View allAll Photos Tagged trigonometry
"Bengaluru played a key role in the Great Trigonometrical Survey of India (GTS), serving as the starting point for measuring the Indian subcontinent's map. A baseline, a crucial component of triangulation surveys, was established near Bengaluru in 1800, marking the beginning of the project that ultimately led to the determination of Mount Everest's height. "
"What began as a small marker on the highest point of Bengaluru, 952 meters above sea level, turned into one of the boldest scientific missions of its time. The Great Trigonometric Survey of India, an initiative that started in the early 19th century, sought to measure the entire country with precision. The scientific team employed groundbreaking methods, including measuring a straight 11-kilometer line from Ram Murthy Nagar to Agara using chains, and later determining the altitude and azimuth with specialized instruments."
The Ordnance Survey monument atop Brook Down on the Isle of Wight.
Another trig point captured for my occaisonal Trigs and Peaks project.
FOR THE PLACE, PLEASE, FOLLOW THIS LINKS:
wikimapia.org/#lang=it&lat=40.454164&lon=9.796286...
www.panoramio.com/photo/10876301
YOU CAN GO THERE ONLY BY FOOT: ABOUT 700 METERS OVER THE LEVEL OF THE SEA, ABOUT HALF AN HOUR BY FOOT
HERE THER IS A TRIANGULATION STATION..
A triangulation station, also known as a triangulation pillar, trigonometrical station, trigonometrical point, trig station, trig beacon or trig point, and sometimes informally as a trig, is a fixed surveying station, used in geodetic surveying and other surveying projects in its vicinity. The names of triangulation stations vary regionally; they are generally known as trigonometrical stations in North America, trig points in the United Kingdom and New Zealand, trig stations or points in Australia, and trig beacons in South Africa; triangulation pillar is the more formal term for the concrete columns found in the UK.
FOR MORE INFORMATIONS ON TRIANGULATION POINT FOLLOW THIS LINK:
significant trigonometric point (TB 17) - a brick observation column, which has the status of a technical cultural monument
"The slide rule is a mechanical analog computer. The slide rule is used primarily for multiplication and division, and also for functions such as roots, logarithms and trigonometry, but is not normally used for addition or subtraction."
_____ ___
This was my father's when he was a young man, younger than what I am now. He's a mechanical engineer and I found this back home in the Philippines when we came home back in March. My brother has his Ping Pong paddle that is older than both of us and I wanted something as old if not older. So here's his slide rule...and I don't know how to use it...YET. Ha!
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random plane trigonometric plot + range optimization + 50% delauney + 56% custom sharpen filter.
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Gasherbrum I was designated K5 (meaning the 5th peak of the Karakoram) by T.G. Montgomery in 1856 when he first spotted the peaks of the Karakoram from more than 200 km away during the Great Trigonometric Survey of India. In 1892, William Martin Conway provided the alternate name, Hidden Peak, in reference to its extreme remoteness.
A view from BC 5000m, Gasherbrum II, Karakoram, Pakistan
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Trig post at the top of Wavering Down, with amazing views over the Somerset Levels, the Bristol Channel, and over to Devon and South Wales; in Somerset, UK.
Taken October 2020
Strobist:
Canon 580EX trig point right (visible) on VOLS, fired by ST-E2 trigger
Camera fired by RF-602 triggers
K2 is the second-highest mountain on Earth after Mount Everest. With a peak elevation of 8,611 metres (28,251 ft), K2 is part of the Karakoram Range, and is located on the border between the Taxkorgan Tajik Autonomous County of Xinjiang, China, and Gilgit, in Gilgit-Baltistan of Pakistan.
The name K2 is derived from the notation used by the Great Trigonometric Survey. Thomas Montgomerie made the first survey of the Karakoram from Mount Haramukh, some 130 miles (210 km) to the south, and sketched the two most prominent peaks, labelling them K1 and K2.
The policy of the Great Trigonometric Survey was to use local names for mountains wherever possible and K1 was found to be known locally as Masherbrum. K2, however, appeared not to have acquired a local name, possibly due to its remoteness.
