Kaufmann's downtown Pittsburgh store has been subdivided and has a Target and Burlington

As the Estwing set had become too large, it had to be subdivided. Else where you will find the synthetic handled set. I believe all the above are part of the SureStrike Estwings which are not made in America. But on that note, you can still buy plenty of Estwing still made in USA. And if you have read this far down, please note is Estwing not Eastwing, no A in there at all!

The Mont-Saint-Michel abbey is divided in two parts: the church-abbey and the "Merveille". The "Merveille" was the monk living area. Seen from outside, it has a gothic front, on the North side, has three levels and was built over 25 years.

The "Merveille" can be subdivided into two parts: the East and the West sides. The East side was built first (from 1211 to 1218) and has three rooms: the chaplaincy, the hosts room and the dining-hall (from bottom to top). The West side was built seven years later and has three rooms: the wine cellar, the Knights room and the cloister.

 

Due to the nature of the Mont and the way that the abbey has needed to be constructed, the cloister is on top of the rest of the abbey buildings and not at the centre of the complex. Despite this, the cloister which crowns the Merveille [1] has maintained the form and functions of other cloisters found in all other monasteries with just a few subtle differences which set it apart, turning it into a symbolic representation of an ideal monastic life.

 

As with other abbeys the cloister’s function is above all a communications centre inspired by the atrium of a Roman villa and providing access to all the essential rooms: to the east, the refectory and the kitchens which no longer exist; to the south, one door led to the church another to the dormitory; to the west, the three traditional apertures must have opened into the chapter hall that was never built and a small door led to the archives. Only the north gallery, in the direction of the sea was not meant to serve as a way of communication with other rooms. The principal functions of monastic life, except for work and reception, were thus distributed around the cloister.

 

The cloister also served as a passageway, and as in all the other monasteries, it was the place set aside for the monk’s personal meditation. Paradoxically, this symbolic centre of the Benedictine abbey, the very essence of which was the community life that St. Benedict considered the only truly monastic way of life is the only space in which the individual is more important than the community.

 

The columns are as tall as a man and are spaced a shoulder’s width apart. This difference in scale compared to the other rooms is all the more striking in view of the fact that truly imposing spaces must be crossed before arriving at the cloister. The impression of weightlessness aroused by the cloister as a whole is thus accentuated.

The purely physical need to make the cloister, which rests on the vaults of another room, as light as possible explains the airy quality which never fails to take the visitor’s breath away.

 

It was impossible, due to the restrictions of weight to cover the portico with stone vaults and columns and buttresses. The covering therefore had to be of wood, and the plastered barrel vault in wood provides the galleries with their astounding perspective.

 

The weight and thrust of the framework are sustained externally by thick solid granite walls, decorated with blind arcading, and inside by the double arcade, set slightly askew, with its two overlapping rows of pointed arches. These authentic small ogive cross vaults in between carried on the acutely pointed arches hollow out the wall and ensure the triangulation which provides the whole with a perfect stability.

 

Unusual esthetic effects combine with the physical advantages of this type of architecture. The unbroken continuity in the rhythm of the supports and the absence of the solid masonry at the corners permit the eye to move unhindered and at the same time assures an absolute transparency towards the centre of the cloister.

 

The cloister is designed to be closed off to the outside yet extremely open to the centre. It is placed so that no other building rises higher and the slope of the roof reaches directly up towards the sky drawing our attention upwards towards heaven giving the monks a continual reminder of the subject of their meditation [montstmichel.co.uk]

Badian is a 3rd class municipality in the province of Cebu, Philippines. According to the 2010 census, it has a population of 37,699 people. The Municipality of Badian is located 97.6 km southwest of Cebu City. It is bounded on the north by the municipality of Moalboal; on the south by the municipality of Alegria; on the east by the municipalities of Dalaguete and Argao; and on the west by Tanon Strait.

Badian is administratively subdivided into 29 barangays.

Alawijao Balhaan Banhigan Basak Basiao Bato Bugas Calangcang Candiis Dagatan Dobdob

Ginablan Lambug Malbago Malhiao Manduyong Matutinao Patong Poblacion Sanlagan

Santicon Sohoton Sulsugan Talayong Taytay Tigbao Tiguib Tubod Zaragosa

Your choices to come from Cebu City to Badian are: from the airport you can take a taxi to South Bus Terminal look for Ceres Bus Liner via Barili, you can also take Librando Trans. There are buses leaving Cebu City to Badian every 30 minutes or one hour. It will take 2-3 hours or more bus travel to reach Badian from Cebu City depending on the number of stops. You can also hire a taxi at the airport or at the city to Badian, it is more comfortable and faster. Make sure the driver knows where Badian is. The fare is about Php 1500.00 - Php 3000.00 and be prepare for some bartering and some hidden costs

The capital barangay of Badian town is Poblacion. It is located in the centre of the town. This is where the local high school is located called Badian National High School ( BNHS ) is one of the two high schools in the town of Badian. This is also the largest of the two and many students from the neighbouring town just like Moalboal, Alcantara and Ronda come to study in this high school. The lower educational facility in Badian is the Badian Central Elementary School where all the younger children go to school for the simple fact that it is completely free and the only elementary school and the biggest one in town. One more very important institution that is located in Poblacion is the Town Hospital where everyone from every other barangay goes to in the time of sickness.

The Kawasan Falls is a three-layered waterfall series located in the Municipality of Badian, Cebu, which has become a huge attraction with foreign and local tourists throughout the years. The first waterfall is the largest and highest of the three falls, while the two falls uphill are smaller.

Kawasan Falls is located in Barangay Matutinao in Badian, Cebu. To get to Badian from Cebu City you can take a bus at the South Bus Terminal for a three hour ride that will directly take you to Badian. From there, you can take a tricycle that will take you to Barangay Matutinao.

If you are taking a private vehicle, drive past the Municipality of Carcar, and upon reaching the Municipality of Badian through the picturesque mountain road, then drive to Matutinao village. You can always ask for directions from people along the way if it is your first time to go to Kawasan Falls, so you won’t get lost.

When you reach the main road leading to Kawasan Falls, there is a main entrance to the waterfalls area and an entrance fee of 10 peso’s per person. From there, you start on a 20 to 30 minute walk on a trail that will lead you to the first waterfall.

You will then have to trek a further 10 to 15 minutes uphill to get to the second waterfall, and another 15 minute trek to the third waterfalls. There is a resort with restaurant at the area of the first waterfalls. There are small cottages and tables for rent at 300 peso’s each table as at September 2012 ( on top of the menu prices ) and several rooms for rent for those who want to stay overnight. A popular attraction is a bamboo raft ride leading to a shower under the cool falling waters of the first and second waterfall.

The facility has been better than the past management they have more improvements to the hospitals than anything else which is the best thing they could have done because this is where most Badianganons run to in the time of need. This is also the location where the town church is located ~ the church of Santiago Apostol, which celebrates its Festival on the 25th of July every year. Together with the Feast of Santiago Apostle is the Banig Festival which was started about three years ago. Poblacion is also where the Municipal Hall is located in sitio sawang. Thus, I believe that the municipality should ought to have more funding's in the Hospital Facility more so that the roads that they are trying to fix every single year Poblacion has many sitios which is the little corners of Poblacion which is residential or commercial properties. Some of these sitios are; Syma, Walog, Sawang, Highway, and many more. This is the only urban place in Badian compared to any other barangays that surround the town. Poblacion is also the most populated barangay in all Badian. Which has 3854 population as of 2007 Census. Poblacion is where the marketplace is located. Thus, most of the trading is here. Many vendors from all over town will show up mostly on Saturdays and Sundays for the trading.

English / Português

 

English

Portel is a Portuguese town in the District of Évora, Alentejo and Central sub-region of Alentejo, with about 2 800 inhabitants.

It is the seat of a municipality with 601.15 kilometers ² and 8 109 inhabitants (2001), subdivided into 8 districts. It is bordered to the north by the Municipality of Évora, east of Évora, southeast by Moura, Vidigueira the south, southwest of Cuba and west of Viana do Alentejo.

The town of Portel was founded in 1261 and received charter county in 1262.

History

St. Mary or Our Lady of the Lake

It was the year 1257, Lisbon on 28 June, when the King Alfonso III ordered the Municipality of Évora to hand over to D. John Peres Aboim, Rich Man, his vassal and Butler-Mor, the lands that now constitute the end of Portel. On 18 October 1261 was authorized by the king to build a castle and fortress, thus laying the foundations of the current town of Portel. On 1 December 1262, D. John and his wife Aboim D. Afonso Navy grant to residents of the new town of Portel letter of charter with the forums and customs of the city of Evora.

Deceased D. John Aboim fit the town of Portel, an inheritance to his son D. Pedro Eanes that came to deliver his sister Maria Eanes. This and her husband exchanged it for other lands, with the King Dinis. This landlord owned the town of Portel and castle until April 1331. Subsequently became the landlord, respectively, to: Queen Santa Isabel, King Afonso IV, D. Pedro I, and King Friends who donated to Gonçalo Rodrigues de Sousa became this man and mayor of Portel.

During the crisis politico-economic and social discovered in Portugal in the years 1383-1385 and after the s struggles that were fought for the occupation of the throne by King John I, was the town of Portel donated to the disputed D. Nuno Alvares Pereira. It is through his grandson, D. Fernando, 2nd Duke of Braganza, the town of Portel became part of the landlord of the house of Braganza, where he remained until the advent of Liberalism.

In 1510, King D. Manuel reformed the forums and customs of the Charter of charter of 1262 granting the Provincial Portel New Reading.

After the Liberal Revolution of 1820, Portel was integrated in the general administration of the state.

Monuments and tourist attractions-sheet: Medieval castle and walled town;

Churches and Convents (Matrix, Mercy, Holy Spirit, St. Paul and St. António Capuchin) and chapel and church of S. Pedro;

Urban area surrounding the castle and the urban Vale Flores - narrow streets, white houses, chimneys protruding in the majestic facade;

Palaces and mansions of the Republic Square and the Largo 5 October;

In the Town of Portel was attached to the old Town of St. John Baptist Odivelas whose parish church of the patron saint S. John the Baptist and located at Mount St. John is at present in complete ruin.

Português

Portel é uma vila portuguesa, no Distrito de Évora, região Alentejo e subregião do Alentejo Central, com cerca de 2 800 habitantes.

É sede de um município com 601,15 km² de área e 8 109 habitantes (2001), subdividido em 8 freguesias. O município é limitado a norte pelo município de Évora, a leste por Reguengos de Monsaraz, a sueste por Moura, a sul pela Vidigueira, a sudoeste por Cuba e a oeste por Viana do Alentejo.

A vila de Portel foi fundada em 1261, tendo recebido foral de concelho em 1262.

Historia

Santa Maria ou Nossa Senhora da Lagoa

Decorria o ano de 1257, Lisboa a 28 de Junho, quando o Rei D. Afonso III, ordenou ao Concelho de Évora que entregasse a D. João Peres de Aboim, Rico Homem, seu Vassalo e Mordomo-Mor, as terras que passaram a constituir o termo de Portel. Em 18 de Outubro de 1261 foi autorizada pelo soberano a construção de castelo e fortaleza, lançando assim os fundamentos da actual povoação de Portel. A 1 de Dezembro de 1262, D. João de Aboim e sua mulher D. Marinha Afonso concederam aos moradores da nova vila de Portel Carta de Foral com os foros e costumes da cidade de Évora.

Falecido D. João de Aboim coube a vila de Portel, em herança, a seu filho D. Pedro Eanes que a veio a entregar a sua irmã D. Maria Eanes. Esta e seu marido trocaram-na, por outras terras, com o rei D. Dinis. Este possuiu o senhorio da vila de Portel e castelo até Abril de 1331. Passou, posteriormente o senhorio, respectivamente, para: a rainha Santa Isabel, Rei D. Afonso IV, D. Pedro I, e Rei D. Fernando que o doou a Gonçalo Rodrigues de Sousa tornando-se este senhor e alcaide de Portel.

Durante a crise politico-económica e social que surgiu em Portugal nos anos 1383-1385 e posteriormente à s lutas que se travaram pela ocupação do trono por D. João I, foi a vila de Portel doada ao Contestável D. Nuno Alvares Pereira. É, por intermédio de seu neto, D. Fernando, 2º Duque de Bragança, que a vila de Portel passou a fazer parte do senhorio da Casa de Bragança onde se manteve até ao advento do Liberalismo.

Em 1510, El-Rei D. Manuel reformou os foros e costumes da Carta de Foral de 1262 concedendo a Portel Foral de Leitura Nova.

Depois da Revolução Liberal de 1820, Portel foi integrado na administração geral do Estado.

Monumentos e locais de interesse turístico-patrimonial: Castelo medieval e amuralhamento da vila;

Igrejas e Conventos (Matriz, Misericórdia, Espírito Santo, S. Paulo e Stº António dos Capuchos ) e ermida e igreja de S. Pedro;

Malha urbana envolvente ao castelo e malha urbana de Vale Flores - ruas estreitas, casas brancas, chaminés magestosas salientes na fachada;

Casas apalaçadas e brasonadas da Praça da República e do Largo 5 de Outubro;

À Freguesia de Portel foi anexada a antiga Freguesia de S. João Baptista de Odivelas cuja igreja paroquial de orago a S. João Baptista e situada no Monte de S. João se encontra, na actualidade, em completa ruína.

 

Turpan (simplified Chinese: 吐鲁番; traditional Chinese: 吐魯番; pinyin: Tǔlǔfān; Uyghur: تۇرپان‎, ULY: Turpan, UYY: Turpan?), also known as Turfan or Tulufan, is a prefecture-level city located in the east of Xinjiang, People's Republic of China. It has an area of 69,324 square kilometres and a population of 570,000 (2003).

 

HISTORY

Turpan has long been the centre of a fertile oasis (with water provided by the karez canal system) and an important trade centre. It was historically located along the Silk Road, at which time it was adjacent to the kingdoms of Kroran and Yanqi. The name Turfan itself however was not used until the end of the Middle Ages - its use became widespread only in the post-Mongol period. The center of the region has shifted a number of times, from Yar-Khoto (Jiaohe, 10 km to the west of modern Turpan) to Qocho (Gaochang, 30 km to the southeast of Turpan), and to Turpan itself. Historically, many settlements in the region have been given a number of different names, some of which refer to more than one place – Turpan/Turfan/Tulufan is one such example. (Others include Loulan/Kroran/Korla, Jushi/Gushi, Gaochang/Qocho/Karakhoja, Hezhou, and Jiaohe/Yarkhoto.)

 

The peoples of the Kingdoms of Nearer and Further Jushi (the Turpan Oasis and the region to the north of the mountains near modern Jimasa), were closely related. It was originally one kingdom called Gushi, which the Chinese conquered in 107 BC. It was subdivided into two kingdoms by the Chinese in 60 BC. During the Han era the city changed hands several times between the Xiongnu and the Han, interspersed with short periods of independence.

 

After the fall of the Han dynasty in 220, the region was virtually independent but tributary to various dynasties. Until the 5th century AD, the capital of this kingdom was Jiaohe (modern Yarghul 16 kilometres west of Turpan).

 

From 487 to 541 AD, Turpan was an independent Kingdom ruled by a Turkic tribe known to the Chinese as the Tiele. The Rouran Khaganate defeated the Tiele and subjugated Turpan, but soon afterwards the Rouran were destroyed by the Göktürks.

 

TANG CONQUEST

The Tang dynasty had reconquered the Tarim Basin by the 7th century AD. During the 7th, 8th, and early 9th centuries the Tibetan Empire, the Tang Chinese, and Turks fought to conquer the Tarim Basin. Sogdians and Chinese engaged in extensive commercial activities with each other under Tang rule. The Sogdians were mostly Mazdaist at this time. Turpan, renamed Xizhou by the Tang after their armies conquered it in 640 AD, had a history of commerce and trade along the Silk Road already centuries old; it had many inns catering to merchants and other travelers, while numerous brothels are recorded in Kucha and Khotan. As a result of the Tang conquest, policies forcing minority group relocation and encouraging Han settlement led to Turpan's name in the Sogdian language becoming known as “Chinatown” or "Town of the Chinese".

