View allAll Photos Tagged worldwideweb
Conectate en tiempo real con amatista cristal
haciendo click aqui: bit.ly/2IzeNRQ
Alistate para estar al dia de todas las novedades: cort.as/-E6x3
Segui a Amatista en Instagram*: bit.ly/2WqAy9n
Segui a Amatista en Facebook*: bit.ly/2qG0ejk
#AmatistaCristal #RegistrosAkashicos #SpaInterior #Madre4Hijos #LifeCoach #Espiritual #AvatarDeLaSalud #Nutrición #Salud #Cuerpo #Mente #Alma #Arcangeles #AvatarDeLaSalud #Mejorar #CalidaDeVida #Bienestar #AutoAyuda #Espiritualidad #QuietudMental #Paz #Sanar #Heridas #Reparar #Sintomas #Afecciones #Emocionales #Ansiedad #Insomnio #Depresion #Fobias #Miedos #Pereza #Agobio #Estrés
AMATISTACRISTAL", "Amatista cristal", "amatista", "cristal", "#amatistacristal", "amethyst", "amatista mineral", "amatista gema", "correspondencias", "cuarzo", "cuarzo rosa", "cristales", "piedra", "piedras", "gemas",
"piedras preciosas", "piedra amatista", "amatista propiedades", "amatista piedra", "color amatista", "cuarzo amatista", "amatista propiedades curativas", "amatista propiedades curativas", "piedras amatista",
"piedras curativas", "propiedades de la amatista", "propiedades curativas de la piedra preciosa amatista", "amatista steven universe", "steven universe", "coleccion de minerales", "energia de las piedras", "piedra natal", "energia de las piedras", "coach", "coaching", "ontologico", "lecturas de registros akashicos", "registros akashicos", "akasha", "registros akasicos", "terapias de registros akashicos", "terapias alternativas", "yoga", "reiki", "espiritualidad", "salud", "misterio", "crecimiento personal", "nueva consciencia", "terapias", "nuevo paradigma", "ufologia", "enigmas y misterios",
"wicca", "magia", "brujeria", "pagano", "celta", "espiritu", "terapias energeticas", "desarollo personal", "bienestar", "matrix", "masoneria", "entrevistas espirituales", "calidad de vida", "sintomas", "ansiedad", "depresion", "insomnio", "estres",
"fobias", "traumas", "karmas", "vivir sin ansiedad, como combatir la ansiedad", "combatir ansiedad sin medicamentos", "angustia", "tristeza", "desolacion", "agobio", "insatisfaccion por la vida",
"katarsis", "depression", "anxiety", "neurodivergencias", "enfermedad", "enfermedades", "mente", "enfermedades mentales", "autolesión", "suicidio", "tristeza", "vacío", "apoyo",
"depresión severa", "depresión clínica", "depresion mayor", "que es depresion", "depresion cronica", "como saber si tengo depresion", "cuales son los sintomas de la depresion",
"bulímia", "anorexia", "soledad", "fobia social", "cortes", "sangre", "fandub", "parodia", "parodias", "locutor", "actor doblaje", "psicología ansiedad", "vlog ansiedad", "blog ansiedad",
"vive sin Ansiedad", "curar ansiedad", "trastorno de ansiedad", "ansiedad generalizada", "tag", "pánico", "Miedo"
"Propósito" "Registros Akáshicos" "Bienestar Emocional" "Felicidad" "Registros Akásicos" "Cambio" "Canalización" "Taller"
"Aprendizaje" "Feliz" "Éxito" "Transformación" "Problema" "Ser Feliz" "Crecimiento Espiritual" "Miedo" "Conciencia"
"Espiritual" "Sabiduría" "Cambiar" "Maestría" "Traba" "Archivos Akashicos" "Emocional" "Inteligencia" "Guias Espirituales" "Proposito De Vida"
"Pareja" "Salud" "Éxito" "Laboral" "Abundancia" "Riqueza" "Dinero" "Espiritualidad" "Aporte"
"Bloqueo" "Potencial" "Cuerpo" "Emoción" "2012" "Ascensión" "Iluminación" "Audio" "Desapego" "Metodo Sedona" "Paz Mental" "Meditación"
"Presencia" "Como Ser Feliz" "Inteligencia Emocional" "Canalizar" "Ser Superior" "Activacion" "Dios" "ADN" "Solucion" "Formación" "Curso De Milagros" "Amor" "Quien Soy" "Co-Creación" "Audiolibro Gratis" "Relaciones" "Seminario Bienestar
“Amatista” "Cristal, Amethyst, “Spa Interior”, “Madre 4 Hijos” “Life Coach”, “Espiritual”, “Nutrición”, “Salud”, “Alimentos”, “Sanan”, “Cuerpo”, “Mente”, “Alma”, “Mejorar”, ·Calidad de vida”, “Bienestar”, “Autoayuda”, “Espiritualidad”, “Quietud Mental”, “Paz”, “Sanar Heridas”, “Reparar Síntomas”, “Afecciones Emocionales”, “Ansiedad”, “Insomnio”, “Depresión”, “Fobias”, “Miedos”, “Pánico social”, Catarsis, “Falta de animo”, “Insatisfacciones”, “Pereza”, “Agobio”, “Estrés”, “Obesidad”, “Autismo”, “Eliminar”, “Patrones conducta”, “Linajes”, “Tóxicos”, “Ayuno”, “Detox”, “Alcalino”, “Alimentos Vivos”, “Energía”, “Raw”, “Food”, “Vegetarianismo”, “Veganismo”
Pictures from when I did my student teaching at Jametown and Patrick Henry elementary schools in Arlington, VA
Conectate en tiempo real con amatista cristal
haciendo click aqui: bit.ly/2IzeNRQ
Alistate para estar al dia de todas las novedades: cort.as/-E6x3
Segui a Amatista en Instagram*: bit.ly/2WqAy9n
Segui a Amatista en Facebook*: bit.ly/2qG0ejk
#AmatistaCristal #RegistrosAkashicos #SpaInterior #Madre4Hijos #LifeCoach #Espiritual #AvatarDeLaSalud #Nutrición #Salud #Cuerpo #Mente #Alma #Arcangeles #AvatarDeLaSalud #Mejorar #CalidaDeVida #Bienestar #AutoAyuda #Espiritualidad #QuietudMental #Paz #Sanar #Heridas #Reparar #Sintomas #Afecciones #Emocionales #Ansiedad #Insomnio #Depresion #Fobias #Miedos #Pereza #Agobio #Estrés
AMATISTACRISTAL", "Amatista cristal", "amatista", "cristal", "#amatistacristal", "amethyst", "amatista mineral", "amatista gema", "correspondencias", "cuarzo", "cuarzo rosa", "cristales", "piedra", "piedras", "gemas",
"piedras preciosas", "piedra amatista", "amatista propiedades", "amatista piedra", "color amatista", "cuarzo amatista", "amatista propiedades curativas", "amatista propiedades curativas", "piedras amatista",
"piedras curativas", "propiedades de la amatista", "propiedades curativas de la piedra preciosa amatista", "amatista steven universe", "steven universe", "coleccion de minerales", "energia de las piedras", "piedra natal", "energia de las piedras", "coach", "coaching", "ontologico", "lecturas de registros akashicos", "registros akashicos", "akasha", "registros akasicos", "terapias de registros akashicos", "terapias alternativas", "yoga", "reiki", "espiritualidad", "salud", "misterio", "crecimiento personal", "nueva consciencia", "terapias", "nuevo paradigma", "ufologia", "enigmas y misterios",
"wicca", "magia", "brujeria", "pagano", "celta", "espiritu", "terapias energeticas", "desarollo personal", "bienestar", "matrix", "masoneria", "entrevistas espirituales", "calidad de vida", "sintomas", "ansiedad", "depresion", "insomnio", "estres",
"fobias", "traumas", "karmas", "vivir sin ansiedad, como combatir la ansiedad", "combatir ansiedad sin medicamentos", "angustia", "tristeza", "desolacion", "agobio", "insatisfaccion por la vida",
"katarsis", "depression", "anxiety", "neurodivergencias", "enfermedad", "enfermedades", "mente", "enfermedades mentales", "autolesión", "suicidio", "tristeza", "vacío", "apoyo",
"depresión severa", "depresión clínica", "depresion mayor", "que es depresion", "depresion cronica", "como saber si tengo depresion", "cuales son los sintomas de la depresion",
"bulímia", "anorexia", "soledad", "fobia social", "cortes", "sangre", "fandub", "parodia", "parodias", "locutor", "actor doblaje", "psicología ansiedad", "vlog ansiedad", "blog ansiedad",
"vive sin Ansiedad", "curar ansiedad", "trastorno de ansiedad", "ansiedad generalizada", "tag", "pánico", "Miedo"
"Propósito" "Registros Akáshicos" "Bienestar Emocional" "Felicidad" "Registros Akásicos" "Cambio" "Canalización" "Taller"
"Aprendizaje" "Feliz" "Éxito" "Transformación" "Problema" "Ser Feliz" "Crecimiento Espiritual" "Miedo" "Conciencia"
"Espiritual" "Sabiduría" "Cambiar" "Maestría" "Traba" "Archivos Akashicos" "Emocional" "Inteligencia" "Guias Espirituales" "Proposito De Vida"
"Pareja" "Salud" "Éxito" "Laboral" "Abundancia" "Riqueza" "Dinero" "Espiritualidad" "Aporte"
"Bloqueo" "Potencial" "Cuerpo" "Emoción" "2012" "Ascensión" "Iluminación" "Audio" "Desapego" "Metodo Sedona" "Paz Mental" "Meditación"
"Presencia" "Como Ser Feliz" "Inteligencia Emocional" "Canalizar" "Ser Superior" "Activacion" "Dios" "ADN" "Solucion" "Formación" "Curso De Milagros" "Amor" "Quien Soy" "Co-Creación" "Audiolibro Gratis" "Relaciones" "Seminario Bienestar
“Amatista” "Cristal, Amethyst, “Spa Interior”, “Madre 4 Hijos” “Life Coach”, “Espiritual”, “Nutrición”, “Salud”, “Alimentos”, “Sanan”, “Cuerpo”, “Mente”, “Alma”, “Mejorar”, ·Calidad de vida”, “Bienestar”, “Autoayuda”, “Espiritualidad”, “Quietud Mental”, “Paz”, “Sanar Heridas”, “Reparar Síntomas”, “Afecciones Emocionales”, “Ansiedad”, “Insomnio”, “Depresión”, “Fobias”, “Miedos”, “Pánico social”, Catarsis, “Falta de animo”, “Insatisfacciones”, “Pereza”, “Agobio”, “Estrés”, “Obesidad”, “Autismo”, “Eliminar”, “Patrones conducta”, “Linajes”, “Tóxicos”, “Ayuno”, “Detox”, “Alcalino”, “Alimentos Vivos”, “Energía”, “Raw”, “Food”, “Vegetarianismo”, “Veganismo”
Another rush job!!
This is a photo of an announcement that I was asked to upload to Arizona Ballet Theatre's website ASAP:
Arizona Ballet Theatre is on Facebook. Please hit "Like" if you do like it...;)) Or even if you just want to know what's new. And, if you are coming to Tucson, please drop by to say hello and take a class!!
www.facebook.com/pages/Arizona-Ballet-Theatre/11437399527...
I took a quick photo of the announcement, in unsuitable lighting conditions, using my iPhone 4S camera, since it was in my pocket. I brightened and saturated it it a bit, in Camera Awesome, and I uploaded it. It wasn't very happy with it, so I experimented with iPccy on the web. I went way overboard. I applied too many frames, textures, etc...;)) This is the amusing and festive result.
It should still be scanned in and presented properly, but that is unlikely to happen...;))
Here's more about the event:
♥ABT's Holiday Party Sunday December 16th, 2012 - From 1:00 to 3:00 PM
• At The Stevie Eller Dance Theatre, on the University of Arizona's Tucson campus.
• An informal chance for students to have fun and become familiar with the stage in preparation for our Spring performances.
• Older dancers will be previewing pieces for our Spring 2013 performances.
• All dance students at ABT are welcome and expected to attend, along with their families and friends.
• Tell your teacher ASAP if you will not be able to make it!!
• Female Dancers should come with pink tights, the proper shoes, and their hair in a bun.
• Male Dancers should wear tights and the proper shoes.
• Please bring finger foods/snacks to share on the Plaza after stage time (;-) ••
Announcement by Miss Megan
Email Address MissCecily@mac.com
Tel: (520) 322-8019
Pictures from when I did my student teaching at Jametown and Patrick Henry elementary schools in Arlington, VA
Pictures from when I did my student teaching at Jametown and Patrick Henry elementary schools in Arlington, VA
Pictures from when I did my student teaching at Jametown and Patrick Henry elementary schools in Arlington, VA
This picture has been used on the following blog(s):
The Postcard
A postally unused postcard that was published by Stengel & Co. of 39, Redcross Street, London E.C. and printed at their works in Dresden.
Queen's College Oxford
Queen's College was founded in 1341 by Robert de Eglesfield in honour of Queen Philippa of Hainaut (wife of King Edward III of England). The college is distinguished by its predominantly neoclassical architecture, which includes buildings designed by Sir Christopher Wren and Nicholas Hawksmoor.
In 2015, the college had an endowment of £265 million, making it the fifth wealthiest college (after St. John's, Christ Church, All Souls and Merton).
In April 2012, as part of the celebrations of the Diamond Jubilee of Elizabeth II, a series of commemorative stamps were released featuring A-Z pictures of famous British landmarks. Queen's College's front quad was used on the Q stamp, alongside other landmarks such as the Angel of the North on A and the Old Bailey on O.
The most famous feast of the College is the Boar's Head Gaudy, which originally was the Christmas Dinner for members of the College who were unable to return home over the Christmas break between terms, but is now a feast for old members of the College on the Saturday before Christmas.
Alumni of Queen's include:
-- Tony Abbott, 28th. Prime Minister of Australia
-- Rowan Atkinson, actor and comedian, known for Blackadder and Mr. Bean
-- Jeremy Bentham, English philosopher, and legal and social reformer
-- Tim Berners-Lee, inventor of the World Wide Web
-- Cory Booker, United States Senator from New Jersey
-- Eric Garcetti, Mayor of Los Angeles
-- Leonard Hoffmann, Baron Hoffmann, English jurist and judge
-- Edmund Halley, English astronomer
-- King Henry V of England
-- Edwin Powell Hubble, American astronomer
-- Sir John Peel, gynaecologist to H.M. Queen Elizabeth II
-- Leopold Stokowski, conductor.
'Oxford in War-Time'
During the Great War, a man named W. Snow was inspired to write a poem called 'Oxford in War-Time'.
Snow prefaces his poem with the following:
'The Boat Race will not be held this year (1915). The
whole of last year's Oxford eight and the great majority
of the cricket and football teams are serving the King'.
The poem is as follows:
'Under the tow-path past the barges
Never an eight goes flashing by;
Never a blatant coach on the marge is
Urging his crew to do or die;
Never the critic we knew enlarges,
Fluent, on How and Why!
Once by the Iffley Road November
Welcomed the Football men aglow,
Covered with mud, as you'll remember,
Eager to vanquish Oxford's foe.
Where are the teams of last December?
Gone - where they had to go!
Where are her sons who waged at cricket
Warfare against the foeman-friend?
Far from the Parks, on a harder wicket,
Still they attack and still defend;
Playing a greater game, they'll stick it,
Fearless until the end!
Oxford's goodliest children leave her,
Hastily thrusting books aside;
Still the hurrying weeks bereave her,
Filling her heart with joy and pride;
Only the thought of you can grieve her,
You who have fought and died'.
Sir Tim Berners-Lee
Sir Timothy John Berners-Lee OM KBE FRS RDI FRSA DFBCS FREng was born on the 8th. June 1955. Also known as TimBL, he is an English computer scientist, best known as the inventor of the World Wide Web, the HTML markup language, the URL system, and HTTP.
He is a professorial research fellow at the University of Oxford, and a professor emeritus at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT).
Berners-Lee proposed an information management system on the 12th. March 1989, and implemented the first successful communication between a Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) client and server via the Internet in mid-November.
He devised and implemented the first Web browser and Web server, and helped foster the Web's subsequent explosive development. He is the founder and director of the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), which oversees the continued development of the Web.
Tim co-founded (with Rosemary Leith) the World Wide Web Foundation. In April 2009, he was elected as Foreign Associate of the National Academy of Sciences.
Berners-Lee is a senior researcher and holder of the 3Com founder's chair at the MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (CSAIL). He is a director of the Web Science Research Initiative (WSRI), and a member of the advisory board of the MIT Center for Collective Intelligence.
In 2011, he was named as a member of the board of trustees of the Ford Foundation. He is a founder and president of the Open Data Institute, and is currently an advisor at social network MeWe.
In 2004, Berners-Lee was knighted by Queen Elizabeth II for his pioneering work. He received the 2016 Turing Award:
"... for inventing the World Wide Web, the first
web browser, and the fundamental protocols
and algorithms allowing the Web to scale".
He was named in Time magazine's list of the 100 Most Important People of the 20th. century, and has received many other accolades for his invention.
-- Tim Berners-Lee - The Early Years
Tim Berners-Lee was born in London, the son of mathematicians and computer scientists Mary Lee Woods (1924–2017) and Conway Berners-Lee (1921–2019). His parents were both from Birmingham, and worked on the Ferranti Mark 1, the first commercially-built computer.
He has three younger siblings; his brother, Mike, is a professor of ecology and climate change management.
Berners-Lee attended Sheen Mount Primary School, then attended Emanuel School (a direct grant grammar school at the time) from 1969 to 1973. A keen trainspotter as a child, he learnt about electronics from tinkering with a model railway.
From 1973 to 1976, he studied at The Queen's College, Oxford, where he received a first-class BA in physics. While there, he made a computer out of an old television set he had purchased from a repair shop.
-- Tim Berners-Lee's Career and Research
After graduation, Berners-Lee worked as an engineer at the telecommunications company Plessey in Poole, Dorset.
In 1978, he joined D. G. Nash in Ferndown, Dorset, where he helped create typesetting software for printers.
Berners-Lee worked as an independent contractor at CERN from June to December 1980. While in Geneva, he proposed a project based on the concept of hypertext, to facilitate sharing and updating information among researchers.
To demonstrate it, he built a prototype system named ENQUIRE.
After leaving CERN in late 1980, Tim went to work at John Poole's Image Computer Systems Ltd. in Bournemouth, Dorset, where he ran the company's technical side for three years.
The project he worked on was a "real-time remote procedure call" which gave him experience in computer networking. In 1984, he returned to CERN as a fellow.
In 1989, CERN was the largest Internet node in Europe, and Berners-Lee saw an opportunity to join hypertext with the Internet:
"I just had to take the hypertext idea and
connect it to the TCP and DNS ideas and—
ta-da!—the World Wide Web."
Tim also recalled:
"Creating the web was really an act of desperation,
because the situation without it was very difficult
when I was working at CERN later.
Most of the technology involved in the web, like the
hypertext, like the Internet, multifont text objects,
had all been designed already.
I just had to put them together. It was a step of
generalising, going to a higher level of abstraction,
thinking about all the documentation systems out
there as being possibly part of a larger imaginary
documentation system."
Berners-Lee wrote his proposal in March 1989 and, in 1990, redistributed it. It was accepted by his manager, Mike Sendall, who called his proposals:
"Vague, but exciting."
Robert Cailliau had independently proposed a project to develop a hypertext system at CERN, and joined Berners-Lee as a partner in his efforts to get the web off the ground. They used similar ideas to those underlying the ENQUIRE system to create the World Wide Web, for which Berners-Lee designed and built the first web browser.
Tim's software also functioned as an editor (called WorldWideWeb, running on the NeXTSTEP operating system), and the first Web server, CERN HTTPd (short for Hypertext Transfer Protocol daemon).
Berners-Lee published the first web site, which described the project itself, on the 20th. December 1990; it was available to the Internet from the CERN network.
The site provided an explanation of what the World Wide Web was, and how people could use a browser and set up a web server, as well as how to get started with your own website.
On the 6th. August 1991, Berners-Lee first posted, on Usenet, a public invitation for collaboration with the WorldWideWeb project.
In a list of 80 cultural moments that shaped the world, chosen by a panel of 25 eminent scientists, academics, writers and world leaders, the invention of the World Wide Web was ranked number one, with the entry stating:
"The fastest growing communications medium
of all time, the Internet has changed the shape
of modern life forever. We can connect with
each other instantly, all over the world."
In 1994, Berners-Lee founded the W3C at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. It comprised various companies that were willing to create standards and recommendations to improve the quality of the Web.
Berners-Lee made his idea available freely, with no patent and no royalties due. The World Wide Web Consortium decided that its standards should be based on royalty-free technology, so that they easily could be adopted by anyone.
In 2001, Berners-Lee became a patron of the East Dorset Heritage Trust, having previously lived in Colehill in Wimborne, East Dorset. In December 2004, he accepted a chair in computer science at the School of Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton, Hampshire, to work on the Semantic Web.
In a Times article in October 2009, Berners-Lee admitted that the initial pair of slashes ("//") in a web address were "unnecessary". He told the newspaper that he easily could have designed web addresses without the slashes. In his lighthearted apology he said:
"There you go, it seemed like
a good idea at the time."
-- Tim Berners-Lee's Policy Work
In June 2009, then-British prime minister Gordon Brown announced that Berners-Lee would work with the UK government in order to help make data more open and accessible on the Web, building on the work of the Power of Information Task Force.
Berners-Lee and Professor Nigel Shadbolt are the two key figures behind data.gov.uk, a UK government project to open up almost all data acquired for official purposes for free re-use.
Commenting on the opening up of Ordnance Survey data in April 2010, Berners-Lee said:
"The changes signal a wider cultural change
in government, based on an assumption that
information should be in the public domain
unless there is a good reason not to — not
the other way around."
He went on to say:
"Greater openness, accountability and
transparency in Government will give
people greater choice and make it
easier for individuals to get more
directly involved in issues that matter
to them."
In November 2009, Berners-Lee launched the World Wide Web Foundation (WWWF) in order to campaign:
"To advance the Web to empower humanity
by launching transformative programs that
build local capacity to leverage the Web as
a medium for positive change".
Berners-Lee is one of the pioneer voices in favour of net neutrality, and has expressed the view that:
"ISPs should supply connectivity with no strings
attached, and should neither control nor monitor
the browsing activities of customers without their
expressed consent."
Tim advocates the idea that net neutrality is a kind of human network right:
"Threats to the Internet, such as companies
or governments that interfere with or snoop
on Internet traffic, compromise basic human
network rights."
As of May 2012, Tim is president of the Open Data Institute, which he co-founded with Nigel Shadbolt in 2012.
The Alliance for Affordable Internet (A4AI) was launched in October 2013, and Berners-Lee is leading the coalition of public and private organisations that includes Google, Facebook, Intel and Microsoft.
The A4AI seeks to make Internet access more affordable, so that access is broadened in the developing world, where only 31% of people are online. Berners-Lee is working with those aiming to decrease Internet access prices so that they fall below the UN Broadband Commission's worldwide target of 5% of monthly income.
Berners-Lee holds the founders chair in Computer Science at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where he heads the Decentralized Information Group and is leading Solid, a joint project with the Qatar Computing Research Institute that aims to radically change the way Web applications work today, resulting in true data ownership as well as improved privacy.
In October 2016, he joined the Department of Computer Science at Oxford University as a professorial research fellow, and as a fellow of Christ Church, one of the Oxford colleges.
From the mid-2010's Berners-Lee initially remained neutral on the emerging Encrypted Media Extensions (EME) proposal with its controversial digital rights management (DRM) implications.
In March 2017 he felt he had to take a position which was to support the EME proposal. He reasoned EME's virtues whilst noting DRM was inevitable. As W3C director, he went on to approve the finalised specification in July 2017.
