (or perhaps in England) c.1200.
The text is from the First Book of Maccabees beginning at chapter 1, in verse 22 and ending at chapter 3 in verse 1.
The size of the leaf is 264mm x 191mm (10 4/10ins. x 7 11/20ins.).
ILLUMINATION AND DECORATION: -
The decoration of this leaf is particularly interesting in that it was completed at two different times. The original decoration is: -
Seven red or blue initials with contrasting pale blue or red penwork (one thirteen-line), six two-line; and
Headlines in red and blue capitals.
Added a little later are: -
Chapter numbers in the margin in red and blue preceded by paraph marks in highly burnished gold with blue penwork.
GENERAL COMMENTS: -
This is a superb addition to the collection for two reasons. Firstly, except for a small stain in the bottom margin of the recto, it is in extremely good, clean condition and has been written by a very competent scribe. Secondly, whilst it is not possible to say whether the origin of the leaf is France or England, it is possible, with some degree if certainty, to date it to c.1200.
The leaf was certainly written after c.1175 because where “pp” is written the letters bite into each other. The leaf cannot have been written after the first year or two of the thirteenth century because the decorated initials here are of the style that Bibles were written before Stephen Langton standardised the chapter numbers. Prior to him doing this, Books of the Bible were often divided into short, impractical and non-standard little sections. On this leaf those sections have the decorated initials at: -
Recto: -Chapter 1,verse 57 “D”Chapter 2, verse 1 “I”
Chapter 2, verse 15 “E”
Verso: -Chapter 2, verse 29 “T”Chapter 2, verse 40 “E”
Chapter 2, verse 49 “E”Chapter 3, verso 1 “E”
Standardisation became necessary because commentaries were being written, and for study. In order to overcome the problem of these little sections, the Bibles that had been produced had the new, standard, chapter numbers added in the margins and that is what has been done here, with the added improvement of illumination.
Ins. Nos. 0441 and 0443 are from the same Bible.
On the sea front and the first real day of warm sun this year, so this was an easy shot but still so great to have a camera to capture it.
[2018] Dreamtopia 3-In-1Fashions And Barbir.
{2018} Skipper Baby-Sitters, Inc. .
My Two Newest 2018 Mattel Products! Wasn't Planning On Adding Asian Skipper.
Fomapan 200 in Foma Fomadon LQN (1:14) 5' 20°C.
Development: Fomadon LQN (1:14) 5': 60'' slow inversions, than 10 inversions/minute.
Stop in Fomacitro: 10''
Fix: 3' in Foma fix
Wash: 15'(the last wash in demineralized water)
Did you ever have so much work you felt like your needed three of you. This is my execution of that solution.
Aperture occupies virtually whole of interior face (left hand image).
1: recurved pointed umbo (rostrum) overhanging concave interior.
2: asymmetrical “ears” to either side of rostrum resemble scallop.
3: outer layer (periostracum) forms broad border beyond inner layer.
4: fractured calcareous inner-layer held in place by periostracum.
5: close-set concentric striae and a few indistinct radiating lines.
6: embayment on right side of shell.
Full SPECIES DESCRIPTION BELOW
PDF available at www.researchgate.net/publication/353918067_Aplysia_puncta...
Sets of OTHER SPECIES: www.flickr.com/photos/56388191@N08/collections/
Aplysia punctata (Cuvier, 1803) Account revised August 2021
Current taxonomy: World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=138758
Synonyms: Aplysia rosea Rathke, 1799; Aplysia hybrida J. Sowerby, 1806.
Meaning of name: Aplysia = that which cannot be washed; punctata = spotted.
Vernacular of just this species: Spotted sea hare (English); Môrwlithen glustiog (Welsh); Aplysie ponctuée (French); gemeiner Seehase (German); Pikasti morski zajček (Slovenian); Liebre de mar manchada (Spanish);
Vernacular of any Aplysia species: Sea hare (English); Lièvre de mer (French); zeehaas (Dutch); søhare (Danish); sjöhare (Swedish); Lepre marina (Italian);
GLOSSARY below.
Shell description
A. punctata has a rudimentary vestigial shell. Its height (longest dimension) is up to 40 mm, occasionally more; about 30% of the animal’s length. It is saucer-shape with a recurved, pointed umbo (rostrum) overhanging the concave interior, and there is an embayment on the right. It somewhat resembles a pectinid with asymmetrical “ears” either side of the rostrum.