 

In Astana, a contract written in Sogdian detailing the sale of a Sogdian girl to a Chinese man was discovered dated to 639 AD. Individual slaves were common among silk route houses; early documents recorded an increase in the selling of slaves in Turpan. Twenty-one 7th-century marriage contracts were found that showed, where one Sogdian spouse was present, for 18 of them their partner was a Sogdian. The only Sogdian men who married Chinese women were highly eminent officials. Several commercial interactions were recorded, for example a camel was sold priced at 14 silk bolts in 673, and a Chang'an native bought a girl age 11 for 40 silk bolts in 731 from a Sogdian merchant. Five men swore that the girl was never free before enslavement, since the Tang Code forbade commoners to be sold as slaves.

 

The Tang dynasty became weakened considerably due to the An Lushan Rebellion, and the Tibetans took the opportunity to expand into Gansu and the Western Regions. The Tibetans took control of Turfan in 792.

7th or 8th century old dumplings and wontons were found in Turfan.

 

UYGHUR RULE

In 803, the Uyghurs of the Uyghur Khaganate seized Turfan from the Tibetans. The Uyghur Khaganate however was destroyed by the Kirghiz and its capital Ordu-Baliq in Mongolia sacked in 840. The defeat resulted in the mass movement of the Uyghurs out of Mongolia and their dispersal into Gansu and Central Asia, and many joined other Uyghurs already present in Turfan. In the early twentieth century, a collection of some 900 Christian manuscripts dating to the ninth to the twelfth centuries was found at a monastery site at Turfan.

 

The Uyghurs established a Kingdom in the Turpan region with its capital in Gaochang or Kara-Khoja. The kingdom was known as the Uyghuria Idikut state or Kara-Khoja Kingdom that lasted from 856 to 1389 AD. The Uyghurs were Manichaean but later converted to Buddhism and funded the construction the cave temples in the Bezeklik Caves. The Uyghurs formed an alliance with the rulers of Dunhuang. The Uyghur state later became a vassal state of the Kara-Khitans, and then as a vassal of the Mongol Empire. This Kingdom was led by the Idikuts, or Saint Spiritual Rulers. The last Idikut left Turpan area in 1284 for Kumul, then Gansu to seek protection of Yuan Dynasty, but local Uyghur Buddhist rulers still held power until the invasion by the Moghul Hizir Khoja in 1389. The conversion of the local Buddhist population to Islam was completed nevertheless only in the second half of the 15th century.

 

After being converted to Islam, the descendants of the previously Buddhist Uyghurs in Turfan failed to retain memory of their ancestral legacy and falsely believed that the "infidel Kalmuks" (Dzungars) were the ones who built Buddhist monuments in their area.

 

15TH AND 16TH CENTURIES

As late as 1420, the Timurid envoy Ghiyāth al-dīn Naqqāsh, who passed through Turpan on the way from Herat to Beijing, reported that many of the city's residents were "infidels". He visited a "very large and beautiful" temple with a statue of Shakyamuni; in one of the versions of his account it was also claimed that many Turpanians "worshipped the cross".The Moghul ruler of Turpan Yunus Khan, also known as Ḥājjī `Ali, (ruled 1462–1478) unified Moghulistan (roughly corresponding to today's Eastern Xinjiang) under his authority in 1472. Around that time, a conflict with the Ming China started over the issues of tribute trade: Turpanians benefited from sending "tribute missions" to China, which allowed them to receive valuable gifts from the Ming emperors and to do plenty of trading on the side; the Chinese, however, felt that receiving and entertaining these missions was just too expensive. (Muslim envoys to the early Ming China were impressed by the lavish reception offered to them along their route through China, from Suzhou to Beijing, such as described by Ghiyāth al-dīn Naqqāsh in 1420–1421.

 

Yunus Khan was irritated by the restrictions on the frequency and size of Turpanian missions (no more than one mission in 5 years, with no more than 10 members) imposed by the Ming government in 1465, and by the Ming's refusal to bestow sufficiently luxurious gifts on his envoys (1469). Accordingly, in 1473 he went to war against China, and succeeded in capturing Hami in 1473 from the Oirat Mongol Henshen and holding it for a while, until Ali was repulsed by the Ming Dynasty into Turfan. He reoccupied Hami after Ming left. Henshen's Mongols recaptured Hami twice in 1482 and 1483, but the son of Ali, Ahmad Alaq, reconquered it in 1493 and captured the Hami leader and the resident of China in Hami (Hami was a vassal state to Ming). In response, the Ming Dynasty imposed an economic blockade on Turfan and kicked out all the Uyghurs from Gansu. It became so harsh for Turfan that Ahmed left. Ahmed's son Mansur succeeded him and took over Hami in 1517. These conflicts were called the Ming Turpan Border Wars.

 

Several times, after occupying Hami, Mansur tried to attack China in 1524 with 20,000 men, but was beaten by Chinese forces. The Turpan kingdom under Mansur, in alliance with Oirat Mongols, tried to raid Suzhou in Gansu in 1528, but were severely defeated by Ming Chinese forces and suffered heavy casualties. The Chinese refused to lift the economic blockade and restrictions that had led to the battles, and continued restricting Turpan's tribute and trade with China. Turfan also annexed Hami.

 

19TH CENTURY

Francis Younghusband visited Turpan in 1887 on his overland journey from Beijing to India. He said it consisted of two walled towns, a Chinese one with a population of no more than 5,000 and, about 1.6 km to the west, a Turk town of "probably" 12,000 to 15,000 inhabitants. The town (presumably the "Turk town") had four gateways, one for each of the cardinal directions, of solid brickwork and massive wooden doors plated with iron and covered by a semicircular bastion. The well-kept walls were of mud and about 10.7 m tall and 6 to 9 m thick, with loopholes at the top. There was a level space about 14 m wide outside the main walls surrounded by a musketry wall about 2.4 m high, with a ditch around it some 3.7 m deep and 6 m wide. There were drumtowers over the gateways, small square towers at the corners and two small square bastions between the corners and the gateways, "two to each front." Wheat, cotton, poppies, melons and grapes were grown in the surrounding fields.

 

Turpan grapes impressed other travelers to the region as well. The 19th-century Russian explorer Grigory Grumm-Grzhimaylo, thought the local raisins may be "the best in the world", and noted the buildings of a "perfectly peculiar design" used for drying them called chunche.

 

SUBDEVISIONS

Turpan directly controls 1 district and 2 counties.

 

GEOGRAPHY AND CLIMATE

Turpan is located about 150 km southeast of Ürümqi, Xinjiang's capital, in a mountain basin, on the northern side of the Turpan Depression, at an elevation of 30 m above sea level. Outside of Turpan is a small volcanic cone, the Turfan volcano, that is said to have erupted in 1120 as described in the Song Dynasty.

 

Turpan has a harsh, drastic, cold desert climate (Köppen BWk), with very hot and long summers, and very cold but short winters, and brief spring and autumn in between. Annual precipitation is very low, amounting to only 15.7 millimetres. The monthly 24-hour average temperature ranges from −7.6 °C in January to 32.2 °C in July; the annual mean is 14.4 °C. With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 48% in December to 75% in September, sunshine is abundant and the city receives 2,912 hours of bright sunshine annually. Temperature differences between summer and winter are oppressively large (over 50 °C). The warmest months often approach the stifling intensity of cities such as Phoenix or Las Vegas, while winters produce average lows that more closely resemble frigid Minneapolis.

 

Extremes have ranged from −28.9 °C to 48.1 °C, although a reading of 49.6 °C in July 1975 is regarded as dubious.

 

However, the very heat and dryness of the summer, when combined with the area's ancient system of irrigation, allows the countryside around Turpan to produce great quantities of high-quality fruit.

 

DEMOGRAPHY

According to the 2000 census, the city of Turpan had a population of 251,652 (population density 15.99 inh./km²).

 

TRANSPORT

Turpan is served by China National Highway 312. It is the junction for the Lanzhou-Xinjiang and the Southern Xinjiang Railways.

 

WIKIPEDIA

Upper East Side, Manhattan, New York City, New York, United States

 

The Upper East Side Historic District epitomizes the architectural development of this section of the city in a variety of architectural styles and building types ranging from later 19th-century brownstone rowhouses to mid 20th-century apartment buildings.

 

A striking Victorian Gothic rowhouse, built as one of a group during the Civil War years, may be seen at 129 East 70th Street. When development began in the late 1860s and early 1870s, rows of brownstone houses in the popular Italianate style were built on several of the side streets, as well as on Madison Avenue. During the second wave of development, in the period of recovery from the Panic of 1873, the construction of brownstone houses in the neo-Grec and Queen Anne styles continued on all of the side streets and on Madison Avenue. Often a group of houses on Madison Avenue and the adjacent side street would be developed together. Some houses were oriented to Madison Avenue, generally including the corner -property, while other houses of the group faced the side street.

 

Among the architects active in the area during the period were Breen & Mason, Charles Buek, Charles Graham & Sons, D. & J. Jardine, Edward Kilpatrick-, Anthony Mowbray, William P. Parsons, John G. Prague, Thorn & Wilson, and James E. Ware (see Architect's appendix). Genetally without formal training these architects began their careers as masons, carpenters, or builders. A number of them also acted as real estate developers, buying large parcels of property, subdividing them into 20-foot lots, erecting rows of houses on the property, and then selling them to middle class families. Virtually all of the blocks within the Historic District, with the exception of the Fifth Avenue blockfronts, were initially developed in this speculative manner. Many of these brownstone houses survived only until the early 20th century when they were either replaced by new houses or were extensively altered with completely new facades.

 

Nonetheless excellent examples of rowhouses in the Italianate, neo-Grec, Queen Anne, and neo-RenaiSsance styles—all with brownstone or brick and brownstone fronts—remain almost intact.

 

By the end of the 1890s many large elegant mansions had been erected on Fifth Avenue. Among them were several residences in the picturesque Francois I style of the French Renaissance, which had been popularized in the late 1870s and early 1880s by architect Richard Morris Hunt in his residential designs for the Vanderbilts. Hunt again used the style in creating the mansion of Caroline Schermerhom Astor (1893-95) at Fifth Avenue and 65th Street, as well as the Ogden Mills mansion (1885-87) at Fifth Avenue and 69th Street and the Josephine Schmid mansion (1894-95) at . Fifth Avenue and 62nd Street. Charles Coolidge Haight.was inspired by the style (as well as by the Romanesque Revival style) when designing the Henry 0. Havemeyer residence at Fifth Avenue and 66th Street. Charles Pierrepont H. Gilbert was a prominent practitioner of the style, and several examples of ^ his work in that mode survive on the side streets, despite the disappearance of five of his designs on Fifth Avenue.

 

Another distinguished example of the style is the Gertrude Rhinelander Waldo mansion at 867 Madison Avenue, designed by Francis H. Kimball. The Francois I style, sometimes called the "Fifth Avenue style," became associated with the stretch of the Avenue known as "Millionaires' Mile" and with the wealthy people who commissioned such residences.

 

By the turn of the century the earlier brownstone rows along the side streets began to be interrupted by large impressive mansions. Changes in taste, fostered in part by the romantic classical styles used at the Chicago World's Columbian Exhibition of 1893, brought the demise of the brownstone house in favor of the exuberant Beaux-Arts and the more restrained neo-Renaissance styles.

 

In the years before World War I a number of very distinguished mansions and town houses were built for prestigious individual clients in the Beaux-Arts, neo-Italian Renaissance, neo-French Renaissance, and neo-French Classic styles by some of the city's most important architects. The architects included John H. Duncan, Ernest Flagg, C. P. H. Gilbert, Carrere & Hastings, Charles Coolidge Haight, Richard Howland Hunt, Richard Morris Hunt, McKim, Mead & White, James Gamble Rogers, R. H. Robertson,, William Schickel, Horace Trumbauer, and Warren & Wetmore (see Architects Appendix). Ironically the works of some of these architects no longer survives within the district, as their efforts were concentrated on the design of Fifth Avenue mansions which were later replaced by apartment buildings.

 

Among the outstanding mansions which do survive are : the Edith and Ernesto Fabbri residence (1898-1900) by Haydel & Shepard, 11-13 East 62nd Street; the Orme Wilson residence (1901-03) by Carrere & Hastings, 3 East 64th Street; the William and Maria Schiefflin residence (1898-1900) by Richard Howland Hunt, 5 East 66th Street; the Harold L. Pratt residence (1919) by Delano & Aldrich, 58 East 68th Street; the Henry Clay Frick residence (1914) by Carrere & Hastings, 1 East 70th Street; the Oliver Gould Jennings residence (1897-99) by by Flagg & Chambers, 7 East 72nd Street; the Henry T. Sloane residence (1894-96) by Carrere & Hastings, 9 East 72nd Street; the Gertrude Rhinelander Waldo residence (1896-98) by Francis Kimball, 867 Madison Avenue; the Joseph Pulitzer residence (1903-05) by McKim, Mead & White, 11 East 73rd Street; and the Edward S. Harkness residence (1905) by Hale & Rogers, 1 East 75th Street.

 

These elegant residences and the prominence of the persons associated with them greatly enhance the architectural and historical significance of the district.

 

Many other fine town houses were built on speculation by real estate developers during this period. Among those active in this a area were Jeremiah C. Lyons, W. W. & T. M. Hall, McCafferty & Buckley (who had begun developing brownstone rowhouses in the 1880s), and Daniel Hennessy. While Lyons commissioned such better known architects as York & Sawyer, Ogden Codman, and Buchman & Fox to work for him, the other developers worked with architects who specialized in speculative building. The firm of Welch, Smith & Provot was one of the most prominent of these.

 

- The role of the speculat ive builder in the development of the area was noted by Montgomery Schuyler, writing under the pseudonym Franz K. Winkler,1 and in 1900 the Real Estate Record and Guide wrote:

 

Another important feature of the Fifth Avenue building movement is created by the part the speculative builder is taking in it. Originally begun and still for the most part sustained by architects building for private owners, the speculative builder has seen an opportunity to participate in [the movement}, and in a way reveals the growth of capital employed in commercial building. . . . Building in expectation of finding a new market among multi-millionaires is decidedly a new industry.2

 

It may seem strange that wealthy clients would buy houses that were not built specifically for them, but the speculative builder was able to provide houses that were both individual and ostentatious in design so that they would be representative of the wealth of his affluent clients. The designs of the interiors were, however, often completed in consultation with prospective buyers to meet their individual requirements. The Record and Guide noted: "The speculative builders make allowance for individuality of taste in such matters £and} are leaving the drawing-room, dining-room, and library undecorated, until a purchaser is found and his wife consulted.

 

Whether individually designed for a specific client or built on speculation, the majority of the houses within the district reflect the character and the influence of the Beaux-Arts movement in architecture. In its use of the elements of classical and Renaissance architecture, this movement created architectural examples which were harmonious with each other, yet individualistic and able to symbolically represent the importance and affluence of their residents. The extent of such architectural examples within the district is an important factor in establishing the elegant architectural character of the area and in giving it a sense of place.

 

Another phenomenon important in the architectural development of the area was the practice of altering earlier rowhouses. In 1903, the architectural critic Herbert Croly wrote of the transformation of the 19th-century brownstone residence:

 

In some few cases the reconstruction has gone no further than the destruction of the stoop, the placing of the entrance on the ground floor,. . . but for the most part people demand that the old houses shall be either utterly destroyed or subjected to such a drastic process of purging that every trace of the brownstone is removed. And the process of reconstruction is v covering ground with the utmost rapidity.^

 

This practice was widespread within the historic district in the early years of the 20th century when many brownstone facades were extensively altered from the Italianate, neo-Grec, and Queen Anne styles to the newly-popular Beaux-Arts and neo-Renaissance styles, executed in limestone.

 

A second wave of extensive alteration on the earlier brownstone houses took place between about 1910 and 1925. By this time the neo-Georgian and neo-Federal styles had become very popular, and many houses were altered accordingly. This practice was particularly evident in the blocks adjacent to newly-fashionable Park Avenue. A number of houses, such as the group on the Park Avenue blockfront between 68th and 69th Streets, and the Sara Delano Roosevelt house, 47-49 East 65th Street, were newly-built in these styles. The houses in these styles in the district are among the finest in the City. Among the prestigious architects who specialized in these styles were McKim, Mead & White, who had helped introduce this urban Colonial Revival mode in the 1880s; Charles Piatt; Delano & Aldrich; Walker & Gillette; Mott B. Schmidt; and Cross & Cross (see Architects appendix).