Tim's stance was opposed by some, including Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF), the anti-DRM campaign, Defective by Design, and the Free Software Foundation. Varied concerns raised included being not supportive of the Internet's open philosophy against commercial interests, and risks of users being forced to use a particular web browser to view specific DRM content.
The EFF raised a formal appeal which did not succeed, and the EME specification became a formal W3C recommendation in September 2017.
On the 30th. September 2018, Berners-Lee announced his new open-source startup Inrupt to fuel a commercial ecosystem around the Solid project, which aims to give users more control over their personal data and lets them choose where the data goes, who's allowed to see certain elements and which apps are allowed to see that data.
In November 2019 at the Internet Governance Forum in Berlin Berners-Lee and the WWWF launched Contract for the Web, a campaign initiative to persuade governments, companies and citizens to commit to nine principles to stop "misuse", with the warning that:
"Ff we don't act now – and act together –
to prevent the web being misused by
those who want to exploit, divide and
undermine, we are at risk of squandering
its potential for good."
-- Tim Berners-Lee's Awards and Honours
Tim Berners-Lee's entry in Time magazine's list of the 100 Most Important People of the 20th century (March 1999) reads as follows:
"He wove the World Wide Web and created a mass
medium for the 21st century. The World Wide Web
is Berners-Lee's alone. He designed it. He loosed it
on the world. And he more than anyone else has
fought to keep it open, nonproprietary and free."
Berners-Lee has received many awards and honours. He was knighted by Queen Elizabeth II in the 2004 New Year Honours:
"For services to the global development
of the Internet."
On the 13th. June 2007, he was appointed to the Order of Merit (OM), an order restricted to 24 living members, plus any honorary members. Bestowing membership of the Order of Merit is within the personal purview of the Sovereign, and does not require recommendation by ministers or the Prime Minister.
Tim was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 2001. He was also elected as a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2004 and the National Academy of Engineering in 2007.
He has been conferred honorary degrees from a number of universities around the world, including Manchester (his parents worked on the Manchester Mark 1 in the 1940's), Harvard and Yale.
In 2012, Berners-Lee was among the British cultural icons selected by artist Sir Peter Blake to appear in a new version of his most famous artwork – the Beatles' Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band album cover – to celebrate the British cultural figures of his life that he most admires to mark his 80th. birthday.
In 2013, he was awarded the inaugural Queen Elizabeth Prize for Engineering. On the 4th. April 2017, Tim received the 2016 Association for Computing Machinery's Turing Award for his invention of the World Wide Web, the first web browser, and their fundamental protocols and algorithms.
-- Tim Berners-Lee's Personal Life
Berners-Lee has said
"I like to keep work and
personal life separate."
Berners-Lee married Nancy Carlson, an American computer programmer, in 1990. She was also working in Switzerland at the World Health Organization. They had two children and divorced in 2011.
In 2014, he married Rosemary Leith at the Chapel Royal, St. James's Palace in London. Leith is a Canadian Internet and banking entrepreneur, and a founding director of Berners-Lee's World Wide Web Foundation. The couple also collaborate on venture capital to support artificial intelligence companies.
Berners-Lee was raised as an Anglican, but he turned away from religion in his youth. After he became a parent, he became a Unitarian Universalist (UU). When asked whether he believes in God, he stated:
"Not in the sense of most people, I'm
atheist and Unitarian Universalist."
The web's source code was auctioned by Sotheby's in London in 2021, as a non-fungible token (NFT) by TimBL. Selling for US$5,434,500, it was reported the proceeds would be used to fund initiatives by TimBL and Leith.
Pictures from when I did my student teaching at Jametown and Patrick Henry elementary schools in Arlington, VA
There is always room for one more LEGO MOC computer, not the least if it's a historically important one. The NeXT computer was used by Tim Berners-Lee to invent the World Wide Web at CERN in Switzerland.
In a small room in CERN’s Data Center, an international group of nine developers is taking a plunge back in time to the beginnings of the World Wide Web. Their aim is to enable the whole world to experience what the web looked like viewed within the very first browser developed by Tim Berners-Lee.
It was at CERN that Berners-Lee envisioned the system of linking information that would become the World Wide Web. But an interface was needed to read and write to it. Working on a NeXT Cube running the now obsolete NeXTSTEP Operating System, Berners-Lee built the first browser, initially called “WorldWideWeb” and later renamed Nexus.
The original browser was a powerful tool that allowed for both browsing and editing. However, the system is little-known because it ran only on NeXT computers, which were produced in small numbers.
“Our hope is that over the next few days we are going to recreate the experience of what it would be like using that browser, but doing it in a way that anyone using a modern web browser can experience,” explains team member Jeremy Keith. The aim is to “give people the feeling of what it would have been like, in terms of how it looked, how it felt, the fonts, the rendering, the windows, how you navigated from link to link.”
The U.S. Mission is delighted participate in CERN’s Web@30 anniversary through sponsorship of this project which celebrates the spirit of collaboration, creativity and innovation that gave birth to the web.
Learn more about the 30th Anniversary of the World Wide Web at: web30.web.cern.ch/
U.S. Mission Photo/Eric Bridiers
Secrets revealed of the Abode of Chaos (112 pages, adult only) >>>
"999" English version with English subtitles is available >>>
HD movie - scenario thierry Ehrmann - filmed by Etienne Perrone
----------
voir les secrets de la Demeure du Chaos avec 112 pages très étranges (adult only)
999 : visite initiatique au coeur de la Demeure du Chaos insufflée par l'Esprit de la Salamandre
Film HD d'Etienne PERRONE selon un scénario original de thierry Ehrmann.
courtesy of Organ Museum
©2011 www.AbodeofChaos.org
AMATISTACRISTAL", "Amatista cristal", "amatista", "cristal", “Madre de 4 Hijos”, “Unschooling”,”Home Schooling”, “Unschoolers”, ”#amatistacristal", "amethyst", "amatista mineral", "amatista gema", "correspondencias", "cuarzo", "cuarzo rosa", "cristales", "piedra", "piedras", "gemas",
"piedras preciosas", "piedra amatista", "amatista propiedades", "amatista piedra", "color amatista", "cuarzo amatista", "amatista propiedades curativas", "amatista propiedades curativas", "piedras amatista",
"piedras curativas", "propiedades de la amatista", "propiedades curativas de la piedra preciosa amatista", "amatista steven universe", "steven universe", "coleccion de minerales", "energia de las piedras", "piedra natal", "energia de las piedras", "coach", "coaching", "ontologico", "lecturas de registros akashicos", "registros akashicos", "akasha", "registros akasicos", "terapias de registros akashicos", "terapias alternativas", "yoga", "reiki", "espiritualidad", "salud", "misterio", "crecimiento personal", "nueva consciencia", "terapias", "nuevo paradigma", "ufologia", "enigmas y misterios",
"wicca", "magia", "brujeria", "pagano", "celta", "espiritu", "terapias energeticas", "desarollo personal", "bienestar", "matrix", "masoneria", "entrevistas espirituales", "calidad de vida", "sintomas", "ansiedad", "depresion", "insomnio", "estres",
"fobias", "traumas", "karmas", "vivir sin ansiedad, como combatir la ansiedad", "combatir ansiedad sin medicamentos", "angustia", "tristeza", "desolacion", "agobio", "insatisfaccion por la vida",
"katarsis", "depression", "anxiety", "neurodivergencias", "enfermedad", "enfermedades", "mente", "enfermedades mentales", "autolesión", "suicidio", "tristeza", "vacío", "apoyo",
"depresión severa", "depresión clínica", "depresion mayor", "que es depresion", "depresion cronica", "como saber si tengo depresion", "cuales son los sintomas de la depresion",
"bulímia", "anorexia", "soledad", "fobia social", "cortes", "sangre", "fandub", "parodia", "parodias", "locutor", "actor doblaje", "psicología ansiedad", "vlog ansiedad", "blog ansiedad",
"vive sin Ansiedad", "curar ansiedad", "trastorno de ansiedad", "ansiedad generalizada", "tag", "pánico", "Miedo"
"Propósito" "Registros Akáshicos" "Bienestar Emocional" "Felicidad" "Registros Akásicos" "Cambio" "Canalización" "Taller"
"Aprendizaje" "Feliz" "Éxito" "Transformación" "Problema" "Ser Feliz" "Crecimiento Espiritual" "Miedo" "Conciencia"
"Espiritual" "Sabiduría" "Cambiar" "Maestría" "Traba" "Archivos Akashicos" "Emocional" "Inteligencia" "Guias Espirituales" "Proposito De Vida"
"Pareja" "Salud" "Éxito" "Laboral" "Abundancia" "Riqueza" "Dinero" "Espiritualidad" "Aporte"
"Bloqueo" "Potencial" "Cuerpo" "Emoción" "2012" "Ascensión" "Iluminación" "Audio" "Desapego" "Metodo Sedona" "Paz Mental" "Meditación"
"Presencia" "Como Ser Feliz" "Inteligencia Emocional" "Canalizar" "Ser Superior" "Activacion" "Dios" "ADN" "Solucion" "Formación" "Curso De Milagros" "Amor" "Quien Soy" "Co-Creación" "Audiolibro Gratis" "Relaciones" "Seminario Bienestar
“Amatista” "Cristal, Amethyst, “Spa Interior”, “Madre 4 Hijos” “Life Coach”, “Espiritual”, “Nutrición”, “Salud”, “Alimentos”, “Sanan”, “Cuerpo”, “Mente”, “Alma”, “Mejorar”, ·Calidad de vida”, “Bienestar”, “Autoayuda”, “Espiritualidad”, “Quietud Mental”, “Paz”, “Sanar Heridas”, “Reparar Síntomas”, “Afecciones Emocionales”, “Ansiedad”, “Insomnio”, “Depresión”, “Fobias”, “Miedos”, “Pánico social”, Catarsis, “Falta de animo”, “Insatisfacciones”, “Pereza”, “Agobio”, “Estrés”, “Obesidad”, “Autismo”, “Eliminar”, “Patrones conducta”, “Linajes”, “Tóxicos”, “Ayuno”, “Detox”, “Alcalino”, “Alimentos Vivos”, “Energía”, “Raw”, “Food”, “Vegetarianismo”, “Veganismo”
Pictures from when I did my student teaching at Jametown and Patrick Henry elementary schools in Arlington, VA
Pictures from when I did my student teaching at Jametown and Patrick Henry elementary schools in Arlington, VA
Just in case some of you didn't happen to see my mug on Lifehacker today! Rock Star... but why couldn't they have used a more flattering image - I guess it's because it's all about headaches, and when you think headache you think Terryland!
On the Web: lifehacker.com/software/health/stop-your-headache-before-...
The Postcard
A postally unused postcard bearing no publisher's name. The card, which has a divided back, was published prior to June 1918.
Queen's College Oxford
Queen's College Oxford was founded in 1341 by Robert de Eglesfield in honour of Queen Philippa of Hainaut (wife of King Edward III of England). The college is distinguished by its predominantly neoclassical architecture, which includes buildings designed by Sir Christopher Wren and Nicholas Hawksmoor.
In 2015, the college had an endowment of £265 million, making it the fifth wealthiest college (after St. John's, Christ Church, All Souls and Merton).
In April 2012, as part of the celebrations of the Diamond Jubilee of Elizabeth II, a series of commemorative stamps were released featuring A-Z pictures of famous British landmarks. Queen's College's front quad was used on the Q stamp, alongside other landmarks such as the Angel of the North on A and the Old Bailey on O.
The most famous feast of the College is the Boar's Head Gaudy, which originally was the Christmas Dinner for members of the College who were unable to return home over the Christmas break between terms, but is now a feast for old members of the College on the Saturday before Christmas.
Queen's College Alumni
Alumni of Queen's include:
- Tony Abbott, 28th Prime Minister of Australia
- Rowan Atkinson, actor and comedian, known for Blackadder and Mr. Bean
- Jeremy Bentham, English philosopher, and legal and social reformer
- Tim Berners-Lee, inventor of the World Wide Web
- Cory Booker, United States Senator from New Jersey
- Eric Garcetti, Mayor of Los Angeles
- Leonard Hoffmann, Baron Hoffmann, English jurist and judge
- Edmund Halley, English astronomer
- King Henry V of England
- Edwin Powell Hubble, American astronomer
- Sir John Peel, gynaecologist to H.M. Queen Elizabeth II
- Leopold Stokowski, conductor.
'Oxford in War-Time'
During the Great War, a man named W. Snow was inspired to write a poem called 'Oxford in War-Time'.
Snow prefaces his poem with the following:
'The Boat Race will not be held this year (1915).
The whole of last year's Oxford eight and the
great majority of the cricket and football teams
are serving the King'.
The poem is as follows:
'Under the tow-path past the barges
Never an eight goes flashing by;
Never a blatant coach on the marge is
Urging his crew to do or die;
Never the critic we knew enlarges,
Fluent, on How and Why!
Once by the Iffley Road November
Welcomed the Football men aglow,
Covered with mud, as you'll remember,
Eager to vanquish Oxford's foe.
Where are the teams of last December?
Gone - where they had to go!
Where are her sons who waged at cricket
Warfare against the foeman-friend?
Far from the Parks, on a harder wicket,
Still they attack and still defend;
Playing a greater game, they'll stick it,
Fearless until the end!
Oxford's goodliest children leave her,
Hastily thrusting books aside;
Still the hurrying weeks bereave her,
Filling her heart with joy and pride;
Only the thought of you can grieve her,
You who have fought and died'.
Sir Tim Berners-Lee
Sir Timothy John Berners-Lee OM KBE FRS RDI FRSA DFBCS FREng was born on the 8th. June 1955. Also known as TimBL, he is an English computer scientist, best known as the inventor of the World Wide Web, the HTML markup language, the URL system, and HTTP.
He is a professorial research fellow at the University of Oxford, and a professor emeritus at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT).
Berners-Lee proposed an information management system on the 12th. March 1989, and implemented the first successful communication between a Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) client and server via the Internet in mid-November.
He devised and implemented the first Web browser and Web server, and helped foster the Web's subsequent explosive development. He is the founder and director of the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), which oversees the continued development of the Web.
Tim co-founded (with Rosemary Leith) the World Wide Web Foundation. In April 2009, he was elected as Foreign Associate of the National Academy of Sciences.
Berners-Lee is a senior researcher and holder of the 3Com founder's chair at the MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (CSAIL). He is a director of the Web Science Research Initiative (WSRI), and a member of the advisory board of the MIT Center for Collective Intelligence.
In 2011, he was named as a member of the board of trustees of the Ford Foundation. He is a founder and president of the Open Data Institute, and is currently an advisor at social network MeWe.
In 2004, Berners-Lee was knighted by Queen Elizabeth II for his pioneering work. He received the 2016 Turing Award:
"... for inventing the World Wide Web, the first
web browser, and the fundamental protocols
and algorithms allowing the Web to scale".
He was named in Time magazine's list of the 100 Most Important People of the 20th. century, and has received many other accolades for his invention.
-- Tim Berners-Lee - The Early Years
Tim Berners-Lee was born in London, the son of mathematicians and computer scientists Mary Lee Woods (1924–2017) and Conway Berners-Lee (1921–2019). His parents were both from Birmingham, and worked on the Ferranti Mark 1, the first commercially-built computer.
He has three younger siblings; his brother, Mike, is a professor of ecology and climate change management.
Berners-Lee attended Sheen Mount Primary School, then attended Emanuel School (a direct grant grammar school at the time) from 1969 to 1973. A keen trainspotter as a child, he learnt about electronics from tinkering with a model railway.
From 1973 to 1976, he studied at The Queen's College, Oxford, where he received a first-class BA in physics. While there, he made a computer out of an old television set he had purchased from a repair shop.
-- Tim Berners-Lee's Career and Research
After graduation, Berners-Lee worked as an engineer at the telecommunications company Plessey in Poole, Dorset.
In 1978, he joined D. G. Nash in Ferndown, Dorset, where he helped create typesetting software for printers.
Berners-Lee worked as an independent contractor at CERN from June to December 1980. While in Geneva, he proposed a project based on the concept of hypertext, to facilitate sharing and updating information among researchers.
To demonstrate it, he built a prototype system named ENQUIRE.
After leaving CERN in late 1980, Tim went to work at John Poole's Image Computer Systems Ltd. in Bournemouth, Dorset, where he ran the company's technical side for three years.
The project he worked on was a "real-time remote procedure call" which gave him experience in computer networking. In 1984, he returned to CERN as a fellow.
In 1989, CERN was the largest Internet node in Europe, and Berners-Lee saw an opportunity to join hypertext with the Internet:
"I just had to take the hypertext idea and
connect it to the TCP and DNS ideas and—
ta-da!—the World Wide Web."
Tim also recalled:
"Creating the web was really an act of desperation,
because the situation without it was very difficult
when I was working at CERN later.
Most of the technology involved in the web, like the
hypertext, like the Internet, multifont text objects,
had all been designed already.
I just had to put them together. It was a step of
generalising, going to a higher level of abstraction,
thinking about all the documentation systems out
there as being possibly part of a larger imaginary
documentation system."
Berners-Lee wrote his proposal in March 1989 and, in 1990, redistributed it. It was accepted by his manager, Mike Sendall, who called his proposals:
"Vague, but exciting."
Robert Cailliau had independently proposed a project to develop a hypertext system at CERN, and joined Berners-Lee as a partner in his efforts to get the web off the ground. They used similar ideas to those underlying the ENQUIRE system to create the World Wide Web, for which Berners-Lee designed and built the first web browser.
Tim's software also functioned as an editor (called WorldWideWeb, running on the NeXTSTEP operating system), and the first Web server, CERN HTTPd (short for Hypertext Transfer Protocol daemon).
Berners-Lee published the first web site, which described the project itself, on the 20th. December 1990; it was available to the Internet from the CERN network.
The site provided an explanation of what the World Wide Web was, and how people could use a browser and set up a web server, as well as how to get started with your own website.
On the 6th. August 1991, Berners-Lee first posted, on Usenet, a public invitation for collaboration with the WorldWideWeb project.
In a list of 80 cultural moments that shaped the world, chosen by a panel of 25 eminent scientists, academics, writers and world leaders, the invention of the World Wide Web was ranked number one, with the entry stating:
"The fastest growing communications medium
of all time, the Internet has changed the shape
of modern life forever. We can connect with
each other instantly, all over the world."
In 1994, Berners-Lee founded the W3C at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. It comprised various companies that were willing to create standards and recommendations to improve the quality of the Web.
Berners-Lee made his idea available freely, with no patent and no royalties due. The World Wide Web Consortium decided that its standards should be based on royalty-free technology, so that they easily could be adopted by anyone.
In 2001, Berners-Lee became a patron of the East Dorset Heritage Trust, having previously lived in Colehill in Wimborne, East Dorset. In December 2004, he accepted a chair in computer science at the School of Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton, Hampshire, to work on the Semantic Web.
In a Times article in October 2009, Berners-Lee admitted that the initial pair of slashes ("//") in a web address were "unnecessary". He told the newspaper that he easily could have designed web addresses without the slashes. In his lighthearted apology he said:
"There you go, it seemed like
a good idea at the time."
-- Tim Berners-Lee's Policy Work
In June 2009, then-British prime minister Gordon Brown announced that Berners-Lee would work with the UK government in order to help make data more open and accessible on the Web, building on the work of the Power of Information Task Force.
Berners-Lee and Professor Nigel Shadbolt are the two key figures behind data.gov.uk, a UK government project to open up almost all data acquired for official purposes for free re-use.
Commenting on the opening up of Ordnance Survey data in April 2010, Berners-Lee said:
"The changes signal a wider cultural change
in government, based on an assumption that
information should be in the public domain
unless there is a good reason not to — not
the other way around."
He went on to say:
"Greater openness, accountability and
transparency in Government will give
people greater choice and make it
easier for individuals to get more
directly involved in issues that matter
to them."
In November 2009, Berners-Lee launched the World Wide Web Foundation (WWWF) in order to campaign:
"To advance the Web to empower humanity
by launching transformative programs that
build local capacity to leverage the Web as
a medium for positive change".
Berners-Lee is one of the pioneer voices in favour of net neutrality, and has expressed the view that:
"ISPs should supply connectivity with no strings
attached, and should neither control nor monitor
the browsing activities of customers without their
expressed consent."
Tim advocates the idea that net neutrality is a kind of human network right:
"Threats to the Internet, such as companies
or governments that interfere with or snoop
on Internet traffic, compromise basic human
network rights."
As of May 2012, Tim is president of the Open Data Institute, which he co-founded with Nigel Shadbolt in 2012.
The Alliance for Affordable Internet (A4AI) was launched in October 2013, and Berners-Lee is leading the coalition of public and private organisations that includes Google, Facebook, Intel and Microsoft.
The A4AI seeks to make Internet access more affordable, so that access is broadened in the developing world, where only 31% of people are online. Berners-Lee is working with those aiming to decrease Internet access prices so that they fall below the UN Broadband Commission's worldwide target of 5% of monthly income.
Berners-Lee holds the founders chair in Computer Science at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where he heads the Decentralized Information Group and is leading Solid, a joint project with the Qatar Computing Research Institute that aims to radically change the way Web applications work today, resulting in true data ownership as well as improved privacy.
In October 2016, he joined the Department of Computer Science at Oxford University as a professorial research fellow, and as a fellow of Christ Church, one of the Oxford colleges.
From the mid-2010's Berners-Lee initially remained neutral on the emerging Encrypted Media Extensions (EME) proposal with its controversial digital rights management (DRM) implications.
In March 2017 he felt he had to take a position which was to support the EME proposal. He reasoned EME's virtues whilst noting DRM was inevitable. As W3C director, he went on to approve the finalised specification in July 2017.
Tim's stance was opposed by some, including Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF), the anti-DRM campaign, Defective by Design, and the Free Software Foundation. Varied concerns raised included being not supportive of the Internet's open philosophy against commercial interests, and risks of users being forced to use a particular web browser to view specific DRM content.
The EFF raised a formal appeal which did not succeed, and the EME specification became a formal W3C recommendation in September 2017.
On the 30th. September 2018, Berners-Lee announced his new open-source startup Inrupt to fuel a commercial ecosystem around the Solid project, which aims to give users more control over their personal data and lets them choose where the data goes, who's allowed to see certain elements and which apps are allowed to see that data.
In November 2019 at the Internet Governance Forum in Berlin Berners-Lee and the WWWF launched Contract for the Web, a campaign initiative to persuade governments, companies and citizens to commit to nine principles to stop "misuse", with the warning that:
"Ff we don't act now – and act together –
to prevent the web being misused by
those who want to exploit, divide and
undermine, we are at risk of squandering
its potential for good."
-- Tim Berners-Lee's Awards and Honours
Tim Berners-Lee's entry in Time magazine's list of the 100 Most Important People of the 20th century (March 1999) reads as follows:
"He wove the World Wide Web and created a mass
medium for the 21st century. The World Wide Web
is Berners-Lee's alone. He designed it. He loosed it
on the world. And he more than anyone else has
fought to keep it open, nonproprietary and free."
Berners-Lee has received many awards and honours. He was knighted by Queen Elizabeth II in the 2004 New Year Honours:
"For services to the global development
of the Internet."
On the 13th. June 2007, he was appointed to the Order of Merit (OM), an order restricted to 24 living members, plus any honorary members. Bestowing membership of the Order of Merit is within the personal purview of the Sovereign, and does not require recommendation by ministers or the Prime Minister.
Tim was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 2001. He was also elected as a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2004 and the National Academy of Engineering in 2007.
He has been conferred honorary degrees from a number of universities around the world, including Manchester (his parents worked on the Manchester Mark 1 in the 1940's), Harvard and Yale.