Place de Merciers (in English: "Square of the Haberdashers") in the old town of Dinan, Brittany, France
Some background information:
Dinan is a walled Breton town in the department of Côtes-d'Armor in northwestern France. Its geographical setting is exceptional: Instead of nestling on the valley floor like the town of Morlaix, most urban development has been on the hillside overlooking the river Rance. The area alongside the river is known as the "Port of Dinan", and is connected to the town by a steep street. Dinan has more than 14,600 residents and a very beautiful old town with roughly 130 half-timbered houses and well-preserved town walls. Needless to say, that Dinan’s numerous sights attract a high number of visitors each year.
In the 11th century, Dinan was first mentioned in a document, although the site was most likely already inhabited in ancient times. At the time of its first documental evidence, Dinan was just a little market town, where a Benedictine convent was brought into being. Even a castle existed in Dinan’s early years, which is known because it was depicted on a fragment of the famous Bayeux Tapestry. This castle was a wooden motte-and-bailey castle and its depiction on the Bayeux Tapestry is undoubtedly the most important historical illustration of this medieval castle type, which has ever become known.
In the 12th century, an Arabian geographer mentioned Dinan and described it as a wealthy town surrounded by massive stone walls. In 1283, the whole area, including the town, was acquired by Jean I le Roux, Duke of Brittany. Following this acquisition, the town walls were finished, fortified even more and brought into the shape that still exists today. Nine towers were added, which girdle the old quarter in a trigonometric disposition. Furthermore, five town gates were built.
In 1357, during the War of the Breton succession, Dinan was besieged by English troops, but the Breton military leader Bertrand du Guesclin, a local, defended the town successfully. From a single combat against Thomas of Canterbury, he came off as the winner. However, in 1364, after several unsuccessful attempts, Duke Jean IV, who was supported by England, regained control of the town. On his behalf, an impressive donjon was erected, mainly to make his power and authority clear to the residents of Dinan, who had always supported his opponents.
Like all Breton towns, also Dinan was affiliated to the Kingdom of France in the 15th century. The town thrived and its port at the river Rance fostered trade. In fact, Dinan controlled the whole river navigation, which allowed the transport of all kinds of goods from and to the seaport town of Saint-Malo. In 1598, Dinan casted its lot with the French King Henry IV instead of following Philippe-Emmanuel de Lorraine, Duke of Mercœur, who opposed him. In the 17th century, different religious orders, like the Dominicans, the Capuchins, the Clarists and the Ursulines founded new abbeys in the town.
In the 18th century, trade was stimulated by the settlement of weavers, who mainly produced sailcloth, which was shipped to Saint-Malo on the river Rance. However, in the 19th century, Dinan’s river port lost in importance because of the construction of a road bridge and the new railway connection, which was established in 1879. Trade twindled, but gradually Dinan became a place of summer residences that particularly came into favour of affluent people from England.
In 1907, a fire caused some destruction and several houses burned out. During World War II, Dinan was bombed before being liberated by the US Army on 6th August 1944. Subsequently, the damages of both the fire and the bombardment were restored, though restoration work in such a beautiful old town is a never-ending task.
As so often, the walk started with the intent to summit a new OS trig monument. This the monument at Pitch Hill in the Surrey Hills AONB.
I made the mistake of eating white bread as I set off from the Peaslake car park. Big mistake... body systems diverted to the procesisng of undigestable white bread. For the first time in ages, it seems I had to stop to take breath every few paces; this for a monument at 257m AOD which is not really worth calling a climb.
But you can't give up when the weather is about to turn for the worse...
The image says all, I made it to the top and bagged another trig. Maybe it's time to create a project album in Flickr...
Domes underlying structure is going to consist of 32 rafters layouted around circle's circumference at 11.25 degrees. Single rafter has 4 segments angled at 22.5 degrees each. This will allow to use 16 of the them to connect the roof panels/tiles and the rest to connect trims that will hide any panels' irregularities. Overall it took me several days and some trigonometry fun to figure this out but it seems legit without any stresses or bending.
Cette image est un assemblage de 90 photos du ciel étoilé prises sur un intervalle de 45 minutes.
On peut d'ailleurs s'amuser à essayer d'estimer la vitesse angulaire de rotation de la Terre (par exemple en utilisant le théorème de Thalès et un peu de trigonométrie avec les coordonnées des pixels). Mes calculs m'ont donné environ 4,5e-5 rad.s-1, ce qui n'est évidemment pas très précis quand on connaît la véritable valeur, la faute aux diverses approximations.
