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"I know that I shall meet my fate somewhere among the clouds above; those that I fight I do not hate, those that I guard I do not love." - William Butler Yeats
Niagara Falls is a city in Ontario, Canada. It is on the western bank of the Niagara River in the Golden Horseshoe region of Southern Ontario, with a population of 94,415 at the 2021 census. It is part of the St. Catharines - Niagara Census Metropolitan Area (CMA). Incorporated on 12 June 1903, the city is across the river from Niagara Falls, New York. The Niagara River flows over Niagara Falls at this location, creating a natural spectacle which attracts millions of tourists each year.
The tourist area near the falls includes observation towers, high-rise hotels, souvenir shops, museums, indoor water parks, casinos and theatres, mostly with colourful neon billboards and advertisements. Other parts of the city include golf courses, parks, historic sites from the War of 1812, and residential neighbourhoods.
History
Prior to European arrival, present day Niagara Falls was populated by Iroquoian-speaking Neutral people but, after attacks from the Haudenosaunee and Seneca, the Neutral people population was severely reduced. The Haudenosaunee people remained in the area until Europeans made first contact in the late 17th century. The Niagara Falls area had some European settlement in the 17th century. Louis Hennepin, a French priest and missionary, is considered to be the first European to visit the area in the 1670s. French colonists settled mostly in Lower Canada, beginning near the Atlantic, and in Quebec and Montreal.
After surveys were completed in 1782 the area was referred to as Township Number 2 as well as Mount Dorchester after Guy Carleton, 1st Baron Dorchester (and today is only honoured by Dorchester Road and the community of Dorchester Village). The earliest settlers of Township Number 2 were Philip George Bender (namesake of Bender Street and Bender Hill near Casino Niagara originally from Germany and later New Jersey and Philadelphia) and Thomas McMicken (a Scottish-born British Army veteran). Increased settlement in this area took place during and after the American Revolutionary War, when the British Crown made land grants to Loyalists to help them resettle in Upper Canada and provide some compensation for their losses after the United States became independent. Loyalist Robert Land received 200 acres (81 ha) and was one of the first people of European descent to settle in the Niagara Region. He moved to nearby Hamilton three years later due to the relentless noise of the falls.
In 1791, John Graves Simcoe renamed the town was Stamford after Stamford, Lincolnshire in England[7] but today Stamford is only used for an area northwest of downtown Niagara Falls as well as Stamford Street. During the war of 1812, the battle of Lundy's Lane took place in July 1814. In 1856, the Town of Clifton was incorporated by Ogden Creighton after Clifton, Bristol. The name of the town was changed to Niagara Falls in 1881. In 1882, the community of Drummondville (near the present-day corner of Lundy's Lane and Main Street) was incorporated as the village of Niagara Falls (South). The village was referred to as Niagara Falls South to differentiate it from the town. In 1904, the town and village amalgamated to form the City of Niagara Falls. In 1963, the city amalgamated with the surrounding Stamford Township. In 1970, the Niagara regional government was formed. This resulted in the village of Chippawa, Willoughby Township, and part of Crowland Township being annexed into Niagara Falls.
An internment camp for Germans was set up at The Armoury (now Niagara Military Museum) in Niagara Falls from December 1914 to August 1918.
Black history
Niagara Falls has had a Black population since at least 1783. Up to 12 African-Americans were a part of the Butler's Rangers, including Richard Pierpoint. When they were disbanded in 1783, they tried to establish themselves through farming nearby, making them among the first Black settlers in the region. It is estimated that nearly 10 percent of the Loyalists to settle in the area were Black Loyalists.
Niagara Falls' Black population increased in the following decades, as a destination on the Underground Railroad. In 1856, a British Methodist Episcopal (BME) Church was established for African-Canadian worshipers. The BME Church, Nathaniel Dett Memorial Chapel is now a National Historic Site, remaining in operation into the 21st century. Composer, organist, pianist and music professor Nathaniel Dett was born in Niagara Falls in 1882.
In 1886, Burr Plato became one of the first African Canadians to be elected to political office, holding the position of City Councillor of Niagara Falls until 1901.
Geography
Niagara Falls is approximately 130 km (81 mi) by road from Ontario's capital of Toronto, which is across Lake Ontario to the north. The area of the Niagara Region is approximately 1,800 km2 (690 sq mi).
Topography
The city is built along the Niagara Falls waterfalls and the Niagara Gorge on the Niagara River, which flows from Lake Erie to Lake Ontario.