In 2012, Berners-Lee was among the British cultural icons selected by artist Sir Peter Blake to appear in a new version of his most famous artwork – the Beatles' Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band album cover – to celebrate the British cultural figures of his life that he most admires to mark his 80th. birthday.
In 2013, he was awarded the inaugural Queen Elizabeth Prize for Engineering. On the 4th. April 2017, Tim received the 2016 Association for Computing Machinery's Turing Award for his invention of the World Wide Web, the first web browser, and their fundamental protocols and algorithms.
-- Tim Berners-Lee's Personal Life
Berners-Lee has said
"I like to keep work and
personal life separate."
Berners-Lee married Nancy Carlson, an American computer programmer, in 1990. She was also working in Switzerland at the World Health Organization. They had two children and divorced in 2011.
In 2014, he married Rosemary Leith at the Chapel Royal, St. James's Palace in London. Leith is a Canadian Internet and banking entrepreneur, and a founding director of Berners-Lee's World Wide Web Foundation. The couple also collaborate on venture capital to support artificial intelligence companies.
Berners-Lee was raised as an Anglican, but he turned away from religion in his youth. After he became a parent, he became a Unitarian Universalist (UU). When asked whether he believes in God, he stated:
"Not in the sense of most people, I'm
atheist and Unitarian Universalist."
The web's source code was auctioned by Sotheby's in London in 2021, as a non-fungible token (NFT) by TimBL. Selling for US$5,434,500, it was reported the proceeds would be used to fund initiatives by TimBL and Leith.
AMATISTACRISTAL", "Amatista cristal", "amatista", "cristal", “Madre de 4 Hijos”, “Unschooling”,”Home Schooling”, “Unschoolers”, ”#amatistacristal", "amethyst", "amatista mineral", "amatista gema", "correspondencias", "cuarzo", "cuarzo rosa", "cristales", "piedra", "piedras", "gemas",
"piedras preciosas", "piedra amatista", "amatista propiedades", "amatista piedra", "color amatista", "cuarzo amatista", "amatista propiedades curativas", "amatista propiedades curativas", "piedras amatista",
"piedras curativas", "propiedades de la amatista", "propiedades curativas de la piedra preciosa amatista", "amatista steven universe", "steven universe", "coleccion de minerales", "energia de las piedras", "piedra natal", "energia de las piedras", "coach", "coaching", "ontologico", "lecturas de registros akashicos", "registros akashicos", "akasha", "registros akasicos", "terapias de registros akashicos", "terapias alternativas", "yoga", "reiki", "espiritualidad", "salud", "misterio", "crecimiento personal", "nueva consciencia", "terapias", "nuevo paradigma", "ufologia", "enigmas y misterios",
"wicca", "magia", "brujeria", "pagano", "celta", "espiritu", "terapias energeticas", "desarollo personal", "bienestar", "matrix", "masoneria", "entrevistas espirituales", "calidad de vida", "sintomas", "ansiedad", "depresion", "insomnio", "estres",
"fobias", "traumas", "karmas", "vivir sin ansiedad, como combatir la ansiedad", "combatir ansiedad sin medicamentos", "angustia", "tristeza", "desolacion", "agobio", "insatisfaccion por la vida",
"katarsis", "depression", "anxiety", "neurodivergencias", "enfermedad", "enfermedades", "mente", "enfermedades mentales", "autolesión", "suicidio", "tristeza", "vacío", "apoyo",
"depresión severa", "depresión clínica", "depresion mayor", "que es depresion", "depresion cronica", "como saber si tengo depresion", "cuales son los sintomas de la depresion",
"bulímia", "anorexia", "soledad", "fobia social", "cortes", "sangre", "fandub", "parodia", "parodias", "locutor", "actor doblaje", "psicología ansiedad", "vlog ansiedad", "blog ansiedad",
"vive sin Ansiedad", "curar ansiedad", "trastorno de ansiedad", "ansiedad generalizada", "tag", "pánico", "Miedo"
"Propósito" "Registros Akáshicos" "Bienestar Emocional" "Felicidad" "Registros Akásicos" "Cambio" "Canalización" "Taller"
"Aprendizaje" "Feliz" "Éxito" "Transformación" "Problema" "Ser Feliz" "Crecimiento Espiritual" "Miedo" "Conciencia"
"Espiritual" "Sabiduría" "Cambiar" "Maestría" "Traba" "Archivos Akashicos" "Emocional" "Inteligencia" "Guias Espirituales" "Proposito De Vida"
"Pareja" "Salud" "Éxito" "Laboral" "Abundancia" "Riqueza" "Dinero" "Espiritualidad" "Aporte"
"Bloqueo" "Potencial" "Cuerpo" "Emoción" "2012" "Ascensión" "Iluminación" "Audio" "Desapego" "Metodo Sedona" "Paz Mental" "Meditación"
"Presencia" "Como Ser Feliz" "Inteligencia Emocional" "Canalizar" "Ser Superior" "Activacion" "Dios" "ADN" "Solucion" "Formación" "Curso De Milagros" "Amor" "Quien Soy" "Co-Creación" "Audiolibro Gratis" "Relaciones" "Seminario Bienestar
“Amatista” "Cristal, Amethyst, “Spa Interior”, “Madre 4 Hijos” “Life Coach”, “Espiritual”, “Nutrición”, “Salud”, “Alimentos”, “Sanan”, “Cuerpo”, “Mente”, “Alma”, “Mejorar”, ·Calidad de vida”, “Bienestar”, “Autoayuda”, “Espiritualidad”, “Quietud Mental”, “Paz”, “Sanar Heridas”, “Reparar Síntomas”, “Afecciones Emocionales”, “Ansiedad”, “Insomnio”, “Depresión”, “Fobias”, “Miedos”, “Pánico social”, Catarsis, “Falta de animo”, “Insatisfacciones”, “Pereza”, “Agobio”, “Estrés”, “Obesidad”, “Autismo”, “Eliminar”, “Patrones conducta”, “Linajes”, “Tóxicos”, “Ayuno”, “Detox”, “Alcalino”, “Alimentos Vivos”, “Energía”, “Raw”, “Food”, “Vegetarianismo”, “Veganismo”
Secrets revealed of the Abode of Chaos (112 pages, adult only) >>>
"999" English version with English subtitles is available >>>
HD movie - scenario thierry Ehrmann - filmed by Etienne Perrone
----------
voir les secrets de la Demeure du Chaos avec 112 pages très étranges (adult only)
999 : visite initiatique au coeur de la Demeure du Chaos insufflée par l'Esprit de la Salamandre
Film HD d'Etienne PERRONE selon un scénario original de thierry Ehrmann.
courtesy of Organ Museum
©2011 www.AbodeofChaos.org
Pictures from when I did my student teaching at Jametown and Patrick Henry elementary schools in Arlington, VA
The Postcard
A postally unused Photocolour Series postcard that was printed and published by E. T. W. Dennis & Sons Ltd. of Scarborough.
Queen's College Oxford
Queen's College Oxford (on the right of the photograph) was founded in 1341 by Robert de Eglesfield in honour of Queen Philippa of Hainaut (wife of King Edward III of England). The college is distinguished by its predominantly neoclassical architecture, which includes buildings designed by Sir Christopher Wren and Nicholas Hawksmoor.
In 2015, the college had an endowment of £265 million, making it the fifth wealthiest college (after St. John's, Christ Church, All Souls and Merton).
In April 2012, as part of the celebrations of the Diamond Jubilee of Elizabeth II, a series of commemorative stamps were released featuring A-Z pictures of famous British landmarks. Queen's College's front quad was used on the Q stamp, alongside other landmarks such as the Angel of the North on A and the Old Bailey on O.
The most famous feast of the College is the Boar's Head Gaudy, which originally was the Christmas Dinner for members of the College who were unable to return home over the Christmas break between terms, but is now a feast for old members of the College on the Saturday before Christmas.
Queen's College Alumni
Alumni of Queen's include:
- Tony Abbott, 28th Prime Minister of Australia
- Rowan Atkinson, actor and comedian, known for Blackadder and Mr. Bean
- Jeremy Bentham, English philosopher, and legal and social reformer
- Tim Berners-Lee, inventor of the World Wide Web
- Cory Booker, United States Senator from New Jersey
- Eric Garcetti, Mayor of Los Angeles
- Leonard Hoffmann, Baron Hoffmann, English jurist and judge
- Edmund Halley, English astronomer
- King Henry V of England
- Edwin Powell Hubble, American astronomer
- Sir John Peel, gynaecologist to H.M. Queen Elizabeth II
- Leopold Stokowski, conductor.
'Oxford in War-Time'
During the Great War, a man named W. Snow was inspired to write a poem called 'Oxford in War-Time'.
Snow prefaces his poem with the following:
'The Boat Race will not be held this year (1915).
The whole of last year's Oxford eight and the
great majority of the cricket and football teams
are serving the King'.
The poem is as follows:
'Under the tow-path past the barges
Never an eight goes flashing by;
Never a blatant coach on the marge is
Urging his crew to do or die;
Never the critic we knew enlarges,
Fluent, on How and Why!
Once by the Iffley Road November
Welcomed the Football men aglow,
Covered with mud, as you'll remember,
Eager to vanquish Oxford's foe.
Where are the teams of last December?
Gone - where they had to go!
Where are her sons who waged at cricket
Warfare against the foeman-friend?
Far from the Parks, on a harder wicket,
Still they attack and still defend;
Playing a greater game, they'll stick it,
Fearless until the end!
Oxford's goodliest children leave her,
Hastily thrusting books aside;
Still the hurrying weeks bereave her,
Filling her heart with joy and pride;
Only the thought of you can grieve her,
You who have fought and died'.
Sir Tim Berners-Lee
Sir Timothy John Berners-Lee OM KBE FRS RDI FRSA DFBCS FREng was born on the 8th. June 1955. Also known as TimBL, he is an English computer scientist, best known as the inventor of the World Wide Web, the HTML markup language, the URL system, and HTTP.
He is a professorial research fellow at the University of Oxford, and a professor emeritus at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT).
Berners-Lee proposed an information management system on the 12th. March 1989, and implemented the first successful communication between a Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) client and server via the Internet in mid-November.
He devised and implemented the first Web browser and Web server, and helped foster the Web's subsequent explosive development. He is the founder and director of the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), which oversees the continued development of the Web.
Tim co-founded (with Rosemary Leith) the World Wide Web Foundation. In April 2009, he was elected as Foreign Associate of the National Academy of Sciences.
Berners-Lee is a senior researcher and holder of the 3Com founder's chair at the MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (CSAIL). He is a director of the Web Science Research Initiative (WSRI), and a member of the advisory board of the MIT Center for Collective Intelligence.
In 2011, he was named as a member of the board of trustees of the Ford Foundation. He is a founder and president of the Open Data Institute, and is currently an advisor at social network MeWe.
In 2004, Berners-Lee was knighted by Queen Elizabeth II for his pioneering work. He received the 2016 Turing Award:
"... for inventing the World Wide Web, the first
web browser, and the fundamental protocols
and algorithms allowing the Web to scale".
He was named in Time magazine's list of the 100 Most Important People of the 20th. century, and has received many other accolades for his invention.
-- Tim Berners-Lee - The Early Years
Tim Berners-Lee was born in London, the son of mathematicians and computer scientists Mary Lee Woods (1924–2017) and Conway Berners-Lee (1921–2019). His parents were both from Birmingham, and worked on the Ferranti Mark 1, the first commercially-built computer.
He has three younger siblings; his brother, Mike, is a professor of ecology and climate change management.
Berners-Lee attended Sheen Mount Primary School, then attended Emanuel School (a direct grant grammar school at the time) from 1969 to 1973. A keen trainspotter as a child, he learnt about electronics from tinkering with a model railway.
From 1973 to 1976, he studied at The Queen's College, Oxford, where he received a first-class BA in physics. While there, he made a computer out of an old television set he had purchased from a repair shop.
-- Tim Berners-Lee's Career and Research
After graduation, Berners-Lee worked as an engineer at the telecommunications company Plessey in Poole, Dorset.
In 1978, he joined D. G. Nash in Ferndown, Dorset, where he helped create typesetting software for printers.
Berners-Lee worked as an independent contractor at CERN from June to December 1980. While in Geneva, he proposed a project based on the concept of hypertext, to facilitate sharing and updating information among researchers.
To demonstrate it, he built a prototype system named ENQUIRE.
After leaving CERN in late 1980, Tim went to work at John Poole's Image Computer Systems Ltd. in Bournemouth, Dorset, where he ran the company's technical side for three years.
The project he worked on was a "real-time remote procedure call" which gave him experience in computer networking. In 1984, he returned to CERN as a fellow.
In 1989, CERN was the largest Internet node in Europe, and Berners-Lee saw an opportunity to join hypertext with the Internet:
"I just had to take the hypertext idea and
connect it to the TCP and DNS ideas and—
ta-da!—the World Wide Web."
Tim also recalled:
"Creating the web was really an act of desperation,
because the situation without it was very difficult
when I was working at CERN later.
Most of the technology involved in the web, like the
hypertext, like the Internet, multifont text objects,
had all been designed already.
I just had to put them together. It was a step of
generalising, going to a higher level of abstraction,
thinking about all the documentation systems out
there as being possibly part of a larger imaginary
documentation system."
Berners-Lee wrote his proposal in March 1989 and, in 1990, redistributed it. It was accepted by his manager, Mike Sendall, who called his proposals:
"Vague, but exciting."
Robert Cailliau had independently proposed a project to develop a hypertext system at CERN, and joined Berners-Lee as a partner in his efforts to get the web off the ground. They used similar ideas to those underlying the ENQUIRE system to create the World Wide Web, for which Berners-Lee designed and built the first web browser.
Tim's software also functioned as an editor (called WorldWideWeb, running on the NeXTSTEP operating system), and the first Web server, CERN HTTPd (short for Hypertext Transfer Protocol daemon).
Berners-Lee published the first web site, which described the project itself, on the 20th. December 1990; it was available to the Internet from the CERN network.
The site provided an explanation of what the World Wide Web was, and how people could use a browser and set up a web server, as well as how to get started with your own website.
On the 6th. August 1991, Berners-Lee first posted, on Usenet, a public invitation for collaboration with the WorldWideWeb project.
In a list of 80 cultural moments that shaped the world, chosen by a panel of 25 eminent scientists, academics, writers and world leaders, the invention of the World Wide Web was ranked number one, with the entry stating:
"The fastest growing communications medium
of all time, the Internet has changed the shape
of modern life forever. We can connect with
each other instantly, all over the world."
In 1994, Berners-Lee founded the W3C at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. It comprised various companies that were willing to create standards and recommendations to improve the quality of the Web.
Berners-Lee made his idea available freely, with no patent and no royalties due. The World Wide Web Consortium decided that its standards should be based on royalty-free technology, so that they easily could be adopted by anyone.
In 2001, Berners-Lee became a patron of the East Dorset Heritage Trust, having previously lived in Colehill in Wimborne, East Dorset. In December 2004, he accepted a chair in computer science at the School of Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton, Hampshire, to work on the Semantic Web.
In a Times article in October 2009, Berners-Lee admitted that the initial pair of slashes ("//") in a web address were "unnecessary". He told the newspaper that he easily could have designed web addresses without the slashes. In his lighthearted apology he said:
"There you go, it seemed like
a good idea at the time."
-- Tim Berners-Lee's Policy Work
In June 2009, then-British prime minister Gordon Brown announced that Berners-Lee would work with the UK government in order to help make data more open and accessible on the Web, building on the work of the Power of Information Task Force.
Berners-Lee and Professor Nigel Shadbolt are the two key figures behind data.gov.uk, a UK government project to open up almost all data acquired for official purposes for free re-use.
Commenting on the opening up of Ordnance Survey data in April 2010, Berners-Lee said:
"The changes signal a wider cultural change
in government, based on an assumption that
information should be in the public domain
unless there is a good reason not to — not
the other way around."
He went on to say:
"Greater openness, accountability and
transparency in Government will give
people greater choice and make it
easier for individuals to get more
directly involved in issues that matter
to them."
In November 2009, Berners-Lee launched the World Wide Web Foundation (WWWF) in order to campaign:
"To advance the Web to empower humanity
by launching transformative programs that
build local capacity to leverage the Web as
a medium for positive change".
Berners-Lee is one of the pioneer voices in favour of net neutrality, and has expressed the view that:
"ISPs should supply connectivity with no strings
attached, and should neither control nor monitor
the browsing activities of customers without their
expressed consent."
Tim advocates the idea that net neutrality is a kind of human network right:
"Threats to the Internet, such as companies
or governments that interfere with or snoop
on Internet traffic, compromise basic human
network rights."
As of May 2012, Tim is president of the Open Data Institute, which he co-founded with Nigel Shadbolt in 2012.
The Alliance for Affordable Internet (A4AI) was launched in October 2013, and Berners-Lee is leading the coalition of public and private organisations that includes Google, Facebook, Intel and Microsoft.
The A4AI seeks to make Internet access more affordable, so that access is broadened in the developing world, where only 31% of people are online. Berners-Lee is working with those aiming to decrease Internet access prices so that they fall below the UN Broadband Commission's worldwide target of 5% of monthly income.
Berners-Lee holds the founders chair in Computer Science at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where he heads the Decentralized Information Group and is leading Solid, a joint project with the Qatar Computing Research Institute that aims to radically change the way Web applications work today, resulting in true data ownership as well as improved privacy.
In October 2016, he joined the Department of Computer Science at Oxford University as a professorial research fellow, and as a fellow of Christ Church, one of the Oxford colleges.
From the mid-2010's Berners-Lee initially remained neutral on the emerging Encrypted Media Extensions (EME) proposal with its controversial digital rights management (DRM) implications.
In March 2017 he felt he had to take a position which was to support the EME proposal. He reasoned EME's virtues whilst noting DRM was inevitable. As W3C director, he went on to approve the finalised specification in July 2017.
Tim's stance was opposed by some, including Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF), the anti-DRM campaign, Defective by Design, and the Free Software Foundation. Varied concerns raised included being not supportive of the Internet's open philosophy against commercial interests, and risks of users being forced to use a particular web browser to view specific DRM content.
The EFF raised a formal appeal which did not succeed, and the EME specification became a formal W3C recommendation in September 2017.
On the 30th. September 2018, Berners-Lee announced his new open-source startup Inrupt to fuel a commercial ecosystem around the Solid project, which aims to give users more control over their personal data and lets them choose where the data goes, who's allowed to see certain elements and which apps are allowed to see that data.
In November 2019 at the Internet Governance Forum in Berlin Berners-Lee and the WWWF launched Contract for the Web, a campaign initiative to persuade governments, companies and citizens to commit to nine principles to stop "misuse", with the warning that:
"Ff we don't act now – and act together –
to prevent the web being misused by
those who want to exploit, divide and
undermine, we are at risk of squandering
its potential for good."
-- Tim Berners-Lee's Awards and Honours
Tim Berners-Lee's entry in Time magazine's list of the 100 Most Important People of the 20th century (March 1999) reads as follows:
"He wove the World Wide Web and created a mass
medium for the 21st century. The World Wide Web
is Berners-Lee's alone. He designed it. He loosed it
on the world. And he more than anyone else has
fought to keep it open, nonproprietary and free."
Berners-Lee has received many awards and honours. He was knighted by Queen Elizabeth II in the 2004 New Year Honours:
"For services to the global development
of the Internet."
On the 13th. June 2007, he was appointed to the Order of Merit (OM), an order restricted to 24 living members, plus any honorary members. Bestowing membership of the Order of Merit is within the personal purview of the Sovereign, and does not require recommendation by ministers or the Prime Minister.
Tim was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 2001. He was also elected as a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2004 and the National Academy of Engineering in 2007.
He has been conferred honorary degrees from a number of universities around the world, including Manchester (his parents worked on the Manchester Mark 1 in the 1940's), Harvard and Yale.
In 2012, Berners-Lee was among the British cultural icons selected by artist Sir Peter Blake to appear in a new version of his most famous artwork – the Beatles' Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band album cover – to celebrate the British cultural figures of his life that he most admires to mark his 80th. birthday.
In 2013, he was awarded the inaugural Queen Elizabeth Prize for Engineering. On the 4th. April 2017, Tim received the 2016 Association for Computing Machinery's Turing Award for his invention of the World Wide Web, the first web browser, and their fundamental protocols and algorithms.
-- Tim Berners-Lee's Personal Life
Berners-Lee has said
"I like to keep work and
personal life separate."
Berners-Lee married Nancy Carlson, an American computer programmer, in 1990. She was also working in Switzerland at the World Health Organization. They had two children and divorced in 2011.
In 2014, he married Rosemary Leith at the Chapel Royal, St. James's Palace in London. Leith is a Canadian Internet and banking entrepreneur, and a founding director of Berners-Lee's World Wide Web Foundation. The couple also collaborate on venture capital to support artificial intelligence companies.
Berners-Lee was raised as an Anglican, but he turned away from religion in his youth. After he became a parent, he became a Unitarian Universalist (UU). When asked whether he believes in God, he stated:
"Not in the sense of most people, I'm
atheist and Unitarian Universalist."
The web's source code was auctioned by Sotheby's in London in 2021, as a non-fungible token (NFT) by TimBL. Selling for US$5,434,500, it was reported the proceeds would be used to fund initiatives by TimBL and Leith.
Pictures from when I did my student teaching at Jametown and Patrick Henry elementary schools in Arlington, VA
Quoting from Tim Berners-Lee:
The first web browser - or browser-editor rather - was called WorldWideWeb as, after all, when it was written in 1990 it was the only way to see the web. Much later it was renamed Nexus in order to save confusion between the program and the abstract information space (which is now spelled World Wide Web with spaces).
I wrote the program using a NeXT computer. This had the advantage that there were some great tools available -it was a great computing environment in general. In fact, I could do in a couple of months what would take more like a year on other platforms, because on the NeXT, a lot of it was done for me already. There was an application builder to make all the menus as quickly as you could dream them up. there were all the software parts to make a wysiwyg (what you see is what you get - in other words direct manipulation of text on screen as on the printed - or browsed page) word processor. I just had to add hypertext, (by subclassing the Text object)
In this shot I am making a link from the word "ATLAS" in the list of experiments to some web page.
The NeXTStep operating system put the menu for each application in the top left of the screen. The application is called WorldWideWeb. because the menus are in this block they windows are very unencumbered. A little like like the windows "start" menu later.
The Navigate menu had things like "back" and "next" and "previous". these last two were useful when you follows a link from a list of links- they meant "go back a step and then take the next link from the same page instead".
The document menu was like the "file" menu for windows I suppose. The "find" menu is fairly self-explanatory, as is "edit".
The "Link" menu you can see. "Mark all" would remember the URI of where you were. "MArk selection" would make an anchor (link target) for the selected text, give it an ID, and remember the URI of that fragment. "Link to Marked" would make a link from the current selection to whatever URI you had last marked. So making a link involved browsing to somewhere interesting, hitting Command/M, going to the document you were writing and selecting some text, and hitting Command/L. "Link to new" would create a new window, prompt for a URI (ugh - it should have made one up!) and make a link from the selection to the new document. You never saw the URIs - you could of course always find documents by following the link to them.
The "style" menu was interesting -- you could load a style sheet to define how you liked your documents rendered. You could also set the paragraph style to an HTML element's style - as lists didn't nest, the user could think of the process as styles (heading1, heading 2, list element, etc) and then this implied an HTML structure when the document was written back.
At the time, the "X" close box was unique to NeXT, before Windows copied it. The broken X in the "Tim's home page" window means that the document has been edited and not yet saved. (A "dirty" flag). As a convenience, pressing Command/Shift/S would save back all modified web pages.
WorldWideWeb was written in Objective-C. It would browse http: space and news: and ftp: spaces and local file: space, but edit only in file: space as HTTP PUT was not implemented back then.
