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In mathematics, specifically, in topology, a surface is a two-dimensional, topological manifold. The most familiar examples are those that arise as the boundaries of solid objects in ordinary three-dimensional Euclidean space R3 — for example, the surface of a ball. On the other hand, there are surfaces, such as the Klein bottle, that cannot be embedded in three-dimensional Euclidean space without introducing singularities or self-intersections.

To say that a surface is "two-dimensional" means that, about each point, there is a coordinate patch on which a two-dimensional coordinate system is defined. For example, the surface of the Earth is (ideally) a two-dimensional sphere, and latitude and longitude provide two-dimensional coordinates on it (except at the poles and along the 180th meridian).

The concept of surface finds application in physics, engineering, computer graphics, and many other disciplines, primarily in representing the surfaces of physical objects. For example, in analyzing the aerodynamic properties of an airplane, the central consideration is the flow of air along its surface.

Kaluts, Dasht-e Lut desert, Iran by Ferry Vermeer

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You can purchase this photo on Getty Images

Dasht-e Lut, also spelled Dasht-i-Lut and known as the Lut Desert, is a large salt desert in southeastern Kerman Iran and is the world's 25th largest desert. The surface of the sand there has been measured at temperatures as high as 70.7°C (159°F), and it is one of the world's driest places.

Iran is climatically part of the Afro-Asian belt of deserts that stretch from the Cape Verde islands off West Africa all the way to Mongolia near Beijing, China. In near-tropical deserts, elevated areas capture most precipitation. As a result, the desert is largely an abiotic zone. Iran's geography consists of a plateau surrounded by mountains and divided into drainage basins. Dasht-e Lut is one of the largest of these desert basins, 480 kilometers (300 mi) long and 320 kilometers (200 mi) wide, and is considered to be one of the driest places on Earth. Area of the desert is about 51,800 square kilometres (20,000 sq mi). The other large basin is the Dasht-e Kavir. During the spring wet season, water briefly flows down from the Kerman mountains, but it soon dries up, leaving behind only rocks, sand, and salt. The eastern part of Dasht-e Lut is a low plateau covered with salt flats. In contrast, the center has been sculpted by the wind into a series of parallel ridges and furrows, extending over 150 km (93 mi) and reaching 75 metres (246 ft) in height. This area is also riddled with ravines and sinkholes. The southeast is a vast expanse of sand, like a Saharan erg, with dunes 300 metres (980 ft) high, among the tallest in the world.

Measurements of MODIS (Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) installed on NASA's satellite "Aqua" from 2003 to 2005 testify that the hottest land surface on Earth is located in Dasht-e Lut and land surface temperatures reach here 70.7 °C (159.3 °F), though the air temperature is cooler. Precision of measurements is 0.5 K to 1 K. The hottest part of Dasht-e Lut is Gandom Beryan, a large plateau covered in dark lava, approximately 480 square kilometres (190 sq mi) in area. According to a local legend, the name (in translation from Persian — "Toasted wheat") originates from an accident where a load of wheat was left in the desert and was eventually scorched by the heat in a few days.

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dasht-e Lut

Surface Detail 1 by Alastair Woodward

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Solar surface detail in Ha - 16-10-16

Sky-watcher 120mm Evostar Achromatic Refractor

Quark Chromosphere plus tilt

PG Blackfly

Surface Bumps by brucetopher

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January 1, 2017

Calm rolling waves on a cold winter sea. It's just before sunset.

Nauset Outer Beach

Orleans, Massachusetts

Cape Cod - USA

Photo by brucetopher

...always learning - critiques welcome.

No use without permission.

Please email for usage info.

body, three of us by Kazuko Tsukioka

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collage

24× 23㎝

Surface by Undertable

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None of my images may be downloaded, copied, reproduced, manipulated or used on websites, blogs or other media without my explicit written permission. THANK YOU!

Under the surface by SurfacePics

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Am Ende einer Störzone der Blick hinab in die Strecke.