The adult shell retains no trace of the spiral coiling of the veliger stage. It consists of two layers of conchiolin. The outer layer is the periostracum. The inner layer is transparent, imperceptibly calcified and limp on young specimens (fig. 1 flic.kr/p/DJpXbt ), and on older specimens is a translucent, thin, fragile, semi-calcareous layer, often fractured into pieces held in place by the periostracum (fig. 2 flic.kr/p/DSES2X ). The periostracum layer extends to form a broad flexible border beyond the inner layer. The exterior is amber-coloured with a sculpture of growth lines, close-set concentric striae and a few indistinct radiating lines. The aperture occupies virtually the whole of the ventral/interior face. On a living animal, the shell is concealed by the mantle (fig. 23 flic.kr/p/2oJVAzt ), except within a round foramen (fig. 3 flic.kr/p/CVh5eX ). There is no operculum.
Body description
The full-grown body length is about 70 mm and the usual maximum is 120 mm, exceptionally 200 mm (fig. 14 flic.kr/p/DQm3GL & fig. 15 flic.kr/p/Dqyc3s ). It has a large head and neck (fig. 4 flic.kr/p/DjbKoD ). The snout has a centrally divided oral veil which is usually loosely rolled into forward-orientated oral tentacles and curled flaps in front of the mouth (fig. 5 flic.kr/p/CVh2bn ). The appearance varies with the degree of rolling; sometimes flaps hang down from the oral tentacles (fig. 6 flic.kr/p/DJpNXK ). The snout is separated ventrally from the foot by a gutter (ffig. 5 flic.kr/p/CVh2bn ). The cephalic tentacles are also enrolled, but the edges are fused on the basal half; they resemble a hare's ears (fig. 5 flic.kr/p/CVh2bn ). Anterolaterally of each cephalic tentacle base there is a blue-black eye on a slightly raised mound of translucent unpigmented epithelium resembling a whitish iris (fig. 5 flic.kr/p/CVh2bn ).
Two large parapodia arise from the approximate mid-point of the body and extend to about 25% body length from the posterior where they unite (fig. 7 flic.kr/p/DJpNgz ). An external seminal groove runs from a common genital aperture, close to the anterior of the right parapodium, along the neck to the opening to the penial sheath near the base of the right oral tentacle (fig. 8 flic.kr/p/DJpM2a ). Raised walls along the sides of the seminal groove meet firmly at their edges, but do not fuse, to form a tube lined with cilia that propel the contents. The penis is spatulate with curled up edges and has an external seminal groove. It is engorged and extended from the everted penial sheath during copulation (fig. 9 flic.kr/p/DSEGJ8 & fig. 10 flic.kr/p/CVacmN ).
The parapodia can be held erect (fig. 11 flic.kr/p/DJpGJc ), semi-prone revealing enclosed anatomical features (fig. 3 flic.kr/p/CVh5eX & fig. 21 flic.kr/p/2nBEfgq ), or folded down to conceal features (fig. 12 flic.kr/p/DSEC4X ).
Colours and patterns on the external surfaces of body vary greatly between individuals www.nudibranch.org/Scottish %20Nudibranchs/aplysia-punctata.html (J. Anderson) , but usually there is a general progression in ground colour during growth from rose-red when small and feeding on red algae such as Delesseria, through brown or blackish-brown when on Laminaria to olive-brown when large and on Fucus (Eales, 1921). Many have fine spots of a darker shade of the ground colour arranged in elongate blotches, varying in prominence, which often form a reticulated pattern. In addition, some have white blotches. The edge of the parapodium often has a thin white rim, sometimes accompanied by black and/or reddish bands (fig. 13 flic.kr/p/DjbzG4 ), and the tips of the tentacles and edges of foot may have similar colours. The dorsal face of the parapodium, usually held concealed against the body, is unpigmented greyish white, apart from its border.