Secrets revealed of the Abode of Chaos (112 pages, adult only) >>>
"999" English version with English subtitles is available >>>
HD movie - scenario thierry Ehrmann - filmed by Etienne Perrone
----------
voir les secrets de la Demeure du Chaos avec 112 pages très étranges (adult only)
999 : visite initiatique au coeur de la Demeure du Chaos insufflée par l'Esprit de la Salamandre
Film HD d'Etienne PERRONE selon un scénario original de thierry Ehrmann.
courtesy of Organ Museum
©2011 www.AbodeofChaos.org
The Postcard
A postally unused Valentine's Series postcard.
Queen's College Oxford
Queen's College was founded in 1341 by Robert de Eglesfield in honour of Queen Philippa of Hainaut (wife of King Edward III of England). The college is distinguished by its predominantly neoclassical architecture, which includes buildings designed by Sir Christopher Wren and Nicholas Hawksmoor.
In 2015, the college had an endowment of £265 million, making it the fifth wealthiest college (after St. John's, Christ Church, All Souls and Merton).
In April 2012, as part of the celebrations of the Diamond Jubilee of Elizabeth II, a series of commemorative stamps were released featuring A-Z pictures of famous British landmarks. Queen's College's front quad was used on the Q stamp, alongside other landmarks such as the Angel of the North on A and the Old Bailey on O.
The most famous feast of the College is the Boar's Head Gaudy, which originally was the Christmas Dinner for members of the College who were unable to return home over the Christmas break between terms, but is now a feast for old members of the College on the Saturday before Christmas.
Alumni of Queen's include:
-- Tony Abbott, 28th. Prime Minister of Australia
-- Rowan Atkinson, actor and comedian, known for Blackadder and Mr. Bean
-- Jeremy Bentham, English philosopher, and legal and social reformer
-- Tim Berners-Lee, inventor of the World Wide Web
-- Cory Booker, United States Senator from New Jersey
-- Eric Garcetti, Mayor of Los Angeles
-- Leonard Hoffmann, Baron Hoffmann, English jurist and judge
-- Edmund Halley, English astronomer
-- King Henry V of England
-- Edwin Powell Hubble, American astronomer
-- Sir John Peel, gynaecologist to H.M. Queen Elizabeth II
-- Leopold Stokowski, conductor.
'Oxford in War-Time'
During the Great War, a man named W. Snow was inspired to write a poem called 'Oxford in War-Time'.
Snow prefaces his poem with the following:
'The Boat Race will not be held this year (1915). The
whole of last year's Oxford eight and the great majority
of the cricket and football teams are serving the King'.
The poem is as follows:
'Under the tow-path past the barges
Never an eight goes flashing by;
Never a blatant coach on the marge is
Urging his crew to do or die;
Never the critic we knew enlarges,
Fluent, on How and Why!
Once by the Iffley Road November
Welcomed the Football men aglow,
Covered with mud, as you'll remember,
Eager to vanquish Oxford's foe.
Where are the teams of last December?
Gone - where they had to go!
Where are her sons who waged at cricket
Warfare against the foeman-friend?
Far from the Parks, on a harder wicket,
Still they attack and still defend;
Playing a greater game, they'll stick it,
Fearless until the end!
Oxford's goodliest children leave her,
Hastily thrusting books aside;
Still the hurrying weeks bereave her,
Filling her heart with joy and pride;
Only the thought of you can grieve her,
You who have fought and died'.
Sir Tim Berners-Lee
Sir Timothy John Berners-Lee OM KBE FRS RDI FRSA DFBCS FREng was born on the 8th. June 1955. Also known as TimBL, he is an English computer scientist, best known as the inventor of the World Wide Web, the HTML markup language, the URL system, and HTTP.
He is a professorial research fellow at the University of Oxford, and a professor emeritus at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT).
Berners-Lee proposed an information management system on the 12th. March 1989, and implemented the first successful communication between a Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) client and server via the Internet in mid-November.
He devised and implemented the first Web browser and Web server, and helped foster the Web's subsequent explosive development. He is the founder and director of the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), which oversees the continued development of the Web.
Tim co-founded (with Rosemary Leith) the World Wide Web Foundation. In April 2009, he was elected as Foreign Associate of the National Academy of Sciences.
Berners-Lee is a senior researcher and holder of the 3Com founder's chair at the MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (CSAIL). He is a director of the Web Science Research Initiative (WSRI), and a member of the advisory board of the MIT Center for Collective Intelligence.
In 2011, he was named as a member of the board of trustees of the Ford Foundation. He is a founder and president of the Open Data Institute, and is currently an advisor at social network MeWe.
In 2004, Berners-Lee was knighted by Queen Elizabeth II for his pioneering work. He received the 2016 Turing Award:
"... for inventing the World Wide Web, the first
web browser, and the fundamental protocols
and algorithms allowing the Web to scale".
He was named in Time magazine's list of the 100 Most Important People of the 20th. century, and has received many other accolades for his invention.
-- Tim Berners-Lee - The Early Years
Tim Berners-Lee was born in London, the son of mathematicians and computer scientists Mary Lee Woods (1924–2017) and Conway Berners-Lee (1921–2019). His parents were both from Birmingham, and worked on the Ferranti Mark 1, the first commercially-built computer.
He has three younger siblings; his brother, Mike, is a professor of ecology and climate change management.
Berners-Lee attended Sheen Mount Primary School, then attended Emanuel School (a direct grant grammar school at the time) from 1969 to 1973. A keen trainspotter as a child, he learnt about electronics from tinkering with a model railway.
From 1973 to 1976, he studied at The Queen's College, Oxford, where he received a first-class BA in physics. While there, he made a computer out of an old television set he had purchased from a repair shop.
-- Tim Berners-Lee's Career and Research
After graduation, Berners-Lee worked as an engineer at the telecommunications company Plessey in Poole, Dorset.
In 1978, he joined D. G. Nash in Ferndown, Dorset, where he helped create typesetting software for printers.
Berners-Lee worked as an independent contractor at CERN from June to December 1980. While in Geneva, he proposed a project based on the concept of hypertext, to facilitate sharing and updating information among researchers.
To demonstrate it, he built a prototype system named ENQUIRE.
After leaving CERN in late 1980, Tim went to work at John Poole's Image Computer Systems Ltd. in Bournemouth, Dorset, where he ran the company's technical side for three years.
The project he worked on was a "real-time remote procedure call" which gave him experience in computer networking. In 1984, he returned to CERN as a fellow.
In 1989, CERN was the largest Internet node in Europe, and Berners-Lee saw an opportunity to join hypertext with the Internet:
"I just had to take the hypertext idea and
connect it to the TCP and DNS ideas and—
ta-da!—the World Wide Web."
Tim also recalled:
"Creating the web was really an act of desperation,
because the situation without it was very difficult
when I was working at CERN later.
Most of the technology involved in the web, like the
hypertext, like the Internet, multifont text objects,
had all been designed already.
I just had to put them together. It was a step of
generalising, going to a higher level of abstraction,
thinking about all the documentation systems out
there as being possibly part of a larger imaginary
documentation system."
Berners-Lee wrote his proposal in March 1989 and, in 1990, redistributed it. It was accepted by his manager, Mike Sendall, who called his proposals:
"Vague, but exciting."
Robert Cailliau had independently proposed a project to develop a hypertext system at CERN, and joined Berners-Lee as a partner in his efforts to get the web off the ground. They used similar ideas to those underlying the ENQUIRE system to create the World Wide Web, for which Berners-Lee designed and built the first web browser.
Tim's software also functioned as an editor (called WorldWideWeb, running on the NeXTSTEP operating system), and the first Web server, CERN HTTPd (short for Hypertext Transfer Protocol daemon).
Berners-Lee published the first web site, which described the project itself, on the 20th. December 1990; it was available to the Internet from the CERN network.
The site provided an explanation of what the World Wide Web was, and how people could use a browser and set up a web server, as well as how to get started with your own website.
On the 6th. August 1991, Berners-Lee first posted, on Usenet, a public invitation for collaboration with the WorldWideWeb project.
In a list of 80 cultural moments that shaped the world, chosen by a panel of 25 eminent scientists, academics, writers and world leaders, the invention of the World Wide Web was ranked number one, with the entry stating:
"The fastest growing communications medium
of all time, the Internet has changed the shape
of modern life forever. We can connect with
each other instantly, all over the world."
In 1994, Berners-Lee founded the W3C at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. It comprised various companies that were willing to create standards and recommendations to improve the quality of the Web.
Berners-Lee made his idea available freely, with no patent and no royalties due. The World Wide Web Consortium decided that its standards should be based on royalty-free technology, so that they easily could be adopted by anyone.
In 2001, Berners-Lee became a patron of the East Dorset Heritage Trust, having previously lived in Colehill in Wimborne, East Dorset. In December 2004, he accepted a chair in computer science at the School of Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton, Hampshire, to work on the Semantic Web.
In a Times article in October 2009, Berners-Lee admitted that the initial pair of slashes ("//") in a web address were "unnecessary". He told the newspaper that he easily could have designed web addresses without the slashes. In his lighthearted apology he said:
"There you go, it seemed like
a good idea at the time."
-- Tim Berners-Lee's Policy Work
In June 2009, then-British prime minister Gordon Brown announced that Berners-Lee would work with the UK government in order to help make data more open and accessible on the Web, building on the work of the Power of Information Task Force.
Berners-Lee and Professor Nigel Shadbolt are the two key figures behind data.gov.uk, a UK government project to open up almost all data acquired for official purposes for free re-use.
Commenting on the opening up of Ordnance Survey data in April 2010, Berners-Lee said:
"The changes signal a wider cultural change
in government, based on an assumption that
information should be in the public domain
unless there is a good reason not to — not
the other way around."
He went on to say:
"Greater openness, accountability and
transparency in Government will give
people greater choice and make it
easier for individuals to get more
directly involved in issues that matter
to them."
In November 2009, Berners-Lee launched the World Wide Web Foundation (WWWF) in order to campaign:
"To advance the Web to empower humanity
by launching transformative programs that
build local capacity to leverage the Web as
a medium for positive change".
Berners-Lee is one of the pioneer voices in favour of net neutrality, and has expressed the view that:
"ISPs should supply connectivity with no strings
attached, and should neither control nor monitor
the browsing activities of customers without their
expressed consent."
Tim advocates the idea that net neutrality is a kind of human network right:
"Threats to the Internet, such as companies
or governments that interfere with or snoop
on Internet traffic, compromise basic human
network rights."
As of May 2012, Tim is president of the Open Data Institute, which he co-founded with Nigel Shadbolt in 2012.
The Alliance for Affordable Internet (A4AI) was launched in October 2013, and Berners-Lee is leading the coalition of public and private organisations that includes Google, Facebook, Intel and Microsoft.
The A4AI seeks to make Internet access more affordable, so that access is broadened in the developing world, where only 31% of people are online. Berners-Lee is working with those aiming to decrease Internet access prices so that they fall below the UN Broadband Commission's worldwide target of 5% of monthly income.
Berners-Lee holds the founders chair in Computer Science at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where he heads the Decentralized Information Group and is leading Solid, a joint project with the Qatar Computing Research Institute that aims to radically change the way Web applications work today, resulting in true data ownership as well as improved privacy.
In October 2016, he joined the Department of Computer Science at Oxford University as a professorial research fellow, and as a fellow of Christ Church, one of the Oxford colleges.
From the mid-2010's Berners-Lee initially remained neutral on the emerging Encrypted Media Extensions (EME) proposal with its controversial digital rights management (DRM) implications.
In March 2017 he felt he had to take a position which was to support the EME proposal. He reasoned EME's virtues whilst noting DRM was inevitable. As W3C director, he went on to approve the finalised specification in July 2017.
Tim's stance was opposed by some, including Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF), the anti-DRM campaign, Defective by Design, and the Free Software Foundation. Varied concerns raised included being not supportive of the Internet's open philosophy against commercial interests, and risks of users being forced to use a particular web browser to view specific DRM content.
The EFF raised a formal appeal which did not succeed, and the EME specification became a formal W3C recommendation in September 2017.
On the 30th. September 2018, Berners-Lee announced his new open-source startup Inrupt to fuel a commercial ecosystem around the Solid project, which aims to give users more control over their personal data and lets them choose where the data goes, who's allowed to see certain elements and which apps are allowed to see that data.
In November 2019 at the Internet Governance Forum in Berlin Berners-Lee and the WWWF launched Contract for the Web, a campaign initiative to persuade governments, companies and citizens to commit to nine principles to stop "misuse", with the warning that:
"Ff we don't act now – and act together –
to prevent the web being misused by
those who want to exploit, divide and
undermine, we are at risk of squandering
its potential for good."
-- Tim Berners-Lee's Awards and Honours
Tim Berners-Lee's entry in Time magazine's list of the 100 Most Important People of the 20th century (March 1999) reads as follows:
"He wove the World Wide Web and created a mass
medium for the 21st century. The World Wide Web
is Berners-Lee's alone. He designed it. He loosed it
on the world. And he more than anyone else has
fought to keep it open, nonproprietary and free."
Berners-Lee has received many awards and honours. He was knighted by Queen Elizabeth II in the 2004 New Year Honours:
"For services to the global development
of the Internet."
On the 13th. June 2007, he was appointed to the Order of Merit (OM), an order restricted to 24 living members, plus any honorary members. Bestowing membership of the Order of Merit is within the personal purview of the Sovereign, and does not require recommendation by ministers or the Prime Minister.
Tim was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 2001. He was also elected as a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2004 and the National Academy of Engineering in 2007.
He has been conferred honorary degrees from a number of universities around the world, including Manchester (his parents worked on the Manchester Mark 1 in the 1940's), Harvard and Yale.
In 2012, Berners-Lee was among the British cultural icons selected by artist Sir Peter Blake to appear in a new version of his most famous artwork – the Beatles' Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band album cover – to celebrate the British cultural figures of his life that he most admires to mark his 80th. birthday.
In 2013, he was awarded the inaugural Queen Elizabeth Prize for Engineering. On the 4th. April 2017, Tim received the 2016 Association for Computing Machinery's Turing Award for his invention of the World Wide Web, the first web browser, and their fundamental protocols and algorithms.
-- Tim Berners-Lee's Personal Life
Berners-Lee has said
"I like to keep work and
personal life separate."
Berners-Lee married Nancy Carlson, an American computer programmer, in 1990. She was also working in Switzerland at the World Health Organization. They had two children and divorced in 2011.
In 2014, he married Rosemary Leith at the Chapel Royal, St. James's Palace in London. Leith is a Canadian Internet and banking entrepreneur, and a founding director of Berners-Lee's World Wide Web Foundation. The couple also collaborate on venture capital to support artificial intelligence companies.
Berners-Lee was raised as an Anglican, but he turned away from religion in his youth. After he became a parent, he became a Unitarian Universalist (UU). When asked whether he believes in God, he stated:
"Not in the sense of most people, I'm
atheist and Unitarian Universalist."
The web's source code was auctioned by Sotheby's in London in 2021, as a non-fungible token (NFT) by TimBL. Selling for US$5,434,500, it was reported the proceeds would be used to fund initiatives by TimBL and Leith.
The Postcard
A postally unused postcard that was published by Penrose & Palmer of Oxford. The card, which has a divided back, was printed by The Vandyck Printers Ltd. of Bristol.
Queen's College Oxford
Queen's College Oxford was founded in 1341 by Robert de Eglesfield in honour of Queen Philippa of Hainaut (wife of King Edward III of England). The college is distinguished by its predominantly neoclassical architecture, which includes buildings designed by Sir Christopher Wren and Nicholas Hawksmoor.
In 2015, the college had an endowment of £265 million, making it the fifth wealthiest college (after St. John's, Christ Church, All Souls and Merton).
In April 2012, as part of the celebrations of the Diamond Jubilee of Elizabeth II, a series of commemorative stamps were released featuring A-Z pictures of famous British landmarks. Queen's College's front quad was used on the Q stamp, alongside other landmarks such as the Angel of the North on A and the Old Bailey on O.
The most famous feast of the College is the Boar's Head Gaudy, which originally was the Christmas Dinner for members of the College who were unable to return home over the Christmas break between terms, but is now a feast for old members of the College on the Saturday before Christmas.
Queen's College Alumni
Alumni of Queen's include:
- Tony Abbott, 28th Prime Minister of Australia
- Rowan Atkinson, actor and comedian, known for Blackadder and Mr. Bean
- Jeremy Bentham, English philosopher, and legal and social reformer
- Tim Berners-Lee, inventor of the World Wide Web
- Cory Booker, United States Senator from New Jersey
- Eric Garcetti, Mayor of Los Angeles
- Leonard Hoffmann, Baron Hoffmann, English jurist and judge
- Edmund Halley, English astronomer
- King Henry V of England
- Edwin Powell Hubble, American astronomer
- Sir John Peel, gynaecologist to H.M. Queen Elizabeth II
- Leopold Stokowski, conductor.
'Oxford in War-Time'
During the Great War, a man named W. Snow was inspired to write a poem called 'Oxford in War-Time'.
Snow prefaces his poem with the following:
'The Boat Race will not be held this year (1915).
The whole of last year's Oxford eight and the
great majority of the cricket and football teams
are serving the King'.
The poem is as follows:
'Under the tow-path past the barges
Never an eight goes flashing by;
Never a blatant coach on the marge is
Urging his crew to do or die;
Never the critic we knew enlarges,
Fluent, on How and Why!
Once by the Iffley Road November
Welcomed the Football men aglow,
Covered with mud, as you'll remember,
Eager to vanquish Oxford's foe.
Where are the teams of last December?
Gone - where they had to go!
Where are her sons who waged at cricket
Warfare against the foeman-friend?
Far from the Parks, on a harder wicket,
Still they attack and still defend;
Playing a greater game, they'll stick it,
Fearless until the end!
Oxford's goodliest children leave her,
Hastily thrusting books aside;
Still the hurrying weeks bereave her,
Filling her heart with joy and pride;
Only the thought of you can grieve her,
You who have fought and died'.
Sir Tim Berners-Lee
Sir Timothy John Berners-Lee OM KBE FRS RDI FRSA DFBCS FREng was born on the 8th. June 1955. Also known as TimBL, he is an English computer scientist, best known as the inventor of the World Wide Web, the HTML markup language, the URL system, and HTTP.
He is a professorial research fellow at the University of Oxford, and a professor emeritus at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT).
Berners-Lee proposed an information management system on the 12th. March 1989, and implemented the first successful communication between a Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) client and server via the Internet in mid-November.
He devised and implemented the first Web browser and Web server, and helped foster the Web's subsequent explosive development. He is the founder and director of the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), which oversees the continued development of the Web.
Tim co-founded (with Rosemary Leith) the World Wide Web Foundation. In April 2009, he was elected as Foreign Associate of the National Academy of Sciences.
Berners-Lee is a senior researcher and holder of the 3Com founder's chair at the MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (CSAIL). He is a director of the Web Science Research Initiative (WSRI), and a member of the advisory board of the MIT Center for Collective Intelligence.
In 2011, he was named as a member of the board of trustees of the Ford Foundation. He is a founder and president of the Open Data Institute, and is currently an advisor at social network MeWe.
In 2004, Berners-Lee was knighted by Queen Elizabeth II for his pioneering work. He received the 2016 Turing Award:
"... for inventing the World Wide Web, the first
web browser, and the fundamental protocols
and algorithms allowing the Web to scale".
He was named in Time magazine's list of the 100 Most Important People of the 20th. century, and has received many other accolades for his invention.
-- Tim Berners-Lee - The Early Years
Tim Berners-Lee was born in London, the son of mathematicians and computer scientists Mary Lee Woods (1924–2017) and Conway Berners-Lee (1921–2019). His parents were both from Birmingham, and worked on the Ferranti Mark 1, the first commercially-built computer.
He has three younger siblings; his brother, Mike, is a professor of ecology and climate change management.
Berners-Lee attended Sheen Mount Primary School, then attended Emanuel School (a direct grant grammar school at the time) from 1969 to 1973. A keen trainspotter as a child, he learnt about electronics from tinkering with a model railway.
From 1973 to 1976, he studied at The Queen's College, Oxford, where he received a first-class BA in physics. While there, he made a computer out of an old television set he had purchased from a repair shop.
-- Tim Berners-Lee's Career and Research
After graduation, Berners-Lee worked as an engineer at the telecommunications company Plessey in Poole, Dorset.
In 1978, he joined D. G. Nash in Ferndown, Dorset, where he helped create typesetting software for printers.
Berners-Lee worked as an independent contractor at CERN from June to December 1980. While in Geneva, he proposed a project based on the concept of hypertext, to facilitate sharing and updating information among researchers.
To demonstrate it, he built a prototype system named ENQUIRE.
After leaving CERN in late 1980, Tim went to work at John Poole's Image Computer Systems Ltd. in Bournemouth, Dorset, where he ran the company's technical side for three years.
The project he worked on was a "real-time remote procedure call" which gave him experience in computer networking. In 1984, he returned to CERN as a fellow.
In 1989, CERN was the largest Internet node in Europe, and Berners-Lee saw an opportunity to join hypertext with the Internet:
"I just had to take the hypertext idea and
connect it to the TCP and DNS ideas and—
ta-da!—the World Wide Web."
Tim also recalled:
"Creating the web was really an act of desperation,
because the situation without it was very difficult
when I was working at CERN later.
Most of the technology involved in the web, like the
hypertext, like the Internet, multifont text objects,
had all been designed already.
I just had to put them together. It was a step of
generalising, going to a higher level of abstraction,
thinking about all the documentation systems out
there as being possibly part of a larger imaginary
documentation system."
Berners-Lee wrote his proposal in March 1989 and, in 1990, redistributed it. It was accepted by his manager, Mike Sendall, who called his proposals:
"Vague, but exciting."
Robert Cailliau had independently proposed a project to develop a hypertext system at CERN, and joined Berners-Lee as a partner in his efforts to get the web off the ground. They used similar ideas to those underlying the ENQUIRE system to create the World Wide Web, for which Berners-Lee designed and built the first web browser.
Tim's software also functioned as an editor (called WorldWideWeb, running on the NeXTSTEP operating system), and the first Web server, CERN HTTPd (short for Hypertext Transfer Protocol daemon).
Berners-Lee published the first web site, which described the project itself, on the 20th. December 1990; it was available to the Internet from the CERN network.
The site provided an explanation of what the World Wide Web was, and how people could use a browser and set up a web server, as well as how to get started with your own website.
On the 6th. August 1991, Berners-Lee first posted, on Usenet, a public invitation for collaboration with the WorldWideWeb project.
In a list of 80 cultural moments that shaped the world, chosen by a panel of 25 eminent scientists, academics, writers and world leaders, the invention of the World Wide Web was ranked number one, with the entry stating:
"The fastest growing communications medium
of all time, the Internet has changed the shape
of modern life forever. We can connect with
each other instantly, all over the world."
In 1994, Berners-Lee founded the W3C at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. It comprised various companies that were willing to create standards and recommendations to improve the quality of the Web.
Berners-Lee made his idea available freely, with no patent and no royalties due. The World Wide Web Consortium decided that its standards should be based on royalty-free technology, so that they easily could be adopted by anyone.
In 2001, Berners-Lee became a patron of the East Dorset Heritage Trust, having previously lived in Colehill in Wimborne, East Dorset. In December 2004, he accepted a chair in computer science at the School of Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton, Hampshire, to work on the Semantic Web.
In a Times article in October 2009, Berners-Lee admitted that the initial pair of slashes ("//") in a web address were "unnecessary". He told the newspaper that he easily could have designed web addresses without the slashes. In his lighthearted apology he said:
"There you go, it seemed like
a good idea at the time."
-- Tim Berners-Lee's Policy Work
In June 2009, then-British prime minister Gordon Brown announced that Berners-Lee would work with the UK government in order to help make data more open and accessible on the Web, building on the work of the Power of Information Task Force.
