An Astata wasp has just stung a Stink Bug nymph and is waiting for it to settle before she flies off with it. The Stink Bug will become part of the provisions for the wasp larvae in an underground nest.

Portland, Oregon.

Successful black business woman at the office looking very happy; Shutterstock ID 144779455; PO: 100 47953; Job: Shutterstock; Other: Public Affairs

seen as successfully assessing the problem and correctly realising the answer had nothing to do with knot work, but rather creating a situation in which the knot no longer worked.

The unfathomable knot had been dedicated to the Phrygian God Sabazios. Alexander and his fellow Greeks recognised aspects of Sabazios that for them connected him to their God Zeus. Zeus was the all father and chief of the Greek Gods on Mount Olympus. In resolving the Gordian Knot that had been held sacred and guarded by the Priest of Sabazios, Alexander who became known as, “The Great,” showed that he would let nothing stand in his way, that he was determined to defeat any problem and to be victorious winning and so bringing the blessings of Priests and Gods with him on his vast military campaign. Other interpretations are made of this recorded incident and the Gordian Knot is a legendary feat that is taken as evidence of many different problems and solutions leading to the retelling being set to reveal almost whatever each tale teller wants you to see in their version of the story. Here my Gordian Knot has been the joining of the ropes in Photoshop to present loops at the harbour where the sea never stills and rather it rolls around in seasonal tides and so readily presents whatever aspect of the sea you wish to see.

© PHH Sykes 2022

phhsykes@gmail.com

Hello, I am Leah. I have been very lucky to achieve a lot in my life. Born to a rich family after university, I went ahead to take over the reins as the CEO of our family business. That not only shaped me professionally, but it molded the person I am right now. Later, I did investments, and thankfully, everything fell into place.

Today, I am financially stable and fully independent. Nevertheless, despite all my accomplishments, lately, I have been feeling quite lonely. Teeming couples are enjoying life together, and this makes me realize how much I long to share my life with that special someone. I am now ready to find the person who will bring joy and companionship into my world.

If you’re interested in connecting with her or other Sugar Mummies or Sugar Daddies, feel free to contact Admin via SMS, WhatsApp, or Telegram at 0755765795 or 0753534822. Kindly be aware that there’s a connection fee of Kes 550.

Originally published at www.PataMpenzi.co.ke.

Mike & I were trying to find signs of spring.. We remembered seeing Bald Eagles at Salt Fork State Park, and thought we might get lucky to see them again.. No luck with the eagles, but did (Mike) catch this Osprey in the tree with it's catch..

Happy to have successfully got back on the horse with Sammy, it wasn't long before I saw Robyn, who was unmissably tall and well-dressed. She cut a very striking figure. Thankfully she didn't take much persuading. When I caught up with her, she was just on her way to work an evening shift at a local fashion store.

Thinking quickly in the near-darkness, I suggested that the white twinkly Christmas lights of a nearby tree might help illuminate things. In the circumstances, I'm amazed that the multitude of artificial lights (from shops and so on) provided such even lighting.

Working briskly, I didn't nail the focus on the correct eye, but all the same, I'm very pleased with how this came out. It was the second shot I took of Robyn; she felt she looked too moody in the first one. I agree that this one turned out better. It's a little more deliberately posed too. Plus I think her stunning eyes really connect with the viewer.

I stopped the lens down compared to earlier portraits and also allowed myself a little more of a cropping margin. I needed that because the background was so busy. This was converted into B&W for reasons of impact. I really like the contrast between Robyn's dark eyes and blonde curls.

Thank you for taking time out to play a part in my photo project, Robyn. I hope you weren't late for work. I'm sure your super-long strides help you to easily make up time. Hope you like the pic as much as I do; I'll very happily mail copies if you get in touch.

Robyn- all 6'3" of her- originally comes from Africa and now lives in Coventry.

______________________________________________________________________ _________________

Shot #005 in my 100 Strangers Project. Find out more about the project and see the awesome work of other street photographers at: www.flickr.com/groups/100strangers/

______________________________________________________________________ _________________

Source: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin

Dublin (Irish: Baile Átha Cliath) is the capital and largest city of Ireland. It is on the east coast of Ireland, in the province of Leinster, at the mouth of the River Liffey, and is bordered on the south by the Wicklow Mountains. It has an urban area population of 1,173,179, while the population of the Dublin Region (formerly County Dublin), as of 2016, was 1,347,359, and the population of the Greater Dublin area was 1,904,806.

There is archaeological debate regarding precisely where Dublin was established by the Gaels in or before the 7th century AD. Later expanded as a Viking settlement, the Kingdom of Dublin, the city became Ireland's principal settlement following the Norman invasion. The city expanded rapidly from the 17th century and was briefly the second largest city in the British Empire before the Acts of Union in 1800. Following the partition of Ireland in 1922, Dublin became the capital of the Irish Free State, later renamed Ireland.

Dublin is a historical and contemporary centre for education, the arts, administration and industry. As of 2018 the city was listed by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network (GaWC) as a global city, with a ranking of "Alpha −", which places it amongst the top thirty cities in the world.

Source: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Guinness

Arthur Guinness (24 September 1725 – 23 January 1803) was an Irish brewer and the founder of the Guinness brewery business and family. He was also an entrepreneur and philanthropist.

At 27, in 1752, Guinness's godfather Arthur Price, the Church of Ireland Archbishop of Cashel, bequeathed him £100 in his will. Guinness invested the money and in 1755 had a brewery at Leixlip, just 17 km from Dublin. In 1759, Guinness went to the city and set up his own business. He took a 9,000-year lease on the 4-acre (16,000 m2) brewery at St. James's Gate from the descendants of Sir Mark Rainsford for an annual rent of £45.

Guinness's flowery red signature is still copied on every label of bottled Guinness.

Source: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinness_Storehouse

Guinness Storehouse is a tourist attraction at St. James's Gate Brewery in Dublin, Ireland. Since opening in 2000, it has received over four million visitors.

The Storehouse covers seven floors surrounding a glass atrium shaped in the form of a pint of Guinness. The ground floor introduces the beer's four ingredients (water, barley, hops and yeast), and the brewery's founder, Arthur Guinness. Other floors feature the history of Guinness advertising and include an interactive exhibit on responsible drinking. The seventh floor houses the Gravity Bar with views of Dublin and where visitors may drink a pint of Guinness included in the price of admission, which was €18.50 on 15 October 2018 with discounts depending on dates and times, described as "overpriced" by Condé Nast Traveler. In 2006, a new wing opened incorporating a live installation of the present-day brewing process.

Source: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinness_Brewery

St. James's Gate Brewery (Irish: Grúdlann Gheata Naomh Séamuis) is a brewery founded in 1759 in Dublin, Ireland, by Arthur Guinness. The company is now a part of Diageo, a British company formed from the merger of Guinness and Grand Metropolitan in 1997. The main product of the brewery is Guinness Draught.

Originally leased in 1759 to Arthur Guinness at IR£45 (Irish pounds) per year for 9,000 years, the St. James's Gate area has been the home of Guinness ever since. It became the largest brewery in Ireland in 1838, and the largest in the world by 1886, with an annual output of 1.2 million barrels. Although no longer the largest brewery in the world, it remains as the largest brewer of stout. The company has since bought out the originally leased property, and during the 19th and early 20th centuries the brewery owned most of the buildings in the surrounding area, including many streets of housing for brewery employees, and offices associated with the brewery. The brewery also made all of its own power using its own power plant.

There is an attached exhibition on the 250-year-old history of Guinness, called the Guinness Storehouse.

Source: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinness

Guinness is a dark Irish dry stout that originated in the brewery of Arthur Guinness at St. James's Gate, Dublin, Ireland, in 1759. It is one of the most successful beer brands worldwide, brewed in almost 50 countries, and available in over 120. Sales in 2011 amounted to 850 million litres (220,000,000 US gal). It is popular with the Irish, both in Ireland and abroad. In spite of declining consumption since 2001, it is still the best-selling alcoholic drink in Ireland where Guinness & Co. Brewery makes almost €2 billion worth annually.

Guinness' burnt flavour derives from malted barley and roasted unmalted barley, a relatively modern development, not becoming part of the grist until the mid-20th century. For many years, a portion of aged brew was blended with freshly brewed beer to give a sharp lactic acid flavour. Although Guinness's palate still features a characteristic "tang", the company has refused to confirm whether this type of blending still occurs. The draught beer's thick, creamy head comes from mixing the beer with nitrogen and carbon dioxide.[6]

The company moved its headquarters to London at the beginning of the Anglo-Irish Trade War in 1932. In 1997, Guinness Plc merged with Grand Metropolitan to form the multinational alcoholic-drinks producer Diageo plc, based out of London.

A lady returning after hunting. She holding a bow in one hand and an arrow in other, which is damaged. Her maids are carrying the hunted deer and a duck. One of the maid is removing a thorn from foot of another attendant. The tiny thorn is clearly depicted, showing the dexterity of the artist.

GREAT NEWS………

I was awarded the “Associate” Qualification with the SWPP yesterday specialising in Landscape Photography.

This is the next level up from the “Licentiate” qualification, which i got last year.

Delighted with this news as this Qualification is only held by the top 10% of practitioners/members within the SWPP.

My Successful Panel can be seen in below link.

Owen's "A" Panel

One of the more successful things in red on Merseyside were the ex London Titans that arrived in the mid 90s to modernise the fleet. The majority entered service in the same state that they had left the capital with just the addition of Merseybus names and the centre exit sealed closed.

At one stage it would probably have been easier to paint the home based fleet in London livery as the large numbers of Titans on the cities streets started to outnumber other types. Here the former T136, now 2136 heads towards the city at Childwall Fiveways just before the morning peak in the summer of 1993.

“Successful people achieve what they set out to do. All others make excuses.”

― Martin "Rainman" Leghart Jr.

via Instagram ift.tt/1S0VdME

The tern swallows the fish whole while in flight.

+++ DISCLAIMER +++

Nothing you see here is real, even though the conversion or the presented background story might be based historical facts. BEWARE!

Some background:

The Gloster Glaive was basically a modernized and re-engined variant of the successful, British-built Gloster Gladiator (or Gloster SS.37), the RAF’s final biplane fighter to enter service. The Gladiator was not only widely used by the RAF at the dawn of WWII and in almost every theatre of operations, but also by many other nations. Operators included Norway, Belgium, Sweden, Greece, Latvia, Lithuania or Nationalist China, and while the RAF already opted for more modern monoplanes, Gloster saw the opportunity to sell an updated Gladiator to countries which were not as progressive.