The mantle, enclosed by the parapodia, covers the shell apart from a large round foramen, and, at the posterior-right, forms an erect funnel with the anus near its base (fig. 3 flic.kr/p/CVh5eX ). The shell covers the viscera and the anal funnel fits against the embayment on its right-posterior edge (fig. 1). The anal funnel often protrudes when the parapodia are closed, but it is able to withdraw. The gill (fig. 21 flic.kr/p/2nBEfgq & fig. 22 flic.kr/p/2nBGFnR ) is a thick set, plume-like structure of loose connective tissue and muscle fibre covered by a partly ciliated epithelium (Eales, 1921, plate I). It has thickened lobes in place of the thin filaments of typical ctenidia. It is located in the narrow mantle-cavity on the right of the parapodial enclosure (fig. 3 flic.kr/p/CVh5eX ). It is affixed at its anterior end close to a yellow osphradium. The gill is usually concealed under the shell but may be erected above it if the oxygen level is sensed by the osphradium to be low. An unpigmented opaline gland is in the floor of the mantle cavity near the anterior-right of the parapodial enclosure and just to the posterior of the common genital opening (fig. 4 flic.kr/p/DjbKoD & fig. 21 flic.kr/p/2nBEfgq ). The anterior of the foot is almost rectangular and sometimes expands into a circular outline (fig. 13 flic.kr/p/DjbzG4 ). The posterior of the foot is bluntly pointed. The pale, unpigmented, narrow sole (fig. 5 flic.kr/p/CVh2bn ) is sometimes hidden by the edges curling together (fig. 11 flic.kr/p/DJpGJc ) and it may form into a rounded sucker at the anterior (fig. 13 flic.kr/p/DjbzG4 ), but rarely at the posterior (Thompson, 1976). There is no discernible subdivision of sole into regions (Eales, 1921).
Key identification features
Aplysia punctata
1. Parapodia unite at their posterior, c. 25% body length from posterior of body; see fig.3 in Grigg (1949) (fig. 7 flic.kr/p/DJpNgz ). It swims rarely, if at all, and clumsily if it does.
2. Foramen (fig. 3 flic.kr/p/CVh5eX ), a round hole in the mantle that exposes the shell, is larger, relative to the animal's size, than the foramen on A. depilans or A. fasciata.
3. Full-grown length about 70 mm, usual maximum 120 mm.
4. Foot occasionally expands into rounded sucker (fig. 13 flic.kr/p/DjbzG4 ) at anterior but rarely, if ever, at posterior. The sole is whitish.
5. Occurs all round Britain except parts of southern North Sea and north east Irish Sea.
Similar species
Aplysia depilans Gmelin, 1791
1. Parapodia unite at their posterior close to the posterior of the animal (fig.3 in Grigg, 1949) (fig. 16 flic.kr/p/DSEwU8 ). It is unlikely that it ever swims.
2. Foramen is smaller, relative to animal's size, than foramen on A. punctata
3. Length frequently 120 mm or more, up to 300 mm.
4. Foot frequently expands at posterior into rounded sucker attached to substrate. Sole brown.
5. In Britain (2015), confined to south west England; breeds in Cornwall.
Aplysia fasciata Poiret, 1789
1. Parapodia do not unite at their posterior. See fig. 3, as A. limacina, in Grigg (1949); frequently swims gracefully, see flic.kr/p/da9ojG (R. Fernandez); www.youtube.com/watch?v=x051Lw6LMBw#t=26 (M. Pontes).
2. Tiny foramen, pore-like on raised papilla (Grigg, 1949), is far smaller, relative to animal's size, than foramen on A. punctata; often difficult to discern.
3. Length frequently about 200 mm, with weight nearly 2kg, but up to 400 mm (largest British gastropod).
4. Foot pointed at posterior.
5. Reliably recorded from Dorset, South Devon, Cornwall and Channel Islands; rare.
Aplysia parvula Mörch, 1863
This species was recorded for Britain (Bebbington & Brown, 1975) on the basis of morphological features of small A. punctata specimens. Eales (1921) reported that small red specimens grew and changed colour to typical A. punctata when fed on non-red algae in captivity, so she dismissed their identification as a distinct species. Recent DNA studies (Golestani et al. 2019) found that A. parvula is confined to the tropical western Atlantic, and no DNA evidence for it was found in specimens examined from the north eastern Atlantic or Mediterranean.
Habits and ecology
A. punctata lives in shallow unpolluted water and occasionally on shores at LWS where its algal food grows; including red algae, Ulva (fig. 4 flic.kr/p/DjbKoD ) and Fucus.
