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1. Rut is a word for deer breeding season, not just the peak. It actually means all behaviors and activities associated with breeding season and can be broken into different phases.
Pre-rut: Does have not come into estrus --- breeding cycle --- but they begin to move into family groups. Bucks form bachelor groups and co-mingle with does around food. (Sounds like dating, right?)
Early rut: Testosterone levels rise in bucks and does enter estrus. This is a time when buck activity increases and becomes more reckless. Drivers beware as bucks move across roads without caution at this period.
Full rut: The majority of does are in estrus, and bucks will move farther and farther from their home turf to find does.
Post rut: Most breeding is over, and bucks are not as visible to people.
Second rut: About 26-28 days after the first full rut, remaining unbred does come into estrus for a second time. It is a short period but offers one more chance at breeding.
Late season: Rut is over, and bucks seek refuge in areas of cover. Deer activity revolves around feeding instead of breeding.
The red deer is the fourth-largest deer species behind moose, elk, and sambar deer. It is a ruminant, eating its food in two stages and having an even number of toes on each hoof, like camels, goats, and cattle. European red deer have a relatively long tail compared to their Asian and North American relatives. Subtle differences in appearance are noted between the various subspecies of red deer, primarily in size and antlers, with the smallest being the Corsican red deer found on the islands of Corsica and Sardinia and the largest being the Caspian red deer[8] (or maral) of Asia Minor and the Caucasus Region to the west of the Caspian Sea. The deer of central and western Europe vary greatly in size, with some of the largest deer found in the Carpathian Mountains in Central Europe.[6] Western European red deer, historically, grew to large size given ample food supply (including people's crops), and descendants of introduced populations living in New Zealand and Argentina have grown quite large in both body and antler size. Large red deer stags, like the Caspian red deer or those of the Carpathian Mountains, may rival North American elk in size. Female red deer are much smaller than their male counterparts.
Only the stags have antlers, which start growing in the spring and are shed each year, usually at the end of winter. Antlers typically measure 71 cm (28 in) in total length and weigh 1 kg (2.2 lb), although large ones can grow to 115 cm (45 in) and weigh 5 kg (11 lb).[9] Antlers, which are made of bone, can grow at a rate of 2.5 cm (1 in) a day. A soft covering known as velvet helps to protect newly forming antlers in the spring. European red deer antlers are distinctive in being rather straight and rugose, with the fourth and fifth tines forming a "crown" or "cup" in larger males. Any tines in excess of the fourth and fifth tines grow radially from the cup, which are generally absent in the antlers of smaller red deer, such as Corsican red deer. Western European red deer antlers feature "bez" (second) tines that are either absent or smaller than the brow tines. However, bez tines occur frequently in Norwegian red deer. Antlers of Caspian red deer carry large bez tines and form less-developed cups than western European red deer, their antlers are thus more like the "throw back" top tines of the North American elk (C. canadensis), known as maraloid characteristics. A stag can (exceptionally) have antlers with no tines, and is then known as a switch. Similarly, a stag that does not grow antlers is a hummel. The antlers are testosterone-driven and as the stag's testosterone levels drop in the autumn, the velvet is shed and the antlers stop growing. With the approach of autumn, the antlers begin to calcify and the stags' testosterone production builds for the approaching rut (mating season).
Fallow deer rut in the Phoenix park - The Phoenix park is the largest enclosed city park in Europe and is home to both the president and a wild herd of fallow deer (Dama dama). The president’s head is less well adorned. The deer were imported from England by the Duke of Ormond in the 17th century. Every October the bucks take part in the Rut where they aggressively compete square off each other for mating rights. Here 2 bucks square off in a testosterone-filled exchange and will plough through any grass or earth in their way.
Ice hockey fan madness after gold medal. Ice hockey fans decorated statue of Havis Amanda with a Finnish national ice hockey team jersey after Finland won its first-ever olympic gold medal in ice hockey in Peking 2022 olympics.
Copyright Mikko Palonkorpi.