This picture is a montage containing 90 photographs of the sky, taken over a period of 45 minutes.
One can actually try to coarsely estimate the angular rotation speed of the earth, just for fun. I used Thales's theorem and some trigonometry with the pixels coordinates and I found about 4.5e-5 rad.s-1, which is obviously not very accurate (because of all the approximations I made).
My mother's father worked at this white building for thirty years. He was algebra, trigonometry and mechanical engineering teacher. There was nothing else built around in the area. When it rained, all classes were suspended. It was impossible to go. Turia St. [Sevilla], 13.11.2014, 13:10h.
FOR THE PLACE, PLEASE, FOLLOW THIS LINKS:
wikimapia.org/#lang=it&lat=40.454164&lon=9.796286...
www.panoramio.com/photo/10876301
YOU CAN GO THERE ONLY BY FOOT: ABOUT 700 METERS OVER THE LEVEL OF THE SEA, ABOUT HALF AN HOUR BY FOOT
HERE THER IS A TRIANGULATION STATION..
A triangulation station, also known as a triangulation pillar, trigonometrical station, trigonometrical point, trig station, trig beacon or trig point, and sometimes informally as a trig, is a fixed surveying station, used in geodetic surveying and other surveying projects in its vicinity. The names of triangulation stations vary regionally; they are generally known as trigonometrical stations in North America, trig points in the United Kingdom and New Zealand, trig stations or points in Australia, and trig beacons in South Africa; triangulation pillar is the more formal term for the concrete columns found in the UK.
FOR MORE INFORMATIONS ON TRIANGULATION POINT FOLLOW THIS LINK:
The main feature of Table Mountain is the level plateau approximately 3 kilometres from side to side, edged by impressive cliffs. The plateau, flanked by Devil's Peak to the east and by Lion's Head to the west, forms a dramatic backdrop to Cape Town. This broad sweep of mountainous heights, together with Signal Hill, forms the natural amphitheatre of the City Bowl and Table Bay harbour. The highest point on Table Mountain is towards the eastern end of the plateau and is marked by Maclear's Beacon, a stone cairn built in 1865 by Sir Thomas Maclear for trigonometrical survey. It is 1,086 meters above sea level, and about 19 meters higher than the cable station at the western end of the plateau.
24 October 2021.
English: solve
Irish: réitím
Finnish: ratkaista
*Please translate to your own language in the comments.*
#inktober #inktober2021 day 24.
Rapidograph on strathmore 100 lb drawing paper.
3 1/2 inch square.
Examples:
Gaeilge:
An té is túisce a réiteoidh an cheist, is é a gheobhaidh an duais.
(He who solves the question first will get the prize.)
Suomi:
Näin voidaan ratkaista paikallisia ongelmia.
(Regional problems can be solved.)
Toivon, että asia voidaan ratkaista.
(I hope that matter can be solved.)
Tämä on ongelma, jonka voimme ratkaista.
(It is a problem that we can solve.)
Hobart below Mount Wellington (kunanyi)
Note: Used Nikon Micro-Nikkor 55mm f2.8Ai-S Lens, first manufactured in 1980.
I had forgotten that I had this old classic amongst my collection. I took two images of this scene, one with the Micro-Nikkor 55mm f/2.8Ai-S lens and another with the more modern AF-Nikkor 50mm f/1.4D lens, which has a well known reputation for being a sharp lens . . . However, I found the old classic rendered a higher quality image, especially on close inspection.
Using the full 17.4 megapixel jpeg, at 100%, one can just make out the Trigonometric Station on top of Mount Wellington.
A gentle reminder about copyright and intellectual property-
Ⓒ Cassidy Photography (All images in this Flickr portfolio)
86.6 Degrees of rectilinear madness. My extreme wide-angle pinhole camera is easier to aim with trigonometry and a giant protractor than it is by line of sight.
Another shot from Saturday night, when the sky was orange, the ice was blue, and the beginnings of open water were whatever color worked out in the trigonometry.
Boyne City waterfront, 12 April 2014.