 

Another method of altering brownstone houses became popular in the 1920s and '30s. Architectural detail would be removed from the facade and the brownstone surface smooth-stuccoed and painted. The stoop would be removed and a new entrance created at ground level. Sometime the entrance enframement would have detail inspired by classical sources and a simple roof cornice would be added.

  

Certain types of buildings were constructed in the area of the historic district to serve the wealthy residents. Prominent among them were stables and carriage houses. Located primarily on the blocks adjacent to Park Avenue these utilitarian structures were often designed in styles that reflected the styles of their owners' houses. The Romanesque Revival and Beaux-Arts styles were especially popular for these buildings.

 

Club buildings, too, reflected in their styles those of contemporary residences. The neo-Italian Renaissance Metropolitan Club (1892-95) by McKim, Mead & White, the neo-Federal Knickerbocker Club (1913-15) and the Colony Club (1916), both by Delano & Aldrich, and the neo-Georgian Links Club (1916) by Cross & Cross, are club buildings which enhance the residential qualities of the area.

 

The religious structures in the area reflected changing architectural tastes as well. The Gothic Revival Church of the Resurrection (originally the Church of the Holy Sepulchre) designed by Renwick & Sands, at 115 East 74th Street, is the oldest surviving church in the area. St. James1 Episcopal Church and Phillips Presbyterian Church on Madison Avenue, both designed by R. H. Robertson, were built originally in the Gothic Revival style. St. James Lutheran Church on Madison' Avenue, designed by William A. Potter, was Romanesque Revival in style. Likewise the synagogues in the area—Temple Beth-El, Rodolph Sholom, and Congregation Zichron Ephraim— were designed in the Byzantine-Moorish Revival style. Not all of these buildings survived with changing residential and commercial patterns in the area. St. James Episcopal Church was rebuilt in the more fashionable neo-Gothic style in 1923-24 by Ralph Adams Cram.

 

When Phillips Presbyterian Church merged with the Madison Avenue Presbyterian Church in 1899, the church building at 74th Street was redesigned in an austere neo-Gothic style by James E. Ware. The two new churches of the 1920s on Park Avenue were built in then-fashionable styles—the Third Church of Christ Scientist in the neo-Georgian style and the Central Presbyterian Church (originally the Park Avenue Baptist Church) in the neo-Gothic style. When Temple Emanu-El was built in 1928-30, its stylized Byzantine design by Robert D. Kohn reflected the tastes of the period.

 

The most important factor in changing the architectural character of the district was the advent of the tall luxury apartment house. Several of these, such as the Verona and the apartment house at 45- East 66th Street, had been built prior to 1910. However, it was the neo-Italian Renaissance apartment house(1910-12) at 998 Fifth Avenue, somewhat to the north of the District, designed by the firm of McKim, Mead & White, which made apartment living fashionable for the wealthy. It also set a stylistic trend for those apartment houses which were to follow in the 1920s. Many of the mansions and town houses on Fifth Avenue, as well as rowhouses on Madison Avenue and Park Avenue and stables, carriage houses, and rowhouses on blocks just east of Park Avenue, were sold to realty and development corporations, and large luxury apartment houses were constructed on their sites. Two of the architects most active in the apartment house field were Rosario Candela and J. E. R. Carpenter.

 

Following the stylistic lead of McKim, Mead & White, their designs employed the forms and detail of Renaissance architecture as applied to the tall building. Forms of neo-Georgian and neo-Federal architecture were also popular for apartment houses. By the late 1920s, the Art Deco style was also favored for apartment houses. Examples of this style may be seen in the buildings at 19 East 72nd Street, 778 Park Avenue, and at the Hotel Carlyle. Emery Roth was one architect who actively promoted the style (see Architects' Appendix). Curious as it may seem to modern sensibilities, multiple-family dwellings, whether narrow four or five-story buildings or tall luxurious apartment houses such as these, we're classified as "tenements" in the records of the Department of Buildings through the 1920s.

 

Very few buildings within the district were constructed specifically for commercial purposes. Those that were are located on or adjacent to Madison Avenue. Some are of special architectural interest as the two neo-Georgian/neo-Federal bank buildings at Madison Avenue and 63rd Street and Madison Avenue and 64th Street. The Manufacturers Hanover Trust Company building of 1930 at 35 East 72nd Street, was designed by Cross & Cross in a neo-Palladian style. Not only were these three bank buildings designed in styles that reflect those of contemporary residential architecture, but also their scale is consciously related to that of residential architecture in the area.

 

While the rowhouses on Madison Avenue were not originally designed for commercial use, they have proved to be well suited to those purposes. Beginning as early as 1904, shopfronts began to be installed at the basement and first floor levels of these houses. The shops which conform to the 20-25 foot width of the rowhouses and extend upward two stories from the street, are an important factor in creating the special character of Madison Avenue.

 

The architectural character of the historic district was firmly established by the early 1930s. Picturesque, brownstone rowhouses of the 1860s-80s, Francois I mansions of the 1890s, exuberant Beaux-Arts town houses of the late 1890s and early 1900s, elegant neo-Italian Renaissance, neo-French Renaissance, and neo-French Classic mansions of the pre-World War I years, restrained neo-Georgian and neo-Federal designs of about 1910-25, and luxury apartment houses of the 1920s make this one of the most notable areas of the city. As reminders of an age of wealth and elegance, these buildings are vital elements in the fabric of New York City.

Nairne.

Scottish settler Matthew Smillie took out a Special Survey in 1839 of areas near Mt Barker. It was the

 

eighth Special Survey in SA and named the Native Valley Survey stretching between Nairne and Woodside. This cost him £4,000 for 4,000 acres in the Hay Valley. Smillie had a vision of becoming a Scottish lord with many tenant farmers on his large estate. He built his fine two-storey residence, in 1844 north of Nairne. To cement his role as local lord of the region he subdivided a small part of his land to create the village of Nairne in 1839. It was named after his wife’s maiden name. He advertised the blocks for sale and many sold quickly. He donated small portions of land for a reserve, a town market and a town cemetery. A few years later in 1847 Matthew Smillie died but his wife Elizabeth continued with the role of estate manager until her death in 1861. From 1867 onwards their daughter Eliza managed the Smillie tenant farmers and estates. She sold off the remaining Smillie owned town blocks of Nairne in 1884 once the railway station had opened.

Nairne began as a wheat-producing district and John Dunn of Mt Barker established a wind-powered flourmill in Nairne in 1842. It no longer stands but the more recent flourmill built in 1857 still stands in the Main Street. Henry Timmins was also an early settler and he established a tannery on Nairne Creek in 1851. James Shakes established the first inn in Nairne in 1845 which he called the Crooked Billet. You can see it behind the Millers Arms Hotel in Leith Street. Leith in Scotland was the birthplace of Matthew Smillie. Apart from the tannery of Henry Timmins George Chapman established a bacon and smallgoods factory nearby in 1899. As the business expanded it moved into a modern factory further along the Nairne Creek. For many years George Chapman’s factory was the largest employer in the town with up to 400 employees but it was sold in 1987 to Weston Foods who closed the factory in 2001.

 

One of the major events in the history of Nairne was the arrival of the railway in 1883 as it was being pushed towards Murray Bridge and Bordertown. The stone railway station was of a similar design to those of Mitcham, Blackwood, Mt Lofty and Aldgate. The station was the terminus of the first section of the railway to Wolseley. It was also the site of the grand celebratory feast for the arrival of the first train from Adelaide. Passenger service for Nairne ceased in December 1990 when Australia National closed down the train services to Mt Gambier and the South East. The line here was standardised in 1995.

 

Some of the significant and historical buildings to see in Nairne along the Main Street starting from the mill and old hotel include:

•On the corner of Leith Street is the Millers Arms Hotel which was built in 1845 for James Shakes. The Crooked Billet hotel behind it was licensed from 1845 to 1860. Council meetings were held in the Crooked Billet. It has one wonderful 16 paned windows still intact.

•Across the street was Millie’s Bakery. It was built in 1851, in Mount Lofty purple sandstone as stables for the Millers Arms Hotel. Note the ventilation slits now converted to windows in the side wall and the voussoirs or keystones in the front windows.

•On the corner of Junction Street is a memorial to a huge old gum tree now chopped down. Nairne held its centenary of SA celebrations under that tree in 1936.

•Further down Junction Street is the flourmill erected in 1857 for Thomas Stoddart and it was called the Albert mill. Stoddard sold it to John Dunn of Mt Barker in 1864 who operated it until 1906 as a steam driven mill. It became a grain store and is now a private residence.

•Left along the street you will see the District Hotel, built in 1851 in a traditional symmetrical Georgian style. It has national heritage listings as a fine seven bay Georgian structure. Note the fine voussoirs above the downstairs windows and doors. It has interesting outbuildings.

•Across the street is the Elders Building. It was built in 1903 but in typical 19th C style.

•By the Elders building is the Nairne Institute. It is distinctive in style with an unusual French Empire style mansard roof over the entrance porch.

•In the little park by the Institute, you will find a small modern memorial to Matthew Smillie.

•Back in the Main Street the building on the opposite corner to the little park is the former carpenters and undertaker’s shop. It dates from the 1850s and the façade is Mt Lofty purple sandstone. The town’s morgue used to be located beneath the shop for coolness.

•On the next corner of Jeffrey Street is the old butcher’s shop. It has brick quoins and is made of blue and sand stone. Next door is a sandstone building which was used as a hayloft for the butchery business.

•Further along the Main Street is Henry Timmin’s superb Georgian style two storey residence. The proportions are perfect in true Georgian style.

 

Financial District, Lower Manhattan, New York City, New York, United States

 

The American Bank Note Company Office Building is a distinctive, neo-Classical structure which was built in 1907-08 as the corporate, administrative, and sales headquarters for this important, yet little-known company. Created from the merger of several bank note engraving firms in 1858, the American Bank Note Company became, by the late nineteenth century, one of America’s most prominent producers of bank notes, stamps, stock certificates, and letters of credit. The American Bank Note Company had located in lower Manhattan because of its need to be near major financial institutions. After outgrowing several smaller quarters, the firm subdivided its operations, building this headquarters on Broad Street and several years later, a modern printing plant in the Bronx. Both were designed by the architectural firm of Kirby, Petit & Green. The American Bank Note Company Office Building is a five-story structure on a narrow lot bounded by three streets. Its overscaled columns, continuous window bays, and classical carving created a striking corporate image for an unusual manufacturing firm.

 

DESCRIPTION AND ANALYSIS

 

The American Bank Note Company

 

The American Bank Note Company has long dominated the specialized field of security engraving.This company was formed in 1858 as the result of the merger of seven major note engraving companies. The printing of bank notes is a unique type of printing started during the early nineteenth century by several companies which produced paper currency for the large number of newly-established state banks. Because of the need to protect documents against counterfeiting and to prevent any losses during the course of printing and issue, the production of securities and currency differed from other types of printing. In order to produce documents that could not be easily replicated, the American Bank Note Company manufactured its own machinery and inks, developed specialized printing methods and unusual types of paper, and used vignettes and other complex designs produced by highly skilled engravers. As the preeminent security engraving firm during the nineteenth century, the American Bank Note Company produced bank notes, postage and revenue stamps, bonds, stock certificates, checks, drafts, and letters of credit for many governments and institutions. In 1891 the American Bank Note Company began producing the American Express Company's new "Travelers Cheques."

 

On its founding in 1858, the American Bank Note Company established its New York City headquarters in the Merchants' Exchange Building at 55 Wall Street. The company moved its office and plant to 142 Broadway (at the corner of Liberty Street) in 1867, and again to another new facility at 78-86 Trinity Place in 1882. A period of rapid growth during the early years of the twentieth century, and the increased value of Lower Manhattan real estate created the need for other New York facilities. Under the leadership of president Warren L. Green, an engraver who rose through the management ranks of the organization, the American Bank Note Company began to update several aspects of its operation. The removal (in 1908) of the company’s administrative and sales functions to a new building by Kirby, Petit & Green at 70 Broad Street, in the heart to the financial district, was the first step toward easing the space shortage. Shortly thereafter (1909-11), plans were drawn for a new plant at Hunt’s Point in the Bronx, also designed by Kirby, Petit & Green. This separation of administration and production was accompanied by a restructuring and streamlining of management and a more efficient reorganization of the printing operation. The changes were related to the emerging discipline of industrial engineering, which influenced the industrial production and management of many establishments around the turn of the century. With their new administrative headquarters on Broad Street and a new production facility in the Bronx, the American Bank Note Company was justifiably proud. It considered itself the organization in the bank note industry with the finest office building, the best-equipped plant, the most advanced employee welfare and research programs, and the most skilled designers, engineers, and printers.

 

Kirby, Petit & Green

 

The architectural firm of Kirby, Petit & Green was active during the first decade of the twentieth century.Its work included two office buildings in lower Manhattan: one for the Bush Terminal Company, c.1904-06 (100 Broad Street, now demolished), and the office of the American Bank Note Company. In addition to the Bronx printing plant for the American Bank Note Company (1909-1911), Kirby, Petit & Green created plans for other printing facilities, including the Hearst Building, erected in San Francisco (1908), a nineteen-story building which housed the Examiner printing plant in the lower floors, and the new facility for the Country Life Press, in Garden City, Long Island (1910), which was sited as a model factory in a park-like setting. Kirby, Petit & Green's local work also included alterations on a Hearst-owned building near Columbus Circle in Manhattan in 1909, "Dreamland" at Coney Island (c.1904), and several residences in New York and Connecticut.

 

The senior partner in the firm was Henry P. Kirby (1853-1915), son of an architect and builder, who grew up in Seneca County, New York. Kirby trained with Thomas U. Walter in Philadelphia, had brief periods of residency in several Midwest cities, and studied in Europe. Working over twenty years as chief designer for George B. Post, Kirby is considered to have had a major role in the design of the New York Times Building on Park Row (1888-89), the Union Trust Building at 78-82 Broadway (1889-90, now demolished), the City College competition entry (1897), several city residences, and many other projects. During the 1890s, Compositions by Henry P. Kirby was published in Boston, and through his drawings and paintings Kirby gained a reputation as a gifted delineator and a champion of the eclectic, romantic school of architecture.

 

James C. Green (1867-1927) attended the University of Missouri and also studied at the Ecole des Beaux-Arts; he was the head draftsman in the office of Nathan Clark Mellen in New York City from 1899 to 1901. After leaving the firm of Kirby, Petit & Green in 1909, Green maintained an architectural practice in New York City through the early 1920s.

 

John C. Petit (1870-1923) established a practice in Brooklyn during the early 1890s and is best known for his residential work in what is now the Prospect South Historic District. Petit was the official architect employed by the developer of this area and several of his residential designs were published in Architects' and Builders' Magazine. Petit also designed the All Souls Universalist Church (1905, Ocean and Newkirk Avenues, Flatbush), and rowhouses and tenements in other sections of Brooklyn; he maintained an architectural office through 1922.

 

The American Bank Note Company Building

 

From the city’s earliest days, New York’s business and financial center has been located in Lower Manhattan. Through the nineteenth century, this area was the location of much manufacturing as well as trading and banking. The pressure for more space and the resultant rising rents in Lower Manhattan helped fuel the popularity of tall office buildings by the turn of the century. The proliferation of skyscrapers actually gave small buildings, constructed for a specific client, more distinction. Banks and similar institutions often chose to exploit this distinctiveness by hiring prominent architects to create buildings which would enhance the image they wanted to portray, that of a solid and trustworthy place in which to put one's money. Thus, after the turn of the century, banks tended to favor individual, monumental buildings, often in classical styles. Overscaled columns, made prominent by recessed windows became a symbol of a banking institution.

 

Due to its close relationship with numerous financial institutions, the American Bank Note Company had been located in Lower Manhattan since its formation in the mid-nineteenth century. The need for this proximity continued to exist during the twentieth century for the company's new administrative offices. Following trends in banking design of the period, the American Bank Note Company sought to create a distinguished and distinctive corporate headquarters to declare their prominence in their field. For this they turned to the architectural firm of Kirby, Petit & Green.