Antilocapra americana,
Yellowstone National Park
Testosterone! Since the rut is in fall and this was spring, I am wondering if this was two young males. The duel went on for a few minutes without what I would consider an obvious winner.
Note that the spots in the dark trees in background are the raindrops falling as this duel occurred.
Two young male elephants playfully test their strength.
Dos elefantes machos jóvenes juguetean midiendo sus fuerzas.
Chobe National Park, Botswana
Thanks for your visits, comments and faves
Gracias por vuestras visitas, comentarios y favoritos
Antilocapra americana,
Yellowstone National Park
Testosterone! Since the rut is in fall and this was spring, I am wondering if this was two young males. The duel went on for a few minutes without what I would consider an obvious winner.
Note that the spots in the dark trees at right are the raindrops falling as this duel occurred.
A peripheral bull drooling from testosterone build up. One of the most photogenic bulls with interesting behavior I saw this past fall, but could not get together with him often enough for long enough! All rights reserved.
This picture was taken in the Jao concession of the Okavango delta in the green season as is obvious from the vegetation. I was looking through my elephant photos this week to post one for Elephant day on Tuesday celebrating matriarchs. However I just realized that this photo was of a male, one in musth (pronounced must), a testosterone-driven state of increased sexual activity. Such animals can be aggressive towards just about every animal but I was on a high bank across the river so no immediate threat. Characteristic of musth is a secretion from the temporal gland located behind the eye.
View large and just look at the neck on this guy.
Each year during the rut, the necks of White-tailed and Mule deer bucks become much larger. This is theoretically due to he rise of testosterone in their system. Testosterone is one of the hormones responsible for muscle growth. Along with elevated hormone levels an increase in exercise of the neck muscles through antler rubbing and sparring may contribute to the neck becoming enlarged.
We were observing some shore birds and waterfowl at the Little Salt Marsh in Quivira National wildlife refuge when this buck wandered out of the tall grasses. He noticed us and stopped to stare for a moment. What happened next will be revealed tomorrow.
These two does were peacefully nibbling acorns along the edge of the oaks when a buck made a surprise appearance from the shadows. Their reaction was immediate; they were already turning to leave when I clicked the button. The does are not in estrus yet and want nothing to do with this testosterone supercharged suitor.
Our beautiful world, pass it on.
This buck, full of testosterone, is working a scrape, urinating on the ground and rubbing scent from his orbital glands on leaves above. He was fired up this morning, and a few minutes later, engaged another buck in a prolonged stare-down, followed by a brief battle before the smaller buck ran and was pursued by this buck.
Our beautiful world, pass it on.
The Autumn season marks the main event of the year for our largest land mammal the Red Deer. During this period of time, the dominant male Deer(s) will be pumped full of testosterone and ready to fight off any would-be challengers for the right to mate with a harem of hinds. Red Deer stags are large, powerful animals with antlers that can represent formidable weaponry so it's advisable to keep well away when the action starts.
In this shot, the stags on the left and right were clashing quite frequently for about 15 minutes until they were joined by a third stag for a 3-way rut.....Just hope the hinds were worth it for the eventual winner.
male Leopard between mating sessions in Kruger NP, South Africa
panthera pardus
luipaard
léopard
Leopard
IUCN RED LIST STATUS: NEAR THREATENED
Many thanks for your views, favorites and supportive comments.
All rights reserved. ButsF©2016
I am always amazed at how much and how quickly the light can change and affect the way an image looks.
This is my preferred pose for the jay. I like to show the barring on its wings and tail. Trouble is most of the time they land facing me.
This one has a birch leave stuck on it hind "talon".
I have been working mornings with Moose and the Fox and afternoons with the Jays.
I got chased Saturday by a small bull. Just enough to get my adrenaline flowing. Then, yesterday morning, there were moose everywhere.
Small bulls and cows. The one small bull was really hyped up on testosterone and decided he didn't like me. He had been chasing this one cow. I knew he was going to be a problem and backed way off.
He came anyway, jumped a fence and chased me all the way back to my car.
Thankfully, it was only about 150 yards away and I had a big head start.