Berners-Lee and Professor Nigel Shadbolt are the two key figures behind data.gov.uk, a UK government project to open up almost all data acquired for official purposes for free re-use.
Commenting on the opening up of Ordnance Survey data in April 2010, Berners-Lee said:
"The changes signal a wider cultural change
in government, based on an assumption that
information should be in the public domain
unless there is a good reason not to — not
the other way around."
He went on to say:
"Greater openness, accountability and
transparency in Government will give
people greater choice and make it
easier for individuals to get more
directly involved in issues that matter
to them."
In November 2009, Berners-Lee launched the World Wide Web Foundation (WWWF) in order to campaign:
"To advance the Web to empower humanity
by launching transformative programs that
build local capacity to leverage the Web as
a medium for positive change".
Berners-Lee is one of the pioneer voices in favour of net neutrality, and has expressed the view that:
"ISPs should supply connectivity with no strings
attached, and should neither control nor monitor
the browsing activities of customers without their
expressed consent."
Tim advocates the idea that net neutrality is a kind of human network right:
"Threats to the Internet, such as companies
or governments that interfere with or snoop
on Internet traffic, compromise basic human
network rights."
As of May 2012, Tim is president of the Open Data Institute, which he co-founded with Nigel Shadbolt in 2012.
The Alliance for Affordable Internet (A4AI) was launched in October 2013, and Berners-Lee is leading the coalition of public and private organisations that includes Google, Facebook, Intel and Microsoft.
The A4AI seeks to make Internet access more affordable, so that access is broadened in the developing world, where only 31% of people are online. Berners-Lee is working with those aiming to decrease Internet access prices so that they fall below the UN Broadband Commission's worldwide target of 5% of monthly income.
Berners-Lee holds the founders chair in Computer Science at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where he heads the Decentralized Information Group and is leading Solid, a joint project with the Qatar Computing Research Institute that aims to radically change the way Web applications work today, resulting in true data ownership as well as improved privacy.
In October 2016, he joined the Department of Computer Science at Oxford University as a professorial research fellow, and as a fellow of Christ Church, one of the Oxford colleges.
From the mid-2010's Berners-Lee initially remained neutral on the emerging Encrypted Media Extensions (EME) proposal with its controversial digital rights management (DRM) implications.
In March 2017 he felt he had to take a position which was to support the EME proposal. He reasoned EME's virtues whilst noting DRM was inevitable. As W3C director, he went on to approve the finalised specification in July 2017.
Tim's stance was opposed by some, including Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF), the anti-DRM campaign, Defective by Design, and the Free Software Foundation. Varied concerns raised included being not supportive of the Internet's open philosophy against commercial interests, and risks of users being forced to use a particular web browser to view specific DRM content.
The EFF raised a formal appeal which did not succeed, and the EME specification became a formal W3C recommendation in September 2017.
On the 30th. September 2018, Berners-Lee announced his new open-source startup Inrupt to fuel a commercial ecosystem around the Solid project, which aims to give users more control over their personal data and lets them choose where the data goes, who's allowed to see certain elements and which apps are allowed to see that data.
In November 2019 at the Internet Governance Forum in Berlin Berners-Lee and the WWWF launched Contract for the Web, a campaign initiative to persuade governments, companies and citizens to commit to nine principles to stop "misuse", with the warning that:
"Ff we don't act now – and act together –
to prevent the web being misused by
those who want to exploit, divide and
undermine, we are at risk of squandering
its potential for good."
-- Tim Berners-Lee's Awards and Honours
Tim Berners-Lee's entry in Time magazine's list of the 100 Most Important People of the 20th century (March 1999) reads as follows:
"He wove the World Wide Web and created a mass
medium for the 21st century. The World Wide Web
is Berners-Lee's alone. He designed it. He loosed it
on the world. And he more than anyone else has
fought to keep it open, nonproprietary and free."
Berners-Lee has received many awards and honours. He was knighted by Queen Elizabeth II in the 2004 New Year Honours:
"For services to the global development
of the Internet."
On the 13th. June 2007, he was appointed to the Order of Merit (OM), an order restricted to 24 living members, plus any honorary members. Bestowing membership of the Order of Merit is within the personal purview of the Sovereign, and does not require recommendation by ministers or the Prime Minister.
Tim was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 2001. He was also elected as a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2004 and the National Academy of Engineering in 2007.
He has been conferred honorary degrees from a number of universities around the world, including Manchester (his parents worked on the Manchester Mark 1 in the 1940's), Harvard and Yale.
In 2012, Berners-Lee was among the British cultural icons selected by artist Sir Peter Blake to appear in a new version of his most famous artwork – the Beatles' Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band album cover – to celebrate the British cultural figures of his life that he most admires to mark his 80th. birthday.
In 2013, he was awarded the inaugural Queen Elizabeth Prize for Engineering. On the 4th. April 2017, Tim received the 2016 Association for Computing Machinery's Turing Award for his invention of the World Wide Web, the first web browser, and their fundamental protocols and algorithms.
-- Tim Berners-Lee's Personal Life
Berners-Lee has said
"I like to keep work and
personal life separate."
Berners-Lee married Nancy Carlson, an American computer programmer, in 1990. She was also working in Switzerland at the World Health Organization. They had two children and divorced in 2011.
In 2014, he married Rosemary Leith at the Chapel Royal, St. James's Palace in London. Leith is a Canadian Internet and banking entrepreneur, and a founding director of Berners-Lee's World Wide Web Foundation. The couple also collaborate on venture capital to support artificial intelligence companies.
Berners-Lee was raised as an Anglican, but he turned away from religion in his youth. After he became a parent, he became a Unitarian Universalist (UU). When asked whether he believes in God, he stated:
"Not in the sense of most people, I'm
atheist and Unitarian Universalist."
The web's source code was auctioned by Sotheby's in London in 2021, as a non-fungible token (NFT) by TimBL. Selling for US$5,434,500, it was reported the proceeds would be used to fund initiatives by TimBL and Leith.
Secrets revealed of the Abode of Chaos (112 pages, adult only) >>>
"999" English version with English subtitles is available >>>
HD movie - scenario thierry Ehrmann - filmed by Etienne Perrone
----------
voir les secrets de la Demeure du Chaos avec 112 pages très étranges (adult only)
999 : visite initiatique au coeur de la Demeure du Chaos insufflée par l'Esprit de la Salamandre
Film HD d'Etienne PERRONE selon un scénario original de thierry Ehrmann.
courtesy of Organ Museum
©2011 www.AbodeofChaos.org
The Postcard
A postally unused R.P.P.C. Series postcard that was printed in Saxony. The card has a divided back.
Queen's College Oxford
Queen's College Oxford was founded in 1341 by Robert de Eglesfield in honour of Queen Philippa of Hainaut (wife of King Edward III of England). The college is distinguished by its predominantly neoclassical architecture, which includes buildings designed by Sir Christopher Wren and Nicholas Hawksmoor.
In 2015, the college had an endowment of £265 million, making it the fifth wealthiest college (after St. John's, Christ Church, All Souls and Merton).
In April 2012, as part of the celebrations of the Diamond Jubilee of Elizabeth II, a series of commemorative stamps were released featuring A-Z pictures of famous British landmarks. Queen's College's front quad was used on the Q stamp, alongside other landmarks such as the Angel of the North on A and the Old Bailey on O.
The most famous feast of the College is the Boar's Head Gaudy, which originally was the Christmas Dinner for members of the College who were unable to return home over the Christmas break between terms, but is now a feast for old members of the College on the Saturday before Christmas.
Queen's College Alumni
Alumni of Queen's include:
- Tony Abbott, 28th Prime Minister of Australia
- Rowan Atkinson, actor and comedian, known for Blackadder and Mr. Bean
- Jeremy Bentham, English philosopher, and legal and social reformer
- Tim Berners-Lee, inventor of the World Wide Web
- Cory Booker, United States Senator from New Jersey
- Eric Garcetti, Mayor of Los Angeles
- Leonard Hoffmann, Baron Hoffmann, English jurist and judge
- Edmund Halley, English astronomer
- King Henry V of England
- Edwin Powell Hubble, American astronomer
- Sir John Peel, gynaecologist to H.M. Queen Elizabeth II
- Leopold Stokowski, conductor.
'Oxford in War-Time'
During the Great War, a man named W. Snow was inspired to write a poem called 'Oxford in War-Time'.
Snow prefaces his poem with the following:
'The Boat Race will not be held this year (1915).
The whole of last year's Oxford eight and the
great majority of the cricket and football teams
are serving the King'.
The poem is as follows:
'Under the tow-path past the barges
Never an eight goes flashing by;
Never a blatant coach on the marge is
Urging his crew to do or die;
Never the critic we knew enlarges,
Fluent, on How and Why!
Once by the Iffley Road November
Welcomed the Football men aglow,
Covered with mud, as you'll remember,
Eager to vanquish Oxford's foe.
Where are the teams of last December?
Gone - where they had to go!
Where are her sons who waged at cricket
Warfare against the foeman-friend?
Far from the Parks, on a harder wicket,
Still they attack and still defend;
Playing a greater game, they'll stick it,
Fearless until the end!
Oxford's goodliest children leave her,
Hastily thrusting books aside;
Still the hurrying weeks bereave her,
Filling her heart with joy and pride;
Only the thought of you can grieve her,
You who have fought and died'.
Sir Tim Berners-Lee
Sir Timothy John Berners-Lee OM KBE FRS RDI FRSA DFBCS FREng was born on the 8th. June 1955. Also known as TimBL, he is an English computer scientist, best known as the inventor of the World Wide Web, the HTML markup language, the URL system, and HTTP.
He is a professorial research fellow at the University of Oxford, and a professor emeritus at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT).
Berners-Lee proposed an information management system on the 12th. March 1989, and implemented the first successful communication between a Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) client and server via the Internet in mid-November.
He devised and implemented the first Web browser and Web server, and helped foster the Web's subsequent explosive development. He is the founder and director of the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), which oversees the continued development of the Web.
Tim co-founded (with Rosemary Leith) the World Wide Web Foundation. In April 2009, he was elected as Foreign Associate of the National Academy of Sciences.
Berners-Lee is a senior researcher and holder of the 3Com founder's chair at the MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (CSAIL). He is a director of the Web Science Research Initiative (WSRI), and a member of the advisory board of the MIT Center for Collective Intelligence.
In 2011, he was named as a member of the board of trustees of the Ford Foundation. He is a founder and president of the Open Data Institute, and is currently an advisor at social network MeWe.
In 2004, Berners-Lee was knighted by Queen Elizabeth II for his pioneering work. He received the 2016 Turing Award:
"... for inventing the World Wide Web, the first
web browser, and the fundamental protocols
and algorithms allowing the Web to scale".
He was named in Time magazine's list of the 100 Most Important People of the 20th. century, and has received many other accolades for his invention.
-- Tim Berners-Lee - The Early Years
Tim Berners-Lee was born in London, the son of mathematicians and computer scientists Mary Lee Woods (1924–2017) and Conway Berners-Lee (1921–2019). His parents were both from Birmingham, and worked on the Ferranti Mark 1, the first commercially-built computer.
He has three younger siblings; his brother, Mike, is a professor of ecology and climate change management.
Berners-Lee attended Sheen Mount Primary School, then attended Emanuel School (a direct grant grammar school at the time) from 1969 to 1973. A keen trainspotter as a child, he learnt about electronics from tinkering with a model railway.
From 1973 to 1976, he studied at The Queen's College, Oxford, where he received a first-class BA in physics. While there, he made a computer out of an old television set he had purchased from a repair shop.
-- Tim Berners-Lee's Career and Research
After graduation, Berners-Lee worked as an engineer at the telecommunications company Plessey in Poole, Dorset.
In 1978, he joined D. G. Nash in Ferndown, Dorset, where he helped create typesetting software for printers.
Berners-Lee worked as an independent contractor at CERN from June to December 1980. While in Geneva, he proposed a project based on the concept of hypertext, to facilitate sharing and updating information among researchers.
To demonstrate it, he built a prototype system named ENQUIRE.
After leaving CERN in late 1980, Tim went to work at John Poole's Image Computer Systems Ltd. in Bournemouth, Dorset, where he ran the company's technical side for three years.
The project he worked on was a "real-time remote procedure call" which gave him experience in computer networking. In 1984, he returned to CERN as a fellow.
In 1989, CERN was the largest Internet node in Europe, and Berners-Lee saw an opportunity to join hypertext with the Internet:
"I just had to take the hypertext idea and
connect it to the TCP and DNS ideas and—
ta-da!—the World Wide Web."
Tim also recalled:
"Creating the web was really an act of desperation,
because the situation without it was very difficult
when I was working at CERN later.
Most of the technology involved in the web, like the
hypertext, like the Internet, multifont text objects,
had all been designed already.
I just had to put them together. It was a step of
generalising, going to a higher level of abstraction,
thinking about all the documentation systems out
there as being possibly part of a larger imaginary
documentation system."
Berners-Lee wrote his proposal in March 1989 and, in 1990, redistributed it. It was accepted by his manager, Mike Sendall, who called his proposals:
"Vague, but exciting."
Robert Cailliau had independently proposed a project to develop a hypertext system at CERN, and joined Berners-Lee as a partner in his efforts to get the web off the ground. They used similar ideas to those underlying the ENQUIRE system to create the World Wide Web, for which Berners-Lee designed and built the first web browser.
Tim's software also functioned as an editor (called WorldWideWeb, running on the NeXTSTEP operating system), and the first Web server, CERN HTTPd (short for Hypertext Transfer Protocol daemon).
Berners-Lee published the first web site, which described the project itself, on the 20th. December 1990; it was available to the Internet from the CERN network.
The site provided an explanation of what the World Wide Web was, and how people could use a browser and set up a web server, as well as how to get started with your own website.
On the 6th. August 1991, Berners-Lee first posted, on Usenet, a public invitation for collaboration with the WorldWideWeb project.
In a list of 80 cultural moments that shaped the world, chosen by a panel of 25 eminent scientists, academics, writers and world leaders, the invention of the World Wide Web was ranked number one, with the entry stating:
"The fastest growing communications medium
of all time, the Internet has changed the shape
of modern life forever. We can connect with
each other instantly, all over the world."
In 1994, Berners-Lee founded the W3C at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. It comprised various companies that were willing to create standards and recommendations to improve the quality of the Web.
Berners-Lee made his idea available freely, with no patent and no royalties due. The World Wide Web Consortium decided that its standards should be based on royalty-free technology, so that they easily could be adopted by anyone.
In 2001, Berners-Lee became a patron of the East Dorset Heritage Trust, having previously lived in Colehill in Wimborne, East Dorset. In December 2004, he accepted a chair in computer science at the School of Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton, Hampshire, to work on the Semantic Web.
In a Times article in October 2009, Berners-Lee admitted that the initial pair of slashes ("//") in a web address were "unnecessary". He told the newspaper that he easily could have designed web addresses without the slashes. In his lighthearted apology he said:
"There you go, it seemed like
a good idea at the time."
-- Tim Berners-Lee's Policy Work
In June 2009, then-British prime minister Gordon Brown announced that Berners-Lee would work with the UK government in order to help make data more open and accessible on the Web, building on the work of the Power of Information Task Force.
Berners-Lee and Professor Nigel Shadbolt are the two key figures behind data.gov.uk, a UK government project to open up almost all data acquired for official purposes for free re-use.
Commenting on the opening up of Ordnance Survey data in April 2010, Berners-Lee said:
"The changes signal a wider cultural change
in government, based on an assumption that
information should be in the public domain
unless there is a good reason not to — not
the other way around."
He went on to say:
"Greater openness, accountability and
transparency in Government will give
people greater choice and make it
easier for individuals to get more
directly involved in issues that matter
to them."
In November 2009, Berners-Lee launched the World Wide Web Foundation (WWWF) in order to campaign:
"To advance the Web to empower humanity
by launching transformative programs that
build local capacity to leverage the Web as
a medium for positive change".
Berners-Lee is one of the pioneer voices in favour of net neutrality, and has expressed the view that:
"ISPs should supply connectivity with no strings
attached, and should neither control nor monitor
the browsing activities of customers without their
expressed consent."
Tim advocates the idea that net neutrality is a kind of human network right:
"Threats to the Internet, such as companies
or governments that interfere with or snoop
on Internet traffic, compromise basic human
network rights."
As of May 2012, Tim is president of the Open Data Institute, which he co-founded with Nigel Shadbolt in 2012.
The Alliance for Affordable Internet (A4AI) was launched in October 2013, and Berners-Lee is leading the coalition of public and private organisations that includes Google, Facebook, Intel and Microsoft.
The A4AI seeks to make Internet access more affordable, so that access is broadened in the developing world, where only 31% of people are online. Berners-Lee is working with those aiming to decrease Internet access prices so that they fall below the UN Broadband Commission's worldwide target of 5% of monthly income.
Berners-Lee holds the founders chair in Computer Science at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where he heads the Decentralized Information Group and is leading Solid, a joint project with the Qatar Computing Research Institute that aims to radically change the way Web applications work today, resulting in true data ownership as well as improved privacy.
In October 2016, he joined the Department of Computer Science at Oxford University as a professorial research fellow, and as a fellow of Christ Church, one of the Oxford colleges.
From the mid-2010's Berners-Lee initially remained neutral on the emerging Encrypted Media Extensions (EME) proposal with its controversial digital rights management (DRM) implications.
In March 2017 he felt he had to take a position which was to support the EME proposal. He reasoned EME's virtues whilst noting DRM was inevitable. As W3C director, he went on to approve the finalised specification in July 2017.
Tim's stance was opposed by some, including Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF), the anti-DRM campaign, Defective by Design, and the Free Software Foundation. Varied concerns raised included being not supportive of the Internet's open philosophy against commercial interests, and risks of users being forced to use a particular web browser to view specific DRM content.
The EFF raised a formal appeal which did not succeed, and the EME specification became a formal W3C recommendation in September 2017.
On the 30th. September 2018, Berners-Lee announced his new open-source startup Inrupt to fuel a commercial ecosystem around the Solid project, which aims to give users more control over their personal data and lets them choose where the data goes, who's allowed to see certain elements and which apps are allowed to see that data.
In November 2019 at the Internet Governance Forum in Berlin Berners-Lee and the WWWF launched Contract for the Web, a campaign initiative to persuade governments, companies and citizens to commit to nine principles to stop "misuse", with the warning that:
"Ff we don't act now – and act together –
to prevent the web being misused by
those who want to exploit, divide and
undermine, we are at risk of squandering
its potential for good."
-- Tim Berners-Lee's Awards and Honours
Tim Berners-Lee's entry in Time magazine's list of the 100 Most Important People of the 20th century (March 1999) reads as follows:
"He wove the World Wide Web and created a mass
medium for the 21st century. The World Wide Web
is Berners-Lee's alone. He designed it. He loosed it
on the world. And he more than anyone else has
fought to keep it open, nonproprietary and free."
Berners-Lee has received many awards and honours. He was knighted by Queen Elizabeth II in the 2004 New Year Honours:
"For services to the global development
of the Internet."
On the 13th. June 2007, he was appointed to the Order of Merit (OM), an order restricted to 24 living members, plus any honorary members. Bestowing membership of the Order of Merit is within the personal purview of the Sovereign, and does not require recommendation by ministers or the Prime Minister.
Tim was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 2001. He was also elected as a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2004 and the National Academy of Engineering in 2007.
He has been conferred honorary degrees from a number of universities around the world, including Manchester (his parents worked on the Manchester Mark 1 in the 1940's), Harvard and Yale.
In 2012, Berners-Lee was among the British cultural icons selected by artist Sir Peter Blake to appear in a new version of his most famous artwork – the Beatles' Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band album cover – to celebrate the British cultural figures of his life that he most admires to mark his 80th. birthday.
In 2013, he was awarded the inaugural Queen Elizabeth Prize for Engineering. On the 4th. April 2017, Tim received the 2016 Association for Computing Machinery's Turing Award for his invention of the World Wide Web, the first web browser, and their fundamental protocols and algorithms.
-- Tim Berners-Lee's Personal Life
Berners-Lee has said
"I like to keep work and
personal life separate."
Berners-Lee married Nancy Carlson, an American computer programmer, in 1990. She was also working in Switzerland at the World Health Organization. They had two children and divorced in 2011.
In 2014, he married Rosemary Leith at the Chapel Royal, St. James's Palace in London. Leith is a Canadian Internet and banking entrepreneur, and a founding director of Berners-Lee's World Wide Web Foundation. The couple also collaborate on venture capital to support artificial intelligence companies.
Berners-Lee was raised as an Anglican, but he turned away from religion in his youth. After he became a parent, he became a Unitarian Universalist (UU). When asked whether he believes in God, he stated:
"Not in the sense of most people, I'm
atheist and Unitarian Universalist."
The web's source code was auctioned by Sotheby's in London in 2021, as a non-fungible token (NFT) by TimBL. Selling for US$5,434,500, it was reported the proceeds would be used to fund initiatives by TimBL and Leith.
Secrets revealed of the Abode of Chaos (112 pages, adult only) >>>
"999" English version with English subtitles is available >>>
HD movie - scenario thierry Ehrmann - filmed by Etienne Perrone
----------
voir les secrets de la Demeure du Chaos avec 112 pages très étranges (adult only)
999 : visite initiatique au coeur de la Demeure du Chaos insufflée par l'Esprit de la Salamandre
Film HD d'Etienne PERRONE selon un scénario original de thierry Ehrmann.
courtesy of Organ Museum
©2011 www.AbodeofChaos.org
Now that the world wide web is such an integral part of my life, I have been
wondering what my favorite websites are. It prompted me to put together this list
of my top five faves:
4. www.ginaemersonphotography.com
I think you get a snapshot of me from this list. And because I am curious
what some of my contacts www list would look like, I am asking five of them to do
a top five list too:
Secrets revealed of the Abode of Chaos (112 pages, adult only) >>>
"999" English version with English subtitles is available >>>
HD movie - scenario thierry Ehrmann - filmed by Etienne Perrone
----------
voir les secrets de la Demeure du Chaos avec 112 pages très étranges (adult only)
999 : visite initiatique au coeur de la Demeure du Chaos insufflée par l'Esprit de la Salamandre
Film HD d'Etienne PERRONE selon un scénario original de thierry Ehrmann.
courtesy of Organ Museum
©2011 www.AbodeofChaos.org
The Postcard
A postally unused postcard that was published by Valentine. The card, which has a divided back, was printed in Great Britain.
Queen's College Oxford
Queen's College Oxford was founded in 1341 by Robert de Eglesfield in honour of Queen Philippa of Hainaut (wife of King Edward III of England). The college is distinguished by its predominantly neoclassical architecture, which includes buildings designed by Sir Christopher Wren and Nicholas Hawksmoor.
In 2015, the college had an endowment of £265 million, making it the fifth wealthiest college (after St. John's, Christ Church, All Souls and Merton).
In April 2012, as part of the celebrations of the Diamond Jubilee of Elizabeth II, a series of commemorative stamps were released featuring A-Z pictures of famous British landmarks. Queen's College's front quad was used on the Q stamp, alongside other landmarks such as the Angel of the North on A and the Old Bailey on O.
The most famous feast of the College is the Boar's Head Gaudy, which originally was the Christmas Dinner for members of the College who were unable to return home over the Christmas break between terms, but is now a feast for old members of the College on the Saturday before Christmas.
Queen's College Alumni
Alumni of Queen's include:
- Tony Abbott, 28th Prime Minister of Australia
- Rowan Atkinson, actor and comedian, known for Blackadder and Mr. Bean
- Jeremy Bentham, English philosopher, and legal and social reformer
- Tim Berners-Lee, inventor of the World Wide Web
- Cory Booker, United States Senator from New Jersey
- Eric Garcetti, Mayor of Los Angeles
- Leonard Hoffmann, Baron Hoffmann, English jurist and judge
- Edmund Halley, English astronomer
- King Henry V of England
- Edwin Powell Hubble, American astronomer
- Sir John Peel, gynaecologist to H.M. Queen Elizabeth II
- Leopold Stokowski, conductor.