Trig post at the top of Wavering Down, with Crook Peak in the distance, and views over the Somerset Levels, the Bristol Channel, and over to the North Devon coast; in Somerset, UK
Taken October 2020
The universe is getting bigger every second. The space between galaxies is stretching, like dough rising in the oven. But how fast is the universe expanding? As Hubble and other telescopes seek to answer this question, they have run into an intriguing difference between what scientists predict and what they observe.
This is a ground-based telescope's view of the Large Magellanic Cloud, a satellite galaxy of our Milky Way. The inset image, taken by the Hubble Space Telescope, reveals one of many star clusters scattered throughout the dwarf galaxy. The cluster members include a special class of pulsating star called a Cepheid variable, which brightens and dims at a predictable rate that corresponds to its intrinsic brightness. Once astronomers determine that value, they can measure the light from these stars to calculate an accurate distance to the galaxy. When the new Hubble observations are correlated with an independent distance measurement technique to the Large Magellanic Cloud (using straightforward trigonometry), the researchers were able to strengthen the foundation of the so-called "cosmic distance ladder." This "fine-tuning" has significantly improved the accuracy of the rate at which the universe is expanding, called the Hubble constant.
Credit: NASA, ESA, A. Riess (STScI/JHU) and Palomar Digitized Sky Survey
NASA Goddard Space Flight Center enables NASA’s mission through four scientific endeavors: Earth Science, Heliophysics, Solar System Exploration, and Astrophysics. Goddard plays a leading role in NASA’s accomplishments by contributing compelling scientific knowledge to advance the Agency’s mission.
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Trig points or trigonometrical columns are a feature of the British countryside.. Used by the Ordnance Survey to map the whole country with great accuracy. Modern teck has rendered these concrete columns redundant. This trig point in the picture is the last one to be used in anger. The next picture shows what Stephen was reading.
Coordinates: 31°12'15"N 78°4'24"E - Dodra (9200 feet) and Kwar (8000 feet) Villages, near the Indian/Tibetan border - unconnected by road, and cut off for seven months of the year due to heavy snows (map) - (full photo set)
I've just been stalked by a tiger at 10,000 feet, coming over a snowbound mountain pass from the remote village of Genwali with Vinay and Sumit a couple of brave city kids I've brought along from New Delhi as translators. They have never climbed a mountain before, never even encountered snow. [Full Genwali trek photolog here]
In Gutu, at the trailhead of the infamous Kedarnath trek I encounter Jim, a genuine wild mountain man. For the last 23 winters this superhuman garbage man from Lake Louise has traversed the remotest Himalayas by snowshoe and back-country ski, conducting remarkable field research as an amateur ethno-ecologist. He is so impressed with the difficult route we’ve just taken that he invites me to hang with him at his headquarters at the once-glorious Prince Hotel in Mussoorie.
Jim shows me his precious khukri dagger. "It was a gift from an old Ghurka veteran I lived with. In the Pacific, he assassinated Japanese officers with this knife", he says proudly. "I would never go into the mountains without it. Back in '86, I woke up in my sleeping bag to a hyena drooling on my face. My khukri split its skull clean through."
Jim and I hike up the ridge to play Frisbee in a field next to some ruins. He throws a curving backhand and launches into one of his brilliant lectures. “See those little huts next to the main building? Geodesist Sir George Everest, Surveyor General of India, stowed his Nepali concubines there from 1818 until 1843 while he was laboring to establish the height of the world's most famous mountain (named in his honor in 1865) and the larger trigonometric survey of India, on which depended the accurate mapping of the subcontinent.” Jim can talk like this for days without tiring, and I soak it up.
"Draw me a map to the most beautiful place you've ever been in the Himalayas", I ask Jim. He is only too happy to share.
"There is a village named Kwar just 45km from the Tibetan border", he says, "where the people are friendlier, the architecture better, and the religion stranger than anywhere I've been up in these mountains. . . Say, if you're going to go, would you mind delivering some photographs I took 16 years ago of those villagers?"
--
Days later, I am a little lost on a mule trail somewhere near the fork of the Rupin river, 15 km short of my destination. I sit down to try to make sense of the hand-drawn map. Perhaps declining to hire one of those crooked guides from Naitwar (the village at the end of the road) wasn't such a hot idea after all.