Originally designated Gladiator Mk. IV, the machine received many aerodynamic refinements and the motor was changed from a draggy radial to a liquid-cooled inline engine. The latter was the new Rolls Royce Peregrine, a development of the Kestrel. It was, in its original form, a 21-litre (1,300 cu in) liquid-cooled V-12 aero engine ), delivering 885-horsepower (660 kW). The engine was housed under a streamlined cowling, driving a three blade metal propeller, and was coupled with a ventral radiator bath, reminiscent of the Hawker Fury biplane’s arrangement.

By April 1941, however, lack of spares and attrition had forced the Hellenic Air Force to merge the surviving seven Glaives with five leftover PZL.24s into one understrength squadron supported by five Gloster Gladiators Mk I & II and the two surviving MB.151s. These fought hopelessly against the Luftwaffe onslaught, and most aircraft were eventually lost on the ground. None of the Hellenic Gloster Glaives survived the conflict.

General characteristics:

Crew: two

Length: 8.92m (29 ft 3 in)

Wingspan: 34 ft 0 in (10.36 m)

Height: 11 ft 9 in (3.58 m)

Wing area: 317 ft² (29.4 m²)

Empty weight: 1,295 kg (2,855 lb)

Max takeoff weight: 1,700 kg (3,748 lb)

Powerplant:

1× Rolls Royce Peregrine II liquid-cooled V12 inline engine, rated at 940 hp (700 kw)

Performance:

Maximum speed: 405 km/h (252 mph; 219 kn) at 4,400 m (14,436 ft)

Cruise speed: 345 km/h (214 mph; 186 kn)

Stall speed: 60 mph (52 knots, 96 km/h)

Range: 373 mi (600 km; 324 nmi)

Endurance: 2 hours

Service ceiling: 10,600 m (34,800 ft)

Rate of climb: 2,982 ft/min (15.15 m/s)

Time to altitude: 10.000 ft (3.050 m) in 3 minutes 20 seconds

Armament:

4× 0.303 calibre (7.7 mm) M1919 Browning machine guns in the fuselage

Provisions for 6× 10 kg (22 lb) or 4x 20 kg (44 lb) bombs under the lower wings

The kit and its assembly:

The fictional Gloster Glaive started quite simple with the idea of replacing the Gladiator’s radial with an inline engine. But this soon did not appear enough for an update – the Peregrine hardly delivered much more power than the former Mercury, so I considered some structural updates, too. Most of them comprised the replacement of former fabric-covered structures, and this led conceptually to a kitbash with only some Gladiator fuselage and tail parts left.

The basis is (once more) the very nice Matchbox Gloster Gladiator, but it was heavily modified. As an initial step, fuselage, fin and stabilizers (all OOB parts) lost their rib-and-fabric structure, simply sanded away. A minor detail, but it changes the overall look of the aircraft a lot, making it appear much more modern.

The fuselage was left without the OOB radial, and instead a leftover Merlin front end from an Airfix Hurricane (ca. 1cm long, left over from one of my first whif builds ever, a Hurricane with a radial engine!) was added. The lines match pretty well: the side profile looks sleek, if not elegant, but the Gladiator fuselage turned out to be wider than expected. Some major body work/PSR was necessary to integrate the new nose, but the result looks very good.

The liquid-cooled engine necessitated a radiator somewhere on the airframe…! Since I wanted the nose to remain slim and streamlined I eventually placed the radiator bath under the fuselage, much like the arrangement of the Hawker Fury biplane. The radiator itself comes from a late Spitfire (FROG kit).

The exhaust was taken from the Hurricane kit, too, and matching slits dug into the putty nose to take them. The three blade propeller is a mash-up, too: the spinner belongs, IIRC, to an early Spitfire (left over from an AZ Models kit) while the blades came from a damaged Matchbox Brewster Buffalo.

The Gladiator’s fuselage flank machine guns were kept and their “bullet channels” extrapolated along the new cowling, running under the new exhaust pipes. Another pair of machine guns were placed on top of the engine – for these, openings were carved into the upper hull and small fairings (similar to the Browning guns in the flanks) added. This arrangement appeared plausible to me, since the Gladiator’s oil cooler was not necessary anymore and the new lower wings (see below) were not big enough anymore to take the Gladiator’s underwing guns. Four MGs in the fuselage appears massive – but there were other types with such an arrangement, e.g. the Avia B-534 with four guns in the flanks and an inline engine.

The wings are complete replacements: the upper wing comes from a Heller Curtiss SBC4, while the lower wings as well as the spats (on shortened OOB Gladiator struts) come from an ICM Polikarpov I-153. All struts were scratched. Once the lower wings were in place and the relative position of the upper wing clear, the outer struts were carved from 1mm styrene sheet, using the I-153 design as benchmark. These were glued to the lower wing first, and, once totally dry after 24h, the upper wing was simply glued onto the top and the wing position adjusted. This was left to dry another 24h, and as a final step the four struts above the cowling (using the OOB struts, but as single parts and trimmed for proper fit) were placed. This way, a stable connection is guaranteed – and the result is surprisingly sturdy.

Rigging was done with heated sprue material – my personal favorite for this delicate task, and executed before painting the kit started so that the glue could cure and bond well.

Painting and markings:

The reason why this aircraft ended in Greek service is a color photograph of a crashed Hellenic Bloch M.B. 152 (coded ‘D 177’, to be specific). I guess that the picture was post-colored, though, because the aircraft of French origin sports rather weird colors: the picture shows a two-tone scheme in a deep, rather reddish chestnut brown and a light green that almost looks like teal. Unique, to say the least... Underside colors couldn’t be identified with certainty in the picture, but appeared like a pale but not too light blue grey.

Anyway, I assume that these colors are pure fiction and exaggerated Photoshop work, since the few M.B. 152s delivered to Greece carried AFAIK standard French camouflage (in French Khaki, Chestnut Brown and Blue-Grey on the upper surfaces, and a very light blue-grey from below). I’d assume that the contrast between the grey and green tones was not very obvious in the original photograph, so that the artist, not familiar with WWII paint schemes, replaced both colors with the strange teal tone and massively overmodulated the brown.

As weird as it looked, I liked this design and used it as an inspirational benchmark for my Hellenic Glaive build. After all, it’s a fictional aircraft… Upper basic colors are Humbrol 31 (RAF Slate Grey) and 160 (German Camouflage Red Brown), while the undersides became French Dark Blue Grey (ModelMaster Authentics 2105). The result looks rather odd…

Representing a combat-worn aircraft, I applied a thorough black ink wash and did heavier panel shading and dry-brushing on the leading edges, along with some visible touches of aluminum.

The Hellenic roundels come from a TL Modellbau aftermarket sheet. The tactical code was puzzled together from single letters, and the Greek “D” was created from single decal strips. For better contrast I used white decals – most Hellenic aircraft of the time had black codes, but the contrast is much better, and I found evidence that some machines actually carried white codes. The small fin flash is another free interpretation. Not every Hellenic aircraft carried these markings, and instead of painting the whole rudder in Greek colors I just applied a small fin flash. This was created with white and blue decal strips, closely matching the roundels’ colors.

Finally, after some soot stains around the guns and the exhausts, the kit was sealed with matt acrylic varnish.

Modified beyond recognition, perhaps…? The fictional Gloster Glaive looks IMHO good and very modern, just like one of those final biplane designs that were about to be outrun by monoplanes at the brink of WWII.

The winners of the 2015 Sample Return Robot Challenge, the Mountaineers Team, pose for a photo with Senator Joe Manchin (D-W.Va); Senator Shelley Moore Capito (R-W.Va); Steve Jurczyk, associate administrator, Space Technology, NASA; Dr. David A. Wyrick, associate dean of West Virginia University's Statler College of Engineering and Mineral Resources; Dr. Yu Gu, Assistant Professor, West Virginia University; and other NASA and West Virginia University staff before providing a demonstration of their robot on Monday, Sept. 21, 2015 at the Russell Senate Office Building in Washington, DC. The Mountaineers were awarded $100,000 in prize money for successfully completing Level 2 of the Sample Return Robot Challenge at Worcester Polytechnic Institute in Massachusetts June 10-12. Photo Credit: (NASA/Aubrey Gemignani).

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seen as successfully assessing the problem and correctly realising the answer had nothing to do with knot work, but rather creating a situation in which the knot no longer worked.

The unfathomable knot had been dedicated to the Phrygian God Sabazios. Alexander and his fellow Greeks recognised aspects of Sabazios that for them connected him to their God Zeus. Zeus was the all father and chief of the Greek Gods on Mount Olympus. In resolving the Gordian Knot that had been held sacred and guarded by the Priest of Sabazios, Alexander who became known as, “The Great,” showed that he would let nothing stand in his way, that he was determined to defeat any problem and to be victorious winning and so bringing the blessings of Priests and Gods with him on his vast military campaign. Other interpretations are made of this recorded incident and the Gordian Knot is a legendary feat that is taken as evidence of many different problems and solutions leading to the retelling being set to reveal almost whatever each tale teller wants you to see in their version of the story. Here my Gordian Knot has been the joining of the ropes in Photoshop to present loops at the harbour where the sea never stills and rather it rolls around in seasonal tides and so readily presents whatever aspect of the sea you wish to see.

© PHH Sykes 2022

phhsykes@gmail.com

We most often think of the Romans as successful conquerors, effectively beginning their occupation of Britain in AD 43 under Emperor Claudius, but by the latter half of the 3rd century, the Roman Empire faced a grave crisis. Internally, it was weakened by civil wars, the violent succession of brief emperors, and secession in the provinces, while externally it faced a new wave of attacks by "barbarian" tribes. As the frontiers came under increasing external pressure, fortifications were built throughout the Empire in order to protect cities and guard strategically important locations.

Before their arrival on our shores, the Romans had already conquered Gaul between 58-51 BC. It was around 15 BC the Romans first set foot on the marshy soil of the biggest delta of Europe, that of the rivers Rhine, Scheldt and Meuse. Their efforts to extend the empire further north of the Rhine resulted in repeated disastrous military expeditions, so they eventually gave up and settled with the lower river Rhine as the northernmost frontier of the empire on the continent. Around AD 40 they started to erect the Lower Germanic Limes 'border'. Barely were the first fortifications completed, when in AD 69 a large-scale revolt started, orchestrated by the Batavians. Other tribes joined in, and not just on land. Naval power of these ‘barbarian’ forces was mainly supplied by the Canninefates and the Frisians Their fleet laid waste to the fort of Agrippinae, at current Valkenburg, and captured a staggering twenty-four Roman galleys, what must have been a serious blow to the Roman fleet.