I got it unlocked on the run and slipped inside.
He went by on the passenger side, looking in the window. I was hoping he didn't take it out on my car.
All this, and I had just seen the little female fox when he showed up on the prod.
That is the most and fastest, I have run in quite sometime.
Amazing, what a big shot of adrenaline can do. ;-)
Made for a very interesting morning.
Saw 6 moose. Still no big bulls.
I told these guys to get a room but you can see for yourself that they totally ignored me. More seriously, having the good fortune to have observed wild elephants many times this is the first and only time I’ve seen adult males with a female. I did a bit of research and found some fascinating findings. Males continue to grow and can reach twice the size of adult females. Also, unlike the size of female tusks, which stop growing at puberty, male tusks continue to grow. Hence, the “big tuskers” are male. Unlike maybe all other mammals the sexual urge of male elephants increases with age. Male elephants go into “musth”, a periodic state of intensive testosterone fueled sexual activity. The older the male, the more prolonged the period of musth. Older elephants in musth covered more territory faster and were more energetic in their mating behavior. Females, it stands to reason, were found to prefer the older males. This gives new meaning to the oft seen T-shirt slogan “Old Men Rule”!
(Source of information: www.ox.ac.uk/news/2019-06-25-older-you-get-harder-you-see...) (African Bush Elephant – Loxodonta africana) (Sony a1, 70-200 f/2.8 with a 1.4 extender, f/4, 280mm, 1/250/second, ISO 2500)
Well, OK, if wildlife approaches you, back away, stay safe behind your vehicle, and take selfies with the big bull elk with one short antler.
This large elk bull sports a plastic orange tag, number 24, in his right ear - usually attached to bulls that wildlife management wants to keep track of because they're especially aggressive toward humans and vehicles during the rut period (which ended months ago) - and a foreshortened left antler. When testosterone-crazed bulls become especially problematic they are sometimes knocked out and their antlers sawed off, to reduce the chance of damage. Since only one of this guy's antlers is truncated I don't believe that's what happened, but he may have broken it in battle with a competitor, or it may just be malformed.
These shots and video (in my Album Deer Rutting - see link below) were taken on 19th October 2020 at Knole Park, Sevenoaks, Kent. This time of year is the rutting season when the males (bucks) fight for dominance over the females (does) and the rights to mating. I was so pleased that they were in a copse near to the car park and it was possible to watch and shoot from a distance. The dominant male had around seven does and there were four or five males in hollows watching.
In the lead up to the rut, there are a number of physiological changes to male deer including an increase of testosterone, the doubling of neck thickness, the larynx becoming more prominent and the tongue changing shape.
Roars are used as the first line of defence as a way to deter rivals. A deeper louder roar signals a larger animal. The sound of a roar can help rival stags determine from a distance whether to try their luck, and females can use it to judge the best quality males in the area.
Stags will thrash about in the vegetation to make themselves look larger. They will also urinate and roll into muddy areas called wallows. This is their equivalent of aftershave on a Friday night!
As the rut advances, harem-holding stags become more exhausted and there is an increased chance of them being overthrown. A stag barely eats or sleeps during the rut and can lose up to a third of its weight during a fortnight of intense activity.
There are slight differences in how the fallow bucks rut. During breeding season, bucks can form a lek - a gathering of males engaging in a competitive display to attract a potential mate. Unlike the red deer who operate harems, it is not uncommon to see a group of 40 does (female fallow deer) with four or five big bucks. In common with other large deer species, during conflict, the buck’s behaviour escalates from groaning and parallel walking to fighting.
easy to get along now but when the testosterone kicks in within next two months things will change and battles ensue...
Fighting White-tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus) bucks from Willacy County, Texas.
....Continued from yesterday.
Antlers entwined; the bucks wrestled for position. They lunged forward, pushing into each other with everything they had. They used their massive neck muscles, swollen by increased testosterone levels brought on by the rut, to try and bring their opponent to the earth.