 

Shortly before this commission, Kirby, Petit & Green had designed a small office building for the Bush Terminal Company on a similarly shaped lot, a few blocks from that purchased by the American Bank Note Company in 1906. Located at 100 Broad Street (and now demolished), this small office building served as a design precedent for the American Bank Note Building. Although the American Bank Note Company Building had an additional floor, and was dressed in neo-Classical detailing, and the Bush Building was done in a neo-Gothic style, the shape and fenestration patterns of the two buildings were remarkably similar.

 

Description

 

This five-story granite building sits on a narrow lot. The building’s main facade, which is only one bay wide, faces Broad Street, while the two identical side facades face Beaver and Marketfield Streets. Broad cornices divide the building horizontally, above the first story and below the top story, setting off the center three floors which are linked by continuous columns on the front and pilasters on each side. Between these vertical elements, angled bay windows (not original) rise continuously for three stories. Set on a raised water table, the first story is further distinguished by rusticated stonework, with alternating narrow and wide horizontal bands.

 

The main entrance is centered on the Beaver Street facade and is reached by a short staircase. The opening is emphasized by engraved rectangles in the stones which give the effect of quoins. Within the opening is a glass and metal replacement door, set in a glass surround similar in style to the windows. Mounted above the entrance is a carved eagle atop a medallion, the corporate symbol of the American Bank Note Company. The prominent Greek key molding at this level represents the classical themes of this building. Rising for three stories above this entrance are two fluted, Corinthian columns in antis. These overscaled elements flank the recessed, (replacement) metal sash windows and support an entablature which originally held the name, "American Bank Note Company.” To each side of the entrance stairway, on the ground level, is a small, narrow window with replacement sash. A similar window is located above these, at the next level.

 

The identical side facades are each five bays wide. The rusticated stone work located on the ground story of the front facade continues on each side. Each of the three center bays at this level have a large window with glass and metal mullions in a pattern similar to the other replacement windows. Near the intersection of Beaver and Broad Streets, a new entrance has been cut in the stone, with a modern glass and metal doorway. Another entrance (original) with a small stoop and carved lintel is located in the bay nearest the rear of the building. On the second through fourth stories, the three center bays have modern, metal-sash bay windows (painted black) which rise continuously. They are flanked by overscaled, flat pilasters. The end bays of each side facade are primarily flat, ashlar masonry, pierced at each level by single, narrow windows with modern sash and vents.

 

Above the fourth story a broad cornice encircles the building. It is topped by a plain metal railing. Recessed behind this railing, the fifth story continues the fenestration pattern of the lower floors. Pilasters flank the central, three-window bay on the Broad Street facade, as well as the three large bays on the side facades. The end bays of these side facades have a small, centered window similar to those on the floors below. A simple cornice crowns the building on the three exposed sides, surmounted by small gargoyles located near the corner of each facade.

 

Subsequent History

 

In 1984, the American Bank Note Company closed its Bronx printing facility and moved to a new plant in Rockland County. The offices were moved in 1988 to Blauvelt, New York, and this building at 70 Broad Street was sold to real estate investors. The building served for several years as a fast food facility. The building changed owners again in 1995 and has been reopened as a restaurant serving the Wall Street area.

 

- From the 1997 NYCLPC Landmark Designation Report

Upper West Side, Manhattan, New York City, New York, United States

 

The 107-109 Riverside Drive House, originally designed by well-known architect and developer Clarence F. True, was built on speculation in 1898- 99 as one house of a picturesque group of six houses on the southeast corner of Riverside Drive and West 83rd Street. Today the 107-109 Riverside Drive House is architecturally significant and as one of the five extant houses in this group represents the first period of development on Riverside Drive. True designed several hundred houses, primarily in groups, on the Upper West Side in the years between 1890 and 1901, and was largely responsible for promoting the development and establishing the character of lower Riverside Drive. The houses in the group at Riverside and West 83rd Street were designed in True's signature "Elizabethan Revival" style based on French and English Renaissance prototypes and built by True's development firm, the Riverside Building Company; they are the northernmost of True's designs built along the Drive. The trapezoid-shaped 107-109 Riverside Drive House is prominently located on the corner and has wide facades of over forty feet; its design is characterized by such picturesque elements as contrasting orange Roman ironspot brick and Ihnestone facing, an elaborate entrance with a low stoop, round-arched and rectangular windows, keyed surrounds, decorative ironwork, prominent chimneys, crenellation, and a tile roof. This house was originally designed with a three-quarter-round comer tower and projecting three-sided bays on both sides, but these features facing Riverside Drive (along with those of the adjacent houses) became the focus of an interesting legal controversy several years after construction. As the result of a lawsuit brought by an adjacent property owner, the court ruled in 1903 that no one had the authority to place permanent encroachments onto public thoroughfares, and the owners of the houses in the True group facing onto Riverside Drive were thus ordered to remove the projections. In 1911 the facades were removed and rebuilt to follow the diagonal of the Riverside Drive property lines. No. 107-109 (owned by Charles Austin Bates, a successful businessman) was partially rebuilt with the original materials by the firm of Tracy, Swartwout & Litchfield; the West 83rd Street facade apparently was not subject to the lawsuit as it does not face the Drive and remains unaltered. As seen today, although the 107-109 Riverside Drive House reflects the work of two architectural firms, it basically remains a successfully modified version of the original picturesque Elizabethan Revival design.

 

The Development of Riverside Drive

 

The Upper West Side, known as Bloomingdale prior to its urbanization, remained largely undeveloped until the 1880s. In the early eighteenth century, Bloomingdale Road (later renamed the Boulevard and finally Broadway in 1898) was opened through rural Bloomingdale and provided the northern route out of the city which was then concentrated at the southern tip of Manhattan. The Upper West Side was included in the Randel Survey of 1811 (known as the Commissioners' Map) which established a uniform grid of avenues and cross streets in Manhattan as far north as 155th Street, although years elapsed before streets on the Upper West Side were actually laid out, some as late as the 1870s and 1880s, and the land was subdivided into building lots. Improved public transportation to the area contributed to the growth and sustained development of the Upper West Side, particularly the completion in 1879 of the Elevated Railway on Ninth Avenue (renamed Columbus Avenue in 1890).

 

The biggest boost to the development of the West End (the area west of Broadway), however, was the creation of Riverside Drive and Park (a designated New York City Scenic Landmark). The presence of the Park and Drive was an important factor in making this area desirable for high-quality residential development. In 1865 the first proposal for converting the land on the Upper West Side along the eastern shore of the Hudson River into an ornamental park had been presented by Park Commissioner William R. Martin. The purchase of the park site and initial plans were approved in 1866. The drive, as proposed at this time, was to be a straight 100-foot wide road; however, this plan was impractical due to the existing topography. Hired by the Commissioners in 1873, Frederick law Olmsted (1822-1903), already distinguished by his collaboration with Calvert Vaux (1824-1895) in the successful design for Central Park, proposed an alternate scheme. Olmsted's design for Riverside Park and Drive took into consideration the pre-existing topography, landscape possibilities, and views, resulting in a park and drive that would be amenable for horses and pleasure driving, would provide shaded walks for pedestrians, and would also allow easy access to and scenic vistas from the real estate bordering it on the east. Olmsted's plan was adopted by the Commissioners but the park was not executed under his supervision, due to his departure from New York City; it was actually developed between 1875 and 1900 by other designers including Vaux, Samuel Parsons, and Julius Munckwitz, who did not adhere to Olmsted's original scheme in its entirety. By the fall of 1879, work was completed between 72nd and 85th Streets, and Riverside Avenue (as it was called until 1908) was opened to the public in 1880.

 

The Drive, from West 72nd Street to approximately 129th Street, where it is effectively terminated by the viaduct and the Manhattanville fault, has a particularly strong character derived from its curves that break with the regular street grid and its location overlooking the park and the Hudson River. Riverside Park and Drive fulfilled the Park Commissioners' plans for promoting the development of the area west of Broadway. The numerous and exceptional advantages of the location, namely, its situation on a plateau, its "advantages of pure air and beautiful surroundings, glimpses of New Jersey hills . . . [and] the nearness of parks," assisted in making the area along Riverside Drive prime real estate, deserving of the highest character of residential development.

 

Development of the West End began slowly due to speculation, the hesitation of developers, and to the relative inconvenience of transportation compared to the area east of Broadway. By 1885, however, the whole Upper West Side had emerged as the area in the city experiencing the most intense real estate speculation. The expectation that the blocks along Riverside Drive and West End Avenue would be lined with mansions kept the value of these lots, as well as adjacent land, consistently higher and developers were willing to wait to realize profits from the potentially valuable sites.

 

The initial development along Riverside Drive mostly took the form of single-family town houses and rowhouses, although some freestanding mansions were built there. luxury apartment buildings, as they gained in popularity toward the turn of the century, also appeared. Most of the single-family residences on the Upper West Side were speculatively-built rowhouses; along West End Avenue and Riverside Drive the houses tended to be larger and more elegant than those on the side streets. Architect-developer Clarence True, who characterized the Drive and its vicinity as "the most ideal home-site in the western hemisphere — the Acropolis of the world's second city," was largely responsible for the promotion of lower Riverside Drive as an attractive residential thoroughfare and his work there, like the group at 83rd Street, did much to establish the character of the area in the 1890s.

 

Clarence F. True and the Elizabethan Revival Style^

 

Clarence Fagan True (1860-1928) was a prolific and well-known architect (and later architect-developer) who designed, almost solely, rowhouses and town houses and practiced mainly on the Upper West Side of Manhattan during the years from 1890 to 1901. Born in Massachusetts, he came to New York City in 1880 and was trained in the office of Richard M. Upjohn beginning around 1881; he was listed in directories in 1884 and established his own firm in 1889. True received his commissions primarily from speculative builders and developers who were rapidly constructing houses throughout the Upper West Side. True is documented as having designed at least 270 houses on the Upper West Side, the majority located west of Broadway between 71st and 107th Streets. Diverse and eclectic in architectural style and massing, these houses contribute greatly to the architectural character of the Upper West Side. He also designed some twenty houses in Harlem, including several now located in the Hamilton Heights and Mount Morris Park Historic Districts. In 1893 he published a prospectus of his work, Designs of 141 Dwelling Houses, in which he stated his aim of creating distinctive well- designed houses, both in interior plan and exterior appearance, that would mark a shift away from the homogeneity of the standard New York City brownstone rowhouse. True's executed work demonstrated that he succeeded in his ambitions.

 

True was primarily an architect of rowhouse groups. In his houses of the early 1890s, True employed a variety of contemporary architectural styles, frequently mingling them in an eclectic fashion; these included the popular Romanesque and Renaissance Revival styles, as well as the Francois I and a style he called "Elizabethan Revival" which was based on French and English Renaissance prototypes. In 1894 True began to work in part as his own developer and later formed the Riverside Building Company. A second prospectus, [A True History of! Riverside Drive (1899), pictured many of the houses for the Riverside Building Company, including the group of six houses at 102 to 107-109 Riverside Drive and 332 West 83rd Street which were then under construction and completed later that same year. In this prospectus True promoted the development of lower Riverside Drive:

 

Mr. Clarence True, who had erected houses upon some of the lower lots, became so thoroughly impressed with the possibilities of the river front as a residence district that he secured all the available property south of 84th street, and by covering it with beautiful dwellings, insured a most promising future for the Drive.

 

The area along and adjacent to Riverside Drive, from 75th to 85th Streets, includes the densest concentration of extant houses designed by True; many of these are now included in the West End-Collegiate and Riverside Drive-West 80th-81st Streets Historic Districts. These houses along the Drive — including No. 107-109 and the other houses in the corner group at 83rd Street — are characteristic of most of True's mature work; all were designed in the architect's highly idiosyncratic and readily identifiable "Elizabethan Revival" style. True's rowhouses in this vein are typified by lively silhouettes, composed of such elements as steeply-pitched roofs that often have curved or stepped gables, chimneys, stepped end-walls, turrets, bowed fronts, projecting three-sided and square bays, and dormers. The facades, varied within the group, also display a variety of contrasting materials, including fine brick and stone, and such features as quoins, keyed surrounds, stylized cornices, crenellation, parapets, and decorative ironwork. True's interest in the use of varied colors of building materials is also evident in the group at Riverside and 83rd — the brick colors graduate in hue from house to house, from tan to light orange to orange to red.

 

True was one of the architects who greatly popularized the American basement plan for rowhouse design in New York City during these years. He received much favorable notice in the architectural press of the 1890s, which published a number of his designs. Real Estate Record & Guide (1893) stated that True "has earned quite a reputation for the novelty of the ideas he has carried out in a large number of houses built from his designs on the West Side in the last few years. The old method of high stoop construction has been abandoned ... the houses are entered almost on a level with the street." Architecture and Building (1893) noted: "The facades show great variety and taste, and the plans, many of them upon narrow lots, ingenuity and skill in arrangement." A History of Real Estate. Building, and Architecture in New York (1899) considered True "probably the best known New York architect designing almost entirely residential structures .... His work as exemplified by his houses is a credit both to himself and the city."

 

True also designed several apartment houses, hotels, and small commercial structures, as well as a church building in Harlem. Little is known about the end of his career, but it appears to coincide with the demise of rowhouse construction in New York City after the turn of the century. His last directory listing was in 1910, although Clarence True & Son received a listing in 1916-17. True died in Greensboro, North Carolina, in 1928, and was buried in Middle town, Connecticut.

 

Ackerman vs. True

 

An interesting controversy developed around the construction of the houses at 102 to 107-109 Riverside Drive which affected the design of their facades eleven years after completion. On July 28, 1898, Clarence True applied, by letter, to the Commissioner of Buildings, Thomas J. Brady, for a foundation permit for six, five-story houses. According to his accompanying plans, each of the six structures partly extended beyond the property line, due to the oblique angle of the Drive, by incorporating stoops, areaway walls, and projecting bays arid bowfronts. On August 8, Brady returned a permit to True granting him permission "to construct the foundation work provided for new buildings on E. S. Riverside Drive bet. 82 & 83 St. as per plans...." On August 16, True filed an application for the erection of these six new buildings (NB 730-1898), five fronting Riverside Drive and one fronting West 83rd Street. The Department of Buildings issued an objection to the application on September 15, stating that "projections beyond building lines are unlawful." True then obtained a letter from George C. Clauson, Commissioner of Parks, dated November 21, which granted consent "to the erection of projections on six proposed buildings" and exacted a fee based on the square footage of each projection. On November 28, True filed an amendment to the application which mentioned "consent from Park [sic] Department for projection beyond building lines is filed this date with

 

plans & etc " The structures were completed a year later in November

 

of 1899.

 

Building encroachments onto public property, a fairly common practice in New York City during the nineteenth century, became an increasingly debated topic at the turn of the century, as evidenced by the numerous lawsuits filed and by discussions in such periodicals as Real Estate Record & Guide. A lawsuit was brought against Clarence True, after the completion of the houses at Riverside Drive and West 83rd Street, by the adjacent property owner, Charlotte Y. Ackerman, who had purchased from True the lot to the south of the group. Ackerman's case argued that the projecting bays, bowfronts and stoops on the houses next to her property were illegal encroachments upon the public street which also diminished the value of her property through the obstruction of her view, light, and air. Ackerman won the case in 1903 on appeal to the New York State Court of Appeals, which reversed the Appellate Division of the Supreme Court's finding in favor of True. The court ruled that New York City's ownership of streets from property line to property line was "inalienable," that an encroachment was an "appropriation of the public street for private purposes," and that no individual or agency had the authority to permit encroachments onto public property. Thus the owners of the five houses in the group facing Riverside Drive had to remove the projections on their buildings.

 

In 1911 the main facades of these houses were completely removed and rebuilt to follow the diagonal of the Riverside Drive property lines. No. 103 and No. 104, both altered by the architectural firm of Clinton & Russell, and No. 107-109, altered by Tracy, Swartwout & Litchfield, were rebuilt using the original materials and retaining many architectural elements; No. 105 received a new facade designed by Bosworth & Holden. No. 332 West 83rd Street and the West 83rd Street facade of No. 107-109 remained unaltered as they do not face onto the Drive and were thus apparently not subject to the lawsuit. The sixth house at 102 Riverside Drive, to the south of the existing group, was later demolished for a corner apartment building, built in 1932.