Respiration: There is no obvious inhalent siphon; Jeffreys (1869) suggested that inflow was via the foramen, but this seems unlikely. Water is probably taken in between the body and anterior of the parapodia to the narrow mantle cavity on the right containing the gill (fig. 3 flic.kr/p/CVh5eX ). The water passes over the osphradium near the anterior attached-end of the gill. The current is created by cilia on the gill and, probably, on other surfaces. The osphradium tests the water-quality; if it is oxygen deficient, the gill may erect itself clear of the overhanging shell for better access to oxygenated water (Eales, 1921). The exhalent current leaves the animal via the anal funnel, taking faeces with it (fig. 17 flic.kr/p/DJpAiX ).
Defence : A. punctata is usually well camouflaged because its colour is often similar to alga it is feeding on. When irritated, the opaline gland (fig. 4 flic.kr/p/DjbKoD ) can release via the anal funnel (fig. 17 flic.kr/p/DJpAiX ) an acrid, white, viscous secretion, mixed with purple dye from the ink gland, to repel and confuse attackers. There are a few uncertain reports of predation on adults, but crustacea eat the spawn.
Reproduction: Breeding is recorded in February-November in Britain, but is most usual in spring. A. punctata is a simultaneous hermaphrodite, but distant spacing and positioning of the male and female orifices (fig. 9 flic.kr/p/DSEGJ8 ) prevent mutual interchange of gametes between a side-to-side pair in the manner of nudibranchs. One, acting as male, climbs astride another from behind and with the anterior of its foot firmly grips the mantle and shell (through the foramen) of the lower acting female. The penis of the acting male, engorged by blood and extruded by eversion of the internal penis sheath, is inserted into the vaginal part of the other's common genital aperture (fig. 9 flic.kr/p/DSEGJ8 ). Semen from the acting-male passes from its common genital aperture, through the external seminal groove on its neck and head, edge of the penial sheath and penis into the acting-female (fig. 10 flic.kr/p/CVacmN ). Often a chain of mating individuals forms, enabling all, except those at each end of the chain, to act as male and female simultaneously (fig. 9 flic.kr/p/DSEGJ8 ).
A. punctata often extrude spawn during coupling, and it often passes from the common genital opening along the seminal groove, escaping through a wrinkle part-way along it or continuing to emerge (confusingly) at the penial aperture. The spawn is a long string of spherical egg-capsules (fig.18 flic.kr/p/DSEwrV & fig. 20 flic.kr/p/DGfnSL ). There are about 500 capsules in each cm of spawn-string (fig. 19 flic.kr/p/DjbsiX ), and each capsule contains 3 or 4 ova. Copulation/ovipositing lasts several hours or even days, and the string is extruded intermittently in sections, each of which curls and tangles with the others (Eales, 1921). Its colour changes with time, so sections of string issued at different times by a single individual may have different shades from each other with abrupt colour changes corresponding to pauses in laying (fig. 20 flic.kr/p/DGfnSL ). The final colour is brown before veliger larvae emerge into the plankton. A mating/ovipositing chain of individuals results in a tangled mass of spawn strings. A sample mass from the River Yealm, Devon, had an estimated 135 000 ova (Thompson, 1976). Veliger larvae metamorphose after 20-22 days in the plankton at 15ºC into rose-red crawlers, about 5 mm long, feeding on red algae in shallow water (Thompson, 1976).
Distribution and status
A. punctata occurs from northern Norway to the Mediterranean, but is scarce or absent from the continental coast of the southern North Sea and extends into the Baltic no further than the Kattegat, GBIF map www.gbif.org/species/5191252 . It is found in unpolluted water all round Britain and Ireland, except in the north-east Irish Sea. the North Sea from Flamborough Head to Kent and much of the east coast of Scotland where it is absent or scarce. U.K. map NBN species.nbnatlas.org/species/NBNSYS0000173903
Acknowledgements
This account would not have been possible without the assistance of Jim Anderson, Heather Buttivant, Charlotte Cumming, Jonathan Campbell, David Fenwick, Andy Horton, David Kipling, Paula Lightfoot, Penny Martin, Simon Taylor and the photographers whose images have been linked to the account; their names are given next to the links. I gratefully thank them all.
References and links
Bebbington, A. 1992. British Aplysia species. Porcupine Newsletter Vol.5 no 6: 131 – 133. pmnhs.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/046-PNV5N6DEC92.pd...
Bebbington A, & Brown, GH. 1975. Aplysia parvula Guilding in Morch, an opisthobranch new to the British fauna. Journal of Conchology 28: 329–333.