'Oxford in War-Time'
During the Great War, a man named W. Snow was inspired to write a poem called 'Oxford in War-Time'.
Snow prefaces his poem with the following:
'The Boat Race will not be held this year (1915).
The whole of last year's Oxford eight and the
great majority of the cricket and football teams
are serving the King'.
The poem is as follows:
'Under the tow-path past the barges
Never an eight goes flashing by;
Never a blatant coach on the marge is
Urging his crew to do or die;
Never the critic we knew enlarges,
Fluent, on How and Why!
Once by the Iffley Road November
Welcomed the Football men aglow,
Covered with mud, as you'll remember,
Eager to vanquish Oxford's foe.
Where are the teams of last December?
Gone - where they had to go!
Where are her sons who waged at cricket
Warfare against the foeman-friend?
Far from the Parks, on a harder wicket,
Still they attack and still defend;
Playing a greater game, they'll stick it,
Fearless until the end!
Oxford's goodliest children leave her,
Hastily thrusting books aside;
Still the hurrying weeks bereave her,
Filling her heart with joy and pride;
Only the thought of you can grieve her,
You who have fought and died'.
Sir Tim Berners-Lee
Sir Timothy John Berners-Lee OM KBE FRS RDI FRSA DFBCS FREng was born on the 8th. June 1955. Also known as TimBL, he is an English computer scientist, best known as the inventor of the World Wide Web, the HTML markup language, the URL system, and HTTP.
He is a professorial research fellow at the University of Oxford, and a professor emeritus at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT).
Berners-Lee proposed an information management system on the 12th. March 1989, and implemented the first successful communication between a Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) client and server via the Internet in mid-November.
He devised and implemented the first Web browser and Web server, and helped foster the Web's subsequent explosive development. He is the founder and director of the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), which oversees the continued development of the Web.
Tim co-founded (with Rosemary Leith) the World Wide Web Foundation. In April 2009, he was elected as Foreign Associate of the National Academy of Sciences.
Berners-Lee is a senior researcher and holder of the 3Com founder's chair at the MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (CSAIL). He is a director of the Web Science Research Initiative (WSRI), and a member of the advisory board of the MIT Center for Collective Intelligence.
In 2011, he was named as a member of the board of trustees of the Ford Foundation. He is a founder and president of the Open Data Institute, and is currently an advisor at social network MeWe.
In 2004, Berners-Lee was knighted by Queen Elizabeth II for his pioneering work. He received the 2016 Turing Award:
"... for inventing the World Wide Web, the first
web browser, and the fundamental protocols
and algorithms allowing the Web to scale".
He was named in Time magazine's list of the 100 Most Important People of the 20th. century, and has received many other accolades for his invention.
-- Tim Berners-Lee - The Early Years
Tim Berners-Lee was born in London, the son of mathematicians and computer scientists Mary Lee Woods (1924–2017) and Conway Berners-Lee (1921–2019). His parents were both from Birmingham, and worked on the Ferranti Mark 1, the first commercially-built computer.
He has three younger siblings; his brother, Mike, is a professor of ecology and climate change management.
Berners-Lee attended Sheen Mount Primary School, then attended Emanuel School (a direct grant grammar school at the time) from 1969 to 1973. A keen trainspotter as a child, he learnt about electronics from tinkering with a model railway.
From 1973 to 1976, he studied at The Queen's College, Oxford, where he received a first-class BA in physics. While there, he made a computer out of an old television set he had purchased from a repair shop.
-- Tim Berners-Lee's Career and Research
After graduation, Berners-Lee worked as an engineer at the telecommunications company Plessey in Poole, Dorset.
In 1978, he joined D. G. Nash in Ferndown, Dorset, where he helped create typesetting software for printers.
Berners-Lee worked as an independent contractor at CERN from June to December 1980. While in Geneva, he proposed a project based on the concept of hypertext, to facilitate sharing and updating information among researchers.
To demonstrate it, he built a prototype system named ENQUIRE.
After leaving CERN in late 1980, Tim went to work at John Poole's Image Computer Systems Ltd. in Bournemouth, Dorset, where he ran the company's technical side for three years.
The project he worked on was a "real-time remote procedure call" which gave him experience in computer networking. In 1984, he returned to CERN as a fellow.
In 1989, CERN was the largest Internet node in Europe, and Berners-Lee saw an opportunity to join hypertext with the Internet:
"I just had to take the hypertext idea and
connect it to the TCP and DNS ideas and—
ta-da!—the World Wide Web."
Tim also recalled:
"Creating the web was really an act of desperation,
because the situation without it was very difficult
when I was working at CERN later.
Most of the technology involved in the web, like the
hypertext, like the Internet, multifont text objects,
had all been designed already.
I just had to put them together. It was a step of
generalising, going to a higher level of abstraction,
thinking about all the documentation systems out
there as being possibly part of a larger imaginary
documentation system."
Berners-Lee wrote his proposal in March 1989 and, in 1990, redistributed it. It was accepted by his manager, Mike Sendall, who called his proposals:
"Vague, but exciting."
Robert Cailliau had independently proposed a project to develop a hypertext system at CERN, and joined Berners-Lee as a partner in his efforts to get the web off the ground. They used similar ideas to those underlying the ENQUIRE system to create the World Wide Web, for which Berners-Lee designed and built the first web browser.
Tim's software also functioned as an editor (called WorldWideWeb, running on the NeXTSTEP operating system), and the first Web server, CERN HTTPd (short for Hypertext Transfer Protocol daemon).
Berners-Lee published the first web site, which described the project itself, on the 20th. December 1990; it was available to the Internet from the CERN network.
The site provided an explanation of what the World Wide Web was, and how people could use a browser and set up a web server, as well as how to get started with your own website.
On the 6th. August 1991, Berners-Lee first posted, on Usenet, a public invitation for collaboration with the WorldWideWeb project.
In a list of 80 cultural moments that shaped the world, chosen by a panel of 25 eminent scientists, academics, writers and world leaders, the invention of the World Wide Web was ranked number one, with the entry stating:
"The fastest growing communications medium
of all time, the Internet has changed the shape
of modern life forever. We can connect with
each other instantly, all over the world."
In 1994, Berners-Lee founded the W3C at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. It comprised various companies that were willing to create standards and recommendations to improve the quality of the Web.
Berners-Lee made his idea available freely, with no patent and no royalties due. The World Wide Web Consortium decided that its standards should be based on royalty-free technology, so that they easily could be adopted by anyone.
In 2001, Berners-Lee became a patron of the East Dorset Heritage Trust, having previously lived in Colehill in Wimborne, East Dorset. In December 2004, he accepted a chair in computer science at the School of Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton, Hampshire, to work on the Semantic Web.
In a Times article in October 2009, Berners-Lee admitted that the initial pair of slashes ("//") in a web address were "unnecessary". He told the newspaper that he easily could have designed web addresses without the slashes. In his lighthearted apology he said:
"There you go, it seemed like
a good idea at the time."
-- Tim Berners-Lee's Policy Work
In June 2009, then-British prime minister Gordon Brown announced that Berners-Lee would work with the UK government in order to help make data more open and accessible on the Web, building on the work of the Power of Information Task Force.
Berners-Lee and Professor Nigel Shadbolt are the two key figures behind data.gov.uk, a UK government project to open up almost all data acquired for official purposes for free re-use.
Commenting on the opening up of Ordnance Survey data in April 2010, Berners-Lee said:
"The changes signal a wider cultural change
in government, based on an assumption that
information should be in the public domain
unless there is a good reason not to — not
the other way around."
He went on to say:
"Greater openness, accountability and
transparency in Government will give
people greater choice and make it
easier for individuals to get more
directly involved in issues that matter
to them."
In November 2009, Berners-Lee launched the World Wide Web Foundation (WWWF) in order to campaign:
"To advance the Web to empower humanity
by launching transformative programs that
build local capacity to leverage the Web as
a medium for positive change".
Berners-Lee is one of the pioneer voices in favour of net neutrality, and has expressed the view that:
"ISPs should supply connectivity with no strings
attached, and should neither control nor monitor
the browsing activities of customers without their
expressed consent."
Tim advocates the idea that net neutrality is a kind of human network right:
"Threats to the Internet, such as companies
or governments that interfere with or snoop
on Internet traffic, compromise basic human
network rights."
As of May 2012, Tim is president of the Open Data Institute, which he co-founded with Nigel Shadbolt in 2012.
The Alliance for Affordable Internet (A4AI) was launched in October 2013, and Berners-Lee is leading the coalition of public and private organisations that includes Google, Facebook, Intel and Microsoft.
The A4AI seeks to make Internet access more affordable, so that access is broadened in the developing world, where only 31% of people are online. Berners-Lee is working with those aiming to decrease Internet access prices so that they fall below the UN Broadband Commission's worldwide target of 5% of monthly income.
Berners-Lee holds the founders chair in Computer Science at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where he heads the Decentralized Information Group and is leading Solid, a joint project with the Qatar Computing Research Institute that aims to radically change the way Web applications work today, resulting in true data ownership as well as improved privacy.
In October 2016, he joined the Department of Computer Science at Oxford University as a professorial research fellow, and as a fellow of Christ Church, one of the Oxford colleges.
From the mid-2010's Berners-Lee initially remained neutral on the emerging Encrypted Media Extensions (EME) proposal with its controversial digital rights management (DRM) implications.
In March 2017 he felt he had to take a position which was to support the EME proposal. He reasoned EME's virtues whilst noting DRM was inevitable. As W3C director, he went on to approve the finalised specification in July 2017.
Tim's stance was opposed by some, including Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF), the anti-DRM campaign, Defective by Design, and the Free Software Foundation. Varied concerns raised included being not supportive of the Internet's open philosophy against commercial interests, and risks of users being forced to use a particular web browser to view specific DRM content.
The EFF raised a formal appeal which did not succeed, and the EME specification became a formal W3C recommendation in September 2017.
On the 30th. September 2018, Berners-Lee announced his new open-source startup Inrupt to fuel a commercial ecosystem around the Solid project, which aims to give users more control over their personal data and lets them choose where the data goes, who's allowed to see certain elements and which apps are allowed to see that data.
In November 2019 at the Internet Governance Forum in Berlin Berners-Lee and the WWWF launched Contract for the Web, a campaign initiative to persuade governments, companies and citizens to commit to nine principles to stop "misuse", with the warning that:
"Ff we don't act now – and act together –
to prevent the web being misused by
those who want to exploit, divide and
undermine, we are at risk of squandering
its potential for good."
-- Tim Berners-Lee's Awards and Honours
Tim Berners-Lee's entry in Time magazine's list of the 100 Most Important People of the 20th century (March 1999) reads as follows:
"He wove the World Wide Web and created a mass
medium for the 21st century. The World Wide Web
is Berners-Lee's alone. He designed it. He loosed it
on the world. And he more than anyone else has
fought to keep it open, nonproprietary and free."
Berners-Lee has received many awards and honours. He was knighted by Queen Elizabeth II in the 2004 New Year Honours:
"For services to the global development
of the Internet."
On the 13th. June 2007, he was appointed to the Order of Merit (OM), an order restricted to 24 living members, plus any honorary members. Bestowing membership of the Order of Merit is within the personal purview of the Sovereign, and does not require recommendation by ministers or the Prime Minister.
Tim was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 2001. He was also elected as a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2004 and the National Academy of Engineering in 2007.
He has been conferred honorary degrees from a number of universities around the world, including Manchester (his parents worked on the Manchester Mark 1 in the 1940's), Harvard and Yale.
In 2012, Berners-Lee was among the British cultural icons selected by artist Sir Peter Blake to appear in a new version of his most famous artwork – the Beatles' Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band album cover – to celebrate the British cultural figures of his life that he most admires to mark his 80th. birthday.
In 2013, he was awarded the inaugural Queen Elizabeth Prize for Engineering. On the 4th. April 2017, Tim received the 2016 Association for Computing Machinery's Turing Award for his invention of the World Wide Web, the first web browser, and their fundamental protocols and algorithms.
-- Tim Berners-Lee's Personal Life
Berners-Lee has said
"I like to keep work and
personal life separate."
Berners-Lee married Nancy Carlson, an American computer programmer, in 1990. She was also working in Switzerland at the World Health Organization. They had two children and divorced in 2011.
In 2014, he married Rosemary Leith at the Chapel Royal, St. James's Palace in London. Leith is a Canadian Internet and banking entrepreneur, and a founding director of Berners-Lee's World Wide Web Foundation. The couple also collaborate on venture capital to support artificial intelligence companies.
Berners-Lee was raised as an Anglican, but he turned away from religion in his youth. After he became a parent, he became a Unitarian Universalist (UU). When asked whether he believes in God, he stated:
"Not in the sense of most people, I'm
atheist and Unitarian Universalist."
The web's source code was auctioned by Sotheby's in London in 2021, as a non-fungible token (NFT) by TimBL. Selling for US$5,434,500, it was reported the proceeds would be used to fund initiatives by TimBL and Leith.
The Postcard
A postally unused postcard published by Penrose & Palmer of 50, High Street Oxford. The card, which has a divided back and was printed in Great Britain, presents a rather unusual view of the rear quad of Queen's College.
Queen's College Oxford
Queen's College was founded in 1341 by Robert de Eglesfield in honour of Queen Philippa of Hainaut (wife of King Edward III of England). The college is distinguished by its predominantly neoclassical architecture, which includes buildings designed by Sir Christopher Wren and Nicholas Hawksmoor.
In 2015, the college had an endowment of £265 million, making it the fifth wealthiest college (after St. John's, Christ Church, All Souls and Merton).
In April 2012, as part of the celebrations of the Diamond Jubilee of Elizabeth II, a series of commemorative stamps were released featuring A-Z pictures of famous British landmarks. Queen's College's front quad was used for the Q stamp, alongside other landmarks such as the Angel of the North for A and the Old Bailey for O.
The most famous feast of the College is the Boar's Head Gaudy, which originally was the Christmas Dinner for members of the College who were unable to return home over the Christmas break between terms, but is now a feast for old members of the College on the Saturday before Christmas.
Alumni of Queen's College
Alumni of Queen's include:
- Tony Abbott, 28th Prime Minister of Australia
- Rowan Atkinson, actor and comedian, known for Blackadder and Mr. Bean
- Jeremy Bentham, English philosopher, and legal and social reformer
- Tim Berners-Lee, inventor of the World Wide Web
- Cory Booker, United States Senator from New Jersey
- Eric Garcetti, Mayor of Los Angeles
- Leonard Hoffmann, Baron Hoffmann, English jurist and judge
- Edmund Halley, English astronomer
- King Henry V of England
- Edwin Powell Hubble, American astronomer
- Sir John Peel, gynaecologist to H.M. Queen Elizabeth II
- Leopold Stokowski, conductor.
'Oxford in War-Time'
During the Great War, a man named W. Snow was inspired to write a poem called 'Oxford in War-Time'.
Snow prefaces his poem with the following:
'The Boat Race will not be held this year (1915).
The whole of last year's Oxford eight and the
great majority of the cricket and football teams
are serving the King'.
The poem is as follows:
'Under the tow-path past the barges
Never an eight goes flashing by;
Never a blatant coach on the marge is
Urging his crew to do or die;
Never the critic we knew enlarges,
Fluent, on How and Why!
Once by the Iffley Road November
Welcomed the Football men aglow,
Covered with mud, as you'll remember,
Eager to vanquish Oxford's foe.
Where are the teams of last December?
Gone - where they had to go!
Where are her sons who waged at cricket
Warfare against the foeman-friend?
Far from the Parks, on a harder wicket,
Still they attack and still defend;
Playing a greater game, they'll stick it,
Fearless until the end!
Oxford's goodliest children leave her,
Hastily thrusting books aside;
Still the hurrying weeks bereave her,
Filling her heart with joy and pride;
Only the thought of you can grieve her,
You who have fought and died'.
Sir Tim Berners-Lee
Sir Timothy John Berners-Lee OM KBE FRS RDI FRSA DFBCS FREng was born on the 8th. June 1955. Also known as TimBL, he is an English computer scientist, best known as the inventor of the World Wide Web, the HTML markup language, the URL system, and HTTP.
He is a professorial research fellow at the University of Oxford, and a professor emeritus at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT).
Berners-Lee proposed an information management system on the 12th. March 1989, and implemented the first successful communication between a Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) client and server via the Internet in mid-November.
He devised and implemented the first Web browser and Web server, and helped foster the Web's subsequent explosive development. He is the founder and director of the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), which oversees the continued development of the Web.
Tim co-founded (with Rosemary Leith) the World Wide Web Foundation. In April 2009, he was elected as Foreign Associate of the National Academy of Sciences.
Berners-Lee is a senior researcher and holder of the 3Com founder's chair at the MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (CSAIL). He is a director of the Web Science Research Initiative (WSRI), and a member of the advisory board of the MIT Center for Collective Intelligence.
In 2011, he was named as a member of the board of trustees of the Ford Foundation. He is a founder and president of the Open Data Institute, and is currently an advisor at social network MeWe.
In 2004, Berners-Lee was knighted by Queen Elizabeth II for his pioneering work. He received the 2016 Turing Award:
"... for inventing the World Wide Web, the first
web browser, and the fundamental protocols
and algorithms allowing the Web to scale".
He was named in Time magazine's list of the 100 Most Important People of the 20th. century, and has received many other accolades for his invention.
-- Tim Berners-Lee - The Early Years
Tim Berners-Lee was born in London, the son of mathematicians and computer scientists Mary Lee Woods (1924–2017) and Conway Berners-Lee (1921–2019). His parents were both from Birmingham, and worked on the Ferranti Mark 1, the first commercially-built computer.
He has three younger siblings; his brother, Mike, is a professor of ecology and climate change management.
Berners-Lee attended Sheen Mount Primary School, then attended Emanuel School (a direct grant grammar school at the time) from 1969 to 1973. A keen trainspotter as a child, he learnt about electronics from tinkering with a model railway.
From 1973 to 1976, he studied at The Queen's College, Oxford, where he received a first-class BA in physics. While there, he made a computer out of an old television set he had purchased from a repair shop.
-- Tim Berners-Lee's Career and Research
After graduation, Berners-Lee worked as an engineer at the telecommunications company Plessey in Poole, Dorset.
In 1978, he joined D. G. Nash in Ferndown, Dorset, where he helped create typesetting software for printers.
Berners-Lee worked as an independent contractor at CERN from June to December 1980. While in Geneva, he proposed a project based on the concept of hypertext, to facilitate sharing and updating information among researchers.
To demonstrate it, he built a prototype system named ENQUIRE.
After leaving CERN in late 1980, Tim went to work at John Poole's Image Computer Systems Ltd. in Bournemouth, Dorset, where he ran the company's technical side for three years.
The project he worked on was a "real-time remote procedure call" which gave him experience in computer networking. In 1984, he returned to CERN as a fellow.
In 1989, CERN was the largest Internet node in Europe, and Berners-Lee saw an opportunity to join hypertext with the Internet:
"I just had to take the hypertext idea and
connect it to the TCP and DNS ideas and—
ta-da!—the World Wide Web."
Tim also recalled:
"Creating the web was really an act of desperation,
because the situation without it was very difficult
when I was working at CERN later.
Most of the technology involved in the web, like the
hypertext, like the Internet, multifont text objects,
had all been designed already.
I just had to put them together. It was a step of
generalising, going to a higher level of abstraction,
thinking about all the documentation systems out
there as being possibly part of a larger imaginary
documentation system."
Berners-Lee wrote his proposal in March 1989 and, in 1990, redistributed it. It was accepted by his manager, Mike Sendall, who called his proposals:
"Vague, but exciting."
Robert Cailliau had independently proposed a project to develop a hypertext system at CERN, and joined Berners-Lee as a partner in his efforts to get the web off the ground. They used similar ideas to those underlying the ENQUIRE system to create the World Wide Web, for which Berners-Lee designed and built the first web browser.
Tim's software also functioned as an editor (called WorldWideWeb, running on the NeXTSTEP operating system), and the first Web server, CERN HTTPd (short for Hypertext Transfer Protocol daemon).
Berners-Lee published the first web site, which described the project itself, on the 20th. December 1990; it was available to the Internet from the CERN network.
The site provided an explanation of what the World Wide Web was, and how people could use a browser and set up a web server, as well as how to get started with your own website.
On the 6th. August 1991, Berners-Lee first posted, on Usenet, a public invitation for collaboration with the WorldWideWeb project.
In a list of 80 cultural moments that shaped the world, chosen by a panel of 25 eminent scientists, academics, writers and world leaders, the invention of the World Wide Web was ranked number one, with the entry stating:
"The fastest growing communications medium
of all time, the Internet has changed the shape
of modern life forever. We can connect with
each other instantly, all over the world."
In 1994, Berners-Lee founded the W3C at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. It comprised various companies that were willing to create standards and recommendations to improve the quality of the Web.
Berners-Lee made his idea available freely, with no patent and no royalties due. The World Wide Web Consortium decided that its standards should be based on royalty-free technology, so that they easily could be adopted by anyone.
In 2001, Berners-Lee became a patron of the East Dorset Heritage Trust, having previously lived in Colehill in Wimborne, East Dorset. In December 2004, he accepted a chair in computer science at the School of Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton, Hampshire, to work on the Semantic Web.
In a Times article in October 2009, Berners-Lee admitted that the initial pair of slashes ("//") in a web address were "unnecessary". He told the newspaper that he easily could have designed web addresses without the slashes. In his lighthearted apology he said:
"There you go, it seemed like
a good idea at the time."
-- Tim Berners-Lee's Policy Work
In June 2009, then-British prime minister Gordon Brown announced that Berners-Lee would work with the UK government in order to help make data more open and accessible on the Web, building on the work of the Power of Information Task Force.
Berners-Lee and Professor Nigel Shadbolt are the two key figures behind data.gov.uk, a UK government project to open up almost all data acquired for official purposes for free re-use.
Commenting on the opening up of Ordnance Survey data in April 2010, Berners-Lee said:
"The changes signal a wider cultural change
in government, based on an assumption that
information should be in the public domain
unless there is a good reason not to — not
the other way around."
He went on to say:
"Greater openness, accountability and
transparency in Government will give
people greater choice and make it
easier for individuals to get more
directly involved in issues that matter
to them."
In November 2009, Berners-Lee launched the World Wide Web Foundation (WWWF) in order to campaign:
"To advance the Web to empower humanity
by launching transformative programs that
build local capacity to leverage the Web as
a medium for positive change".
Berners-Lee is one of the pioneer voices in favour of net neutrality, and has expressed the view that:
"ISPs should supply connectivity with no strings
attached, and should neither control nor monitor
the browsing activities of customers without their
expressed consent."
Tim advocates the idea that net neutrality is a kind of human network right:
"Threats to the Internet, such as companies
or governments that interfere with or snoop
on Internet traffic, compromise basic human
network rights."
As of May 2012, Tim is president of the Open Data Institute, which he co-founded with Nigel Shadbolt in 2012.
The Alliance for Affordable Internet (A4AI) was launched in October 2013, and Berners-Lee is leading the coalition of public and private organisations that includes Google, Facebook, Intel and Microsoft.
The A4AI seeks to make Internet access more affordable, so that access is broadened in the developing world, where only 31% of people are online. Berners-Lee is working with those aiming to decrease Internet access prices so that they fall below the UN Broadband Commission's worldwide target of 5% of monthly income.
Berners-Lee holds the founders chair in Computer Science at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where he heads the Decentralized Information Group and is leading Solid, a joint project with the Qatar Computing Research Institute that aims to radically change the way Web applications work today, resulting in true data ownership as well as improved privacy.