Hill people stride cheerfully past with improbable loads roped to their backs. Men haul stone slate shingles up the mountain, one heavy shingle at a time. A handsome man in a suit jacket walks by carrying a baby calf in his arms.
A schoolboy with a shy smile and a stubborn sheep stops to let the animal graze on flowers from low-hanging tree branches. Thirty seconds of sign language and emergency Hindi is all it takes to establish everything I will ever know about him. He is Krishana, his sheep is Gablu, and we are going to Kewar together.
--
Kewar turns out to be a magnificent village an hour’s hard climb straight up from the river. Homes with gracefully carved pagoda roofs line the steep ridge and offer their residents sweeping panoramic views of snow-capped mountains from sumptuous wrap-around balconies. The slopes of the rocky hills are softened by orchards full of fresh fruit.
Kewar is also very remote - as I enter the village I stand aside for a parade of grim-faced men. They are carrying a violently ill woman down the mountain. It will take them two days just to reach the nearest road, and the nearest hospital is a day's drive from there.
Harpal, a university student studying English in the provincial capital of Shimla, is beside himself with joy to lodge me in his family's gorgeous 4-story wood and stone home. I am surprised to find a satellite dish on it. Lying asleep in the sun in front of the home is a pony-sized mountain dog. Harpal assures me that the iron collar around their throats protect the village dogs during routine confrontations with tigers and bears.
That night, Harpal's demure sisters serve dahl and rice. They say nothing, responding to none of my questions, and emphatically refuse to eat with us. They won't even meet my gaze - to do so would rupture the cultural dam that insulates the world of women from the world of men.
Harpal proudly turns the television on so we can enjoy our dinner in the conversational company of CNN. I ask him if he watches much television. "Not much", he says, "but my sisters watch 3-4 hours most days." I shake my head. There are only 4 hours of electricity rationed out each day. These young women carry heavy pails of water up steep hills and work in the fields with the most basic tools, yet they follow Bombay's soap operas with religious devotion. I am secretly delighted when the electricity dies and we are left in silence to finish our meal.
I tell my new friends that I wish to repay them for their kindess. I have run out of the popular little LED flashlights that I usually give away to my hosts. But I've been in India for long enough now to know that I a little cultural exchange will be just as treasured. I offer to sing an exotic Western pop song.
Harpal and his sisters listen with angelic concentration in the lamp-light as I earnestly serenade them with The Chelsea Hotel, Leonard Cohen's ironic tribute to the queen of drugs and rock and roll. When it comes to the bit where Janis Joplin is "giving me head on the unmade bed while the limousines wait in the street", I smile sweetly and mumble incomprehensibly.
The next morning, Harpals' sisters speak excellent English to me.
--
I am introduced to the village goldsmith, who hand-crafts the fantastic gold jewelry that the older women wear. His is a dying trade. Harpal's sisters and the other young women in the village scorn these traditional tribal ornaments. None of the actresses on Bollywood TV wear them.
Television is teaching these once-proud people to think of themselves as unfashionable and poor. Wherever I go, the few people who speak English apologize to me for the "poor facilities" and the state of their "backward villages". The young men yearn to move to the big cities like New Delhi. People smile politely when I try to point out that here they are surrounded by beautiful mountains, bountiful orchards, and enviable homes, whereas the rural people I’ve met in the big cities live in squalid ghettos without a stitch of dignity.
--
Apparently, it is a great honor to meet the creepy village shaman, an oracle whose epileptic fits at religious festivities yield prophesies that are gospel to everyone in a hundred-kilometer radius.
Jim's photographs are received with similar reverence. I am given a royal welcome, invited ceremoniously into homes to distribute 4x6 photos from 1989 to villagers who have never seen so much as a Polaroid of themselves before. And they love it.
So this must be what it feels like, I think to myself, to descend in the night in a flaming spaceship and casually dispense crop circles. I start to look at the shaman in a whole new light.
My spiritual self-satisfaction doesn't last long. The nearby village of Jhakha has burned to the ground, and the photographs I give away there are bittersweet, showing homes that no longer stand.
Back in Kewar, I learn too late that some of the people in the remaining photographs have died tragically. The photo of a man who just 3 months earlier went out hunting and fell from a cliff goes to his speechless 16-year old son. The photo of the little 2-year-old girl that Jim cherished most goes to her elderly parents. They struggle to keep from sobbing in front of the foreigner. It is no comfort to me that I am as unprepared for this than they are. They clutch at the only photograph they will ever have of their only daughter, dead now for two years.