Just weeks ago, these bucks may have been friends, browsing together in the brush. Today however, they were literally trying to kill one another. Bits of grass and dirt flew through the air as hooves pounded the earth. Water droplets sprayed from fur wet from an early morning rain. It was a sight to behold.
The challenging buck spun his haunches round and thrust his bone daggers forward. The defending buck then literally flipped over his opponents back and slammed into the ground. He knew he had to be quick, and instantly leapt to his feet and beat a hasty retreat as the challenger gored at his flanks.
The challenger then settled in with the does his opponent had been tending just a few minutes earlier. To the victor went the spoils.
This will be my last white-tailed deer post for a while, but I still have plenty more from this year's rut to share. Thank you all for sticking with me, and I wish you all the best as 2021 gives way to a new year.
The Quail here in this semirural setting are inured to the presence of people and often visit their homes. This one was sitting on the front fence and was repeatedly calling for a mate. I have noted that many ground-loving male birds ascend to loftier heights in order to spread their testosterone message. There they can be seen and heard much better.
IMG_9590; Gambel's Quail
I went to photograph the Stags at Bradgate Park, and was laying down on the grass with my Camera Lens resting on my bag, about 30 or 40 metres away from a Red Deer Stag.
He then started moving towards me and trotted to about 10-15 feet away... he stopped when he saw me, startled, he stared at me for what must have been 10 seconds of pure intensity. I rattled off some shots and then he started coming closer.
I looked away to my right as he started walking to my left, I looked back at him and he stopped and stared at me. I froze and then looked away to my right as he stood there eyeballing me, being careful not to move, he eventually moved onwards and then stopped again, by now I couldn't look at him.
For a moment I thought the worst, this is a beast of a specimen, huge tearing antlers, fuelled full of testosterone and weighing 240kg for good measure. I knew he had been ushered away by an even more dominant Stag protecting his harem moments earlier. Did he feel bitter about it? Did he want to take it out on me? It crossed my mind as I lay there as motionless as I could. One of the most intense moments of my life and certainly the most intense I have ever felt doing photography. What a moment!
The red deer is the fourth-largest deer species behind moose, elk, and sambar deer. It is a ruminant, eating its food in two stages and having an even number of toes on each hoof, like camels, goats, and cattle. European red deer have a relatively long tail compared to their Asian and North American relatives. Subtle differences in appearance are noted between the various subspecies of red deer, primarily in size and antlers, with the smallest being the Corsican red deer found on the islands of Corsica and Sardinia and the largest being the Caspian red deer[8] (or maral) of Asia Minor and the Caucasus Region to the west of the Caspian Sea. The deer of central and western Europe vary greatly in size, with some of the largest deer found in the Carpathian Mountains in Central Europe.[6] Western European red deer, historically, grew to large size given ample food supply (including people's crops), and descendants of introduced populations living in New Zealand and Argentina have grown quite large in both body and antler size. Large red deer stags, like the Caspian red deer or those of the Carpathian Mountains, may rival North American elk in size. Female red deer are much smaller than their male counterparts.
Only the stags have antlers, which start growing in the spring and are shed each year, usually at the end of winter. Antlers typically measure 71 cm (28 in) in total length and weigh 1 kg (2.2 lb), although large ones can grow to 115 cm (45 in) and weigh 5 kg (11 lb).[9] Antlers, which are made of bone, can grow at a rate of 2.5 cm (1 in) a day. A soft covering known as velvet helps to protect newly forming antlers in the spring. European red deer antlers are distinctive in being rather straight and rugose, with the fourth and fifth tines forming a "crown" or "cup" in larger males. Any tines in excess of the fourth and fifth tines grow radially from the cup, which are generally absent in the antlers of smaller red deer, such as Corsican red deer. Western European red deer antlers feature "bez" (second) tines that are either absent or smaller than the brow tines. However, bez tines occur frequently in Norwegian red deer. Antlers of Caspian red deer carry large bez tines and form less-developed cups than western European red deer, their antlers are thus more like the "throw back" top tines of the North American elk (C. canadensis), known as maraloid characteristics. A stag can (exceptionally) have antlers with no tines, and is then known as a switch. Similarly, a stag that does not grow antlers is a hummel. The antlers are testosterone-driven and as the stag's testosterone levels drop in the autumn, the velvet is shed and the antlers stop growing. With the approach of autumn, the antlers begin to calcify and the stags' testosterone production builds for the approaching rut (mating season).