Well, the Romans restored order eventually, but this sort of thing was to constantly test the resolve of the Romans, and by the end of the third century, they retreated south. The Roman road that connected Cologne via Maastricht and Tongeren with Bavia on towards Boulogne-sur-Mer, became the new northernmost border of the Roman empire.[ A border still traceable because it is more or less the dividing line between the French and the Dutch languages.]

So here was the rich Roman Empire in retreat. The result was that piracy became an important means of livelihood for many tribes of the region north of the river Rhine. From here, outside Roman control, these skilful seafarers could prepare their raids deep into Roman territory south of the Rhine, at both coasts of the English Channel and at the coast of Brittany. By around AD 200 the intensity of piracy was so widespread that the shores of northern Gaul from Brittany to Flanders, and of southern and eastern Britannia were not safe to live anymore. The Romans had started to build fortifications at river mouths by the end of the first century, and now they responded to the increasing pirate activity to further secure the coasts with stronger fortifications and with more stand-by naval power. This is the legendary Litus Saxonicum ‘Saxon Shore frontier’, a series of forts and military fleets deployed along the southern and eastern shores of Britannia, and along the northern coast of Gaul. The Litus was organized between AD 240 and 280.

In AD 367 not only raids of Germanic pirates were launched onto the shores of Britannia, but also from the north Celtic tribes, Picts and Scots revolted and broke through the borders. It is the year the Romans called the barbarica conspiratio 'barbarian conspiracy'.

The Romans more or less said “that’s it, we’re off” and in the year AD 410 they pulled out of Britannia for good, leaving the defences to the Romano-Britons themselves, and the period of Anglo-Saxon history was about to commence. Piracy though remained endemic, roughly until early sixth century.

In my photo you can just about see the remains of Portus Lemanis, one of those forts comprising the Saxon Shore.During Roman times, the shoreline reached the position of the fort. In subsequent centuries, the land below was reclaimed from the sea as mentioned in my photos of Romney Marsh. The remains of the Roman fort wall have slowly slipped down the slope due to the geology of the area, types of clay. Landslides have been a frequent occurrence since Roman times. Ragstone from the lower Greensand clay may have provided the rock for the buildings and forts in this part of Kent. There is a beautifully straight Roman road called Stone Street that still runs from north of nearby Hythe into the city of Canterbury to this day.

Introducing Clara, a successful and independent lady from Eldoret looking for a genuine connection. Clara works as a manager in a well-known company in Nairobi and handles a cross-border business. Clara is endowed and has achieved so much in life but feels the need for companionship. She seeks a caring and attentive man-sugar boy-to share her life with, valuing love, quality time, and a strong emotional bond. Clara is ready for a real relationship with a man who will be there for her.

If you’re interested in connecting with Clara or other Sugar Mummies or Sugar Daddies, feel free to contact Admin via SMS, WhatsApp, or Telegram at 0755765795 or 0753534822. Kindly be aware that there’s a connection fee of Kes 550.

Originally published at www.PataMpenzi.co.ke.

Aymeline Spring 2020 wearing Jason Wu's Successful Journey fashion.

axtschmiede.com/boost-your-confidence/

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There are three churches near to home that I feel I needed to revisit, St Margaret's itself I should be able to get the key from the village shop at any time, but St Mary in Dover hasn't been open the last few times I have been in town, and Barfrestone was closed most of the year due to vandalism.

But Saturday morning there is usually a coffee morning in St Mary, so I went down armed with camera and lenses to take more shots of the details, especially of the windows.

This is one dedicated to the search and rescue pilots and the MTBs that rescued ditched pilots during the Battle of Britain. Very colourful.

Many more shots to come, I took some 150 shots here.

But that was nothing compared to how many I took at Barfrestone.....

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In the heart of the town with a prominent twelfth-century tower. From the outside it is obvious that much work was carried out in the nineteenth century. The church has major connections with the Lord Wardens of the Cinque Ports and is much used for ceremonial services. The western bays of the nave with their low semi-circular arches are contemporary with the tower, while the pointed arches to the east are entirely nineteenth century. The scale and choice of stone is entirely wrong, although the carving is very well done. However the east end, with its tall narrow lancet windows, is not so successful. The Royal Arms, of the reign of William and Mary, are of carved and painted wood, with a French motto - Jay Maintendray - instead of the more usual Dieu et Mon Droit. The church was badly damaged in the Second World War, but one of the survivors was the typical Norman font of square Purbeck marble construction. One of the more recent additions to the church is the Herald of Free Enterprise memorial window of 1989 designed by Frederick Cole.

www.kentchurches.info/church.asp?p=Dover+1

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THE TOWN AND PORT OF DOVER.

DOVER lies at the eastern extremity of Kent, adjoining to the sea, the great high London road towards France ending at it. It lies adjoining to the parish of Charlton last-described, eastward, in the lath of St. Augustine and eastern division of the county. It is within the liberty of the cinque ports, and the juristion of the corporation of the town and port of Dover.

DOVER, written in the Latin Itinerary of Antonine, Dubris. By the Saxons, Dorsa, and Dofris. By later historians, Doveria; and in the book of Domesday, Dovere; took its name most probably from the British words, Dufir, signifying water, or Dusirrha, high and steep, alluding to the cliffs adjoining to it. (fn. 1)

It is situated at the extremity of a wide and spacious valley, inclosed on each side by high and steep hills or cliffs, and making allowance for the sea's withdrawing itself from between them, answers well to the description given of it by Julius Cæfar in his Commentaries.

In the middle space, between this chain of high cliffs, in a break or opening, lies the town of Dover and its harbour, which latter, before the sea was shut out, so late as the Norman conquest, was situated much more within the land than it is at present, as will be further noticed hereafter.

ON THE SUMMIT of one of these cliffs, of sudden and stupendous height, close on the north side of the town and harbour, stands DOVER CASTLE, so famous and renowned in all the histories of former times. It is situated so exceeding high, that it is at most times plainly to be seen from the lowest lands on the coast of France, and as far beyond as the eye can discern. Its size, for it contains within it thirty five acres of ground, six of which are taken up by the antient buildings, gives it the appearance of a small city, having its citadel conspicuous in the midst of it, with extensive fortifications, around its walls. The hill, or rather rock, on which it stands, is ragged and steep towards the town and harbour; but towards the sea, it is a perpendicular precipice of a wonderful height, being more than three hundred and twenty feet high, from its basis on the shore.

Common tradition supposes, that Julius Cæfar was the builder of this castle, as well as others in this part of Britain, but surely without a probability of truth; for our brave countrymen found Cæfar sufficient employment of a far different sort, during his short stay in Britain, to give him any opportunity of erecting even this one fortress. Kilburne says, there was a tower here, called Cæsar's tower, afterwards the king's lodgings; but these, now called the king's keep, were built by king Henry II. as will be further mentioned hereafter; and he further says, there were to be seen here great pipes and casks bound with iron hoops, in which was liquor supposed to be wine, which by long lying had become as thick as treacle, and would cleave like birdlime; salt congealed together as hard as stone; cross and long bows and arrows, to which brass was fastened instead of feathers, and they were of such size, as not to be fit for the use of men of that or any late ages. These, Lambarde says, the inhabitants shewed as having belonged to Cæfar, and the wine and salt as part of the provision he had brought with him hither; and Camden relates, that he was shewn these arrows, which he thinks were such as the Romans used to shoot out of their engines, which were like to large crossbows. These last might, no doubt, though not Cæsar's, belong to the Romans of a later time; and the former might, perhaps, be part of the provisions and stores which king Henry VIII. laid in here, at a time when he passed from hence over sea to France. But for many years past it has not been known what is become of any of these things.

Others, averse to Cæsar's having built this castle, and yet willing to give the building of it to the empire of the Romans of a later time, suppose, and that perhaps with some probability, it was first erected by Arviragus, (or Arivog, as he is called on his coin) king of Britain, in the time of Claudius, the Roman emperor. (fn. 2)

That there was one built here, during the continuance of the Roman empire in Britain, must be supposed from the necessity of it, and the circumstances of those times; and the existence of one plainly appears, from the remains of the tower and other parts of the antient church within it, and the octagon tower at the west end, in which are quantities of Roman brick and tile. These towers are evidently the remains of Roman work, the former of much less antiquity than the latter, which may be well supposed to have been built as early as the emperor Claudius, whose expedition hither was about or immediately subsequent to the year of Christ 44. Of these towers, probably the latter was built for a speculum, or watch-tower, and was used, not only to watch the approach of enemies, but with another on the opposite hill, to point out the safe entrance into this port between them, by night as well as by day.

In this fortress, the Romans seem afterwards to have kept a garrison of veterans, as we learn from Pancirollus, who tells us that a company of soldiers under their chief, called Præpositus Militum Tungricanorum, was stationed within this fortess.

Out of the remains of part of the above-mentioned Roman buildings here, a Christian church was erected, as most historians write, by Lucius, king of Britain, about the year 161; but it is much to be doubted whether there ever was such a king in Britain; if there was, he was only a tributary chief to the Roman emperor, under whose peculiar government Britain was then accounted. This church was built, no doubt, for the use of that part of the garrison in particular, who were at that time believers of the gospel, and afterwards during the different changes of the Christian and Pagan religions in these parts, was made use of accordingly, till St. Augustine, soon after the year 597, at the request of king Ethelbert, reconsecrated it, and dedicated it anew, in honour of the blessed Virgin Mary.

¶His son and successor Eadbald, king of Kent, founded a college of secular canons and a provost in this church, whose habitations, undoubtedly near it, there are not the least traces of. These continued here till after the year 691; when Widred, king of Kent, having increated the fortifications, and finding the residence of the religious within them an incumbrance, removed them from hence into the town of Dover, to the antient church of St. Martin; in the description of which hereafter, a further account of them will be given.

DOVER does not seem to have been in much repute as a harbour, till some time after Cæsar's expedition hither; for the unfitness, as well as insecurity of the place, especially for a large fleet of shipping, added to the character which he had given of it, deterred the Romans from making a frequent use of it, so that from Boleyne, or Gessoriacum, their usual port in Gaul, they in general failed with their fleets to Richborough, or Portus Rutupinus, situated at the mouth of the Thames, in Britain, and thence back again; the latter being a most safe and commodious haven, with a large and extensive bay.

Notwithstanding which, Dover certainly was then made use of as a port for smaller vessels, and a nearer intercourse for passengers from the continent; and to render the entrance to it more safe, the Romans built two Specula, or watch-towers, here, on the two hills opposite to each other, to point out the approach to it, and one likewise on the opposite hill at Bologne, for the like purpose there; and it is mentioned as a port by Antoninus, in his Itinerary, in which, ITER III. is A Londinio ad Portum Dubris, i. e. from London to the port of Dover.