 

The 107-109 Riverside Drive House

 

The 107-109 Riverside Drive House was purchased from Clarence True's development firm in 1901 by Charles Austin Bates, a successful businessman, and his wife, the former Belle Brandenburg. Bates began his New York career in advertising in 1893, and established the Bates Advertising Co. in 1903. Later he turned to finance, forming the Knickerbocker Syndicate and the Fidelity Bond & Mortgage Co. (1909). The Colorado-Yule Marfcle Co. (1905), which quarried, cut, and finished "the largest and most reliable deposit of high-grade white marble known to exist in the world," was an important venture financed by Bates. In 1908 he also organized and became president of the Rutherford Rubber Co.

 

An application for alterations to No. 107-109 was filed in December of 1910 (Alt. 2798-1910) and the changes were carried out by the architectural firm of Tracy, Swartwout & Litchfield in 1911. Tracy & Swartwout was formed in 1900 by Evarts Tracy (1869-1922) and Egerton Swartwout (1871-1943), both alumni of Yale and former draftsmen in the office of McKim, Mead & White. From 1904 to c. 1911 they were joined by James Reily Gordon, and the firm achieved prominence with a number of public buildings across the United States, including the U.S. Post Office-Courthouse, Denver (1908-14), and Missouri Capitol, Jefferson City (1912-15). From about 1909 to 1912 the firm was known as Tracy, Swartwout & Litchfield, with the inclusion of Electus Darwin Litchfield (1872-1952). Litchfield, a graduate of the Stevens Institute of Technology, had worked in the offices of Carrere & Hastings and Lord & Hewlett. After leaving this firm, he formed his own and also became involved in town planning and housing issues, notably Yorkship Village, near Camden, N.J., a community created by the Emergency Fleet Corp. during World War I. The Tracy & Swartwout partnership ended with Tracy's death, though Swartwout continued to practice until 1941.

 

No. 107-109 was owned from 1921 to 1931 by Roraualdo Sapio, an Italian conductor, opera coach, and accompanist who worked with a number of leading opera singers. The house was converted to a multiple dwelling in 1937.

 

No. 107-109 is prominently located on the corner, on a trapezoid-shaped lot, with wide facades of approximately forty-two feet. The original design, executed in orange Roman ironspot brick and limestone trim, featured a five-story three-quarter-round corner tower and projecting three-sided bays on each side capped by a steeply-pitched tile roof. The Riverside Drive facade was dismantled in 1911, removing part of the tower and one projecting bay, and was skillfully rebuilt using the original materials as a flat wall following the diagonal of the property line. The picturesque, unaltered West 83rd Street facade, geometrically complex, is designed with an asymmetrically-placed three-and-a-half-story projecting stone three-sided bay on the eastern half, which abuts the remaining half-round portion of the corner tower.

 

The ground-story entrance, located at the intersection, is an elaborate stone frontispiece embellished with carved stonework, colonnettes, niches, and a recessed and molded round-arched doorway with wrought-iron and glass doors. To the east in the bay is a service entrance surmounted by a pointed-arch transom with a wrought-iron grille. The door is a replacement. The areaway has stone entrance posts and a wrought-iron fence with a gate. The majority of the windows are rectangular, ornamented by keyed surrounds with drip molds, and have one-over-one double-hung wood sash, with the exception of the small square upper windows of the bay and the ground-story corner window, which is round-arched and has a molded surround, leaded glass, and decorative wrought ironwork (an elaborate tympanum and a bowed grille). The diagonally-placed windows of the bay also have leaded glass. The second-story corner window is fronted by a wrought-iron railing. The facade is capped by a crenellated parapet, the tower also with banding; the red tile roof has a hipped dormer above the bay and a dormer (still at its original angle to the street) above the tower. The Riverside Drive facade continues the decorative scheme of the rest of the building; the northern bay is the flattened section of the tower and two bays of windows exist at the south where there was formerly a projecting bay. The ground story has a wide stone watertable. Ground-story windows are round-arched while the rest are rectangular, and all have surrounds similar to (and the ground and second stories have wrought ironwork similar to) those on the other facade. The roof (at its original angle to the street) has three prominent banded chimneys, the northern two forming an end-wall, a hipped dormer parallel to the facade (added or rebuilt in 1911), and a small round portion of the upper tower remaining at the south end.

 

The 107-109 Riverside Drive House, incorporating the work of two architectural firms in the house of 1898-99 and its alteration of 1910-11, remains a success fully modified version of the original picturesque Elizabethan Revival design.

Nestled between Balmy Beach and Kew Beach, Scarboro Beach was a popular summertime destination from 1907 to about 1925. Eventually, it was subdivided and sold for housing.

 

Creator: Shaw & Reid

Date: 1910 circa

Identifier: PC 927 or PCR-2184

Format: Picture

Rights: Public domain

Courtesy: Toronto Public Library Digital Archive

More information: (view details and larger image)

You can order order a print or high-resolution copy.

 

Nos. 40 & 42 were built semi-detached in 1893.

 

"Summerhill is a neighbourhood in central Toronto, Ontario, Canada, located north of Downtown Toronto.

 

It was named after Summer Hill house, built in 1842 by Canadian transportation magnate Charles Thompson. Much of the area was once part of the original Thompson estate but was subdivided for development during the following decades.

 

During the 1880s, the North Toronto railway station was established on Yonge Street, and the neighbourhood of Summerhill quickly developed around it. The railway station was rebuilt in 1916 in honour of a visit by the Prince of Wales (later King Edward VIII). The neighbourhood underwent very little growth after the railway station closed in 1931, but it was revitalized by the launch of the Summerhill subway station in 1954.

 

The railway station from 1916 still exists, and it currently serves as a LCBO outlet. The station, along with the still-operational Canadian Pacific Railway bridge, is a landmark of the neighbourhood. As part of the provincial government's "MoveOntario 2020" program, plans were being considered to return the building to its original use as a train station, serving a planned GO Transit Crosstown line.

 

Toronto (/təˈrɒntoʊ/ tə-RON-toh; locally [təˈɹɒɾ̃ə] or [ˈtɹɒɾ̃ə]) is the capital city of the Canadian province of Ontario. With a recorded population of 2,794,356 in 2021, it is the most populous city in Canada and the fourth most populous city in North America. The city is the anchor of the Golden Horseshoe, an urban agglomeration of 9,765,188 people (as of 2021) surrounding the western end of Lake Ontario, while the Greater Toronto Area proper had a 2021 population of 6,712,341. Toronto is an international centre of business, finance, arts, sports and culture, and is recognized as one of the most multicultural and cosmopolitan cities in the world.

 

Indigenous peoples have travelled through and inhabited the Toronto area, located on a broad sloping plateau interspersed with rivers, deep ravines, and urban forest, for more than 10,000 years. After the broadly disputed Toronto Purchase, when the Mississauga surrendered the area to the British Crown, the British established the town of York in 1793 and later designated it as the capital of Upper Canada. During the War of 1812, the town was the site of the Battle of York and suffered heavy damage by American troops. York was renamed and incorporated in 1834 as the city of Toronto. It was designated as the capital of the province of Ontario in 1867 during Canadian Confederation. The city proper has since expanded past its original limits through both annexation and amalgamation to its current area of 630.2 km2 (243.3 sq mi).

 

The diverse population of Toronto reflects its current and historical role as an important destination for immigrants to Canada. More than half of residents were born outside of Canada, more than half of residents belong to a visible minority group, and over 200 distinct ethnic origins are represented among its inhabitants. While the majority of Torontonians speak English as their primary language, over 160 languages are spoken in the city. The mayor of Toronto is elected by direct popular vote to serve as the chief executive of the city. The Toronto City Council is a unicameral legislative body, comprising 25 councillors since the 2018 municipal election, representing geographical wards throughout the city.

 

Toronto is a prominent centre for music, theatre, motion picture production, and television production, and is home to the headquarters of Canada's major national broadcast networks and media outlets. Its varied cultural institutions, which include numerous museums and galleries, festivals and public events, entertainment districts, national historic sites, and sports activities, attract over 43 million tourists each year. Toronto is known for its many skyscrapers and high-rise buildings, in particular the tallest free-standing structure on land outside of Asia, the CN Tower.

 

The city is home to the Toronto Stock Exchange, the headquarters of Canada's five largest banks, and the headquarters of many large Canadian and multinational corporations. Its economy is highly diversified with strengths in technology, design, financial services, life sciences, education, arts, fashion, aerospace, environmental innovation, food services, and tourism. Toronto is the third-largest tech hub in North America after Silicon Valley and New York City, and the fastest growing." - info from Wikipedia.

 

The fall of 2022 I did my 3rd major cycling tour. I began my adventure in Montreal, Canada and finished in Savannah, GA. This tour took me through the oldest parts of Quebec and the 13 original US states. During this adventure I cycled 7,126 km over the course of 2.5 months and took more than 68,000 photos. As with my previous tours, a major focus was to photograph historic architecture.

 

On this trip I had a surprise 4 day layover in Toronto.

 

Now on Instagram.

 

Become a patron to my photography on Patreon or donate.

Badian is a 3rd class municipality in the province of Cebu, Philippines. According to the 2010 census, it has a population of 37,699 people. The Municipality of Badian is located 97.6 km southwest of Cebu City. It is bounded on the north by the municipality of Moalboal; on the south by the municipality of Alegria; on the east by the municipalities of Dalaguete and Argao; and on the west by Tanon Strait.

Badian is administratively subdivided into 29 barangays.

Alawijao Balhaan Banhigan Basak Basiao Bato Bugas Calangcang Candiis Dagatan Dobdob

Ginablan Lambug Malbago Malhiao Manduyong Matutinao Patong Poblacion Sanlagan

Santicon Sohoton Sulsugan Talayong Taytay Tigbao Tiguib Tubod Zaragosa

Your choices to come from Cebu City to Badian are: from the airport you can take a taxi to South Bus Terminal look for Ceres Bus Liner via Barili, you can also take Librando Trans. There are buses leaving Cebu City to Badian every 30 minutes or one hour. It will take 2-3 hours or more bus travel to reach Badian from Cebu City depending on the number of stops. You can also hire a taxi at the airport or at the city to Badian, it is more comfortable and faster. Make sure the driver knows where Badian is. The fare is about Php 1500.00 - Php 3000.00 and be prepare for some bartering and some hidden costs

The capital barangay of Badian town is Poblacion. It is located in the centre of the town. This is where the local high school is located called Badian National High School ( BNHS ) is one of the two high schools in the town of Badian. This is also the largest of the two and many students from the neighbouring town just like Moalboal, Alcantara and Ronda come to study in this high school. The lower educational facility in Badian is the Badian Central Elementary School where all the younger children go to school for the simple fact that it is completely free and the only elementary school and the biggest one in town. One more very important institution that is located in Poblacion is the Town Hospital where everyone from every other barangay goes to in the time of sickness.

The Kawasan Falls is a three-layered waterfall series located in the Municipality of Badian, Cebu, which has become a huge attraction with foreign and local tourists throughout the years. The first waterfall is the largest and highest of the three falls, while the two falls uphill are smaller.

Kawasan Falls is located in Barangay Matutinao in Badian, Cebu. To get to Badian from Cebu City you can take a bus at the South Bus Terminal for a three hour ride that will directly take you to Badian. From there, you can take a tricycle that will take you to Barangay Matutinao.

If you are taking a private vehicle, drive past the Municipality of Carcar, and upon reaching the Municipality of Badian through the picturesque mountain road, then drive to Matutinao village. You can always ask for directions from people along the way if it is your first time to go to Kawasan Falls, so you won’t get lost.

When you reach the main road leading to Kawasan Falls, there is a main entrance to the waterfalls area and an entrance fee of 10 peso’s per person. From there, you start on a 20 to 30 minute walk on a trail that will lead you to the first waterfall.

You will then have to trek a further 10 to 15 minutes uphill to get to the second waterfall, and another 15 minute trek to the third waterfalls. There is a resort with restaurant at the area of the first waterfalls. There are small cottages and tables for rent at 300 peso’s each table as at September 2012 ( on top of the menu prices ) and several rooms for rent for those who want to stay overnight. A popular attraction is a bamboo raft ride leading to a shower under the cool falling waters of the first and second waterfall.

The facility has been better than the past management they have more improvements to the hospitals than anything else which is the best thing they could have done because this is where most Badianganons run to in the time of need. This is also the location where the town church is located ~ the church of Santiago Apostol, which celebrates its Festival on the 25th of July every year. Together with the Feast of Santiago Apostle is the Banig Festival which was started about three years ago. Poblacion is also where the Municipal Hall is located in sitio sawang. Thus, I believe that the municipality should ought to have more funding's in the Hospital Facility more so that the roads that they are trying to fix every single year Poblacion has many sitios which is the little corners of Poblacion which is residential or commercial properties. Some of these sitios are; Syma, Walog, Sawang, Highway, and many more. This is the only urban place in Badian compared to any other barangays that surround the town. Poblacion is also the most populated barangay in all Badian. Which has 3854 population as of 2007 Census. Poblacion is where the marketplace is located. Thus, most of the trading is here. Many vendors from all over town will show up mostly on Saturdays and Sundays for the trading.

English / Português

 

English

Portel is a Portuguese town in the District of Évora, Alentejo and Central sub-region of Alentejo, with about 2 800 inhabitants.

It is the seat of a municipality with 601.15 kilometers ² and 8 109 inhabitants (2001), subdivided into 8 districts. It is bordered to the north by the Municipality of Évora, east of Évora, southeast by Moura, Vidigueira the south, southwest of Cuba and west of Viana do Alentejo.

The town of Portel was founded in 1261 and received charter county in 1262.

History

St. Mary or Our Lady of the Lake

It was the year 1257, Lisbon on 28 June, when the King Alfonso III ordered the Municipality of Évora to hand over to D. John Peres Aboim, Rich Man, his vassal and Butler-Mor, the lands that now constitute the end of Portel. On 18 October 1261 was authorized by the king to build a castle and fortress, thus laying the foundations of the current town of Portel. On 1 December 1262, D. John and his wife Aboim D. Afonso Navy grant to residents of the new town of Portel letter of charter with the forums and customs of the city of Evora.

Deceased D. John Aboim fit the town of Portel, an inheritance to his son D. Pedro Eanes that came to deliver his sister Maria Eanes. This and her husband exchanged it for other lands, with the King Dinis. This landlord owned the town of Portel and castle until April 1331. Subsequently became the landlord, respectively, to: Queen Santa Isabel, King Afonso IV, D. Pedro I, and King Friends who donated to Gonçalo Rodrigues de Sousa became this man and mayor of Portel.

During the crisis politico-economic and social discovered in Portugal in the years 1383-1385 and after the s struggles that were fought for the occupation of the throne by King John I, was the town of Portel donated to the disputed D. Nuno Alvares Pereira. It is through his grandson, D. Fernando, 2nd Duke of Braganza, the town of Portel became part of the landlord of the house of Braganza, where he remained until the advent of Liberalism.

In 1510, King D. Manuel reformed the forums and customs of the Charter of charter of 1262 granting the Provincial Portel New Reading.

After the Liberal Revolution of 1820, Portel was integrated in the general administration of the state.

Monuments and tourist attractions-sheet: Medieval castle and walled town;

Churches and Convents (Matrix, Mercy, Holy Spirit, St. Paul and St. António Capuchin) and chapel and church of S. Pedro;

Urban area surrounding the castle and the urban Vale Flores - narrow streets, white houses, chimneys protruding in the majestic facade;

Palaces and mansions of the Republic Square and the Largo 5 October;

In the Town of Portel was attached to the old Town of St. John Baptist Odivelas whose parish church of the patron saint S. John the Baptist and located at Mount St. John is at present in complete ruin.

Português

Portel é uma vila portuguesa, no Distrito de Évora, região Alentejo e subregião do Alentejo Central, com cerca de 2 800 habitantes.

É sede de um município com 601,15 km² de área e 8 109 habitantes (2001), subdividido em 8 freguesias. O município é limitado a norte pelo município de Évora, a leste por Reguengos de Monsaraz, a sueste por Moura, a sul pela Vidigueira, a sudoeste por Cuba e a oeste por Viana do Alentejo.

A vila de Portel foi fundada em 1261, tendo recebido foral de concelho em 1262.