The 2nd wave of Style girls is complete and just for a lil bit of testosterone I threw in the TRU exclusive gift set Ken.
When bee-eaters arrive in their breeding areas in Europe in May, the female and male partners have found each other allready. So there is no need for the males to fight for the females. But they're males and there's testosterone, so ...
(Arctocephalus gazella) There was a lot of testosterone on the beach with the male fur seals all jostling for position. Most of them could have started a fight in an empty room! This one had just been in a fight as evidenced by the rather bloody mouth and teeth.
The fall whitetail ritual is one of the oldest in Nature. The bucks are supercharged with testosterone, their necks are swollen, and they are obsessed with the urgency to breed does. They eat and sleep little and are exhausted when the rut is over. It's Natures way to see that a species persists. Our beautiful world, pass it on.
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YUMMY LEFTOVERS! Putting these shots out now since I leave next week for the Netherlands and Belgium. I’m sure I’ll have PLENTY of material after the trip.
An abstract shot I had left over from the 2008 Woodward Dream Cruise. The condition of the chrome and paint on this Chevy was pristine! Barely any retouching in photoshop was needed!
A car show. Red paint gleaming in the spot lights. Testosterone and excitement fills the air. There are all here to see the newest cars - that´s what they tell their wives and even themselves, but its not the technology that sells.
I do believe this is Big Ben, the same buck I've been seeing for the past several years.
I saw a group of does and yearlings standing in a group a bit off the trail and was angling through the woods to get a better shot of them. I didn't realize that Ben was lying behind a tree nearby...probably keeping a close eye on his harem.
All of the sudden he stood up and snorted. Scared the bejezus outta me....LOL!
Normally, he would have bolted as soon as I came anywhere near him, but he's pumped full of testosterone right now and he's feeling his oats I'm sure!
I was a bit nervous having accidentally come that close to him. He was so close at first, I wouldn't even have been able to focus with my camera!.....had to move off a little to get this shot, which I took rather quickly as I was backing off.
They've been known to attack people during rutting season so I thought it was prudent to give him his space!
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Ferrari F40
Chommle, Switzerland
September 2015
contact : lhautocontact@gmail.com
instagram : @lionelhem
One of the many house projects on my street attracted this massive Mack MR688S cab-over concrete pumper. An impressive machine with tandem steering and a 12l (728cid) diesel six sending around 1200 lb/ft of torque through a tough nine speed. So much testosterone here the sidewalk started growing hair !
This is a juvenile Red Grouse I photographed in Upper Teesdale back in July but had forgotten about (probably because I was distracted by my photographs of female Black Grouse). Juveniles are very similar to adult females but do not have any red combs above the eye. Adult females have small red combs and adult males have large combs, which can pump-up really big when they are testosterone fuelled. I quite liked the shallow depth of focus and the bokeh background highlighting the grouse's head. Is anybody interested in the grasses? The short grass with the jagged seed head obscuring the grouse is Mat Grass (Nardus stricta) and the longer grasses with open seed heads are Wavy Hair-grass (Deschampsia flexuosa).
This fellow was the self-proclaimed expert on Elk - and all large wildlife species. I watched him carefully. He talked a good line. He was confident. He was very good at assessing what was a safe distance from the insane, testosterone-pumped bulls (at least up to this point). He led the way.
There were half a dozen photographers shooting the rut that morning. None of us followed the expert when he walked out to the end of a gravel bar in the Athabasca River. At least three big bull Elk were on the opposite bank, and the river isn't wide or deep. And there was no cover out there in the open; no stunted trees to slip behind and minimize a human profile.