Later I return to find them a little less distraught, and they quietly ask me to take their photo.
Their neighbor the goldsmith takes me to his home. I photograph his mother, resplendent in her heavy gold earrings.
I am about to leave when the goldsmith's daughter crawls up to the door of his wooden home and skewers me with her eyes. We stare at each other for a small eternity. I snap her photograph as an afterthough, and a chill runs up my spine.
Her photo will find its way back to Kewar, I promise myself. The circle is begun again.
Abstraccion en la calle Cardiles 2 (Cardiles Street 2, Leon - Spain), desde el balcón de la casa de María y Adolfo.
This is a brass geologists compass. Geologists sometimes have to hike in remote areas so are limited on the equipment they can carry.
This compass not only does map reading but can also measure the angles, heights and directions of rock strata and fault lines. The other numbers and dials you see in the picture give the geologist the information they need to carry out the trigonometry calculus for these angles.
The camera was set to macro and I used a preset function to create a pin-hole effect.
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Day 135 of 365: Arrived in Frankfurt after an uncomfortable 14 hour flight, and the first thing we do after stepping off the airplane is getting a private tour of the Commerzbank tower in Frankfurt, where a friend of my mom's boyfriend is the chief mechanic. I don't remember much of the countless "interesting" stories he had to tell, because I was constantly scouting out the building for some cozy corner to rest in.
Table Mountain is a flat-topped mountain forming a prominent landmark overlooking the city of Cape Town in South Africa, and is featured in the Flag of Cape Town and other local government insignia.It is a significant tourist attraction, with many visitors using the cableway or hiking to the top. The mountain forms part of the Table Mountain National Park.
The main feature of Table Mountain is the level plateau approximately 3 kilometres (2 mi) from side to side, edged by impressive cliffs. The plateau, flanked by Devil's Peak to the east and by Lion's Head to the west, forms a dramatic backdrop to Cape Town. This broad sweep of mountainous heights, together with Signal Hill, forms the natural amphitheatre of the City Bowl and Table Bay harbour. The highest point on Table Mountain is towards the eastern end of the plateau and is marked by Maclear's Beacon, a stone cairn built in 1865 by Sir Thomas Maclear for trigonometrical survey. It is 1,086 metres (3,563 ft) above sea level, about 19 metres (62 ft) higher than the cable station at the western end of the plateau.
The cliffs of the main plateau are split by Platteklip Gorge ("Flat Stone Gorge"), which provides an easy and direct ascent to the summit and was the route taken by António de Saldanha on the first recorded ascent of the mountain in 1503.
The flat top of the mountain is often covered by orographic clouds, formed when a south-easterly wind is directed up the mountain's slopes into colder air, where the moisture condenses to form the so-called "table cloth" of cloud. Legend attributes this phenomenon to a smoking contest between the Devil and a local pirate called Van Hunks.When the table cloth is seen, it symbolizes the contest.
Table Mountain is at the northern end of a sandstone mountain range that forms the spine of the Cape Peninsula. To the south of the main plateau is a lower part of the range called the Back Table. On the Atlantic coast of the peninsula, the range is known as the Twelve Apostles. The range continues southwards to Cape Point.
Today when all are celebrating Valentine day, a day of love, I would like to take this opportunity to celebrate this day by a dedication to "March of a million people".
This is dedicated to the People of Egypt. 18 days of their non violent protest bought them a much awaited liberation. This is dedicated to total emancipation for 85 million people.
When I think of Egypt I think of geometry, trigonometry, impossibly huge monuments made without modern machinery or materials and the birth of agriculture. The people there deserves to live in peace, live with the sense of freedom.
This is a dedication to all the people who rallied in Tahir Square and who supported them. They once again proved that Power is still with People.
I wanted to express my feeling for the 85 million people in Egypt and their March for liberation. If I have hurt anybody, my sincere apology for this.
Thanks In Advance for not Inviting me to any Group and Attaching Graphics to this picture as a part of your comments. I appreciate your comments and Favs if you like it.