Historia

Santa Maria ou Nossa Senhora da Lagoa

Decorria o ano de 1257, Lisboa a 28 de Junho, quando o Rei D. Afonso III, ordenou ao Concelho de Évora que entregasse a D. João Peres de Aboim, Rico Homem, seu Vassalo e Mordomo-Mor, as terras que passaram a constituir o termo de Portel. Em 18 de Outubro de 1261 foi autorizada pelo soberano a construção de castelo e fortaleza, lançando assim os fundamentos da actual povoação de Portel. A 1 de Dezembro de 1262, D. João de Aboim e sua mulher D. Marinha Afonso concederam aos moradores da nova vila de Portel Carta de Foral com os foros e costumes da cidade de Évora.

Falecido D. João de Aboim coube a vila de Portel, em herança, a seu filho D. Pedro Eanes que a veio a entregar a sua irmã D. Maria Eanes. Esta e seu marido trocaram-na, por outras terras, com o rei D. Dinis. Este possuiu o senhorio da vila de Portel e castelo até Abril de 1331. Passou, posteriormente o senhorio, respectivamente, para: a rainha Santa Isabel, Rei D. Afonso IV, D. Pedro I, e Rei D. Fernando que o doou a Gonçalo Rodrigues de Sousa tornando-se este senhor e alcaide de Portel.

Durante a crise politico-económica e social que surgiu em Portugal nos anos 1383-1385 e posteriormente à s lutas que se travaram pela ocupação do trono por D. João I, foi a vila de Portel doada ao Contestável D. Nuno Alvares Pereira. É, por intermédio de seu neto, D. Fernando, 2º Duque de Bragança, que a vila de Portel passou a fazer parte do senhorio da Casa de Bragança onde se manteve até ao advento do Liberalismo.

Em 1510, El-Rei D. Manuel reformou os foros e costumes da Carta de Foral de 1262 concedendo a Portel Foral de Leitura Nova.

Depois da Revolução Liberal de 1820, Portel foi integrado na administração geral do Estado.

Monumentos e locais de interesse turístico-patrimonial: Castelo medieval e amuralhamento da vila;

Igrejas e Conventos (Matriz, Misericórdia, Espírito Santo, S. Paulo e Stº António dos Capuchos ) e ermida e igreja de S. Pedro;

Malha urbana envolvente ao castelo e malha urbana de Vale Flores - ruas estreitas, casas brancas, chaminés magestosas salientes na fachada;

Casas apalaçadas e brasonadas da Praça da República e do Largo 5 de Outubro;

À Freguesia de Portel foi anexada a antiga Freguesia de S. João Baptista de Odivelas cuja igreja paroquial de orago a S. João Baptista e situada no Monte de S. João se encontra, na actualidade, em completa ruína.

 

English / Português

 

English

Portel is a Portuguese town in the District of Évora, Alentejo and Central sub-region of Alentejo, with about 2 800 inhabitants.

It is the seat of a municipality with 601.15 kilometers ² and 8 109 inhabitants (2001), subdivided into 8 districts. It is bordered to the north by the Municipality of Évora, east of Évora, southeast by Moura, Vidigueira the south, southwest of Cuba and west of Viana do Alentejo.

The town of Portel was founded in 1261 and received charter county in 1262.

History

St. Mary or Our Lady of the Lake

It was the year 1257, Lisbon on 28 June, when the King Alfonso III ordered the Municipality of Évora to hand over to D. John Peres Aboim, Rich Man, his vassal and Butler-Mor, the lands that now constitute the end of Portel. On 18 October 1261 was authorized by the king to build a castle and fortress, thus laying the foundations of the current town of Portel. On 1 December 1262, D. John and his wife Aboim D. Afonso Navy grant to residents of the new town of Portel letter of charter with the forums and customs of the city of Evora.

Deceased D. John Aboim fit the town of Portel, an inheritance to his son D. Pedro Eanes that came to deliver his sister Maria Eanes. This and her husband exchanged it for other lands, with the King Dinis. This landlord owned the town of Portel and castle until April 1331. Subsequently became the landlord, respectively, to: Queen Santa Isabel, King Afonso IV, D. Pedro I, and King Friends who donated to Gonçalo Rodrigues de Sousa became this man and mayor of Portel.

During the crisis politico-economic and social discovered in Portugal in the years 1383-1385 and after the s struggles that were fought for the occupation of the throne by King John I, was the town of Portel donated to the disputed D. Nuno Alvares Pereira. It is through his grandson, D. Fernando, 2nd Duke of Braganza, the town of Portel became part of the landlord of the house of Braganza, where he remained until the advent of Liberalism.

In 1510, King D. Manuel reformed the forums and customs of the Charter of charter of 1262 granting the Provincial Portel New Reading.

After the Liberal Revolution of 1820, Portel was integrated in the general administration of the state.

Monuments and tourist attractions-sheet: Medieval castle and walled town;

Churches and Convents (Matrix, Mercy, Holy Spirit, St. Paul and St. António Capuchin) and chapel and church of S. Pedro;

Urban area surrounding the castle and the urban Vale Flores - narrow streets, white houses, chimneys protruding in the majestic facade;

Palaces and mansions of the Republic Square and the Largo 5 October;

In the Town of Portel was attached to the old Town of St. John Baptist Odivelas whose parish church of the patron saint S. John the Baptist and located at Mount St. John is at present in complete ruin.

   

Português

Portel é uma vila portuguesa, no Distrito de Évora, região Alentejo e subregião do Alentejo Central, com cerca de 2 800 habitantes.

É sede de um município com 601,15 km² de área e 8 109 habitantes (2001), subdividido em 8 freguesias. O município é limitado a norte pelo município de Évora, a leste por Reguengos de Monsaraz, a sueste por Moura, a sul pela Vidigueira, a sudoeste por Cuba e a oeste por Viana do Alentejo.

A vila de Portel foi fundada em 1261, tendo recebido foral de concelho em 1262.

Historia

Santa Maria ou Nossa Senhora da Lagoa

Decorria o ano de 1257, Lisboa a 28 de Junho, quando o Rei D. Afonso III, ordenou ao Concelho de Évora que entregasse a D. João Peres de Aboim, Rico Homem, seu Vassalo e Mordomo-Mor, as terras que passaram a constituir o termo de Portel. Em 18 de Outubro de 1261 foi autorizada pelo soberano a construção de castelo e fortaleza, lançando assim os fundamentos da actual povoação de Portel. A 1 de Dezembro de 1262, D. João de Aboim e sua mulher D. Marinha Afonso concederam aos moradores da nova vila de Portel Carta de Foral com os foros e costumes da cidade de Évora.

Falecido D. João de Aboim coube a vila de Portel, em herança, a seu filho D. Pedro Eanes que a veio a entregar a sua irmã D. Maria Eanes. Esta e seu marido trocaram-na, por outras terras, com o rei D. Dinis. Este possuiu o senhorio da vila de Portel e castelo até Abril de 1331. Passou, posteriormente o senhorio, respectivamente, para: a rainha Santa Isabel, Rei D. Afonso IV, D. Pedro I, e Rei D. Fernando que o doou a Gonçalo Rodrigues de Sousa tornando-se este senhor e alcaide de Portel.

Durante a crise politico-económica e social que surgiu em Portugal nos anos 1383-1385 e posteriormente à s lutas que se travaram pela ocupação do trono por D. João I, foi a vila de Portel doada ao Contestável D. Nuno Alvares Pereira. É, por intermédio de seu neto, D. Fernando, 2º Duque de Bragança, que a vila de Portel passou a fazer parte do senhorio da Casa de Bragança onde se manteve até ao advento do Liberalismo.

Em 1510, El-Rei D. Manuel reformou os foros e costumes da Carta de Foral de 1262 concedendo a Portel Foral de Leitura Nova.

Depois da Revolução Liberal de 1820, Portel foi integrado na administração geral do Estado.

Monumentos e locais de interesse turístico-patrimonial: Castelo medieval e amuralhamento da vila;

Igrejas e Conventos (Matriz, Misericórdia, Espírito Santo, S. Paulo e Stº António dos Capuchos ) e ermida e igreja de S. Pedro;

Malha urbana envolvente ao castelo e malha urbana de Vale Flores - ruas estreitas, casas brancas, chaminés magestosas salientes na fachada;

Casas apalaçadas e brasonadas da Praça da República e do Largo 5 de Outubro;

À Freguesia de Portel foi anexada a antiga Freguesia de S. João Baptista de Odivelas cuja igreja paroquial de orago a S. João Baptista e situada no Monte de S. João se encontra, na actualidade, em completa ruína.

 

The street was named after Baltazar Dvorničić Napuly (c. 1560–1624), a Croatian jurist, legal writer, canon of Zagreb, grand provost of the Zagreb Chapter, and representative in the Hungarian-Croatian diets.

 

Dvorničićeva Street is located in Zagreb's Gornji grad – Medveščak district, in the Šalata area, specifically on the slopes of Švabin brijeg. It is a steep, winding street stretching from the Ribnjak area toward Šalata, ending in a cul-de-sac with a small terrace and turnaround point.

 

The street is particularly notable for its urban planning and architectural history. The Švabin brijeg area was subdivided in the late 1920s, with Dvorničićeva serving as the primary axis of this new residential zone. The subdivision created 38 building plots intended mainly for detached, single- and two-story family homes surrounded by greenery. Construction was encouraged by the City Municipality, which helped develop the roads and introduce water, sewage, and electrical networks.

 

Most houses in the representative part of the street were built around 1928, a period when Zagreb was expanding toward its northern hills and the concept of "garden living"—family homes with private greenery, better light, and fresh air compared to the dense city center—grew increasingly popular among the middle class. Numerous Zagreb civil engineers and certified builders took part in the construction.

 

A distinct feature of the street is its winding layout, tailored to the steep terrain. At its terminus lies a terrace overlooking Zagreb Cathedral, from which Dvorničić Steps (Dvorničićeve stube) lead pedestrians directly to the lower section of the street. This creates a quick shortcut between the upper and lower levels that is far more direct than the road itself.

 

Dvorničićeva stands as a valuable example of 1920s Zagreb urban planning, reflecting the deliberate creation of quiet, green residential quarters on the slopes of Šalata. Its character is defined by its steep terrain, winding curves, family villas with gardens, and views of Zagreb's historic center.

 

Notable Detail: Architects and builders involved in the street's development include Mate Crnić, Antun Res, Marin Bezić, and Josip Šilović. For instance, Mate Crnić built the house at Dvorničićeva 3 for himself in 1923.

 

Baltazar Dvorničić Napuly was a 16th- and 17th-century Croatian jurist, ecclesiastical dignitary, politician, and legal writer. Born around 1560 in Koprivnica into a prominent noble family, he died in Zagreb in 1624.

 

Key Facts:

 

Studied in Graz and Bologna, earning doctorates in philosophy, theology, and both canon and civil law.

 

Became a canon as early as 1581.

 

Served as a canon of the Zagreb Chapter, becoming its Grand Provost in 1613.

 

Served as a Croatian representative in the Hungarian-Croatian diets.

 

Served as an assessor (prisjednik) on the Ban's Table (Banski stol), the highest court in Croatia.

 

Established a private law school in his Zagreb curia, teaching civil and canon law.

 

Made notable contributions as a legal writer.

 

Following his death, his foundation contributed to the establishment of the Croatian College in Vienna in 1624.

 

He was buried in Zagreb Cathedral in front of the altar of St. Francis Seraph, which he had commissioned.

 

In official city registries, both the street (Ulica Baltazara Dvorničića / Dvorničićeva) and the stairs (Stube Baltazara Dvorničića / Dvorničićeve stube) continue to bear his name today.

  

12319 R Zagreb Dvorničićeva ul. Sva prava pridržana za Obitelj Crnčević Šibenik trogiski put 631 25. X. ~ 1935.

Ulica je dobila ime po Baltazaru Dvorničiću Napulyju (oko 1560.–1624.), hrvatskom pravniku, pravnom piscu i zagrebačkom kanoniku, velikom prepoštu Zagrebačkog kaptola i zastupniku na Ugarsko-hrvatskim saborima.

 

Dvorničićeva ulica nalazi se u zagrebačkoj gradskoj četvrti Gornji grad – Medveščak, na području Šalate, odnosno na obroncima Švabinog brijega. To je izrazito strma i zavojita ulica koja se pruža od područja Ribnjaka prema Šalati i završava slijepim završetkom s manjom terasom-okretištem.

Ulica je posebno zanimljiva zbog svoje urbanističke i arhitektonske povijesti. Područje Švabinog brijega parcelirano je krajem 1920-ih, a Dvorničićeva je bila glavna os nove stambene zone. Parcelirano je 38 građevinskih parcela, namijenjenih uglavnom samostojećim prizemnim i jednokatnim obiteljskim kućama sa zelenilom. Gradnju je poticala i tadašnja Gradska općina, koja je sudjelovala u uređenju cesta te uvođenju vodovoda, kanalizacije i električne energije.

Većina kuća u reprezentativnom dijelu Dvorničićeve ulice izgrađena je oko 1928. godine, u razdoblju kada se Zagreb širio prema svojim sjevernim brežuljcima i kada je među građanskim slojem bilo sve popularnije vrtno stanovanje – obiteljske kuće okružene zelenilom, s više svjetla i zraka nego u gusto izgrađenom središtu grada. U izgradnji su sudjelovali brojni zagrebački građevinski inženjeri i ovlašteni graditelji.

Posebnost ulice je njezin zavojiti oblik prilagođen strmom terenu. Na završetku ulice nalazi se terasa s pogledom prema zagrebačkoj katedrali, a s nje se preko Dvorničićevih stuba može pješački spustiti prema donjem dijelu ulice. Tako je ostvarena kratka pješačka veza između gornjeg i donjeg dijela Dvorničićeve, koja je mnogo izravnija od ulične trase.

Dvorničićeva je stoga vrijedan primjer zagrebačkog urbanizma 1920-ih, kada se na padinama Šalate planski stvaraju nova, mirna i zelena stambena naselja. Njezin karakter čine strmina, zavojita ulična trasa, obiteljske vile i kuće s vrtovima te zanimljivi pogledi prema povijesnoj jezgri Zagreba.

Zanimljivost: među projektantima i graditeljima kuća u ulici spominju se Mate Crnić, Antun Res, Marin Bezić, Josip Šilović i drugi; primjerice, kuću na Dvorničićevoj 3 Mate Crnić sagradio je za sebe još 1923. godine.

 

Baltazar Dvorničić Napuly bio je hrvatski pravnik, crkveni dostojanstvenik, političar i pravni pisac iz 16. i 17. stoljeća. Rođen je oko 1560. u Koprivnici, a umro je 1624. u Zagrebu. Potjecao je iz ugledne plemićke obitelji.

Baltazar Dvorničić Napuly

studirao je u Grazu i Bologni, gdje je stekao doktorate iz filozofije, teologije i oba prava;

već je 1581. postao kanonik;

bio je kanonik Zagrebačkog kaptola, a od 1613. veliki prepošt Zagrebačkog kaptola;

sudjelovao je kao hrvatski zastupnik na Ugarsko-hrvatskim saborima;

bio je prisjednik Banskoga stola, najvišeg hrvatskog suda;

u Zagrebu je u svojoj kuriji osnovao privatnu pravnu školu, gdje se predavalo građansko i kanonsko pravo;

bio je značajan i kao pravni pisac;

nakon njegove smrti njegova je zaklada sudjelovala u osnivanju Hrvatskog kolegija u Beču 1624. godine.

Pokopan je u zagrebačkoj katedrali, ispred oltara sv. Franje Serafina koji je dao izraditi.

Zanimljivo je da se u službenim popisima zagrebačkih ulica i danas navode Ulica Baltazara Dvorničića (Dvorničićeva) i Stube Baltazara Dvorničića (Dvorničićeve stube).

 

colnect.com/en/postcards/postcard/525758-Zagreb_Dvorni%C4...

Turpan (simplified Chinese: 吐鲁番; traditional Chinese: 吐魯番; pinyin: Tǔlǔfān; Uyghur: تۇرپان‎, ULY: Turpan, UYY: Turpan?), also known as Turfan or Tulufan, is a prefecture-level city located in the east of Xinjiang, People's Republic of China. It has an area of 69,324 square kilometres and a population of 570,000 (2003).