When this bull began crossing the river, I thought there could be some action. Mister Intrepid held his ground until the very last minute, and then quickly retreated; nothing happened. Because nothing happened, it could be argued that his decision making was sound, but I thought he was pushing the limit unnecessarily. The previous day, he had told me he creates and sells wildlife videos, and to encourage him, I bought one from him. Watching it after I got home, I learned that he carries a .44 Magnum (with permit, not easy to obtain in Canada) on back country hikes in very wild places, tracks grizzlies, and if he gets charged by one after putting all kinds of pressure on it by his intrusion, he has "no choice" but to shoot it. Oh, and God is on his side, so I guess that makes it okay. All the above is depicted graphically on the video, which I subsequently destroyed. I am just reporting the facts. Pardon my anger. I've had memorable moments with interesting people that I met here and in other locations over the years. This was another - but for all the wrong reasons.
Photographed along the Athabasca River in Jasper National Park, Alberta (Canada). Don't use this image on websites, blogs, or other media without explicit permission ©2021 James R. Page - all rights reserved.
Yearling whitetailed does nibble on acorns together in the blackjack oaks of the Oklahoma Cross Timbers. It's doubtful they are triplets, but they have bonded during the fall rut, as their mothers, whom they were still following, are being chased incessantly by testosterone-fueled bucks. They will likely rejoin the local doe herd when the rut ends.
I've learned a lot more about the social dynamics of whitetailed deer since I traded my rifle for a camera.
Our beautiful world, pass it on.
The main competitor of the Mercer RaceAbout for the testosterone saturated young men in the Mid teens, (the same group who would buy Cobras in the 60s) Stutz was more successful financially, outlasting Mercer by several years. This Bearcat, at Pebble Beach, was in the 'mandatory' yellow and black. Although not having the precarious seats of the earlier Bearcats, though not having a door, there was at least a bit of lateral barrier to protect you when you hit bumps at speed. No seat belts so you had to hold on with both hands. The cars were fast and hairy to drive fast, and the roads abysmally bad. But what a rush!!! The head lights had that wonderful scalloping often seen in light house lenses. Beautiful work of art.
Look at Large to appreciate the patterns within patterns.
Johanna gets close to the herd. At this time of year, just before the rut, the stags and hinds live largely in separate herds. Shortly after the dominant stags begin forming their hareems. It can be dangerous to be an observer as the stags are brimful of adrenalin and testosterone, just like rutting bulls. A few people get killed in Europe by this species every year, but usually because they're not careful.
When bee-eaters arrive in their breeding areas in Europe in May, the female and male partners have found each other allready. So there is no need for the males to fight for the females. But they're males and there's testosterone, so ...
These 2 found a new definition for "hangin' around" ;-)
NEW!
THE WOLF IS BACK!
• Hairbase: Volkstone - Volkstone Luc Hairbase / Ginger @Alpha Event
• Head: LeLUTKA - Ford Head 3.1
• Glass: - [ VERSOV ] - ADIOV_EYEWEAR_FATPACK
• Body: Signature - Davis Body
• Tattoo: DAPPA - Coven Tattoo. [WORN] Lelutka EvoX. @Alpha Event
• Necklace: MANDALA
- Necklace [MANDALA]TESTOSTERONE BOOST-PEARL @Alpha Event
• Short: CHUCK'S -MATHEUS SHORTS FATPACK - DAVIS @Access
• Cheetah: [Rezz Room] - Cheetah Adult Animesh (Companion)
________________________________________________________________________________
DECOR
• Backdrop: K&S - Freedom. backdrop green @Access
A smaller six-point buck cautiously emerges from the shadows of the Oklahoma Cross Timbers to approach a scrape being worked by a couple of larger bucks. Whitetails have relatively small ranges and are familiar with other bucks in the area. They pretty much have a pecking order in place. And this immature buck knows his place. Testosterone is raging inside him, too, and he wants to work the scrape and even breed a doe. But, not likely to happen. Not this fall anyway.
Our beautiful world, pass it on.
Do you remember when we worried about rust in our milk?