Shot on Leica M6 / Summilux 35mm / Portra 400 just after a rain shower in Spring 2024. Home developed.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dover_Castle
Dover Castle is a medieval castle in Dover, Kent. It was founded in the 11th century and has been described as the "Key to England" due to its defensive significance throughout history.[1][2] It is the largest castle in England.
History
This site may have been fortified with earthworks in the Iron Age or earlier, before the Romans invaded in AD43. This is suggested on the basis of the unusual pattern of the earthworks which does not seem to be a perfect fit for the medieval castle. Excavations have provided evidence of Iron Age occupation within the locality of the castle, but it is not certain whether this is associated with the hillfort.[4] There have been excavations on the mound on which the church and Roman Pharos are situated. It has been discovered that it was from the Bronze Age.[citation needed]
The site also contained one of Dover's two 80-foot (24 m) Roman lighthouses (or Pharoses), one of which still survives, whilst the remains of the other are located on the opposing Western Heights, across the town of Dover. On the site is a classic montrol (campsite) where the Normans landed after their victorious conquest.
S axon and early Norman
After the Battle of Hastings in October 1066, William the Conqueror and his forces marched to Westminster Abbey for his coronation. They took a roundabout route via Romney, Dover, Canterbury, Surrey and Berkshire. From the Cinque Ports foundation in 1050, Dover has always been a chief member—it may also have been this that first attracted William's attention, and got Kent the motto of Invicta. In the words of William of Poitiers:
Then he marched to Dover, which had been reported impregnable and held by a large force. The English, stricken with fear at his approach had confidence neither in their ramparts nor in the numbers of their troops ... While the inhabitants were preparing to surrender unconditionally, [the Normans], greedy for money, set the castle on fire and the great part of it was soon enveloped in flames...[William then paid for the repair and] having taken possession of the castle, the Duke spent eight days adding new fortifications to it'. The Castle was first built, entirely out of clay. It collapsed to the ground and the clay was then used as the flooring for many of the ground-floor rooms.
This may have been repairs and improvements to an existing Saxon fort or burgh, centred on the Saxon church of St Mary de Castro, although archaeological evidence suggests that it was actually a new motte and bailey design castle built from scratch nearby.
In 1088, eight knights were appointed under tenures to guard Dover Castle, their names were: William d'Albrincis; Fulberl de Dover, William d'Arsic; Geoffrey Peverell; William Maminot; Robert du Port; Hugh Crevecoeur; and Adam Fitzwilliam.
Henry II to early modern times
It was during the reign of Henry II that the castle began to take recognisable shape. The inner and outer baileys and the great keep belong to this time. Maurice the Engineer was responsible for building the keep,[5] one of the last rectangular keeps ever built.
In 1216, a group of rebel barons invited the future Louis VIII of France to come and take the English crown. He had some success breaching the walls, but was unable ultimately to take the castle (see The First Barons' War).
The vulnerable north gate that had been breached in the siege was converted into an underground forward-defence complex (including St John's Tower), and new gates built into the outer curtain wall on the western (Fitzwilliam's Gate) and eastern (Constable's Gate) sides. During the siege, the English defenders tunnelled outwards and attacked the French, thus creating the only counter-tunnel in the world. This can still be seen in the medieval works.
During the time of Stephen de Pencester, a windmill was erected on Tower 22, which was later known as the Mill Tower.[6] By the Tudor age, the defences themselves had been superseded by gunpowder. They were improved by Henry VIII, who made a personal visit, and added to it with the Moat Bulwark.
During the English Civil War it was held for the king but then taken by a Parliamentarian trick without a shot being fired (hence it avoided being ravaged and survives far better than most castles) in 1642.
Dover Castle was a crucial observation point for the cross-channel sightings of the Anglo-French Survey (1784–1790), which used trigonometric calculations to link the Royal Greenwich Observatory with the Paris Observatory. This work was overseen by General William Roy. The other English viewpoint used to make measurements across to Cap Blanc Nez in France was at Fairlight, East Sussex.