 

HISTORY

Turpan has long been the centre of a fertile oasis (with water provided by the karez canal system) and an important trade centre. It was historically located along the Silk Road, at which time it was adjacent to the kingdoms of Kroran and Yanqi. The name Turfan itself however was not used until the end of the Middle Ages - its use became widespread only in the post-Mongol period. The center of the region has shifted a number of times, from Yar-Khoto (Jiaohe, 10 km to the west of modern Turpan) to Qocho (Gaochang, 30 km to the southeast of Turpan), and to Turpan itself. Historically, many settlements in the region have been given a number of different names, some of which refer to more than one place – Turpan/Turfan/Tulufan is one such example. (Others include Loulan/Kroran/Korla, Jushi/Gushi, Gaochang/Qocho/Karakhoja, Hezhou, and Jiaohe/Yarkhoto.)

 

The peoples of the Kingdoms of Nearer and Further Jushi (the Turpan Oasis and the region to the north of the mountains near modern Jimasa), were closely related. It was originally one kingdom called Gushi, which the Chinese conquered in 107 BC. It was subdivided into two kingdoms by the Chinese in 60 BC. During the Han era the city changed hands several times between the Xiongnu and the Han, interspersed with short periods of independence.

 

After the fall of the Han dynasty in 220, the region was virtually independent but tributary to various dynasties. Until the 5th century AD, the capital of this kingdom was Jiaohe (modern Yarghul 16 kilometres west of Turpan).

 

From 487 to 541 AD, Turpan was an independent Kingdom ruled by a Turkic tribe known to the Chinese as the Tiele. The Rouran Khaganate defeated the Tiele and subjugated Turpan, but soon afterwards the Rouran were destroyed by the Göktürks.

 

TANG CONQUEST

The Tang dynasty had reconquered the Tarim Basin by the 7th century AD. During the 7th, 8th, and early 9th centuries the Tibetan Empire, the Tang Chinese, and Turks fought to conquer the Tarim Basin. Sogdians and Chinese engaged in extensive commercial activities with each other under Tang rule. The Sogdians were mostly Mazdaist at this time. Turpan, renamed Xizhou by the Tang after their armies conquered it in 640 AD, had a history of commerce and trade along the Silk Road already centuries old; it had many inns catering to merchants and other travelers, while numerous brothels are recorded in Kucha and Khotan. As a result of the Tang conquest, policies forcing minority group relocation and encouraging Han settlement led to Turpan's name in the Sogdian language becoming known as “Chinatown” or "Town of the Chinese".

 

In Astana, a contract written in Sogdian detailing the sale of a Sogdian girl to a Chinese man was discovered dated to 639 AD. Individual slaves were common among silk route houses; early documents recorded an increase in the selling of slaves in Turpan. Twenty-one 7th-century marriage contracts were found that showed, where one Sogdian spouse was present, for 18 of them their partner was a Sogdian. The only Sogdian men who married Chinese women were highly eminent officials. Several commercial interactions were recorded, for example a camel was sold priced at 14 silk bolts in 673, and a Chang'an native bought a girl age 11 for 40 silk bolts in 731 from a Sogdian merchant. Five men swore that the girl was never free before enslavement, since the Tang Code forbade commoners to be sold as slaves.

 

The Tang dynasty became weakened considerably due to the An Lushan Rebellion, and the Tibetans took the opportunity to expand into Gansu and the Western Regions. The Tibetans took control of Turfan in 792.

7th or 8th century old dumplings and wontons were found in Turfan.

 

UYGHUR RULE

In 803, the Uyghurs of the Uyghur Khaganate seized Turfan from the Tibetans. The Uyghur Khaganate however was destroyed by the Kirghiz and its capital Ordu-Baliq in Mongolia sacked in 840. The defeat resulted in the mass movement of the Uyghurs out of Mongolia and their dispersal into Gansu and Central Asia, and many joined other Uyghurs already present in Turfan. In the early twentieth century, a collection of some 900 Christian manuscripts dating to the ninth to the twelfth centuries was found at a monastery site at Turfan.

 

The Uyghurs established a Kingdom in the Turpan region with its capital in Gaochang or Kara-Khoja. The kingdom was known as the Uyghuria Idikut state or Kara-Khoja Kingdom that lasted from 856 to 1389 AD. The Uyghurs were Manichaean but later converted to Buddhism and funded the construction the cave temples in the Bezeklik Caves. The Uyghurs formed an alliance with the rulers of Dunhuang. The Uyghur state later became a vassal state of the Kara-Khitans, and then as a vassal of the Mongol Empire. This Kingdom was led by the Idikuts, or Saint Spiritual Rulers. The last Idikut left Turpan area in 1284 for Kumul, then Gansu to seek protection of Yuan Dynasty, but local Uyghur Buddhist rulers still held power until the invasion by the Moghul Hizir Khoja in 1389. The conversion of the local Buddhist population to Islam was completed nevertheless only in the second half of the 15th century.

 

After being converted to Islam, the descendants of the previously Buddhist Uyghurs in Turfan failed to retain memory of their ancestral legacy and falsely believed that the "infidel Kalmuks" (Dzungars) were the ones who built Buddhist monuments in their area.

 

15TH AND 16TH CENTURIES

As late as 1420, the Timurid envoy Ghiyāth al-dīn Naqqāsh, who passed through Turpan on the way from Herat to Beijing, reported that many of the city's residents were "infidels". He visited a "very large and beautiful" temple with a statue of Shakyamuni; in one of the versions of his account it was also claimed that many Turpanians "worshipped the cross".The Moghul ruler of Turpan Yunus Khan, also known as Ḥājjī `Ali, (ruled 1462–1478) unified Moghulistan (roughly corresponding to today's Eastern Xinjiang) under his authority in 1472. Around that time, a conflict with the Ming China started over the issues of tribute trade: Turpanians benefited from sending "tribute missions" to China, which allowed them to receive valuable gifts from the Ming emperors and to do plenty of trading on the side; the Chinese, however, felt that receiving and entertaining these missions was just too expensive. (Muslim envoys to the early Ming China were impressed by the lavish reception offered to them along their route through China, from Suzhou to Beijing, such as described by Ghiyāth al-dīn Naqqāsh in 1420–1421.

 

Yunus Khan was irritated by the restrictions on the frequency and size of Turpanian missions (no more than one mission in 5 years, with no more than 10 members) imposed by the Ming government in 1465, and by the Ming's refusal to bestow sufficiently luxurious gifts on his envoys (1469). Accordingly, in 1473 he went to war against China, and succeeded in capturing Hami in 1473 from the Oirat Mongol Henshen and holding it for a while, until Ali was repulsed by the Ming Dynasty into Turfan. He reoccupied Hami after Ming left. Henshen's Mongols recaptured Hami twice in 1482 and 1483, but the son of Ali, Ahmad Alaq, reconquered it in 1493 and captured the Hami leader and the resident of China in Hami (Hami was a vassal state to Ming). In response, the Ming Dynasty imposed an economic blockade on Turfan and kicked out all the Uyghurs from Gansu. It became so harsh for Turfan that Ahmed left. Ahmed's son Mansur succeeded him and took over Hami in 1517. These conflicts were called the Ming Turpan Border Wars.

 

Several times, after occupying Hami, Mansur tried to attack China in 1524 with 20,000 men, but was beaten by Chinese forces. The Turpan kingdom under Mansur, in alliance with Oirat Mongols, tried to raid Suzhou in Gansu in 1528, but were severely defeated by Ming Chinese forces and suffered heavy casualties. The Chinese refused to lift the economic blockade and restrictions that had led to the battles, and continued restricting Turpan's tribute and trade with China. Turfan also annexed Hami.

 

19TH CENTURY

Francis Younghusband visited Turpan in 1887 on his overland journey from Beijing to India. He said it consisted of two walled towns, a Chinese one with a population of no more than 5,000 and, about 1.6 km to the west, a Turk town of "probably" 12,000 to 15,000 inhabitants. The town (presumably the "Turk town") had four gateways, one for each of the cardinal directions, of solid brickwork and massive wooden doors plated with iron and covered by a semicircular bastion. The well-kept walls were of mud and about 10.7 m tall and 6 to 9 m thick, with loopholes at the top. There was a level space about 14 m wide outside the main walls surrounded by a musketry wall about 2.4 m high, with a ditch around it some 3.7 m deep and 6 m wide. There were drumtowers over the gateways, small square towers at the corners and two small square bastions between the corners and the gateways, "two to each front." Wheat, cotton, poppies, melons and grapes were grown in the surrounding fields.

 

Turpan grapes impressed other travelers to the region as well. The 19th-century Russian explorer Grigory Grumm-Grzhimaylo, thought the local raisins may be "the best in the world", and noted the buildings of a "perfectly peculiar design" used for drying them called chunche.

 

SUBDEVISIONS

Turpan directly controls 1 district and 2 counties.

 

GEOGRAPHY AND CLIMATE

Turpan is located about 150 km southeast of Ürümqi, Xinjiang's capital, in a mountain basin, on the northern side of the Turpan Depression, at an elevation of 30 m above sea level. Outside of Turpan is a small volcanic cone, the Turfan volcano, that is said to have erupted in 1120 as described in the Song Dynasty.

 

Turpan has a harsh, drastic, cold desert climate (Köppen BWk), with very hot and long summers, and very cold but short winters, and brief spring and autumn in between. Annual precipitation is very low, amounting to only 15.7 millimetres. The monthly 24-hour average temperature ranges from −7.6 °C in January to 32.2 °C in July; the annual mean is 14.4 °C. With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 48% in December to 75% in September, sunshine is abundant and the city receives 2,912 hours of bright sunshine annually. Temperature differences between summer and winter are oppressively large (over 50 °C). The warmest months often approach the stifling intensity of cities such as Phoenix or Las Vegas, while winters produce average lows that more closely resemble frigid Minneapolis.

 

Extremes have ranged from −28.9 °C to 48.1 °C, although a reading of 49.6 °C in July 1975 is regarded as dubious.

 

However, the very heat and dryness of the summer, when combined with the area's ancient system of irrigation, allows the countryside around Turpan to produce great quantities of high-quality fruit.

 

DEMOGRAPHY

According to the 2000 census, the city of Turpan had a population of 251,652 (population density 15.99 inh./km²).

 

TRANSPORT

Turpan is served by China National Highway 312. It is the junction for the Lanzhou-Xinjiang and the Southern Xinjiang Railways.

 

WIKIPEDIA

Turpan (simplified Chinese: 吐鲁番; traditional Chinese: 吐魯番; pinyin: Tǔlǔfān; Uyghur: تۇرپان‎, ULY: Turpan, UYY: Turpan?), also known as Turfan or Tulufan, is a prefecture-level city located in the east of Xinjiang, People's Republic of China. It has an area of 69,324 square kilometres and a population of 570,000 (2003).

 

HISTORY

Turpan has long been the centre of a fertile oasis (with water provided by the karez canal system) and an important trade centre. It was historically located along the Silk Road, at which time it was adjacent to the kingdoms of Kroran and Yanqi. The name Turfan itself however was not used until the end of the Middle Ages - its use became widespread only in the post-Mongol period. The center of the region has shifted a number of times, from Yar-Khoto (Jiaohe, 10 km to the west of modern Turpan) to Qocho (Gaochang, 30 km to the southeast of Turpan), and to Turpan itself. Historically, many settlements in the region have been given a number of different names, some of which refer to more than one place – Turpan/Turfan/Tulufan is one such example. (Others include Loulan/Kroran/Korla, Jushi/Gushi, Gaochang/Qocho/Karakhoja, Hezhou, and Jiaohe/Yarkhoto.)

 

The peoples of the Kingdoms of Nearer and Further Jushi (the Turpan Oasis and the region to the north of the mountains near modern Jimasa), were closely related. It was originally one kingdom called Gushi, which the Chinese conquered in 107 BC. It was subdivided into two kingdoms by the Chinese in 60 BC. During the Han era the city changed hands several times between the Xiongnu and the Han, interspersed with short periods of independence.

 

After the fall of the Han dynasty in 220, the region was virtually independent but tributary to various dynasties. Until the 5th century AD, the capital of this kingdom was Jiaohe (modern Yarghul 16 kilometres west of Turpan).

 

From 487 to 541 AD, Turpan was an independent Kingdom ruled by a Turkic tribe known to the Chinese as the Tiele. The Rouran Khaganate defeated the Tiele and subjugated Turpan, but soon afterwards the Rouran were destroyed by the Göktürks.

 

TANG CONQUEST

The Tang dynasty had reconquered the Tarim Basin by the 7th century AD. During the 7th, 8th, and early 9th centuries the Tibetan Empire, the Tang Chinese, and Turks fought to conquer the Tarim Basin. Sogdians and Chinese engaged in extensive commercial activities with each other under Tang rule. The Sogdians were mostly Mazdaist at this time. Turpan, renamed Xizhou by the Tang after their armies conquered it in 640 AD, had a history of commerce and trade along the Silk Road already centuries old; it had many inns catering to merchants and other travelers, while numerous brothels are recorded in Kucha and Khotan. As a result of the Tang conquest, policies forcing minority group relocation and encouraging Han settlement led to Turpan's name in the Sogdian language becoming known as “Chinatown” or "Town of the Chinese".

 

In Astana, a contract written in Sogdian detailing the sale of a Sogdian girl to a Chinese man was discovered dated to 639 AD. Individual slaves were common among silk route houses; early documents recorded an increase in the selling of slaves in Turpan. Twenty-one 7th-century marriage contracts were found that showed, where one Sogdian spouse was present, for 18 of them their partner was a Sogdian. The only Sogdian men who married Chinese women were highly eminent officials. Several commercial interactions were recorded, for example a camel was sold priced at 14 silk bolts in 673, and a Chang'an native bought a girl age 11 for 40 silk bolts in 731 from a Sogdian merchant. Five men swore that the girl was never free before enslavement, since the Tang Code forbade commoners to be sold as slaves.

 

The Tang dynasty became weakened considerably due to the An Lushan Rebellion, and the Tibetans took the opportunity to expand into Gansu and the Western Regions. The Tibetans took control of Turfan in 792.

7th or 8th century old dumplings and wontons were found in Turfan.

 

UYGHUR RULE

In 803, the Uyghurs of the Uyghur Khaganate seized Turfan from the Tibetans. The Uyghur Khaganate however was destroyed by the Kirghiz and its capital Ordu-Baliq in Mongolia sacked in 840. The defeat resulted in the mass movement of the Uyghurs out of Mongolia and their dispersal into Gansu and Central Asia, and many joined other Uyghurs already present in Turfan. In the early twentieth century, a collection of some 900 Christian manuscripts dating to the ninth to the twelfth centuries was found at a monastery site at Turfan.

 

The Uyghurs established a Kingdom in the Turpan region with its capital in Gaochang or Kara-Khoja. The kingdom was known as the Uyghuria Idikut state or Kara-Khoja Kingdom that lasted from 856 to 1389 AD. The Uyghurs were Manichaean but later converted to Buddhism and funded the construction the cave temples in the Bezeklik Caves. The Uyghurs formed an alliance with the rulers of Dunhuang. The Uyghur state later became a vassal state of the Kara-Khitans, and then as a vassal of the Mongol Empire. This Kingdom was led by the Idikuts, or Saint Spiritual Rulers. The last Idikut left Turpan area in 1284 for Kumul, then Gansu to seek protection of Yuan Dynasty, but local Uyghur Buddhist rulers still held power until the invasion by the Moghul Hizir Khoja in 1389. The conversion of the local Buddhist population to Islam was completed nevertheless only in the second half of the 15th century.

 

After being converted to Islam, the descendants of the previously Buddhist Uyghurs in Turfan failed to retain memory of their ancestral legacy and falsely believed that the "infidel Kalmuks" (Dzungars) were the ones who built Buddhist monuments in their area.

 

15TH AND 16TH CENTURIES

As late as 1420, the Timurid envoy Ghiyāth al-dīn Naqqāsh, who passed through Turpan on the way from Herat to Beijing, reported that many of the city's residents were "infidels". He visited a "very large and beautiful" temple with a statue of Shakyamuni; in one of the versions of his account it was also claimed that many Turpanians "worshipped the cross".The Moghul ruler of Turpan Yunus Khan, also known as Ḥājjī `Ali, (ruled 1462–1478) unified Moghulistan (roughly corresponding to today's Eastern Xinjiang) under his authority in 1472. Around that time, a conflict with the Ming China started over the issues of tribute trade: Turpanians benefited from sending "tribute missions" to China, which allowed them to receive valuable gifts from the Ming emperors and to do plenty of trading on the side; the Chinese, however, felt that receiving and entertaining these missions was just too expensive. (Muslim envoys to the early Ming China were impressed by the lavish reception offered to them along their route through China, from Suzhou to Beijing, such as described by Ghiyāth al-dīn Naqqāsh in 1420–1421.