~~~~~~~~~~~~~
NOW We Have -·
Pituitary hormones (PRL, GH, TSH, FSH, LH ACTH Oxytocina), · Steroid hormones (Estradiol, Estriol, Progesterone, Testosterone, 17-Ketosteroids, Corticosterone, Vitamine D), · Hypothalamic hormones (TRH, LHRH, Somatostatin, PRL-inhibiting factor, PRL-releasing factor, GnRH, GRH), · Thyroid and Parathyroid hormones (T3, T4, rT3, Calcitonin, Parathormone, PTH peptide), · gastrointestinal peptides (Vasoactive intestinal peptide, Bombesin, Cholecystokinin, Gastrin, Gastrin inhibitory peptide, Pancreatic peptide, Y peptide, Substance P and Neurotensin), · Growth Factors (IGF's (I and II), IGF binding proteins, Nerve growth factor, Epidermal growth factor and TGF alpha, TGF beta, Growth Inhibitors MDGI and MAF, and Platelet derived growth factor, · Others... (PGE, PGF2 alpha, cAMP, cGMP, Delta sleep inducing, · peptide, Transferrin, Lactoferrin, Casomorphin and Erythropoieti
tags:
activism, foodhormones, milk, dairyindustry, toxinsinourfood, deZengodesigns, sacredspacestudio, omtimesmagazine, humanityhealing, wellness, healthy, namaSpirittn
要做到面上青春常駐，當然要適得其法。胡亂塗上大堆護膚品，或者盲目相信廣告，都很難達到理想效果。你必須內外都對症下藥才行。
小題：C 法救基因
面部皮膚細胞的新陳代謝速度非常快，但皮膚每天不斷受到陽光刺激、空氣污染與不良飲食的衝擊，令細胞的 DNA 迅速受損。細胞的更生狀態便開始漸漸下降，皮膚的光澤與彈性亦付諸流水。
人體內的自由基會導致細胞氧化，令皮膚加速衰老。維他命 C 是抗氧份子，能對抗自由基。研究亦發現，由維他命 C 之中的果酸能加速讓受損皮膚復元，亦可修復細胞受損的 DNA。但是，含維他命 C 的護膚品未必有效，由於維他命 C 容易流失，在稍高的室溫下已極難保存。因此，護膚品經過製造、運送及儲存後，內裡所含的維他命 C 實在所餘無幾。而進食大量新鮮蔬果，始終是較有保証的方法，而且亦價廉味美。
小題：排毒就是美顏
人類身體每天進行新陳代謝，就是透過血液循環，為全身提供養份，並排走體內的廢物與有害物質。我們不用刻意吃甚麼人工產品去增加排便，況且，排便多並不等同排毒有效。欠缺健康的飲食，肝臟與腎臟便可能需要負擔大量的排毒工作。腎臟上方有個合桃般大的器官，稱為腎上腺，它負責製造雄激素（Testosterone）、雌激素（Estrogen）、黃體酮（Progesterone）、脫氫表雄酮（DHEA）和孕烯醇酮（Pregnenolone）等等，這些都是讓人體內及皮膚細胞充滿活力的荷爾蒙。排毒的尾關由小腸與大腸把守，別以為它們只是排污渠，其實它們還負責回收一切有用的養份（環保），與及為身體內的益生菌提供住所。
上述五個器官的工作環環相扣，任何出錯都會令皮膚變得暗啞、粗糙；而煙、酒、反式脂肪、醃製食物、鹽和糖等都是白滑皮膚的大敵。要保衛皮膚細胞 DNA，與及提高器官的排毒能力，除一般蔬果外，尤其要多吃深綠色葉菜（例如西蘭花、菠菜）、車厘子、藍莓、黑莓、提子與及含益生菌的發酵食物（例如豆豉、南乳）等等。
About a month after this shot was taken the testosterone valve will be in the wide open position and these four bulls attitudes toward each other will go from friend to enemy. Instead of peacefully hanging out together, they will engage in battle to win breeding rights with cow elk. But on this day calm prevailed. Taken in a high mountain meadow in Rocky Mountain National Park.
DSC_2311. Bronsttijd op de Hoge Veluwe ( a nature reserve in The Netherlands).!
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