Eales, N.B. 1921. Memoir 24 Aplysia. Proceedings and transactions of the Liverpool biological society. 35: 183 – 280.
archive.org/stream/proceedingstr35192021live#page/182/mod...
Forbes, E. & Hanley S. 1849-53. A history of the British mollusca and their shells. vol. 3 (1853), London, van Voorst. (As Aplysia hybrida); pp. 554-556. archive.org/stream/ahistorybritish05forbgoog#page/n568/mo...
Garstang, W. 1890. A complete list of the opisthobranchiate mollusca found at Plymouth; with further observations on their morphology, colours and natural history. J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K. 1(4): 399-457. plymsea.ac.uk/50/ .
Golestani, H., Crocetta, F., Padula, V., Camacho-garcía, Y., Langeneck, J., Poursanidis, D., Pola, M., Baki yokeş, M., Cervera, J.L., Jung, D., Gosliner, T.M., Araya J.F., Hooker, Y, Schrödl, M. and Valdés, Á. 2019. The little Aplysia coming of age: from one species to a complex of species complexes in Aplysia parvula (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Heterobranchia) Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 20, 1–52
Grigg, U.M. 1949. The occurence of British Aplysia. J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K. 28(3): 795-805. plymsea.ac.uk/id/eprint/1391/ [has A. fasciata as A. limacina]
Høisæter, T. 2009. Distribution of marine, benthic, shell bearing gastropods along the Norwegian coast. Fauna norvegica 28: 5-106. www.ntnu.no/ojs/index.php/fauna_norvegica/article/view/563
Jeffreys, J.G. 1862-69. British conchology. vol. 5 (1869). London, van Voorst. pp.1-8 archive.org/stream/britishconcholog05jeff#page/n9/mode/2up .
McKay, D. & Smith, S.M. 1979. Marine mollusca of East Scotland. Royal Scottish Museum, Edinburgh.
Thompson, T.E. 1976. Biology of opisthobranch molluscs vol.1. London, Ray Society.
Current taxonomy: World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=138758
Glossary
aperture = mouth of gastropod shell; outlet for head and foot.
anterolateral = situated in front and to the side of.
cephalic = (adj.) of or on the head.
cilia = (sing. cilium) microscopic linear extensions of membrane that move in rhythmic waves to create locomotion, or that move particles and liquids e.g. inhalent water currents. (Scanning electron microscope image at flic.kr/p/qQB5zj )
ciliated = (adj.) coated with cilia.
conchiolin = horny flexible protein that forms the periostracum and a matrix for the deposition of calcium carbonate to create other shell-layers.
ctenidium = comb-like molluscan gill; usually an axis with a row of filaments or lamellae on one or two sides.
ELWS = extreme low water spring tide (usually near March and September equinoxes).
epithelium = tissue forming outer layer of body surface and lining the alimentary canal and other hollow structures
everted = turned inside out and, like a sock.
foramen = natural, non-accidental, opening.
lobate = having or resembling lobes.
LWS = low water spring tide.
mantle = sheet of tissue that secretes the shell and forms a cavity for the gill in most marine molluscs. Confined to the shell-interior of most British shelled-gastropods, but also covers exterior on Aplysia.
opaline = acrid, white, viscous secretion used with purple ink by Aplysia to repel attackers.
operculum = plate of horny conchiolin, rarely calcareous, used to close shell aperture. Absent from Aplysia.
osphradium = organ for testing water quality, usually near the gill.
parapodia = (sing, parapodium) flap-like, lateral outgrowths of foot, usually held up against the sides of some sea slugs.
pectinid = member of the family Pectinidae (scallops).
periostracum = thin horny layer of chitinous material often coating shells.
plankton = animals and plants that drift in pelagic zone (main body of water).
plicate = corrugated so ridges and grooves alternate with each other on either side of axis.
rostrum = beak-like process on shell.
semen = fluid containing sperm.
seminal = relating to or containing semen.
striae = (sing. stria) usually parallel, slight, fine or narrow furrows, ridges, stripes, or streaks.
umbo = (pl. umbones) earliest part of the shell of a bivalve and some bivalve-like gastropod shells, such as in Aplysia punctata. It terminates in a beak which is best seen on an interior view.
veliger = shelled larva of marine gastropod or bivalve mollusc which swims by beating cilia of a velum (bilobed flap).