After the departure of the Romans from Britain, when the port of Bologne, as well as Richborough, fell into decay and disuse, and instead of the former a nearer port came into use, first at Whitsan, and when that was stopped up, a little higher at Calais, Dover quickly became the more usual and established port of passage between France and Britain, and it has continued so to the present time.

When the antient harbour of Dover was changed from its antient situation is not known; most probably by various occurrences of nature, the sea left it by degrees, till at last the farmer scite of it became entirely swallowed up by the beach. That the harbour was much further within land, even at the time of the conquest than it is at present, seems to be confirmed by Domesday, in which it is said, that at the entrance of it, there was a mill which damaged almost every ship that passed by it, on account of the great swell of the sea there. Where the scite of this mill was, is now totally unknown, though it is probable it was much within the land, and that by the still further accumulation of the beach, and other natural causes, this haven was in process of time so far filled up towards the inland part of it, as to change its situation still more to the south-west, towards the sea.

From the time of the Norman conquest this port continued the usual passage to the continent, and to confine the intercourse to this port only, there was a statute passed anno 4 Edward IV. that none should take shipping for Calais, but at Dover. (fn. 20) But in king Henry VII.'s time, which was almost the next reign, the harbour was become so swerved up, as to render it necessary for the king's immediate attention, to prevent its total ruin, and he expended great sums of money for its preservation. But it was found, that all that was done, would not answer the end proposed, without the building of a pier to seaward, which was determined on about the middle of Henry VIII.'s reign, and one was constructed, which was compiled of two rows of main posts, and great piles, which were let into holes hewn in the rock underneath, and some were shod with iron, and driven down into the main chalk, and fastened together with iron bands and bolts. The bottom being first filled up with great rocks of stone, and the remainder above with great chalk stones, beach, &c. During the whole of this work, the king greatly encouraged the undertaking, and came several times to view it; and in the whole is said to have expended near 63,000l. on it. But his absence afterwards abroad, his ill health, and at last his death, joined to the minority of his successor, king Edward VI. though some feeble efforts were made in his reign, towards the support of this pier, put a stop to, and in the end exposed this noble work to decay and ruin.

Queen Mary, indeed, attempted to carry it on again, but neither officers nor workmen being well paid, it came to nothing, so that in process of time the sea having brought up great quantities of beach again upon it, the harbour was choaked up, and the loss of Calais happening about the same time, threatened the entire destruction of it. Providentially the shelf of beach was of itself became a natural defence against the rage of the sea, insomuch, that if a passage could be made for ships to get safely within it, they might ride there securely.

To effect this, several projects were formed, and queen Elizabeth, to encourage it, gave to the town the free transportation of several thousand quarters of corn and tuns of beer; and in the 23d of her reign, an act passed for giving towards the repair of the harbour, a certain tonnage from every vessel above twenty tons burthen, passing by it, which amounted to 1000l. yearly income; and the lord Cobham, then lordwarden, and others, were appointed commissioners for this purpose; and in the end, after many different trials to effect it, a safe harbour was formed, with a pier, and different walls and sluices, at a great expence; during the time of which a universal diligence and public spirit appeared in every one concerned in this great and useful work. During the whole of the queen's reign, the improvement of this harbour continued without intermission, and several more acts passed for that purpose; but the future preservation of it was owing to the charter of incorporation of the governors of it, in the first year of king James I. by an act passed that year, by the name of the warden and assistants of the harbour of Dover, the warden being always the lord-warden of the cinque ports for the time being, and his assistants, his lieutenant, and the mayor of Dover, for the time being, and eight others, the warden and assistants only making a quorum; six to be present to make a session; at any of which, on a vacancy, the assistants to be elected; and the king granted to them his land or waste ground, or beach, commonly called the Pier, or Harbour ground, as it lay without Southgate, or Snargate, the rents of which are now of the yearly value of about three hundred pounds.

Under the direction of this corporation, the works and improvements of this harbour have been carried on, and acts of parliament have been passed in almost every reign since, to give the greater force to their proceedings.

From what has been said before, the reader will observe, that this harbour has always been a great national object, and that in the course of many ages, prodigious sums of money have been from time to time expended on it, and every endeavour used to keep it open, and render it commodious; but after all these repeated endeavours and expences, it still labours under such circumstances, as in a very great degree renders unsuccessful all that has ever been done for that purpose.

DOVER, as has been already mentioned, was of some estimation in the time of the Roman empire in Britain, on account of its haven, and afterwards for the castle, in which they kept a strong garrison of sol. diers, not only to guard the approach to it, but to keep the natives in subjection; and in proof of their residence here, the Rev. Mr. Lyon some years since discovered the remains of a Roman structure, which he apprehended to have been a bath, at the west end of the parish-church of St. Mary, in this town, which remains have since repeatedly been laid open when interments have taken place there.

This station of the Romans is mentioned by Antonine, in his Itinerary of the Roman roads in Britain, by the name of Dubris, as being situated from the station named Durovernum, or Canterbury, fourteen miles; which distance, compared with the miles as they are now numbered from Canterbury, shews the town, as well as the haven, for they were no doubt contiguous to each other, to have both been nearer within land than either of them are at present, the present distance from Canterbury being near sixteen miles as the road now goes, The sea, indeed, seems antiently to have occupied in great part the space where the present town of Dover, or at least the northwest part of it, now stands; but being shut out by the quantity of beach thrown up, and the harbour changed by that means to its present situation, left that place a dry ground, on which the town of Dover, the inhabitants following the traffic of the harbour, was afterwards built.

This town, called by the Saxons, Dofra, and Dofris; by later historians, Doveria; and in Domesday, Dovere; is agreed by all writers to have been privileged before the conquest; and by the survey of Domesday, appears to have been of ability in the time of king Edward the Confessor, to arm yearly twenty vessels for sea service. In consideration of which, that king granted to the inhabitants, not only to be free from the payment of thol and other privileges throughout the realm, but pardoned them all manner of suit and service to any of his courts whatsoever; and in those days, the town seems to have been under the protection and government of Godwin, earl of Kent, and governor of this castle.

Soon after the conquest, this town was so wasted by fire, that almost all the houses were reduced to ashes, as appears by the survey of Domesday, at the beginning of which is the following entry of it:

DOVERE, in the time of king Edward, paid eighteen pounds, of which money, king E had two parts, and earl Goduin the third. On the other hand, the canons of St. Martin had another moiety. The burgesses gave twenty ships to the king once in the year, for fifteen days; and in each ship were twenty and one men. This they did on the account that he had pardoned them sac and soc. When the messengers of the king came there, they gave for the passage of a horse three pence in winter, and two in summer. But the burgesses found a steerman, and one other assistant, and if there should be more necessary, they were provided at his cost. From the festival of St. Michael to the feast of St. Andrew, the king's peace was in the town. Sigerius had broke it, on which the king's bailiff had received the usual fine. Whoever resided constantly in the town paid custom to the king; he was free from thol throughout England. All these customs were there when king William came into England. On his first arrival in England, the town itself was burnt, and therefore its value could not be computed how much it was worth, when the bishop of Baieux received it. Now it is rated at forty pounds, and yet the bailiff pays from thence fifty-four pounds to the king; of which twenty-four pounds in money, which were twenty in an one, but thirty pounds to the earl by tale.

In Dovere there are twenty-nine plats of ground, of which the king had lost the custom. Of these Robert de Romenel has two. Ralph de Curbespine three. William, son of Tedald, one. William, son of Oger, one. William, son of Tedold, and Robert niger, six. William, son of Goisfrid, three, in which the guildhall of the burgesses was. Hugo de Montfort one house. Durand one. Rannulf de Colubels one. Wadard six. The son of Modbert one. And all these vouch the bishop of Baieux as the protector and giver of these houses. Of that plat of ground, which Rannulf de Colubels holds, which was a certain outlaw, they agree that the half of the land was the king's, and Rannulf himself has both parts. Humphry the lame man holds one plat of ground, of which half the forfeiture is the king's. Roger de Ostrabam made a certain house over the king's water, and held to this time the custom of the king; nor was a house there in the time of king Edward. In the entrance of the port of Dovere, there is one mill, which damages almost every ship, by the great swell of the sea, and does great damage to the king and his tenants; and it was not there in the time of king Edward. Concerning this, the grandson of Herbert says, that the bishop of Baieux granted it to his uncle Herbert, the son of Ivo.

And a little further, in the same record, under the bishop's possessions likewise:

In Estrei hundred, Wibertus holds half a yoke, which lies in the gild of Dover, and now is taxed with the land of Osbert, the son of Letard, and is worth per annum four shillings.

From the Norman conquest, the cities and towns of this realm appear to have been vested either in the crown, or else in the clergy or great men of the laity, and they were each, as such, immediately lords of the same. Thus, when the bishop of Baieux, to whom the king had, as may be seen by the above survey, granted this town, was disgraced. It returned into the king's hands by forfeiture, and king Richard I. afterwards granted it in ferme to Robt. Fitz-bernard. (fn. 21)

After the time of the taking of the survey of Domesday, the harbour of Dover still changing its situation more to the south-westward, the town seems to have altered its situation too, and to have been chiefly rebuilt along the sides of the new harbour, and as an encouragement to it, at the instance, and through favour especially to the prior of Dover, king Edward I. in corporated this town, the first that was so of any of the cinque ports, by the name of the mayor and commonalty. The mayor to be chosen out of the latter, from which body he was afterwards to chuse the assistants for his year, who were to be sworn for that purpose. At which time, the king had a mint for the coinage of money here; and by patent, anno 27 of that reign, the table of the exchequer of money was appointed to be held here, and at Yarmouth. (fn. 22) But the good effects of these marks of the royal favour were soon afterwards much lessened, by a dreadful disaster; for the French landed here in the night, in the 23d year of that reign, and burnt the greatest part of the town, and several of the religious houses, in it, and this was esteemed the more treacherousk, as it was done whilst the two cardinals were here, treating for a peace between England and France; which misfortune, however, does not seem to have totally impoverished it, for in the 17th year of the next reign of king Edward II it appears in some measure to have recovered its former state, and to have been rebuilt, as appears by the patent rolls of that year, in which the town of Dover is said to have then had in it twenty-one wards, each of which was charged with one ship for the king's use; in consideration of which, each ward had the privilege of a licensed packetboat, called a passenger, from Dover across the sea to Whitsan, in France, the usual port at that time of embarking from thence.