In October 2016, he joined the Department of Computer Science at Oxford University as a professorial research fellow, and as a fellow of Christ Church, one of the Oxford colleges.
From the mid-2010's Berners-Lee initially remained neutral on the emerging Encrypted Media Extensions (EME) proposal with its controversial digital rights management (DRM) implications.
In March 2017 he felt he had to take a position which was to support the EME proposal. He reasoned EME's virtues whilst noting DRM was inevitable. As W3C director, he went on to approve the finalised specification in July 2017.
Tim's stance was opposed by some, including Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF), the anti-DRM campaign, Defective by Design, and the Free Software Foundation. Varied concerns raised included being not supportive of the Internet's open philosophy against commercial interests, and risks of users being forced to use a particular web browser to view specific DRM content.
The EFF raised a formal appeal which did not succeed, and the EME specification became a formal W3C recommendation in September 2017.
On the 30th. September 2018, Berners-Lee announced his new open-source startup Inrupt to fuel a commercial ecosystem around the Solid project, which aims to give users more control over their personal data and lets them choose where the data goes, who's allowed to see certain elements and which apps are allowed to see that data.
In November 2019 at the Internet Governance Forum in Berlin Berners-Lee and the WWWF launched Contract for the Web, a campaign initiative to persuade governments, companies and citizens to commit to nine principles to stop "misuse", with the warning that:
"Ff we don't act now – and act together –
to prevent the web being misused by
those who want to exploit, divide and
undermine, we are at risk of squandering
its potential for good."
-- Tim Berners-Lee's Awards and Honours
Tim Berners-Lee's entry in Time magazine's list of the 100 Most Important People of the 20th century (March 1999) reads as follows:
"He wove the World Wide Web and created a mass
medium for the 21st century. The World Wide Web
is Berners-Lee's alone. He designed it. He loosed it
on the world. And he more than anyone else has
fought to keep it open, nonproprietary and free."
Berners-Lee has received many awards and honours. He was knighted by Queen Elizabeth II in the 2004 New Year Honours:
"For services to the global development
of the Internet."
On the 13th. June 2007, he was appointed to the Order of Merit (OM), an order restricted to 24 living members, plus any honorary members. Bestowing membership of the Order of Merit is within the personal purview of the Sovereign, and does not require recommendation by ministers or the Prime Minister.
Tim was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 2001. He was also elected as a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2004 and the National Academy of Engineering in 2007.
He has been conferred honorary degrees from a number of universities around the world, including Manchester (his parents worked on the Manchester Mark 1 in the 1940's), Harvard and Yale.
In 2012, Berners-Lee was among the British cultural icons selected by artist Sir Peter Blake to appear in a new version of his most famous artwork – the Beatles' Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band album cover – to celebrate the British cultural figures of his life that he most admires to mark his 80th. birthday.
In 2013, he was awarded the inaugural Queen Elizabeth Prize for Engineering. On the 4th. April 2017, Tim received the 2016 Association for Computing Machinery's Turing Award for his invention of the World Wide Web, the first web browser, and their fundamental protocols and algorithms.
-- Tim Berners-Lee's Personal Life
Berners-Lee has said
"I like to keep work and
personal life separate."
Berners-Lee married Nancy Carlson, an American computer programmer, in 1990. She was also working in Switzerland at the World Health Organization. They had two children and divorced in 2011.
In 2014, he married Rosemary Leith at the Chapel Royal, St. James's Palace in London. Leith is a Canadian Internet and banking entrepreneur, and a founding director of Berners-Lee's World Wide Web Foundation. The couple also collaborate on venture capital to support artificial intelligence companies.
Berners-Lee was raised as an Anglican, but he turned away from religion in his youth. After he became a parent, he became a Unitarian Universalist (UU). When asked whether he believes in God, he stated:
"Not in the sense of most people, I'm
atheist and Unitarian Universalist."
The web's source code was auctioned by Sotheby's in London in 2021, as a non-fungible token (NFT) by TimBL. Selling for US$5,434,500, it was reported the proceeds would be used to fund initiatives by TimBL and Leith.
Secrets revealed of the Abode of Chaos (112 pages, adult only) >>>
"999" English version with English subtitles is available >>>
HD movie - scenario thierry Ehrmann - filmed by Etienne Perrone
----------
voir les secrets de la Demeure du Chaos avec 112 pages très étranges (adult only)
999 : visite initiatique au coeur de la Demeure du Chaos insufflée par l'Esprit de la Salamandre
Film HD d'Etienne PERRONE selon un scénario original de thierry Ehrmann.
courtesy of Organ Museum
©2011 www.AbodeofChaos.org
The Postcard
A Frith's Series postcard featuring an early view of The High in Oxford, with Queen's College on the right. The man in the foreground has been either drawn in or heavily retouched in order to give additional interest to the photograph.
The card is postally unused.
Queen's College Oxford
Queen's College (on the right of the photograph) was founded in 1341 by Robert de Eglesfield in honour of Queen Philippa of Hainaut (wife of King Edward III of England). The college is distinguished by its predominantly neoclassical architecture, which includes buildings designed by Sir Christopher Wren and Nicholas Hawksmoor.
In 2015, the college had an endowment of £265 million, making it the fifth wealthiest college (after St. John's, Christ Church, All Souls and Merton).
In April 2012, as part of the celebrations of the Diamond Jubilee of Elizabeth II, a series of commemorative stamps were released featuring A-Z pictures of famous British landmarks. Queen's College's front quad was used on the Q stamp, alongside other landmarks such as the Angel of the North on A and the Old Bailey on O.
The most famous feast of the College is the Boar's Head Gaudy, which originally was the Christmas Dinner for members of the College who were unable to return home over the Christmas break between terms, but is now a feast for old members of the College on the Saturday before Christmas.
Queen's Alumni
Alumni of Queen's include:
Tony Abbott, 28th Prime Minister of Australia
Rowan Atkinson, actor and comedian, known for Blackadder and Mr. Bean
Jeremy Bentham, English philosopher, and legal and social reformer
Tim Berners-Lee, inventor of the World Wide Web
Cory Booker, United States Senator from New Jersey
Eric Garcetti, Mayor of Los Angeles
Leonard Hoffmann, Baron Hoffmann, English jurist and judge
Edmund Halley, English astronomer
King Henry V of England
Edwin Powell Hubble, American astronomer
Sir John Peel, gynaecologist to H.M. Queen Elizabeth II
Leopold Stokowski, conductor.
Sir Tim Berners-Lee
Sir Timothy John Berners-Lee OM KBE FRS RDI FRSA DFBCS FREng was born on the 8th. June 1955. Also known as TimBL, he is an English computer scientist, best known as the inventor of the World Wide Web, the HTML markup language, the URL system, and HTTP.
He is a professorial research fellow at the University of Oxford, and a professor emeritus at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT).
Berners-Lee proposed an information management system on the 12th. March 1989, and implemented the first successful communication between a Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) client and server via the Internet in mid-November.
He devised and implemented the first Web browser and Web server, and helped foster the Web's subsequent explosive development. He is the founder and director of the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), which oversees the continued development of the Web.
Tim co-founded (with Rosemary Leith) the World Wide Web Foundation. In April 2009, he was elected as Foreign Associate of the National Academy of Sciences.
Berners-Lee is a senior researcher and holder of the 3Com founder's chair at the MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (CSAIL). He is a director of the Web Science Research Initiative (WSRI), and a member of the advisory board of the MIT Center for Collective Intelligence.
In 2011, he was named as a member of the board of trustees of the Ford Foundation. He is a founder and president of the Open Data Institute, and is currently an advisor at social network MeWe.
In 2004, Berners-Lee was knighted by Queen Elizabeth II for his pioneering work. He received the 2016 Turing Award:
"... for inventing the World Wide Web, the first
web browser, and the fundamental protocols
and algorithms allowing the Web to scale".
He was named in Time magazine's list of the 100 Most Important People of the 20th. century, and has received many other accolades for his invention.
-- Tim Berners-Lee - The Early Years
Tim Berners-Lee was born in London, the son of mathematicians and computer scientists Mary Lee Woods (1924–2017) and Conway Berners-Lee (1921–2019). His parents were both from Birmingham, and worked on the Ferranti Mark 1, the first commercially-built computer.
He has three younger siblings; his brother, Mike, is a professor of ecology and climate change management.
Berners-Lee attended Sheen Mount Primary School, then attended Emanuel School (a direct grant grammar school at the time) from 1969 to 1973. A keen trainspotter as a child, he learnt about electronics from tinkering with a model railway.
From 1973 to 1976, he studied at The Queen's College, Oxford, where he received a first-class BA in physics. While there, he made a computer out of an old television set he had purchased from a repair shop.
-- Tim Berners-Lee's Career and Research
After graduation, Berners-Lee worked as an engineer at the telecommunications company Plessey in Poole, Dorset.
In 1978, he joined D. G. Nash in Ferndown, Dorset, where he helped create typesetting software for printers.
Berners-Lee worked as an independent contractor at CERN from June to December 1980. While in Geneva, he proposed a project based on the concept of hypertext, to facilitate sharing and updating information among researchers.
To demonstrate it, he built a prototype system named ENQUIRE.
After leaving CERN in late 1980, Tim went to work at John Poole's Image Computer Systems Ltd. in Bournemouth, Dorset, where he ran the company's technical side for three years.
The project he worked on was a "real-time remote procedure call" which gave him experience in computer networking. In 1984, he returned to CERN as a fellow.
In 1989, CERN was the largest Internet node in Europe, and Berners-Lee saw an opportunity to join hypertext with the Internet:
"I just had to take the hypertext idea and
connect it to the TCP and DNS ideas and—
ta-da!—the World Wide Web."
Tim also recalled:
"Creating the web was really an act of desperation,
because the situation without it was very difficult
when I was working at CERN later.
Most of the technology involved in the web, like the
hypertext, like the Internet, multifont text objects,
had all been designed already.
I just had to put them together. It was a step of
generalising, going to a higher level of abstraction,
thinking about all the documentation systems out
there as being possibly part of a larger imaginary
documentation system."
Berners-Lee wrote his proposal in March 1989 and, in 1990, redistributed it. It was accepted by his manager, Mike Sendall, who called his proposals:
"Vague, but exciting."
Robert Cailliau had independently proposed a project to develop a hypertext system at CERN, and joined Berners-Lee as a partner in his efforts to get the web off the ground. They used similar ideas to those underlying the ENQUIRE system to create the World Wide Web, for which Berners-Lee designed and built the first web browser.
Tim's software also functioned as an editor (called WorldWideWeb, running on the NeXTSTEP operating system), and the first Web server, CERN HTTPd (short for Hypertext Transfer Protocol daemon).
Berners-Lee published the first web site, which described the project itself, on the 20th. December 1990; it was available to the Internet from the CERN network.
The site provided an explanation of what the World Wide Web was, and how people could use a browser and set up a web server, as well as how to get started with your own website.
On the 6th. August 1991, Berners-Lee first posted, on Usenet, a public invitation for collaboration with the WorldWideWeb project.
In a list of 80 cultural moments that shaped the world, chosen by a panel of 25 eminent scientists, academics, writers and world leaders, the invention of the World Wide Web was ranked number one, with the entry stating:
"The fastest growing communications medium
of all time, the Internet has changed the shape
of modern life forever. We can connect with
each other instantly, all over the world."
In 1994, Berners-Lee founded the W3C at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. It comprised various companies that were willing to create standards and recommendations to improve the quality of the Web.
Berners-Lee made his idea available freely, with no patent and no royalties due. The World Wide Web Consortium decided that its standards should be based on royalty-free technology, so that they easily could be adopted by anyone.
In 2001, Berners-Lee became a patron of the East Dorset Heritage Trust, having previously lived in Colehill in Wimborne, East Dorset. In December 2004, he accepted a chair in computer science at the School of Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton, Hampshire, to work on the Semantic Web.
In a Times article in October 2009, Berners-Lee admitted that the initial pair of slashes ("//") in a web address were "unnecessary". He told the newspaper that he easily could have designed web addresses without the slashes. In his lighthearted apology he said:
"There you go, it seemed like
a good idea at the time."
-- Tim Berners-Lee's Policy Work
In June 2009, then-British prime minister Gordon Brown announced that Berners-Lee would work with the UK government in order to help make data more open and accessible on the Web, building on the work of the Power of Information Task Force.
Berners-Lee and Professor Nigel Shadbolt are the two key figures behind data.gov.uk, a UK government project to open up almost all data acquired for official purposes for free re-use.
Commenting on the opening up of Ordnance Survey data in April 2010, Berners-Lee said:
"The changes signal a wider cultural change
in government, based on an assumption that
information should be in the public domain
unless there is a good reason not to — not
the other way around."
He went on to say:
"Greater openness, accountability and
transparency in Government will give
people greater choice and make it
easier for individuals to get more
directly involved in issues that matter
to them."
In November 2009, Berners-Lee launched the World Wide Web Foundation (WWWF) in order to campaign:
"To advance the Web to empower humanity
by launching transformative programs that
build local capacity to leverage the Web as
a medium for positive change".
Berners-Lee is one of the pioneer voices in favour of net neutrality, and has expressed the view that:
"ISPs should supply connectivity with no strings
attached, and should neither control nor monitor
the browsing activities of customers without their
expressed consent."
Tim advocates the idea that net neutrality is a kind of human network right:
"Threats to the Internet, such as companies
or governments that interfere with or snoop
on Internet traffic, compromise basic human
network rights."
As of May 2012, Tim is president of the Open Data Institute, which he co-founded with Nigel Shadbolt in 2012.
The Alliance for Affordable Internet (A4AI) was launched in October 2013, and Berners-Lee is leading the coalition of public and private organisations that includes Google, Facebook, Intel and Microsoft.
The A4AI seeks to make Internet access more affordable, so that access is broadened in the developing world, where only 31% of people are online. Berners-Lee is working with those aiming to decrease Internet access prices so that they fall below the UN Broadband Commission's worldwide target of 5% of monthly income.
Berners-Lee holds the founders chair in Computer Science at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where he heads the Decentralized Information Group and is leading Solid, a joint project with the Qatar Computing Research Institute that aims to radically change the way Web applications work today, resulting in true data ownership as well as improved privacy.
In October 2016, he joined the Department of Computer Science at Oxford University as a professorial research fellow, and as a fellow of Christ Church, one of the Oxford colleges.
From the mid-2010's Berners-Lee initially remained neutral on the emerging Encrypted Media Extensions (EME) proposal with its controversial digital rights management (DRM) implications.
In March 2017 he felt he had to take a position which was to support the EME proposal. He reasoned EME's virtues whilst noting DRM was inevitable. As W3C director, he went on to approve the finalised specification in July 2017.
Tim's stance was opposed by some, including Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF), the anti-DRM campaign, Defective by Design, and the Free Software Foundation. Varied concerns raised included being not supportive of the Internet's open philosophy against commercial interests, and risks of users being forced to use a particular web browser to view specific DRM content.
The EFF raised a formal appeal which did not succeed, and the EME specification became a formal W3C recommendation in September 2017.
On the 30th. September 2018, Berners-Lee announced his new open-source startup Inrupt to fuel a commercial ecosystem around the Solid project, which aims to give users more control over their personal data and lets them choose where the data goes, who's allowed to see certain elements and which apps are allowed to see that data.
In November 2019 at the Internet Governance Forum in Berlin Berners-Lee and the WWWF launched Contract for the Web, a campaign initiative to persuade governments, companies and citizens to commit to nine principles to stop "misuse", with the warning that:
"Ff we don't act now – and act together –
to prevent the web being misused by
those who want to exploit, divide and
undermine, we are at risk of squandering
its potential for good."
-- Tim Berners-Lee's Awards and Honours
Tim Berners-Lee's entry in Time magazine's list of the 100 Most Important People of the 20th century (March 1999) reads as follows:
"He wove the World Wide Web and created a mass
medium for the 21st century. The World Wide Web
is Berners-Lee's alone. He designed it. He loosed it
on the world. And he more than anyone else has
fought to keep it open, nonproprietary and free."
Berners-Lee has received many awards and honours. He was knighted by Queen Elizabeth II in the 2004 New Year Honours:
"For services to the global development
of the Internet."
On the 13th. June 2007, he was appointed to the Order of Merit (OM), an order restricted to 24 living members, plus any honorary members. Bestowing membership of the Order of Merit is within the personal purview of the Sovereign, and does not require recommendation by ministers or the Prime Minister.
Tim was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 2001. He was also elected as a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2004 and the National Academy of Engineering in 2007.
He has been conferred honorary degrees from a number of universities around the world, including Manchester (his parents worked on the Manchester Mark 1 in the 1940's), Harvard and Yale.
In 2012, Berners-Lee was among the British cultural icons selected by artist Sir Peter Blake to appear in a new version of his most famous artwork – the Beatles' Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band album cover – to celebrate the British cultural figures of his life that he most admires to mark his 80th. birthday.
In 2013, he was awarded the inaugural Queen Elizabeth Prize for Engineering. On the 4th. April 2017, Tim received the 2016 Association for Computing Machinery's Turing Award for his invention of the World Wide Web, the first web browser, and their fundamental protocols and algorithms.
-- Tim Berners-Lee's Personal Life
Berners-Lee has said
"I like to keep work and
personal life separate."
Berners-Lee married Nancy Carlson, an American computer programmer, in 1990. She was also working in Switzerland at the World Health Organization. They had two children and divorced in 2011.
In 2014, he married Rosemary Leith at the Chapel Royal, St. James's Palace in London. Leith is a Canadian Internet and banking entrepreneur, and a founding director of Berners-Lee's World Wide Web Foundation. The couple also collaborate on venture capital to support artificial intelligence companies.
Berners-Lee was raised as an Anglican, but he turned away from religion in his youth. After he became a parent, he became a Unitarian Universalist (UU). When asked whether he believes in God, he stated:
"Not in the sense of most people, I'm
atheist and Unitarian Universalist."
The web's source code was auctioned by Sotheby's in London in 2021, as a non-fungible token (NFT) by TimBL. Selling for US$5,434,500, it was reported the proceeds would be used to fund initiatives by TimBL and Leith.
The Postcard
A postally unused postcard taken and published by The Aircraft Manufacturing Co. Ltd.
Prices of Photo Enlargements etc. from Department A.7, The Hyde, Hendon, London N.W.9.
On the divided back of the card the publishers have printed:
'Oxford from the air, showing University
College, Queen's College, St. Edmund
Hall, St. Peter's in the East, and part of
New College'.
Queen's College Oxford
Queen's College Oxford (on the right of the photograph) was founded in 1341 by Robert de Eglesfield in honour of Queen Philippa of Hainaut (wife of King Edward III of England). The college is distinguished by its predominantly neoclassical architecture, which includes buildings designed by Sir Christopher Wren and Nicholas Hawksmoor.
In 2015, the college had an endowment of £265 million, making it the fifth wealthiest college (after St. John's, Christ Church, All Souls and Merton).
In April 2012, as part of the celebrations of the Diamond Jubilee of Elizabeth II, a series of commemorative stamps were released featuring A-Z pictures of famous British landmarks. Queen's College's front quad was used on the Q stamp, alongside other landmarks such as the Angel of the North on A and the Old Bailey on O.
The most famous feast of the College is the Boar's Head Gaudy, which originally was the Christmas Dinner for members of the College who were unable to return home over the Christmas break between terms, but is now a feast for old members of the College on the Saturday before Christmas.
Queen's College Alumni
Alumni of Queen's include:
- Tony Abbott, 28th Prime Minister of Australia
- Rowan Atkinson, actor and comedian, known for Blackadder and Mr. Bean
- Jeremy Bentham, English philosopher, and legal and social reformer
- Tim Berners-Lee, inventor of the World Wide Web
- Cory Booker, United States Senator from New Jersey
- Eric Garcetti, Mayor of Los Angeles
- Leonard Hoffmann, Baron Hoffmann, English jurist and judge
- Edmund Halley, English astronomer
- King Henry V of England
- Edwin Powell Hubble, American astronomer
- Sir John Peel, gynaecologist to H.M. Queen Elizabeth II
- Leopold Stokowski, conductor.
'Oxford in War-Time'
During the Great War, a man named W. Snow was inspired to write a poem called 'Oxford in War-Time'.
Snow prefaces his poem with the following:
'The Boat Race will not be held this year (1915).
The whole of last year's Oxford eight and the
great majority of the cricket and football teams
are serving the King'.
The poem is as follows:
'Under the tow-path past the barges
Never an eight goes flashing by;
Never a blatant coach on the marge is
Urging his crew to do or die;
Never the critic we knew enlarges,
Fluent, on How and Why!
Once by the Iffley Road November
Welcomed the Football men aglow,
Covered with mud, as you'll remember,
Eager to vanquish Oxford's foe.
Where are the teams of last December?
Gone - where they had to go!
Where are her sons who waged at cricket
Warfare against the foeman-friend?
Far from the Parks, on a harder wicket,
Still they attack and still defend;
Playing a greater game, they'll stick it,
Fearless until the end!
Oxford's goodliest children leave her,
Hastily thrusting books aside;
Still the hurrying weeks bereave her,
Filling her heart with joy and pride;
Only the thought of you can grieve her,
You who have fought and died'.
Sir Tim Berners-Lee
Sir Timothy John Berners-Lee OM KBE FRS RDI FRSA DFBCS FREng was born on the 8th. June 1955. Also known as TimBL, he is an English computer scientist, best known as the inventor of the World Wide Web, the HTML markup language, the URL system, and HTTP.
He is a professorial research fellow at the University of Oxford, and a professor emeritus at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT).
Berners-Lee proposed an information management system on the 12th. March 1989, and implemented the first successful communication between a Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) client and server via the Internet in mid-November.
He devised and implemented the first Web browser and Web server, and helped foster the Web's subsequent explosive development. He is the founder and director of the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), which oversees the continued development of the Web.
Tim co-founded (with Rosemary Leith) the World Wide Web Foundation. In April 2009, he was elected as Foreign Associate of the National Academy of Sciences.
Berners-Lee is a senior researcher and holder of the 3Com founder's chair at the MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (CSAIL). He is a director of the Web Science Research Initiative (WSRI), and a member of the advisory board of the MIT Center for Collective Intelligence.
In 2011, he was named as a member of the board of trustees of the Ford Foundation. He is a founder and president of the Open Data Institute, and is currently an advisor at social network MeWe.
In 2004, Berners-Lee was knighted by Queen Elizabeth II for his pioneering work. He received the 2016 Turing Award:
"... for inventing the World Wide Web, the first
web browser, and the fundamental protocols
and algorithms allowing the Web to scale".
He was named in Time magazine's list of the 100 Most Important People of the 20th. century, and has received many other accolades for his invention.
-- Tim Berners-Lee - The Early Years
Tim Berners-Lee was born in London, the son of mathematicians and computer scientists Mary Lee Woods (1924–2017) and Conway Berners-Lee (1921–2019). His parents were both from Birmingham, and worked on the Ferranti Mark 1, the first commercially-built computer.
He has three younger siblings; his brother, Mike, is a professor of ecology and climate change management.
Berners-Lee attended Sheen Mount Primary School, then attended Emanuel School (a direct grant grammar school at the time) from 1969 to 1973. A keen trainspotter as a child, he learnt about electronics from tinkering with a model railway.
From 1973 to 1976, he studied at The Queen's College, Oxford, where he received a first-class BA in physics. While there, he made a computer out of an old television set he had purchased from a repair shop.
-- Tim Berners-Lee's Career and Research
After graduation, Berners-Lee worked as an engineer at the telecommunications company Plessey in Poole, Dorset.
In 1978, he joined D. G. Nash in Ferndown, Dorset, where he helped create typesetting software for printers.
Berners-Lee worked as an independent contractor at CERN from June to December 1980. While in Geneva, he proposed a project based on the concept of hypertext, to facilitate sharing and updating information among researchers.