Surface Conditions by risingthermals

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US Highway 50,

Lander County, Nevada, USA

My Fellow Vermin by Jock Ocularic

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Anti-Slip Pathway Paint in Nethermill #Anti-Slip #Pathway #Paint #Nethermill https://t.co/qEA8GjjnJb by Outdoor Surface Painting

via Outdoor Surface Painting outdoorsurfacepainting.tumblr.com/post/151481277206

Anti-Slip Pathway Paint in Nethermill #Anti-Slip #Pathway #Paint #Nethermill t.co/qEA8GjjnJb

Playground Flooring Coloured Painting in North Yorkshire #Playground #Flooring #Coloured #Painting #North #Yorkshire https://t.co/UFA0UsuqhD by Outdoor Surface Painting

via Outdoor Surface Painting outdoorsurfacepainting.tumblr.com/post/147751133171

Playground Flooring Coloured Painting in North Yorkshire #Playground #Flooring #Coloured #Painting #North #Yorkshire t.co/UFA0UsuqhD

Anti-Slip Pathway Paint in Cross Heath #Anti-Slip #Pathway #Paint #Cross #Heath https://t.co/LeYQVXSA50 by Outdoor Surface Painting

via Outdoor Surface Painting outdoorsurfacepainting.tumblr.com/post/147151865811

Anti-Slip Pathway Paint in Cross Heath #Anti-Slip #Pathway #Paint #Cross #Heath t.co/LeYQVXSA50

surface murale by elisabeth bret

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Car Park Line Markings in Trevadlock #Car #Park #Line #Markings #Trevadlock by Outdoor Surface Painting

via Outdoor Surface Painting ift.tt/1QQW1l6

Car Park Line Markings in Trevadlock #Car #Park #Line #Markings #Trevadlock

Sea surface by Julia Kuleshova

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Strange surface by Tom Harper

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Looking down onto the surface of the Land Yeo in the town centre of Clevedon. This small river has its source at Dundry Hill, south of Bristol, and drains into the Severn Estuary at Clevedon Pill.

Saturday 17th April 2021.

Ilford FP4+

Pentax SPII

Takumar 55mm lens

Epson V600 scanner

Ilfosol 3, 1+9, 4 minutes 15 seconds, 20º C.

Surface Of Flame by Tim

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Surfacing by Admitter

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Nova Scotia

Urban Surfaces by Jeff Miller

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East Van Walkabout

Water surface by finnishgardener - I Shoot and Develop Film

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Its reflections often reminds me of tonal paintings...

Minolta AF-C, 35mm f/2.8, Kodak Tri-x 400, (200) Spur Acurol N, 20 Celsius degrees, 14 min.

surface restaurant by Ildiko Horvath

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Chasing fog by Tomi Rantanen

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Surface Tension by @VanveenJF

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HIT THE 'L' KEY FOR A BETTER VIEW! Thanks for the favs and comments. Much Appreciated.

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Surface by nothingbeatsfilm

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Leica M3 | Leica Summicron-M 50mm f2 | Kodak Portra 400

Scanned on Reflecta RPS10M

Negative Lab Pro v2.2.0

Surface Flare by Nick Lucas

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Reflections on Autumn by gripspix (mostly off, health issues)

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surface mix by Hugh Knechtel

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ocean reflection

Red plastic jerrycan washed ashore by RuudMorijn-NL

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Striking red plastic jerrycan washed up during the high water level in the Dutch rivers.

Tijdens het hoge water in de Waal bij het Gelderse dorp Poederoijen spoelt, naast plantaardig afval, ook allerlei andere rommel aan zoals deze opvallend rode plastic jerrycan.

© All of my photos are unconditional copyrighted unless explicitly stated otherwise. Therefore it is legally forbidden to use my pictures on websites, in commercial and/or editorial prints or in other media without my explicit permission.

Some of my photos are sold at reasonable prices through various stock photo agencies.

For example look here for my images on POND5:

www.pond5.com/artist/rmorijn#1/2176

surfacing by Joan Martinez Guijarro

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Just as a submarine surfaces from the depths surrounded by water that flows down its sides, this mountain seems to emerge from the depths of the earth surrounded by a whitish mist that flows down its hillsides.

The Cadí-Moixeró Natural Park, one of the natural wonders of Catalonia, reveals surprising images when the sun casts a mist on the hills and mountains.

Tarmacadam Surfaces in Lancashire #Lancashire https://t.co/oJVMnLLL65 by Tarmacadam Surfaces

via Tarmacadam Surfaces tarmacadamsurfaces.tumblr.com/post/144864911307

Tarmacadam Surfaces in Lancashire #Lancashire t.co/oJVMnLLL65

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