The state of this place in the reign of Henry VIII. is given by Leland, in his Itinerary, as follows:

"Dovar ys xii myles fro Canterbury and viii fro Sandwich. Ther hath bene a haven yn tyme past and yn taken ther of the ground that lyith up betwyxt the hilles is yet in digging found wosye. Ther hath bene found also peeces of cabelles and anchores and Itinerarium Antonini cawlyth hyt by the name of a haven. The towne on the front toward the se hath bene right strongly walled and embateled and almost al the residew; but now yt is parly fawlen downe and broken downe. The residew of the towne as far as I can perceyve was never waulled. The towne is devided into vi paroches. Wherof iii be under one rose at S. Martines yn the hart of the town. The other iii stand that yt hath be walled abowt but not dyked. The other iii stand abrode, of the which one is cawled S. James of Rudby or more likely Rodeby a statione navium. But this word ys not sufficient to prove that Dovar showld be that place, the which the Romaynes cawlled Portus Rutupi or Rutupinum. For I cannot yet se the contrary but Retesboro otherwise cawlled Richeboro by Sandwich, both ways corruptly, must neades be Rutupinum. The mayne strong and famose castel of Dovar stondeth on the loppe of a hille almost a quarter of a myle of fro the towne on the lyst side and withyn the castel ys a chapel, yn the sides wherof appere sum greate Briton brykes. In the town was a great priory of blacke monkes late suppressed. There is also an hospitalle cawlled the Meason dew. On the toppe of the hye clive betwene the towne and the peere remayneth yet abowt a slyte shot up ynto the land fro the very brymme of the se clysse as ruine of a towr, the which has bene as a pharos or a mark to shyppes on the se and therby was a place of templarys. As concerning the river of Dovar it hath no long cowrse from no spring or hedde notable that descendith to that botom. The principal hed, as they say is at a place cawled Ewelle and that is not past a iii or iiii myles fro Dovar. Ther be springes of frech waters also at a place cawled Rivers. Ther is also a great spring at a place cawled …… and that once in a vi or vii yeres brasted owt so abundantly that a great part of the water cummeth into Dovar streme, but als yt renneth yn to the se betwyxt Dovar and Folchestan, but nerer to Folchestan that is to say withyn a ii myles of yt. Surely the hedde standeth so that it might with no no great cost be brought to run alway into Dovar streame." (fn. 23)

Cougate Crosse-gate Bocheruy-gate stoode with toures toward the se. There is beside Beting-gate and Westegate.

Howbeyt MTuine tol me a late that yt hath be walled abowt but not dyked.

This was the state of Dover just before the time of the dissolution of religious houses, in Henry VIII.'s reign, when the abolition of private masses, obits, and such like services in churches, occasioned by the reformation, annillilated the greatest part of the income of the priests belonging to them, in this as well as in other towns, in consequence of which most of them were deserted, and falling to ruin, the parishes belonging to them were united to one or two of the principal ones of them. Thus, in this town, of the several churches in it, two only remained in use for divine service, viz. St. Mary's and St. James's, to which the parishes of the others were united.

After this, the haven continuting to decay more than ever, notwithstanding the national assistance afforded to it, the town itself seemed hastening to impoverishment. What the state of it was in the 8th year of queen Elizabeth, may be seen, by the certificate returned by the queen's order of the maritime places, in her 8th year, by which it appears that there were then in Dover, houses inhabited three hundred and fifty-eight; void, or lack of inhabiters, nineteen; a mayor, customer, comptroller of authorities, not joint but several; ships and crayers twenty, from four tons to one hundred and twenty.

¶This probable ruin of the town, however, most likely induced the queen, in her 20th year, to grant it a new charter of incorporation, in which the manner of chusing mayor, jurats, and commoners, and of making freemen, was new-modelled, and several surther liberties and privileges granted, and those of the charter of king Edward I. confirmed likewise by inspeximus. After which, king Charles II. in his 36th year, anno 1684, granted to it a new charter, which, however, was never inrolled in chancery, and in consequence of a writ of quo warranto was that same year surrendered, and another again granted next year; but this last, as well as another charter granted by king James II. and forced on the corporation, being made wholly subservient to the king's own purposes, were annulled by proclamation, made anno 1688, being the fourth and last year of his reign: but none of the above charters being at this time extant, (the charters of this corporation, as well as those of the other cinque ports, being in 1685, by the king's command, surrendered up to Col. Strode, then governor of Dover castle, and never returned again, nor is it known what became of them,) Dover is now held to be a corporation by prescription, by the stile of the mayor, jurats, and commonalty of the town and port of Dover. It consists at present of a mayor, twelve jurats, and thirty-six commoners, or freemen, together with a chamberlain, recorder, and town-clerk. The mayor, who is coroner by virtue of his office, is chosen on Sept. 8, yearly, in St. Mary's church, and together with the jurats, who are justices within this liberty, exclusive of all others, hold a court of general sessions of the peace and gaol delivery, together with a court of record, and it has other privileges, mostly the same as the other corporations, within the liberties of the cinque ports. It has the privilege of a mace. The election of mayor was antiently in the church of St. Peter, whence in 1581 it was removed to that of St. Mary, where it has been, as well as the elections of barons to serve in parliament, held ever since. These elections here, as well as elsewhere in churches, set apart for the worship of God, are certainly a scandal to decency and religion, and are the more inexcusable here, as there is a spacious court-hall, much more fit for the purposes. After this, there was another byelaw made, in June, 1706, for removing these elections into the court-hall; but why it was not put in execution does not appear, unless custom prevented it—for if a decree was of force to move them from one church to another, another decree was of equal force to remove them from the church to the courthall. Within these few years indeed, a motion was made in the house of commons, by the late alderman Sawbridge, a gentlemand not much addicted to speak in favour of the established church, to remove all such elections, through decency, from churches to other places not consecrated to divine worship; but though allowed to be highly proper, yet party resentment against the mover of it prevailed, and the motion was negatived by a great majority.

The mayor is chosen by the resident freemen. The jurats are nominated from the common-councilmen by the jurats, and appointed by the mayor, jurats, and common-councilmen, by ballot.

THE CHURCH OF ST. Mary stands at some distance from the entrance into this town from Canterbury, near the market-place. It is said to have been built by the prior and convent of St. Martin, (fn. 47) in the year 1216; but from what authority, I know not.—Certain it is, that it was in king John's reign, in the gift of the king, and was afterwards given by him to John de Burgh; but in the 8th year of Richard II.'s reign, anno 1384, it was become appropriated to the abbot of Pontiniac. After which, by what means, I cannot discover, this appropriation, as well as the advowson of the church, came into the possession of the master and brethren of the hospital of the Maison Dieu, who took care that the church should be daily served by a priest, who should officiate in it for the benefit of the parish. In which state it continued till the suppression of the hospital, in the 36th year of king Henry VIII.'s reign, when it came into the hands of the crown, at which time the parsonage was returned by John Thompson, master of the hospital, to be worth six pounds per annum.

Two years after which, the king being at Dover, at the humble entreaty of the inhabitants of this parish, gave to them, as it is said, this church, with the cemetery adjoining to it, to be used by them as a parochial church; at the same time he gave the pews of St. Martin's church for the use of it; and on the king's departure, in token of possession, they sealed up the church doors; since which, the patronage of it, which is now esteemed as a perpetual curacy, the minister of it being licensed by the archbishop, has been vested in the inhabitants of this parish. Every parishioner, paying scot and lot, having a vote in the chusing of the minister, whose maintenance had been from time to time, at their voluntary option, more or less. It is now fixed at eighty pounds per annum. Besides which he has the possession of a good house, where he resides, which was purchased by the inhabitants in 1754, for the perpetual use of the minister of it. It is exempt from the jurisdiction of the archdeacon. (fn. 48)

There is a piece of ground belonging, as it is said, to the glebe of this church, rented annually at ten pounds, which is done by vestry, without the minister being at all concerned in it. In 1588 here were eight hundred and twenty-one communicants. This parish contains more than five parts out of six of the whole town, and a greater proportion of the inhabitants.

The church of St. Mary is a large handsome building of three isles, having a high and south chancel, all covered with lead, and built of flints, with ashler windows and door cases, which are arched and ornamented. At the west end is the steeple, which is a spire covered with lead, in which are eight bells, a clock, and chimes. The pillars in the church are large and clumsy; the arches low and semicircular in the body, but eliptical in the chancel; but there is no separation between the body and chancel, and the pews are continued on to the east end of the church. In the high chancel, at the eastern extremity of it, beyond the altar, are the seats for the mayor and jurats; and here the mayor is now chosen, and the barons in parliament for this town and port constantly elected.

In 1683, there was a faculty granted to the churchwardens, to remove the magistrates seats from the east end of the church to the north side, or any other more convenient part of it, and for the more decent and commodious placing the communion table: in consequence of which, these seats were removed, and so placed, but they continued there no longer than 1689, when, by several orders of vestry, they were removed back again to where they remain at present.

The mayor was antiently chosen in St. Peter's church; but by a bye-law of the corporation, it was removed to this church in 1583, where it has ever since been held. In 1706, another bye law was made, to remove, for the sake of decency, all elections from this church to the court-hall, but it never took place. More of which has been mentioned before.

From the largeness, as well as the populousness of this parish, the church is far from being sufficient to contain the inhabitants who resort to it for public worship, notwithstanding there are four galleries in it, and it is otherwise well pewed. This church was paved in 1642, but it was not ceiled till 1706. In 1742, there was an organ erected in it. The two branches in it were given, one by subscription in 1738, and the other by the pilots in 1742.

Thomas Toke, of Dover, buried in the chapel of St. Katharine, in this church, by his will in 1484, gave seven acres of land at Dugate, under Windlass-down, to the wardens of this church, towards the repairs of it for ever.