Napoleonic
Massive rebuilding took place at the end of the 18th century during the Napoleonic Wars. William Twiss, the Commanding Engineer of the Southern District, as part of his brief to improve the town's defences, completed the remodelling of the outer defences of Dover Castle adding the huge Horseshoe, Hudson's, East Arrow and East Demi-Bastions to provide extra gun positions on the eastern side, and constructing the Constable's Bastion for additional protection on the west. Twiss further strengthened the Spur at the northern end of the castle, adding a redan, or raised gun platform. By taking the roof off the keep and replacing it with massive brick vaults he was able to mount heavy artillery on the top. Twiss also constructed Canon's Gateway to link the defences of the castle with those of the town.
With Dover becoming a garrison town, there was a need for barracks and storerooms for the additional troops and their equipment. The solution adopted by Twiss and the Royal Engineers was to create a complex of barracks tunnels about 15 metres below the cliff top and the first troops were accommodated in 1803. At the height of the Napoleonic Wars, the tunnels housed more than 2,000 men and to date are the only underground barracks ever built in Britain.
The windmill on the Mill Tower was demolished during the Anglo-American War of the orders of the Ordnance Board. It was said that the sale of materials from the demolished mill did not cover the cost of the demolition.[6] At the end of the Napoleonic Wars, the tunnels were partly converted and used by the Coast Blockade Service to combat smuggling. This was a short-term endeavour though, and in 1827 the headquarters were moved closer to shore. The tunnels then remained abandoned for more than a century.
The secret wartime tunnels
The outbreak of the Second World War in 1939 saw the tunnels converted first into an air-raid shelter and then later into a military command centre and underground hospital. In May 1940, Admiral Sir Bertram Ramsey directed the evacuation of French and British soldiers from Dunkirk, code-named Operation Dynamo, from his headquarters in the cliff tunnels.
A military telephone exchange was installed in 1941 and served the underground headquarters. The switchboards were constantly in use and had to have a new tunnel created alongside it to house the batteries and chargers necessary to keep them functioning. The navy used the exchange to enable direct communication with vessels, as well as using it to direct air-sea rescue craft to pick up pilots shot down in the Straits of Dover.
Later the tunnels were to be used as a shelter for the Regional Seats of Government in the event of a nuclear attack. This plan was abandoned for various reasons, including the realisation that the chalk of the cliffs would not provide significant protection from radiation, and because of the inconvenient form of the tunnels and their generally poor condition.
Tunnel levels are denoted as A - Annexe, B - Bastion, C - Casemate, D - DUMPY and E - Esplanade. Annexe and Casemate levels are open to the public, Bastion is 'lost' but investigations continue to gain access, DUMPY (converted from Second World War use to serve as a Regional Seat of Government in event of an atomic war) is closed, as is Esplanade (last used as an air raid shelter in the Second World War).[7]
The Annexe level was excavated in 1941 to serve as a medical dressing station for wounded soldiers. It contained two operating theatres and had basic accommodation for patients. Soldiers would be sent for emergency treatment in the tunnels and then transferred to inland hospitals. Within the Annexe level were dormitories, kitchens and mess rooms.
A statue of Admiral Sir Bertram Ramsay was erected in November 2000 outside the tunnels in honour of his work on the Dunkirk evacuation and protecting Dover during the Second World War.[8]
If they were being attacked they would have to move quickly as the enemies were just nine minutes away from Dover by plane. There are over three miles of these Tunnels going deep down into the chalky cliffs, some still undiscovered. There are tunnels that are far too dangerous to walk down. Full information about these tunnels is not due to be released until 2020-2025.
The castle today
Dover Castle is a Scheduled Monument,[9] which means it is a "nationally important" historic building and archaeological site that has been given protection against unauthorised change.[10] It is also a Grade I listed building,[11] and recognised as an internationally important structure.[12] The castle, secret tunnels, and surrounding land are now owned by English Heritage and the site is a major tourist attraction. The Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports is officially head of the castle, in his conjoint position of Constable of Dover Castle, and the Deputy Constable has his residence in Constable's Gate.
The Princess of Wales's Royal Regiment Museum is located in the castle.
Between 2007 and 2009, English Heritage spent £2.45 million on recreating the castle's interior.[13] According to figures released by the Association of Leading Visitor Attractions, nearly 350,000 people visited Dover Castle in 2010.[14]
Churches and chapels within its walls
Royal chapel
Within the keep, dedicated to Thomas Becket.
St Mary in Castro
Saxon church, rebuilt in the Victorian era.