Climate
The city of Niagara Falls has a humid continental climate (Köppen Dfa) which is moderated to an extent in all seasons by proximity to water bodies. Winters are cold, with a January high of −0.4 °C (31.3 °F) and a low of −7.8 °C (18.0 °F). However, temperatures above 0 °C (32.0 °F) are common during winter. The average annual snowfall is 154 centimetres (61 in), in which it can receive lake effect snow from both lakes Erie and Ontario. Summers are warm to hot and humid, with a July high of 27.4 °C (81.3 °F) and a low of 17 °C (62.6 °F). The average annual precipitation is 970.2 millimetres (38 in), which is relatively evenly distributed throughout the year.
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Niagara Falls had a population of 94,415 living in 37,793 of its 39,778 total private dwellings, a change of 7.2% from its 2016 population of 88,071. With a land area of 210.25 km2 (81.18 sq mi), it had a population density of 449.1/km2 (1,163.1/sq mi) in 2021.
At the census metropolitan area (CMA) level in the 2021 census, the St. Catharines - Niagara CMA had a population of 433,604 living in 179,224 of its 190,878 total private dwellings, a change of 6.8% from its 2016 population of 406,074. With a land area of 1,397.09 km2 (539.42 sq mi), it had a population density of 310.4/km2 (803.8/sq mi) in 2021.
As of the 2021 Census, 20.9% of the city's population were visible minorities, 3.5% had Indigenous ancestry, and the remaining 75.6% were White. The largest visible minority groups were South Asian (6.3%), Black (3.1%), Filipino (3.0%), Chinese (2.4%), Latin American (1.6%) and Arab (1.1%).
60.1% of Niagara Falls city residents self-identified with Christian denominations in 2021, down from 74.1% in 2011. 33.2% of residents were Catholic, 13.9% were Protestant, 7.1% were Christians of unspecified denomination, and 2.4% were Christian Orthodox. All other Christian denominations/Christian related traditions made up 3.5%. 30.9% of residents were irreligious or secular, up from 22.5% in 2011. Overall, followers of non-Christian religions/spiritual traditions were 9.0% of the population. The largest of these were Islam (4.1%), Hinduism (2.0%), Sikhism (1.4%) and Buddhism (0.8%)
Tourism started in the early 19th century and has been a vital part of the local economy since that time. The falls became known as a natural wonder, in part to their being featured in paintings by prominent American artists of the 19th century such as Albert Bierstadt. Such works were reproduced as lithographs, becoming widely distributed. Niagara Falls marketed itself as a honeymoon destination, describing itself as the "honeymoon capital of the world". Its counterpart in New York also used the moniker. The phrase was most commonly used in brochures in the early twentieth century and declined in usage around the 1960s.
With a plentiful and inexpensive source of hydroelectric power from the waterfalls, many electro-chemical and electro-metallurgical industries located there in the early to mid-20th century. Industry began moving out of the city in the 1970s and 80s because of economic recession and increasing global competition in the manufacturing sector. Tourism increasingly became the city's most important revenue source.
In 2004, several tourist establishments in Niagara Falls began adding a three percent marketing fee to bills. The collected money is untraceable, and there are no controls over how each establishment spends it. The Ontario government—concerned tourists could be misled into believing the fees were endorsed by the government—warned hotels and restaurants in 2008 not to claim the fee if it was not being remitted to a legitimate non-profit agency that promotes tourism. The practise continues, and takes in an estimated $15 million per-year from tourists unaware the fee is voluntary and can be removed from their bill.
Recent development has been mostly centred on the Clifton Hill and Fallsview areas. The Niagara Falls downtown (Queen Street) is undergoing a major revitalization; the city is encouraging redevelopment of this area as an arts and culture district. The downtown was a major centre for local commerce and night life up until the 1970s, when the Niagara Square Shopping Centre began to draw away crowds and retailers. Since 2006, Historic Niagara has brought art galleries, boutiques, cafés and bistros to the street. Attractions include renovation of the Seneca Theatre.
Comparison to Niagara Falls, New York
In the 20th century, there was a favourable exchange rate when comparing Canadian and U.S. currencies.
Niagara Falls, New York, struggles to compete against Niagara Falls, Ontario; the Canadian side has a greater average annual income, a higher average home price, and lower levels of vacant buildings and blight, as well as a more vibrant economy and better tourism infrastructure. The population of Niagara Falls, New York fell by half from the 1960s to 2012. In contrast, the population of Niagara Falls, Ontario more than tripled.