¶The monuments and memorials in this church and church yard, are by far too numerous to mention here. Among them are the following: A small monument in the church for the celebrated Charles Churchill, who was buried in the old church-yard of St. Martin in this town, as has been noticed before; and a small stone, with a memorial for Samuel Foote, esq. the celebrated comedian, who died at the Ship inn, and had a grave dug for him in this church, but was afterwards carried to London, and buried there. A monument and several memorials for the family of Eaton; arms, Or, a sret, azure. A small tablet for John Ker, laird of Frogden, in Twit dale, in Scotland, who died suddenly at Dover, in his way to France, in 1730. Two monuments for Farbrace, arms, Azure, a bend, or, between two roses, argent, seeded, or, bearded vert. A monument in the middle isle, to the memory of the Minet family. In the north isle are several memorials for the Gunmans, of Dover; arms,. … a spread eagle, argent, gorged with a ducal coronet, or. There are others, to the memory of Broadley, Rouse, and others, of good account in this town.

www.british-history.ac.uk/survey-kent/vol9/pp475-548

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The architectural history of the opera house

The Opera House shortly after the start of construction in 1863

Opening night in the new house of the Vienna Court Opera with "Don Giovanni", Interior overlooking the stage, May 25, 1869

Imperial and Royal Court Opera (1898)

The building was tendered as the first monumental building of the Ring Road borne from the Vienna City Expansion Fund in 1860. At the architectural competition numerous architects took part, inter alia, also the in Germany with cultural buildings successful Alfred Messel. Already by the end of 1861, began the construction according to plans of architects August Sicard von Sicardsburg and Eduard van der Nüll in the style of neo-Renaissance which lasted altogether eight years and was realized by Josef Hlavka, one of the most prominent builders of the Ring Road period.

The Ministry of the Interior got several expert opinions on the existence of suitable building materials. The result were the since a long time in Vienna customary stones, Wöllersdorfer stone, for base and freestanding, simple articulated supports, the hard Emperor Stone (Leitha Limestone) from the Emperor quarry, in its color better matching the Kelheimer stone, suitable for richer articulated parts, the medium-hard Emperor Stone, slightly coarser, Kelheim stone (also Solnhofen lithographical limestone), was planned as the main stone of the opera house, but not available in the required quantities. The Breitenbrunn stone in addition to the Kelheim stone could be highly recommended, the Jois stone was mainly to use where you do not want to choose the very expensive Emperor Stone. It was decided that the entire outer skin of the monumental building, without exemption, has to be executed in natural stone. Due to the large demand, Sóskút stone was yet added, this one was much used in Budapest since its deposit is located southwest of the city. For the stonemasonry work three Viennese companies were responsible, Eduard Hauser, Anton Wasserburger and Moritz Pranter. The solem laying of the cornerstone took place on May 20, 1863, only in 1869, the building was completed. A specific example: the mirror steps of the grand staircase consist of the smooth polished, hard Emperor Stone of the company Amelin in Kaisersteinbruch. This is all the more remarkable as the interiors were equipped with various marble varieties.

The building but by the public was not very appreciated. On the one hand it could over the vast Heinrich court, a private tenement building (destroyed in World War II and replaced in 1955 by the Opernring court), not unfold its monumental effect properly. On the other hand was the Opera House, after the Ring Road level was raised by one meter in front of it after construction began, this one as "sunken chest" and - by analogy with the military disaster of 1866 - as "Battle of Sadowa of building art severely criticized and finally drove van der Nüll to suicide. Just 10 weeks later, Sicardsburg died of a heart attack; therefore none of the two architects lived long enough to see completion.

At the end of World War II, the opera on March 12, 1945 caught fire after American bombing, actually the target was the refinery in Floridsdorf (21st district of Vienna). The already earlier as a precaution walled porch with the entrance arcade, the entrance hall, the staircase as well as the overlying loggia, the "Schwind-Foyer" (with fresco facilities by Moritz von Schwind) and the vestibule was spared from bomb hits, and thus preserved in the original style of historicism. The seating and the stage area but were destroyed by fire.

For a long time, there was discussion about whether the opera should get back its original state or be razed and rebuilt here or at another location. Finally, the idea of ​​rebuilding prevailed. Significantly involved were the former ministers of reconstruction Ernst Kolb and Udo Illig.

A political decision was made by Leopold Figl (former chancellor) in 1946 with the aim that one was able to use the Vienna Opera again in 1949. An architectural competition was tentered, that Erich Boltenstern won. Submissions ranged from a complete redesign of the auditorium to a re-establishment according to the original plans. Boltenstern decided re-establishment with simultaneous modernization of formal language in the spirit of the 1950s. To obtain good acoustics, especially wood was used - among other things, at the suggestion of Arturo Toscanini. In addition, the floor was given fewer seats and the previously equipped with columns fourth balcony designed openly. Egon Seefehlner recommended Heinrich Keilholz which improved the acoustics significantly. At the competition for the redesign of the Iron Curtain several artists were involved, as Marc Chagall. But it was carried out by Rudolf Eisenmenger.

Die Baugeschichte des Opernhauses

Das Opernhaus kurz nach Baubeginn im Jahr 1863

Eröffnungsvorstellung im neuen Haus der Wiener Hofoper mit „Don Giovanni“, Innenansicht mit Blick auf die Bühne, 25. Mai 1869

k.k. Hof-Operntheater (1898)

Das Gebäude wurde als erstes aus dem Wiener Stadterweiterungsfonds bestrittenes Monumentalgebäude der Ringstraße im Jahr 1860 ausgeschrieben. An dem Architektenwettbewerb beteiligten sich zahlreiche Architekten, unter anderem auch der in Deutschland mit Kulturbauten erfolgreiche Alfred Messel. Bereits Ende 1861 begann der Bau nach Plänen der Architekten August Sicard von Sicardsburg und Eduard van der Nüll im Stil der Neorenaissance, der insgesamt acht Jahre dauerte und von Josef Hlavka, einem der prominentesten Bauunternehmer der Wiener Ringstraßenzeit, realisiert wurde.

Das Innenministerium holte mehrere Gutachten über das Vorhandensein geeigneter Baustoffe ein. Das Ergebnis waren die seit langem in Wien üblichen Steine, Wöllersdorfer Stein, für Sockel und freistehende, einfach gegliederte Stützen, der harte Kaiserstein (Leithakalk) aus dem Kaisersteinbruch, in seiner Farbe besser zum Kelheimer Stein passend, für reicher gegliederte Teile geeignet, der mittelharte Kaiserstein, etwas grobkörniger, Kelheimer Stein (auch Solnhofener Plattenkalk), war als der Hauptstein des Opernhauses geplant, in den erforderlichen Mengen aber nicht lieferbar. Der Breitenbrunner Stein konnte neben dem Kelheimer besonders empfohlen werden, Joiser Stein war vor allem dort zu verwenden, wo man den sehr teuren Kaiserstein nicht wählen will. Es wurde entschieden, dass die gesamte Außenhaut des Monumentalbauwerks ausnahmslos in Naturstein auszuführen ist. Durch den großen Bedarf kam der Sóskúter Stein noch hinzu, dieser wurde in Budapest viel verwendet, da seine Lagerstätte südwestlich der Stadt liegt. Für die Steinmetzarbeiten waren drei Wiener Unternehmen zuständig, Eduard Hauser, Anton Wasserburger und Moritz Pranter. Die feierliche Grundsteinlegung war am 20. Mai 1863, erst 1869 war das Bauwerk fertiggestellt. Ein besonderes Beispiel: Die Spiegelstufen der Feststiege bestehen aus dem glattpoliertem, hartem Kaiserstein der Firma Amelin in Kaisersteinbruch. Das ist insofern bemerkenswert, als die Innenräume mit verschiedensten Marmor-Sorten ausgestattet wurden.

Das Gebäude wurde jedoch von der Öffentlichkeit nicht sehr geschätzt. Einerseits konnte es gegenüber dem riesigen Heinrichshof, einem privaten Zinshaus (im Zweiten Weltkrieg zerstört und 1955 durch den Opernringhof ersetzt), seine monumentale Wirkung nicht richtig entfalten. Andererseits wurde, nachdem das Ringstraßenniveau vor der Oper nach Baubeginn um einen Meter gehoben wurde, diese als „versunkene Kiste“ und – in Analogie zum militärischen Desaster von 1866 – „Königgrätz der Baukunst“ heftig kritisiert und trieb schließlich van der Nüll in den Freitod. Knappe 10 Wochen später erlag Sicardsburg einem Herzinfarkt; somit erlebte keiner der beiden Architekten die Fertigstellung.

Am Ende des Zweiten Weltkrieges geriet die Oper nach amerikanischen Bombardements, die eigentlich der Raffinerie in Floridsdorf gegolten haben, am 12. März 1945 in Brand. Der schon früher vorsorglich vermauerte Vorbau mit der Zufahrtsarkade, der Eingangshalle, dem Stiegenaufgang, sowie der darüber befindlichen Loggia, dem „Schwind-Foyer“ (mit Freskoausstattung von Moritz von Schwind) und dem Vestibül, blieb von Bombentreffern verschont und damit im ursprünglichen Stil des Historismus erhalten. Die Zuschauerränge und der Bühnenbereich wurden aber ein Raub der Flammen.

Lange Zeit gab es Diskussionen, ob die Oper wieder ihren ursprünglichen Zustand zurückerhalten sollte oder geschleift und hier oder an einem anderen Ort neu aufgebaut werden soll. Schließlich setzte sich die Idee des Wiederaufbaus durch. Maßgeblich beteiligt waren die damaligen Wiederaufbauminister Ernst Kolb und Udo Illig.

Eine politische Entscheidung traf Leopold Figl 1946 mit dem Ziel, 1949 die Wiener Oper bespielbar wiedereröffnen zu können. Ein Architektenwettbewerb wurde ausgeschrieben, den Erich Boltenstern gewann. Die eingereichten Vorschläge reichten von einer völligen Neugestaltung des Zuschauerraums bis zu einer Wiederherstellung nach den Originalplänen. Boltenstern entschied sich für eine Wiederherstellung mit gleichzeitiger Modernisierung der Formensprache im Geiste der 1950er-Jahre. Um eine gute Akustik zu erreichen, wurde – unter anderem auf Anregung von Arturo Toscanini – vor allem Holz verwendet. Außerdem erhielt das Parterre weniger Sitzplätze und der zuvor mit Säulen ausgestattete vierte Rang wurde offen gestaltet. Egon Seefehlner empfahl Heinrich Keilholz, der die Akustik wesentlich verbesserte. Am Wettbewerb zur Neugestaltung des Eisernen Vorhangs waren mehrere Künstler beteiligt, so auch Marc Chagall. Ausgeführt wurde er aber von Rudolf Hermann Eisenmenger.

de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiener_Staatsoper#Die_Baugeschichte...

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ACA PHOTO

After successfully arriving at Kennedy Space Center’s Launch Complex 39B, Exploration Ground Systems’ mobile launcher is photographed at the pad surface on June 28, 2019. The mobile launcher began its final solo trek to the pad at midnight on June 27, departing from NASA’s Vehicle Assembly Building. The mobile launcher will remain at the pad over the summer, undergoing final testing and checkouts. Its next roll to the pad will be with the agency’s Space Launch System rocket and Orion in preparation for the launch of Artemis 1. NASA/Kim Shiflett

NASA image use policy.