To demonstrate it, he built a prototype system named ENQUIRE.
After leaving CERN in late 1980, Tim went to work at John Poole's Image Computer Systems Ltd. in Bournemouth, Dorset, where he ran the company's technical side for three years.
The project he worked on was a "real-time remote procedure call" which gave him experience in computer networking. In 1984, he returned to CERN as a fellow.
In 1989, CERN was the largest Internet node in Europe, and Berners-Lee saw an opportunity to join hypertext with the Internet:
"I just had to take the hypertext idea and
connect it to the TCP and DNS ideas and—
ta-da!—the World Wide Web."
Tim also recalled:
"Creating the web was really an act of desperation,
because the situation without it was very difficult
when I was working at CERN later.
Most of the technology involved in the web, like the
hypertext, like the Internet, multifont text objects,
had all been designed already.
I just had to put them together. It was a step of
generalising, going to a higher level of abstraction,
thinking about all the documentation systems out
there as being possibly part of a larger imaginary
documentation system."
Berners-Lee wrote his proposal in March 1989 and, in 1990, redistributed it. It was accepted by his manager, Mike Sendall, who called his proposals:
"Vague, but exciting."
Robert Cailliau had independently proposed a project to develop a hypertext system at CERN, and joined Berners-Lee as a partner in his efforts to get the web off the ground. They used similar ideas to those underlying the ENQUIRE system to create the World Wide Web, for which Berners-Lee designed and built the first web browser.
Tim's software also functioned as an editor (called WorldWideWeb, running on the NeXTSTEP operating system), and the first Web server, CERN HTTPd (short for Hypertext Transfer Protocol daemon).
Berners-Lee published the first web site, which described the project itself, on the 20th. December 1990; it was available to the Internet from the CERN network.
The site provided an explanation of what the World Wide Web was, and how people could use a browser and set up a web server, as well as how to get started with your own website.
On the 6th. August 1991, Berners-Lee first posted, on Usenet, a public invitation for collaboration with the WorldWideWeb project.
In a list of 80 cultural moments that shaped the world, chosen by a panel of 25 eminent scientists, academics, writers and world leaders, the invention of the World Wide Web was ranked number one, with the entry stating:
"The fastest growing communications medium
of all time, the Internet has changed the shape
of modern life forever. We can connect with
each other instantly, all over the world."
In 1994, Berners-Lee founded the W3C at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. It comprised various companies that were willing to create standards and recommendations to improve the quality of the Web.
Berners-Lee made his idea available freely, with no patent and no royalties due. The World Wide Web Consortium decided that its standards should be based on royalty-free technology, so that they easily could be adopted by anyone.
In 2001, Berners-Lee became a patron of the East Dorset Heritage Trust, having previously lived in Colehill in Wimborne, East Dorset. In December 2004, he accepted a chair in computer science at the School of Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton, Hampshire, to work on the Semantic Web.
In a Times article in October 2009, Berners-Lee admitted that the initial pair of slashes ("//") in a web address were "unnecessary". He told the newspaper that he easily could have designed web addresses without the slashes. In his lighthearted apology he said:
"There you go, it seemed like
a good idea at the time."
-- Tim Berners-Lee's Policy Work
In June 2009, then-British prime minister Gordon Brown announced that Berners-Lee would work with the UK government in order to help make data more open and accessible on the Web, building on the work of the Power of Information Task Force.
Berners-Lee and Professor Nigel Shadbolt are the two key figures behind data.gov.uk, a UK government project to open up almost all data acquired for official purposes for free re-use.
Commenting on the opening up of Ordnance Survey data in April 2010, Berners-Lee said:
"The changes signal a wider cultural change
in government, based on an assumption that
information should be in the public domain
unless there is a good reason not to — not
the other way around."
He went on to say:
"Greater openness, accountability and
transparency in Government will give
people greater choice and make it
easier for individuals to get more
directly involved in issues that matter
to them."
In November 2009, Berners-Lee launched the World Wide Web Foundation (WWWF) in order to campaign:
"To advance the Web to empower humanity
by launching transformative programs that
build local capacity to leverage the Web as
a medium for positive change".
Berners-Lee is one of the pioneer voices in favour of net neutrality, and has expressed the view that:
"ISPs should supply connectivity with no strings
attached, and should neither control nor monitor
the browsing activities of customers without their
expressed consent."
Tim advocates the idea that net neutrality is a kind of human network right:
"Threats to the Internet, such as companies
or governments that interfere with or snoop
on Internet traffic, compromise basic human
network rights."
As of May 2012, Tim is president of the Open Data Institute, which he co-founded with Nigel Shadbolt in 2012.
The Alliance for Affordable Internet (A4AI) was launched in October 2013, and Berners-Lee is leading the coalition of public and private organisations that includes Google, Facebook, Intel and Microsoft.
The A4AI seeks to make Internet access more affordable, so that access is broadened in the developing world, where only 31% of people are online. Berners-Lee is working with those aiming to decrease Internet access prices so that they fall below the UN Broadband Commission's worldwide target of 5% of monthly income.
Berners-Lee holds the founders chair in Computer Science at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where he heads the Decentralized Information Group and is leading Solid, a joint project with the Qatar Computing Research Institute that aims to radically change the way Web applications work today, resulting in true data ownership as well as improved privacy.
In October 2016, he joined the Department of Computer Science at Oxford University as a professorial research fellow, and as a fellow of Christ Church, one of the Oxford colleges.
From the mid-2010's Berners-Lee initially remained neutral on the emerging Encrypted Media Extensions (EME) proposal with its controversial digital rights management (DRM) implications.
In March 2017 he felt he had to take a position which was to support the EME proposal. He reasoned EME's virtues whilst noting DRM was inevitable. As W3C director, he went on to approve the finalised specification in July 2017.
Tim's stance was opposed by some, including Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF), the anti-DRM campaign, Defective by Design, and the Free Software Foundation. Varied concerns raised included being not supportive of the Internet's open philosophy against commercial interests, and risks of users being forced to use a particular web browser to view specific DRM content.
The EFF raised a formal appeal which did not succeed, and the EME specification became a formal W3C recommendation in September 2017.
On the 30th. September 2018, Berners-Lee announced his new open-source startup Inrupt to fuel a commercial ecosystem around the Solid project, which aims to give users more control over their personal data and lets them choose where the data goes, who's allowed to see certain elements and which apps are allowed to see that data.
In November 2019 at the Internet Governance Forum in Berlin Berners-Lee and the WWWF launched Contract for the Web, a campaign initiative to persuade governments, companies and citizens to commit to nine principles to stop "misuse", with the warning that:
"Ff we don't act now – and act together –
to prevent the web being misused by
those who want to exploit, divide and
undermine, we are at risk of squandering
its potential for good."
-- Tim Berners-Lee's Awards and Honours
Tim Berners-Lee's entry in Time magazine's list of the 100 Most Important People of the 20th century (March 1999) reads as follows:
"He wove the World Wide Web and created a mass
medium for the 21st century. The World Wide Web
is Berners-Lee's alone. He designed it. He loosed it
on the world. And he more than anyone else has
fought to keep it open, nonproprietary and free."
Berners-Lee has received many awards and honours. He was knighted by Queen Elizabeth II in the 2004 New Year Honours:
"For services to the global development
of the Internet."
On the 13th. June 2007, he was appointed to the Order of Merit (OM), an order restricted to 24 living members, plus any honorary members. Bestowing membership of the Order of Merit is within the personal purview of the Sovereign, and does not require recommendation by ministers or the Prime Minister.
Tim was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 2001. He was also elected as a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2004 and the National Academy of Engineering in 2007.
He has been conferred honorary degrees from a number of universities around the world, including Manchester (his parents worked on the Manchester Mark 1 in the 1940's), Harvard and Yale.
In 2012, Berners-Lee was among the British cultural icons selected by artist Sir Peter Blake to appear in a new version of his most famous artwork – the Beatles' Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band album cover – to celebrate the British cultural figures of his life that he most admires to mark his 80th. birthday.
In 2013, he was awarded the inaugural Queen Elizabeth Prize for Engineering. On the 4th. April 2017, Tim received the 2016 Association for Computing Machinery's Turing Award for his invention of the World Wide Web, the first web browser, and their fundamental protocols and algorithms.
-- Tim Berners-Lee's Personal Life
Berners-Lee has said
"I like to keep work and
personal life separate."
Berners-Lee married Nancy Carlson, an American computer programmer, in 1990. She was also working in Switzerland at the World Health Organization. They had two children and divorced in 2011.
In 2014, he married Rosemary Leith at the Chapel Royal, St. James's Palace in London. Leith is a Canadian Internet and banking entrepreneur, and a founding director of Berners-Lee's World Wide Web Foundation. The couple also collaborate on venture capital to support artificial intelligence companies.
Berners-Lee was raised as an Anglican, but he turned away from religion in his youth. After he became a parent, he became a Unitarian Universalist (UU). When asked whether he believes in God, he stated:
"Not in the sense of most people, I'm
atheist and Unitarian Universalist."
The web's source code was auctioned by Sotheby's in London in 2021, as a non-fungible token (NFT) by TimBL. Selling for US$5,434,500, it was reported the proceeds would be used to fund initiatives by TimBL and Leith.
Screen shot from the 1982 New Zealand post-apocalyptic film Warlords of the 21st Centruy, also known as Battletruck. Directed by Harry Cokliss. Starring Michael Beck, Annie McEnroe, James Wainwright and John Ratzenberger.
The Postcard
A view of The High in Oxford, with Queen's College on the right on a postcard published by Hartmann. Note the delivery boy turning round and looking at the camera.
The card was posted in Oxford on Thursday the 5th. February 1903 to:
Sir Francis Green,
74, Belsize Park Gardens,
Hampstead,
London NW
What Sir Francis read over a century ago is as follows:
"Sorry to have been so long
acceding to your request.
Hope this will do.
H."
Queen's College Oxford
Queen's College (on the right of the photograph) was founded in 1341 by Robert de Eglesfield in honour of Queen Philippa of Hainaut (wife of King Edward III of England). The college is distinguished by its predominantly neoclassical architecture, which includes buildings designed by Sir Christopher Wren and Nicholas Hawksmoor.
In 2015, the college had an endowment of £265 million, making it the fifth wealthiest college (after St. John's, Christ Church, All Souls and Merton).
In April 2012, as part of the celebrations of the Diamond Jubilee of Elizabeth II, a series of commemorative stamps were released featuring A-Z pictures of famous British landmarks. Queen's College's front quad was used on the Q stamp, alongside other landmarks such as the Angel of the North on A and the Old Bailey on O.
The most famous feast of the College is the Boar's Head Gaudy, which originally was the Christmas Dinner for members of the College who were unable to return home over the Christmas break between terms, but is now a feast for old members of the College on the Saturday before Christmas.
Alumni of Queen's include:
Tony Abbott, 28th Prime Minister of Australia
Rowan Atkinson, actor and comedian, known for Blackadder and Mr. Bean
Jeremy Bentham, English philosopher, and legal and social reformer
Tim Berners-Lee, inventor of the World Wide Web
Cory Booker, United States Senator from New Jersey
Eric Garcetti, Mayor of Los Angeles
Leonard Hoffmann, Baron Hoffmann, English jurist and judge
Edmund Halley, English astronomer
King Henry V of England
Edwin Powell Hubble, American astronomer
Sir John Peel, gynaecologist to H.M. Queen Elizabeth II
Leopold Stokowski, conductor.
Sir Tim Berners-Lee
Sir Timothy John Berners-Lee OM KBE FRS RDI FRSA DFBCS FREng was born on the 8th. June 1955. Also known as TimBL, he is an English computer scientist, best known as the inventor of the World Wide Web, the HTML markup language, the URL system, and HTTP.
He is a professorial research fellow at the University of Oxford, and a professor emeritus at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT).
Berners-Lee proposed an information management system on the 12th. March 1989, and implemented the first successful communication between a Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) client and server via the Internet in mid-November.
He devised and implemented the first Web browser and Web server, and helped foster the Web's subsequent explosive development. He is the founder and director of the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), which oversees the continued development of the Web.
Tim co-founded (with Rosemary Leith) the World Wide Web Foundation. In April 2009, he was elected as Foreign Associate of the National Academy of Sciences.
Berners-Lee is a senior researcher and holder of the 3Com founder's chair at the MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (CSAIL). He is a director of the Web Science Research Initiative (WSRI), and a member of the advisory board of the MIT Center for Collective Intelligence.
In 2011, he was named as a member of the board of trustees of the Ford Foundation. He is a founder and president of the Open Data Institute, and is currently an advisor at social network MeWe.
In 2004, Berners-Lee was knighted by Queen Elizabeth II for his pioneering work. He received the 2016 Turing Award:
"... for inventing the World Wide Web, the first
web browser, and the fundamental protocols
and algorithms allowing the Web to scale".
He was named in Time magazine's list of the 100 Most Important People of the 20th. century, and has received many other accolades for his invention.
-- Tim Berners-Lee - The Early Years
Tim Berners-Lee was born in London, the son of mathematicians and computer scientists Mary Lee Woods (1924–2017) and Conway Berners-Lee (1921–2019). His parents were both from Birmingham, and worked on the Ferranti Mark 1, the first commercially-built computer.
He has three younger siblings; his brother, Mike, is a professor of ecology and climate change management.
Berners-Lee attended Sheen Mount Primary School, then attended Emanuel School (a direct grant grammar school at the time) from 1969 to 1973. A keen trainspotter as a child, he learnt about electronics from tinkering with a model railway.
From 1973 to 1976, he studied at The Queen's College, Oxford, where he received a first-class BA in physics. While there, he made a computer out of an old television set he had purchased from a repair shop.
-- Tim Berners-Lee's Career and Research
After graduation, Berners-Lee worked as an engineer at the telecommunications company Plessey in Poole, Dorset.
In 1978, he joined D. G. Nash in Ferndown, Dorset, where he helped create typesetting software for printers.
Berners-Lee worked as an independent contractor at CERN from June to December 1980. While in Geneva, he proposed a project based on the concept of hypertext, to facilitate sharing and updating information among researchers.
To demonstrate it, he built a prototype system named ENQUIRE.
After leaving CERN in late 1980, Tim went to work at John Poole's Image Computer Systems Ltd. in Bournemouth, Dorset, where he ran the company's technical side for three years.
The project he worked on was a "real-time remote procedure call" which gave him experience in computer networking. In 1984, he returned to CERN as a fellow.
In 1989, CERN was the largest Internet node in Europe, and Berners-Lee saw an opportunity to join hypertext with the Internet:
"I just had to take the hypertext idea and
connect it to the TCP and DNS ideas and—
ta-da!—the World Wide Web."
Tim also recalled:
"Creating the web was really an act of desperation,
because the situation without it was very difficult
when I was working at CERN later.
Most of the technology involved in the web, like the
hypertext, like the Internet, multifont text objects,
had all been designed already.
I just had to put them together. It was a step of
generalising, going to a higher level of abstraction,
thinking about all the documentation systems out
there as being possibly part of a larger imaginary
documentation system."
Berners-Lee wrote his proposal in March 1989 and, in 1990, redistributed it. It was accepted by his manager, Mike Sendall, who called his proposals:
"Vague, but exciting."
Robert Cailliau had independently proposed a project to develop a hypertext system at CERN, and joined Berners-Lee as a partner in his efforts to get the web off the ground. They used similar ideas to those underlying the ENQUIRE system to create the World Wide Web, for which Berners-Lee designed and built the first web browser.
Tim's software also functioned as an editor (called WorldWideWeb, running on the NeXTSTEP operating system), and the first Web server, CERN HTTPd (short for Hypertext Transfer Protocol daemon).
Berners-Lee published the first web site, which described the project itself, on the 20th. December 1990; it was available to the Internet from the CERN network.
The site provided an explanation of what the World Wide Web was, and how people could use a browser and set up a web server, as well as how to get started with your own website.
On the 6th. August 1991, Berners-Lee first posted, on Usenet, a public invitation for collaboration with the WorldWideWeb project.
In a list of 80 cultural moments that shaped the world, chosen by a panel of 25 eminent scientists, academics, writers and world leaders, the invention of the World Wide Web was ranked number one, with the entry stating:
"The fastest growing communications medium
of all time, the Internet has changed the shape
of modern life forever. We can connect with
each other instantly, all over the world."
In 1994, Berners-Lee founded the W3C at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. It comprised various companies that were willing to create standards and recommendations to improve the quality of the Web.
Berners-Lee made his idea available freely, with no patent and no royalties due. The World Wide Web Consortium decided that its standards should be based on royalty-free technology, so that they easily could be adopted by anyone.
In 2001, Berners-Lee became a patron of the East Dorset Heritage Trust, having previously lived in Colehill in Wimborne, East Dorset. In December 2004, he accepted a chair in computer science at the School of Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton, Hampshire, to work on the Semantic Web.
In a Times article in October 2009, Berners-Lee admitted that the initial pair of slashes ("//") in a web address were "unnecessary". He told the newspaper that he easily could have designed web addresses without the slashes. In his lighthearted apology he said:
"There you go, it seemed like
a good idea at the time."
-- Tim Berners-Lee's Policy Work
In June 2009, then-British prime minister Gordon Brown announced that Berners-Lee would work with the UK government in order to help make data more open and accessible on the Web, building on the work of the Power of Information Task Force.
Berners-Lee and Professor Nigel Shadbolt are the two key figures behind data.gov.uk, a UK government project to open up almost all data acquired for official purposes for free re-use.
Commenting on the opening up of Ordnance Survey data in April 2010, Berners-Lee said:
"The changes signal a wider cultural change
in government, based on an assumption that
information should be in the public domain
unless there is a good reason not to — not
the other way around."
He went on to say:
"Greater openness, accountability and
transparency in Government will give
people greater choice and make it
easier for individuals to get more
directly involved in issues that matter
to them."
In November 2009, Berners-Lee launched the World Wide Web Foundation (WWWF) in order to campaign:
"To advance the Web to empower humanity
by launching transformative programs that
build local capacity to leverage the Web as
a medium for positive change".
Berners-Lee is one of the pioneer voices in favour of net neutrality, and has expressed the view that:
"ISPs should supply connectivity with no strings
attached, and should neither control nor monitor
the browsing activities of customers without their
expressed consent."
Tim advocates the idea that net neutrality is a kind of human network right:
"Threats to the Internet, such as companies
or governments that interfere with or snoop
on Internet traffic, compromise basic human
network rights."
As of May 2012, Tim is president of the Open Data Institute, which he co-founded with Nigel Shadbolt in 2012.
The Alliance for Affordable Internet (A4AI) was launched in October 2013, and Berners-Lee is leading the coalition of public and private organisations that includes Google, Facebook, Intel and Microsoft.
The A4AI seeks to make Internet access more affordable, so that access is broadened in the developing world, where only 31% of people are online. Berners-Lee is working with those aiming to decrease Internet access prices so that they fall below the UN Broadband Commission's worldwide target of 5% of monthly income.
Berners-Lee holds the founders chair in Computer Science at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where he heads the Decentralized Information Group and is leading Solid, a joint project with the Qatar Computing Research Institute that aims to radically change the way Web applications work today, resulting in true data ownership as well as improved privacy.
In October 2016, he joined the Department of Computer Science at Oxford University as a professorial research fellow, and as a fellow of Christ Church, one of the Oxford colleges.
From the mid-2010's Berners-Lee initially remained neutral on the emerging Encrypted Media Extensions (EME) proposal with its controversial digital rights management (DRM) implications.
In March 2017 he felt he had to take a position which was to support the EME proposal. He reasoned EME's virtues whilst noting DRM was inevitable. As W3C director, he went on to approve the finalised specification in July 2017.
Tim's stance was opposed by some, including Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF), the anti-DRM campaign, Defective by Design, and the Free Software Foundation. Varied concerns raised included being not supportive of the Internet's open philosophy against commercial interests, and risks of users being forced to use a particular web browser to view specific DRM content.
The EFF raised a formal appeal which did not succeed, and the EME specification became a formal W3C recommendation in September 2017.
On the 30th. September 2018, Berners-Lee announced his new open-source startup Inrupt to fuel a commercial ecosystem around the Solid project, which aims to give users more control over their personal data and lets them choose where the data goes, who's allowed to see certain elements and which apps are allowed to see that data.
In November 2019 at the Internet Governance Forum in Berlin Berners-Lee and the WWWF launched Contract for the Web, a campaign initiative to persuade governments, companies and citizens to commit to nine principles to stop "misuse", with the warning that:
"Ff we don't act now – and act together –
to prevent the web being misused by
those who want to exploit, divide and
undermine, we are at risk of squandering
its potential for good."
-- Tim Berners-Lee's Awards and Honours
Tim Berners-Lee's entry in Time magazine's list of the 100 Most Important People of the 20th century (March 1999) reads as follows:
"He wove the World Wide Web and created a mass
medium for the 21st century. The World Wide Web
is Berners-Lee's alone. He designed it. He loosed it
on the world. And he more than anyone else has
fought to keep it open, nonproprietary and free."
Berners-Lee has received many awards and honours. He was knighted by Queen Elizabeth II in the 2004 New Year Honours:
"For services to the global development
of the Internet."
On the 13th. June 2007, he was appointed to the Order of Merit (OM), an order restricted to 24 living members, plus any honorary members. Bestowing membership of the Order of Merit is within the personal purview of the Sovereign, and does not require recommendation by ministers or the Prime Minister.
Tim was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 2001. He was also elected as a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2004 and the National Academy of Engineering in 2007.
He has been conferred honorary degrees from a number of universities around the world, including Manchester (his parents worked on the Manchester Mark 1 in the 1940's), Harvard and Yale.
In 2012, Berners-Lee was among the British cultural icons selected by artist Sir Peter Blake to appear in a new version of his most famous artwork – the Beatles' Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band album cover – to celebrate the British cultural figures of his life that he most admires to mark his 80th. birthday.
In 2013, he was awarded the inaugural Queen Elizabeth Prize for Engineering. On the 4th. April 2017, Tim received the 2016 Association for Computing Machinery's Turing Award for his invention of the World Wide Web, the first web browser, and their fundamental protocols and algorithms.
-- Tim Berners-Lee's Personal Life
Berners-Lee has said
"I like to keep work and
personal life separate."
Berners-Lee married Nancy Carlson, an American computer programmer, in 1990. She was also working in Switzerland at the World Health Organization. They had two children and divorced in 2011.
In 2014, he married Rosemary Leith at the Chapel Royal, St. James's Palace in London. Leith is a Canadian Internet and banking entrepreneur, and a founding director of Berners-Lee's World Wide Web Foundation. The couple also collaborate on venture capital to support artificial intelligence companies.
Berners-Lee was raised as an Anglican, but he turned away from religion in his youth. After he became a parent, he became a Unitarian Universalist (UU). When asked whether he believes in God, he stated:
"Not in the sense of most people, I'm
atheist and Unitarian Universalist."
The web's source code was auctioned by Sotheby's in London in 2021, as a non-fungible token (NFT) by TimBL. Selling for US$5,434,500, it was reported the proceeds would be used to fund initiatives by TimBL and Leith.
Tonight we were able to see a screening of Jessica Yu’s new documentary, www.foreveryone.net/, about Tim Berners-Lee and his invention, the World Wide Web. There are countless men and women whose contributions allow me to have a career working on the Web, but literally none of that would be possible without Sir Tim’s work.
His “vague, but exciting…” proposal for making scholarly documents available across computer systems revolutionized the way we communicate, democratized access to information, and—in some cases—allowed citizens to organize and enact meaningful change in their governments. He’s humble to a fault, but we—every one of us—owe a debt of gratitude to Sir Tim for his gift of the Web which he freely gave away so that we all might benefit.
Originally published at sixtwothree.org/photos/137.