The Ontario government introduced legal gambling to the local economy in the mid-1990s. Casino Niagara precipitated an economic boom in the late 1990s as numerous luxury hotels and tourist attractions were built, and a second casino, Niagara Fallsview, opened in 2004. Both attracted American tourists due in part to the comparatively less expensive Canadian dollar, and despite the opening of the Seneca Niagara Casino on the American side. When the Canadian and US currencies moved closer to parity in the 2000s, Niagara Falls, Ontario continued to be a popular destination for Americans, while Niagara Falls, New York, experienced a prolonged economic downturn. Ontario's legal drinking age is 19, which attracts potential alcohol consumers from across the border, as the American drinking age is 21.
Attractions
Table Rock Welcome Centre
Journey Behind the Falls
Skylon Tower
Niagara SkyWheel
Winter Festival of Lights
Niagara Parks Butterfly Conservatory
Niagara Heritage Trail
Dufferin Islands
Niagara Parks School of Horticulture
The Rainbow Carillon, which sounds from the Rainbow Tower
Clifton Hill, Niagara Falls — Tourist promenade featuring a Ripley's Believe It Or Not Museum, arcades, five haunted houses, four wax museums including a Louis Tussauds Wax Works, and themed restaurants including the Hard Rock Cafe and Rainforest Cafe.
Marineland — Aquatic theme park
Casinos — Casino Niagara and Niagara Fallsview Casino Resort
IMAX Theatre and Daredevil museum
Fallsview Tourist Area
Fallsview Indoor Waterpark
Tower Hotel (Niagara Falls)
Notable people
Bruno Agostinelli, professional tennis player[48]
Ray Barkwill, Canadian national rugby player[49]
Harold Bradley, classical pianist
Cathy Marie Buchanan, author
James Cameron, film director
Bill Cupolo, NHL player
Kevin Dallman, NHL player
Marty Dallman, NHL player
Frank Dancevic, professional tennis player
Sandro DeAngelis, CFL kicker
Robert Nathaniel Dett, composer born in Drummondville
Joe Fletcher, referee at FIFA World Cup
Tre Ford, CFL quarterback
Tyrell Ford, former CFL and NFL cornerback
Barbara Frum, CBC broadcaster
William Giauque, recipient of 1949 Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Mike Glumac, professional hockey player
Brian Greenspan, lawyer
Eddie Greenspan, lawyer
Bobby Gunn, boxer
Obs Heximer, NHL player
Tim Hicks, country singer
Honeymoon Suite, rock band
Harold Howard, retired mixed martial artist and UFC fighter
Jon Klassen, illustrator and children's book author
Johnathan Kovacevic, NHL player
Judy LaMarsh, second female federal cabinet minister in Canadian history
Steve Ludzik, NHL player
Denise Matthews, evangelist, singer
Bob Manno, NHL player
John McCall MacBain, philanthropist, billionaire businessman, founder and former CEO of Trader Classified Media
Nenad Medic, poker player
Stephan Moccio, musician, arranger, composer
Tom Moore, trade unionist
Rick Morocco, ice hockey executive and professional player[50]
Johnny Mowers, NHL goalie
Rob Nicholson, former Minister of Justice and Attorney General for Canada
Terry O'Reilly, NHL player and head coach
Roula Partheniou, contemporary artist
Frank Pietrangelo, NHL goalie
Burr Plato, politician
deadmau5, musician and DJ
Isabelle Rezazadeh, DJ and record producer
Phil Roberto, NHL player
Derek Sanderson, NHL player
Jarrod Skalde, NHL player
Russell Teibert, soccer player
Jay Triano, former NBA head coach
Gillian Robertson, UFC Fighter
Tvangeste, symphonic black metal band formerly based on Kaliningrad, Russia
Wave, pop band
Sherman Zavitz, historian
Murda Beatz, Producer and DJ
Steve Terreberry, musician, comedian, and YouTuber
Mary Ellen Turpel-Lafond, lawyer and professor; former judge
Greg Kovacs, bodybuilder
From an exposition at the De la Warr Pavilion; Indifferent Deep by Holly Hendry. Not my bag, but interesting all the same
The first full second generation Enviro 200 in Metrobus's fleet, 163 (YX61ENC) is seen at Beckenham Junction Station on route 162
2017.05.03 || Lysec || 163 233-0 ze składem Pn 54480 Most n.n. odjezd - Salzgitter, zbliża się do przystanku Lbín.
163 - Oblast Samara
I'm a big fan of Russian plates. Relative to the distance to Russia, they can be seen quite often in Leipzig. Every new code pleases me, because mostly the well-known ones from Moscow, Kaliningrad and St. Petersburg appear. From my previous trips to PRG I knew that Russians like to visit Prague and that I have a good chance of discovering new codes here. I was able to bring home at least a handful of them.
Seen in Prague.