After successfully arriving at Kennedy Space Center’s Launch Complex 39B, Exploration Ground Systems’ mobile launcher is photographed at the pad surface on June 28, 2019. The mobile launcher began its final solo trek to the pad at midnight on June 27, departing from NASA’s Vehicle Assembly Building. The mobile launcher will remain at the pad over the summer, undergoing final testing and checkouts. Its next roll to the pad will be with the agency’s Space Launch System rocket and Orion in preparation for the launch of Artemis 1. NASA/Kim Shiflett

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ift.tt/22YYNIk Neil Armstrong and David R. Scott waiting to be lifted on the board of USS Leonard F. Mason after performing docking and re-entering the atmosphere, successfully completing the Gemini 8 mission, 17th March, 1966 [2722x2722] #HistoryPorn #history #retro ift.tt/1XMcQSv via Histolines

Photo: Susan Allen/ Stockton University

My site is officially moved over now. I managed to get wordpress installed fresh and import my database successfully. All the troubleshooting I read over installing wordpress on GoDaddy isn't as bad as it seems. I'm loving it here, and you can see for yourself by going to the link below! haha

www.godaddy.com/gdshop/superbowl05/landing.asp?se=+

One split second picture after I spotted something in its beak... thanks to the STM lightning speed AF... it is sharp enough!

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Somewhere in the sandy scrub of North Africa, a German heavy gun crew makes ready to fire their 15.5cm K 418(f) field gun. The gun was, in fact, a design that was already some 25 years old, having been conceived and designed by a Frenchman by the name of Colonel Louis J.F. Filloux in 1917. The gun was meant to replace more antiquated French heavy guns then in service with something more modern and this it did, being rushed into production following a brief, but successful, testing period. In French service, the gun was designated as the Canon de 155 Grande Puissance Filloux mle 1917 but more often the name was shortened to Canon de 155mm GPF. The Canon de 155mm GPF served through the remainder of World War One and was also adopted by the U.S. Army as the 155mm M1917, becoming the Army's standard heavy field gun.

Following World War One, the Canon de 155mm GPF remained in French service and the U.S. Army obtained the manufacturing rights to the gun, producing it as the 155mm M1918. In addition to the U.S. Army, the M1918 also became the main heavy field gun of the U.S. Marine Corps. Some of the M1917 guns were put into storage as quantity of the newer M1918 became more readily available. A number of the guns were deployed in the Far East, mainly in the Philippines and Australia in coastal defense positions. As war loomed, the French built M1917 guns were withdrawn from storage and put to use on U.S. coasts and manned by men from the U.S. Coast Artillery Corps.

The French, meanwhile, modernized the Canon de 155mm GPF prior to World War Two with a new carriage designed by Touzard. Rather than one larger steel wheel rubber tire per side, the Touzard carriage had smaller, dual rubber tires per side. The gun was usually towed by a Laffly S35T wheeled artillery tractor. At the start of 1940, the French had 450 Canon de 155mm GPF guns in service. Following the French defeat at the hands of the Axis on June 25, 1940, the Germans came into a large number of the guns and put them into service as the 15.5cm K 418(f). The majority were put to use as coastal defense guns but a number of them were deployed with the heavy artillery battalions attached to the Afrika Korps and saw action throughout the Western Desert Campaign which lasted from June 11, 1940 to February 4, 1943. Remaining 15.5cm K 418(f) guns saw combat during the D-Day landings in June 1944 and survivors continued to see use through to the end of the war in May 1945.

The U.S. phased out the M1917 and M1918 starting in 1942 with the introduction of the 155mm M1A1 “Long Tom” field gun. However, the guns themselves saw continued life when both M1917 and M1918 gun assemblies were fitted to a modified M3 medium tank chassis to become the 155mm Gun Motor Carriage M12. In 1942, sixty M12 were built with another forty in 1943. Initially used for training in 1943, a number of them were put into storage. However, in preparation for the D-Day invasion, seventy-four M12 vehicles were taken out of storage or away from training units and refurbished. Deployed with six field artillery battalions, the M12 saw combat from June 1944 to May 1945. It was soon replaced post-war by the 155mm Gun Motor Carriage M40 which used a M4A3 medium tank chassis and used the 155mm M1 gun.

The 15.5cm K 418(f) had a combat weight of 28,660 pounds with a barrel length of 20 feet and the breech was of the interrupted screw type. The carriage used a split trail and the gun had 60 degrees of traverse with a maximum elevation of 39 degrees. Recoil was absorbed by a hydropneumatic system but this still could send the barrel backwards up to 5 feet depending on the gun elevation. The high-explosive shell was of the separate loading cased charge type which meant the ammunition was in two parts: the shell and the propellant charge. The maximum weight of the round, with a full charge, was 95 pounds and this gave a maximum range of 12 miles. A good crew could fire between two to three rounds every minute and the typical crew size was ten men.

+++ DISCLAIMER +++

Nothing you see here is real, even though the conversion or the presented background story might be based on historical facts. BEWARE!

Some background:

The Messerschmitt Me 262 F was a series of multi-purpose jet planes designed by Messerschmitt for the Luftwaffe that entered service during the final phase of the Second World War in Europe. The aircraft’s design was begun in the summer of 1943 under the project handle P.1099, intended as an improvement to the successful Messerschmitt Me 262 jet fighter and also as a replacement for the Arado Ar 234 bomber/reconnaissance aircraft. The primary focus was on more payload, being either usable for more fuel (since early jet engines had poor mileage and therefore range and endurance) or for weapons, including bombs in an internal bomb bay that would enable the aircraft to fulfil a similar tactical role as the British de Havilland Mosquito. Beyond this high-speed bomber (Schnellbomber) variant, the P.1099 would also be a suitable basis for a fast reconnaissance plane, interceptors and night fighters, and trainer versions were also planned.

Only a handful Me 262 F-2a Pulkzerstörer were eventually fielded and operated before the end of hostilities – beyond the low production numbers the lack of fuel and loss of suitable airfields highly limited the aircraft’s potential. Probably less than ten were used by operational units, including JG 53 “Pik As”, in which they served alongside other interceptors, including other Me 262 variants. Typically, bomber formations were approached from the side of a bomber formation, where their silhouettes were widest, and while still out of range of the bombers' machine guns. This broadside-attack tactic was very effective, and the aircraft’s high speed allowed the interceptors to turn around 180° and make at least a second attack run from the opposite side, before the machines dashed off and returned to their bases.

General characteristics

Crew: One

Length: 14,32 m (46 ft 11 in) overall

12,00 m (39 ft 3¾ in) fuselage only, w/o brake parachute housing

Wingspan: 12,61 m (41 ft 3¾ in)

Height: 4,43 m (14 ft 6 in)

Wing area: 24,2 m² (236 sq ft)

Empty weight: 5.061 kg (11,148 lb)

Loaded weight: 8.762 kg (19,300 lb)

Max. take-off weight: 10.062 kg (22,163 lb)

Powerplant:

2× Junkers Jumo 004 C turbojets with 12 kN (2,697 lb st) each

Performance

Maximum speed: 930 km/h (577 mph, 505 kn)

Cruising speed: 805 km/h (500 mph, 438 kn) at 6.500 m (21,290 ft)

Range: 1.340 km (830 ml, 728 nm) at 6000 m with internal fuel only

Service ceiling: 11,450 m (37,570 ft)

Rate of climb: 18 m/s (3,540 ft/min) at max. weight

Armament:

1× 55 mm (1.96 in) MK 112 machine cannon with 60 rounds

1× 30 mm (1.18 in) MK 108 machine cannon with 100 rounds

Hardpoints under the outer wings for racks with twelve 55mm R4M unguided air-to-air missiles

The kit and its assembly:

This became a submission to the late 2021 “Gunships” group build at whatifmodellers.com – what would such a competition be without at least one gun-toting German Luft ’46 interceptor? The Messerschmitt P.1099 lent itself for such a build. Since 1996 Revell offers a 1:72 IP model kit of this paper aircraft, depicting more or less the two planned versions: a basic single-seat day fighter and a heavy two-seater Zerstörer, both based on the same basis.

This what-if model was based on Revell’s interpretation of the P.1099A, and the kit goes together well. Fit is very good, even though some designs are IMHO a bit dubious. The kit’s weakest point: Revell unfortunately missed the important detail of the modified engine nacelles: the kit comes with standard Me 262 wings and engines, but due to CoG reasons the P.1099 would have had its engines moved back by about 900 mm, as mentioned in the background. I corrected this on this build with some PSR – sounds simple, but since the nacelles are not expected to be stuck to the wings in their new position roughly 1 cm further back, some serious bodywork had to be done.

Otherwise the kit was basically built OOB. I just left away the inner wheels from the main landing gear because I found the twin wheels to be “too much” for this upgraded Me 262. The P.1099 might have been heavier than the Me 262, but…? And the wheels’ tractor-like tread design looks IMHO out of place, too, so that I replaced them with a pair of MiG-21 wheels, left over from a KP kit.

The cockpit was taken OOB, even though I have doubts concerning the canopy. And when you look at mockup pictures of the P.1099 you realize that cockpit access had been facilitated through a side door at starboard, similar to the D. H. Mosquito. The cockpit tub does not consider this hatch at all, and the engraved door on the fuselage (it’s actually there!) is so tiny that only a Halfling might use it?

Well, I stuck with it “as is” and just added a pilot figure (specifically from a Matchbox Hawker tempest, because it is one of the rare cases that you get a WWII pilot wearing an oxygen mask) and a “barrel” behind the bulbous pilot seat because there’s a lot of free space in this single seat variant that is otherwise occupied by a rear gunner in Revell’s P.1099B kit. I also have doubts concerning the kit’s canopy, since the original P.1099 had a cockpit for two seated side-by-side, with a canopy that resembled the D.H. Mosquito’s a lot. I am also not certain about the stabilizers – the kit comes with standard Me 262 parts, but trustworthy sources I consulted suggest that not only the fin had been enlarged (depicted well in Revell’s kit), but also the stabilizers? To improve this, I implanted a pair of modified stabilizers that came from a Heller PZL P.23 light bomber. Sounds odd, but they were a very good match in size, shape and thickness!

The only major modification concerns the armament, even though it became just a “graft-on” solution. On the lower left side, the upper gun port was PSRed away. On the right side I added a bulged fairing for the MK 112. It was sculpted from a Matchbox Saab J29 drop tank and blended into the hull with PSR. Protruding spent cases fairings were added for both guns. The MK 112 gun barrel is a resin piece, left over from a ModelTrans tank conversion set and actually depicts a German 55 mm gun, so that this became a perfect donor piece.

Since the airframe still looked rather clean and boring I finally added a pair of JATO bottle racks to the rear fuselage (scratched from styrene profile but left empty) and a brake parachute fairing under the fin, carved from a piece of sprue.

Furthermore, a display adapter was installed into the fuselage for in-flight pictures.

Painting and markings:

This became a challenge, because I wanted a rather unusual livery, neither a standard RLM 81/82/76 late-war combo nor an improvised-cammo-over-bare-metal finish. After some research I settled upon something that was actually carried by some He 177 bombers around 1944: a uniform RLM 74 (Graugrün, Humbrol 245) upper surface with “cloudy” mottles in RLM 76 (Humbrol 247). This appears like a winter camouflage, but it’s actually quite effective at medium altitude, esp. over a cloudy landscape. The original bombers had light blue (RLM 65) undersides, but for the P.1099 from a later period and as a fighter I rather used a darker shade of RLM76 in the form of Tamiya XF-23 (Light Blue). The model received a black ink washing and some post-panel-shading.

The cockpit interior became RLM 66 (Schwarzgrau, Humbrol 67) while the landing gear and the well were painted in uniform RLM 02 (I used Revell 45, a slightly more greenish tone), with wheel discs in RLM 66, too.

Unit markings became minimal and quite sober. I gave the aircraft a typical late-war “Reichsverteidigung” fuselage band, and in JG 53’s case it is plain black. The black band was deliberately chosen because it is a good, much darker contrast to the murky RLM 74, so that the latter appears lighter than it actually is, lowering the contrast to the RLM 76 spots.

The decals were puzzled together from various sources. As an aircraft of the 3rd group the unit’s ID color would be yellow, reflected in the tactical code and the fin tip. For some contrast and to emphasize the long gun barrel I gave it white and black stripes – as a security measure for ground handling. For some more variety I painted one air intake in very dark grey (Revell 06, Anthracite) and the other one in steel Metallizer, simulating replacement parts. The Balkenkreuze come from various sheets – I used simplified “low viz” versions all around. The undulating yellow bar for the 3rd group comes from a TL Modellbau sheet, while the yellow “4” came from a Fw 190 A sheet from Sky Models. A small “4” on the nose was added as a wacky detail, too, the “Pik As” unit markings came IIRC from a Hobby Boss Bf 109 sheet. Since they turned out to have poor contrast/opacity I only used a few stencils from the P.1099A sheet, but due to the disruptive paint scheme this is not apparent.

Finally, the model was sealed with a coat of matt acrylic varnish (Italeri) and a wire antenna, scratched from heated black sprue material, was added between cockpit and fin.

Well, this modified Messerschmitt P.1099A looks simple, but the modified engine nacelles as well as the gun fairing under the nose called for serious PSR. The result looks quite natural, though, and AFAIK this weapon configuration was actually on German drawing boards. However, I am not certain about the cockpit canopy and other details on Revell’s kit, reference information is contradictive.

The paint scheme looks good, even though it was lent from a heavy bomber, and the poor Humbrol enamels did not yield a finish that I had hoped for – the paintwork could certainly have been better, but the overall impression of a late-war Pulkzerstörer is O.K., and this eventually counts.

Barn Owl; Tyto alba; SLO County; I've wanted a BO- with-prey shot that met my standards. All the many hours observing and photographing them throughout August and September has finally paid off.

successful life

There is only one way

To be successful in life:

Always look

On the bright, brighter, brightest

Side of life.

+++ DISCLAIMER +++

Nothing you see here is real, even though the conversion or the presented background story might be based historical facts. BEWARE!

Some background:

The Ling-Temco-Vought A-7 Corsair II was a carrier-capable subsonic light attack aircraft introduced to replace the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk. The A-7 airframe design was based on the successful supersonic Vought F-8 Crusader, although it was somewhat smaller and rounded off. The Corsair II initially entered service with the United States Navy during the Vietnam War. It was later adopted by the United States Air Force, including the Air National Guard, to replace the Douglas A-1 Skyraider and North American F-100 Super Sabre. The aircraft was also exported to several foreign countries, including Greece, Portugal, Thailand and New Zealand.

In 1999, the National Government selected an order of 28 F-16A/B Fighting Falcon aircraft to replace the complete fleet of A-4 Skyhawks and A-7 Corsair IIs, but this procurement plan was cancelled in 2001 following election by the incoming Labour Government under Helen Clark. This was followed by the disbanding of several fixed wing aircraft squadrons, with the consequence of removing the RNZAF's air combat capability. The last A-7 flight in RNZAF service took place on 1st of October 2001. Subsequently, most of the RNZAF's fighter pilots left New Zealand to serve in the Royal Australian Air Force and the Royal Air Force.

General characteristics:

Crew: 1

Length: 46 ft 2 in (14.06 m)

Wingspan: 38 ft 9 in (11.8 m), 23 ft 9 in (7.24 m) wings folded

Height: 16 ft 1 in (4.9 m)

Wing area: 374.9 sq ft (34.83 m²)

Airfoil: NACA 65A007 root and tip

Empty weight: 19,127 lb (8,676 kg)

Max takeoff weight: 41,998 lb (19,050 kg) overload condition.

Fuel capacity: 1,338 US gal (5,060 l; 1,114 imp gal) (10,200 lb (4,600 kg)) internal

Powerplant:

1 × Allison TF41-A-2 non-afterburning turbofan engine, 15,000 lbf (66.7 kN) thrust

Performance:

Maximum speed: 600 kn (690 mph; 1,111 km/h) at Sea level

Range: 1,070 nmi; 1,231 mi (1,981 km) maximum internal fuel

Ferry range: 1,342 nmi; 1,544 mi (2,485 km) with maximum internal and external fuel

Service ceiling: 42,000 ft (13,000 m)

Wing loading: 77.4 lb/sq ft (378 kg/m²)

Thrust/weight: 0.50

Take-off run: 1,705 ft (519.7 m) at 42,000 lb (19,000 kg)

Armament:

1× M61A1 Vulcan 20 mm (0.787 in) rotary cannon with 1,030 rounds

6× under-wing and 2× fuselage pylon stations (for mounting AIM-9 Sidewinder AAMs only)

with a total ordnance capacity of 15,000 lb (6,803.9 kg)

The kit and its assembly:

An idea that had been lingering on my project list for some years, and a recent build of an RNZAF A-7 by fellow modeler KiwiZac at whatifmodelers.com eventually triggered this build, a rather simple alternative livery whif. I had this idea on the agenda for some time, though, already written up a background story (which was accidently deleted early last year and sent the project into hiatus - until now) and had the kit as well as decals collected and stashed away.

The basis is the Hobby Boss A-7, which is available in a wide range of variant in 1:72 scale. Not cheap, but IMHO the best Corsair II kit at the moment, because it is full of ample surface details, goes together nicely and features a complete air intake, a good cockpit tub and even some maintenance covers that can be displayed in open position, in case you want to integrate the kit in a diorama. In my case it’s the A-7E kit, because I wanted a late variant and the US Navy’s refueling probe instead of the A-7D’s dorsal adapter for the USAF refueling boom system.

For the fictional RNZAF A-7N no fundamental changes were made. I just deliberately used OOB parts like the A-7D’s Pave Penny laser targeting pod under the air intake. As a personal addition I lowered the flaps slightly for a more lively look. Around the hull, some blade antennae were changed or added, and I installed the pair of pitots in front of the windscreen (made from thin wire).

The FLIR pod came with the kit, as well as the drop tank under the inner starboards wing pylon and the AIM-9Bs. Only the GBU-8s were externally sourced, from one of the Hasegawa USAF ordnance sets.

For the finalized kit on display I mounted the maintenance covers in open position, but for the beauty pics they were provisionally placed in closed position onto the kit’s flanks. The covers had to be modified for this stunt, but since their fit is very good and tight they easily stayed in place, even for the flight scenes!

Painting and markings:

This was the more interesting part – I wanted „something special“ for the fictional RNZAF Corsair II. Upon delivery, the USAF SEA scheme would certainly have been the most appropriate camouflage – the A-4K’s were painted this way and the aforementioned inspiring build by KiwiZac was finished this way.

Anyway, my plan had been from the start a machine in late service with low-viz markings similar to the A-4Ks, which received an attractive three-tone wrap-around scheme (in FS 34102, 34079 and 36081) or a simple all-around coat of FS 34079.

Both of these schemes could have been a sensible choice for this project, but… no! Too obvious, too simple for my taste. I rather wanted something that makes you wonder and yet make the aircraft look authentic and RNZAF-esque.

While digging for options and alternatives I stumbled upon the RNZAF’s C-130 Hercules transporters, which, like Canadian machines, carry a wrap-around scheme in two tones of grey (a light blue grey and a darker tone with a reddish hue) and a deep olive green tone that comes close to Dark Slate Grey, together with low-viz markings. A pretty unique scheme! Not as murky as the late A-4Ks and IMHO also well suited for the naval/coastal environment that the machine would patrol.

I was not able to positively identify the original tones on the CAF and RNZAF Hercs, so I interpreted various aircraft pictures. I settled upon Humbrol 163 (RAF Dark Green) 125 (FS 36118, Gunship Grey) and Revell 57 (RAL 7000, similar to FS 35237, but lighter and “colder”). For the wraparound scheme I used the C-130s as benchmark.

The cockpit became Dark Gull Grey (Humbrol 140) while the landing gear and the air intake duct became – behind 5mm of grey around the intake lip - white. The maintenance hatches’ interior was painted with a mix of Humbrol 81 and 38, for a striking zinc chromate primer look.

After a light black ink wash the kit received some panel post-shading for more contrast esp. between the dark colors and a slightly worn and sun-bleached look, since the aircraft would be depicted towards the end of its active service life.

Decals were the most challenging task, though: finding suitable RNZAF roundels is not easy, and I was happy when Xtradecal released an appropriate sheet that offers kiwi roundels for all positions (since motifs for port and starboard have to be mirrored). The Kiwi squadron emblem actually belongs to an RNZAF A-4K (from an Old Models sheet). The serial codes were puzzled together from single letter (TL Modellbau), most stencils come from the Hobby Boss OOB sheet.

A simple build, yet a very interesting topic and in the end also an IMHO very cool-looking aircraft in its fictional livery. Building the Hobby Boss A-7 was easy, despite some inherent flaws of the kit (e .g. totally blank dashboard and side consoles, and even no decals included!). The paint scheme lent from the RNZAF Hercs suits the SLUF well, though.