 

Yunus Khan was irritated by the restrictions on the frequency and size of Turpanian missions (no more than one mission in 5 years, with no more than 10 members) imposed by the Ming government in 1465, and by the Ming's refusal to bestow sufficiently luxurious gifts on his envoys (1469). Accordingly, in 1473 he went to war against China, and succeeded in capturing Hami in 1473 from the Oirat Mongol Henshen and holding it for a while, until Ali was repulsed by the Ming Dynasty into Turfan. He reoccupied Hami after Ming left. Henshen's Mongols recaptured Hami twice in 1482 and 1483, but the son of Ali, Ahmad Alaq, reconquered it in 1493 and captured the Hami leader and the resident of China in Hami (Hami was a vassal state to Ming). In response, the Ming Dynasty imposed an economic blockade on Turfan and kicked out all the Uyghurs from Gansu. It became so harsh for Turfan that Ahmed left. Ahmed's son Mansur succeeded him and took over Hami in 1517. These conflicts were called the Ming Turpan Border Wars.

 

Several times, after occupying Hami, Mansur tried to attack China in 1524 with 20,000 men, but was beaten by Chinese forces. The Turpan kingdom under Mansur, in alliance with Oirat Mongols, tried to raid Suzhou in Gansu in 1528, but were severely defeated by Ming Chinese forces and suffered heavy casualties. The Chinese refused to lift the economic blockade and restrictions that had led to the battles, and continued restricting Turpan's tribute and trade with China. Turfan also annexed Hami.

 

19TH CENTURY

Francis Younghusband visited Turpan in 1887 on his overland journey from Beijing to India. He said it consisted of two walled towns, a Chinese one with a population of no more than 5,000 and, about 1.6 km to the west, a Turk town of "probably" 12,000 to 15,000 inhabitants. The town (presumably the "Turk town") had four gateways, one for each of the cardinal directions, of solid brickwork and massive wooden doors plated with iron and covered by a semicircular bastion. The well-kept walls were of mud and about 10.7 m tall and 6 to 9 m thick, with loopholes at the top. There was a level space about 14 m wide outside the main walls surrounded by a musketry wall about 2.4 m high, with a ditch around it some 3.7 m deep and 6 m wide. There were drumtowers over the gateways, small square towers at the corners and two small square bastions between the corners and the gateways, "two to each front." Wheat, cotton, poppies, melons and grapes were grown in the surrounding fields.

 

Turpan grapes impressed other travelers to the region as well. The 19th-century Russian explorer Grigory Grumm-Grzhimaylo, thought the local raisins may be "the best in the world", and noted the buildings of a "perfectly peculiar design" used for drying them called chunche.

 

SUBDEVISIONS

Turpan directly controls 1 district and 2 counties.

 

GEOGRAPHY AND CLIMATE

Turpan is located about 150 km southeast of Ürümqi, Xinjiang's capital, in a mountain basin, on the northern side of the Turpan Depression, at an elevation of 30 m above sea level. Outside of Turpan is a small volcanic cone, the Turfan volcano, that is said to have erupted in 1120 as described in the Song Dynasty.

 

Turpan has a harsh, drastic, cold desert climate (Köppen BWk), with very hot and long summers, and very cold but short winters, and brief spring and autumn in between. Annual precipitation is very low, amounting to only 15.7 millimetres. The monthly 24-hour average temperature ranges from −7.6 °C in January to 32.2 °C in July; the annual mean is 14.4 °C. With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 48% in December to 75% in September, sunshine is abundant and the city receives 2,912 hours of bright sunshine annually. Temperature differences between summer and winter are oppressively large (over 50 °C). The warmest months often approach the stifling intensity of cities such as Phoenix or Las Vegas, while winters produce average lows that more closely resemble frigid Minneapolis.

 

Extremes have ranged from −28.9 °C to 48.1 °C, although a reading of 49.6 °C in July 1975 is regarded as dubious.

 

However, the very heat and dryness of the summer, when combined with the area's ancient system of irrigation, allows the countryside around Turpan to produce great quantities of high-quality fruit.

 

DEMOGRAPHY

According to the 2000 census, the city of Turpan had a population of 251,652 (population density 15.99 inh./km²).

 

TRANSPORT

Turpan is served by China National Highway 312. It is the junction for the Lanzhou-Xinjiang and the Southern Xinjiang Railways.

 

WIKIPEDIA

Upper West Side, Manhattan, New York City, New York, United States

 

HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION

 

Although its history can be traced as far back as the late seventeenth century, the West Side, including the land within the boundaries of the West End-Collegiate Historic District, was still largely farmland until 1880. Prior to its urbanization at the end of the nineteenth century, the West Side, stretching roughly from 23rd Street to 125th Street, was known as Blooming-dale. This appellation came from the early Dutch settlers of New Amsterdam who called the region "Bloemendael" in fond recollection of a flower-growing area of the same name near Haarlem, in Holland,

 

In the 1660s, Governor Nicholls, the first English governor of New York, granted a large parcel of land in the Bloomingdale district to a syndicate of five patentees. Known as the "thousand acre tract," it was bounded roughly by the Hudson River and what are today 42nd Street, a point midway between 89th and 90th Streets, and Central Park West. The tract was surveyed and subdivided among the patentees. The territory which compromises the historic district fell within lots seven and eight, with the bulk of it being within lot seven. Both lots became the property of Egbert Wouterse, one of the five patentees.

 

In the early eighteenth century Bloomingdale Road was opened through the region following the course of an old Indian trail. The road provided the main link with the city at the tip of Manhattan. Gradually, wealthy New Yorkers began to establish country seats in the hinterland flanking Bloomingdale Road.

 

A number of country seats were established in the vicinity of the historic district. One of them, the homestead of Stephen De-Lancey, which was built before 1729, probably occupied the site of the later Vandenheuvel mansion on the west side of Bloomingdale Road at the present location of the Apthorp Apartments, a designated New York City Landmark. In 1792, John Cornelius Vandenheuvel, former governor of Demerara, built his mansion on this site."

 

By the 1830s, the mansion had been converted into a hotel called Burnham's. The Astor family acquired the site in 1879 and had the mansion demolished in 1905 to make way for the Apthorp Apartments

 

Another country seat in the vicinity was established by Teunis Somarindyck when all of lot seven of the thousand acre tract fell to him. After 1745 Somarindyck's house stood at the northwest

 

corner of 75th Street and Broadway. The house was demolished in 1868 to make way for the Boulevard, now Broadway. A second house belonging to the Somarindyck family was located at roughly the southeastern corner of the present West End Avenue and West 77th Street.

 

In the late 1840s, Fernando Wood purchased this house and the adjoining one, added a structure on its south side and used the house as his country seat. Wood lived here while he was mayor of New York City (1855-1858, 1860-1862). In 1860 Wood entertained the Prince of Wales in the home when the Prince of Wales made his famous trip to the United States as Baron Renfrew.

 

By the early nineteenth century four small villages had sprung up in Bloomingdale. According to historian Hopper Striker Mott, each of these villages was a distinct locality which maintained a semblance of village life at least up to the Civil War.

 

The general vicinity of the historic district was known as Har-senville, a hamlet centered around the present West 70th Street and Broadway. It was named for John Harsen whose house stood between 70th and 71st Streets.

 

Although Bloomingdale itself remained largely rural until the late nineteenth century, its eventual development as an integral part of New York City had been foreseen much earlier in the century. The state legislature appointed a commission of three in 1807 to prepare a plan for the orderly expansion of the city, and John Randel, Jr., an engineer, assumed the task of formulating such a scheme.

 

In 1811 he produced a plan, known as the Randel Survey or Commissioners' Map, which imposed a uniform grid of broad avenues and narrow cross streets upon the rolling hills of Manhattan as far north as 155th Street. The austerity of the rigid grid was relieved only by Bloomingdale Road (now Broadway) which cut across the plan diagonally.

 

To be sure, some fifty years elapsed before streets in the vicinity of the historic district were actually laid out. In the interim, the bucolic character of the area began to undergo changes. The large Somarindyck farm was subdivided during the early nineteenth century and much of the land within or near the historic district became part of six separate parcels.

 

Though ownership of these parcels varied throughout the first half of the century, they continued in use as either country seats or farms until being conveyed during the 1850s and 1860s in small parcels and lots. The Wood estate, centered on the present block bounded by West 76th and West 77th Streets, West End Avenue and Broadway, was not broken into lots until the 1880s.

 

The ready availability of land in Bloomingdale encouraged the establishment of a number of institutions there in the early nineteenth century.

 

One, the Orphan Asylum Society of New York, decided to move from its existing home in the increasingly congested and urbanized Greenwich Village area of the city to a new home in Harsenville so that the children in its charge could "enjoy purer air and more ample accommodations.

 

In the 1830s the Society purchased nine and one half acres of land, some of which is presently incorporated into the southern boundary of the historic district, and, on the site presently bounded by Riverside Drive, West End Avenue, West 73rd and West 74th Streets, erected its imposing new asylum. Completed in 1840, the asylum building survived until 1902.

 

During the period, the increase in the permanent population of Harsenville and Bloomingdale was sufficient to warrant opening a local public school. Established in the late 1820s at West 82nd Street and Eleventh Avenue (-West End Avenue), Public School 9 served the families who lived on the farms and in frame houses scattered throughout the area.

 

In spite of these various developments, Bloomingdale retained its countrylike atmosphere to the time of the Civil War. New York City, on the other hand, found itself in the throes of expansion and transformation into a rapidly growing metropolis.

 

Both the impact of the Industrial Revolution and massive immigration from Europe provided the impetus to northerly residential expansion which was channeled primarily to the East Side and roughly followed the uptown march of New York's wealthy citizens.

 

The predilection for development on the East Side was also heavily influenced by transit facilities which were provided there earlier than on the West Side. With the inauguration of the horsecar era in 1852, the city was pushed ever further north until it reached 59th Street.

 

As the city continually expanded to the north, it was increasingly apparent that Bloomingdale would eventually be engulfed by the tide of urban growth. However, residential development proceeded slowly in Bloomingdale. Its pace was influenced by a complex interrelationship of factors which included the opening of rapid transit lines, the construction of various civic improvements, and successive waves of real estate speculation .

 

Rapid growth and expansion only exacerbated the problems confronting New York City and led to closer scrutiny of the deficiencies of the Commissioners Map of 1811. Its rigid grid system for laying streets made meager provision for new squares ,

 

promenades or parks as a means of relieving congestion which resulted from the high densities of urban building. Moreover, the city's breathing spaces were confined to a few small squares, mostly damp and unwholesome "reservations" on the site of old water courses.

 

As early as 1840 a serious campaign was launched to create a park to benefit all the people of New York. By the late 1850s, Central Park, with a southern boundary coinciding with the northern boundary of the city, was under construction in a predominantly rural area of the island.

 

The decision to build Central Park in a rural, undeveloped part of the city spurred development during the 1850s in what is now midtown, particularly in the West 40s and 50s, close to Fifth Avenue, where brownstone rowhouses began to appear.

 

The determination of the park's boundaries also boosted property values to its east, west and north and sparked a wave of real estate speculation in all three areas. This first wave of speculation to affect the Upper West Side was confined to vacant lots along Eighth Avenue, just west of the park, which sold for nearly as much as those just to the east along Fifth Avenue. Since neither the population of the city at the time nor its transit facilities, which on the Upper West Side were limited to a stage line on Bloomingdale Road, warranted the prices at which property was being traded, the speculation was restricted to paper.

 

The period after the Civil War triggered the greatest speculative craze seen to that point in New York City. Land in the vicinity of Fifth Avenue was particularly susceptible even though most of it was unimproved, overvalued, and sold for very high prices. Generally speaking, the postwar speculation undoubtedly was one of the consequences of the inflation which followed the war. On the Upper West Side, it received an additional stimulus from contemplated rapid transportation facilities and from promised civic improvements.

 

The craze, however, was almost entirely restricted to vacant land. In 1868, for example, there were not more than half a dozen "modern" houses on the Upper West Side. In 1873, four lots on 81st Street and Riverside Drive, an avenue which then existed only on paper, were conveyed for $75,000. It was estimated that, between 1868 and 1873, the value of land north of 59th Street increased by 200 percent and in many cases 300 or 400 percent.

 

One of the earliest improvements to fuel post-war speculation on the Upper West Side was the extension of the Eighth Avenue horse car line to 84th Street in 1864. However more ambitious projects exerted far greater influence in this regard. By

 

the late 1860s a new rapid transit system connecting both the Upper East and Upper West Sides with downtown Manhattan seemed virtually assured.

 

The demand for other city improvements was also particularly insistent. Chief among the demands was a proposal to convert the Riverside precipice on the West Side of Manhattan into a park. The idea received additional support when Andrew H. Green, President of the Board of Commissioners of Central Park, submitted a plan to convert the precipice into a landscaped park for the West Side from 55th to 155th Streets.

 

The plan, approved by the Board of Commissioners of Central Park in 1867, called for not only the development of a Riverside Park but also the creation of Riverside Drive, Fort Washington Park and Morningside Park, as well as new streets and avenues that conformed to the natural contours of the land. One of the results was the replacement in 1868-71 of Bloomingdale Road by a wide avenue with grass malls from 59th Street to 155th Street.

 

The new avenue was named the "Boulevard" in the area of the historic district and the "Public Drive" further north. In 1899, the Boulevard and Public Drive were renamed "Broadway." At the same time city improvements, such as the opening, grading and flagging of streets in the area was proceeding slowly. By the 1870s most of the streets and avenues in or near the historic district had been laid out.

 

The Panic of 1873, caused by the failure of Jay Cooke & Co. and the suspension of the Union Trust Co., burst this speculative bubble. Not only did the bottom fall out of the real estate market, but the real estate industry entered into a period of stagnation which lasted until recovery at the end of the decade. During this period little building occurred on the Upper West Side and, more significantly, the value of building lots fell dramatically, often to their pre-Civil War levels.

 

Although this period of stagnation did not completely end until 1879, a large amount of capital had already been invested by then in the region of the historic district. The Boulevard had been opened, Riverside Drive and Park were under construction and the Ninth Avenue Elevated Railroad was nearing completion and in operation by the end of 1879.

 

The erection of the American Museum of Natural History in 1874 - 1877 in Manhattan Square between 77th and 81st Streets and Eighth and Ninth Avenues, indicated the emerging role of this area of the Upper West Side as a setting for cultural activities. Despite these improvements, the Upper West Side at this time "was barren, open land marked with occasional shanties, vegetable gardens, menacing rock out-

 

growths, lowly taverns and decrepit eighteenth and early nineteenth century mansions."

 

With the gradual return to prosperity by the end of the decade building activity once again resumed in the city, but much of it was confined to the Upper East Side. By contrast, the Upper West Side was distant from the city's historic thrust northward along Fifth Avenue. Rather than shift a mile to the west to proceed up Eighth Avenue or Broadway, development marched logically northward on the East Side into the Sixties and Seventies.

 

Furthermore, when real estate began to recover, owners of property on the Upper West Side who had suffered great losses during the Panic deliberately kept prices high in anticipation of development. ^ As a result, East Side property was more attractive to builders and, hence, nearly all of them were busy on the Upper East Side and even in Harlem.

 

After having lagged some twenty years behind the Upper East Side, development on the Upper West Side was finally stimulated by the completion of the Ninth Avenue El in 1879. However, despite the completion of the El, developers were reluctant, at first, to build on the Upper West Side. Builders hesitated to enter a nearly empty area whose social composition had not yet been determined.

 

Although everyone agreed that Central Park West and Riverside Drive were destined to supplant Fifth Avenue as the future home of New York's wealthy citizens, with West End Avenue being envisioned as the location of small shops catering to the needs of local households, no one seemed to agree about the future constitution of the rest of the Upper West Side. To be sure, the elevated stations at 72nd, 8 1st, 93rd and 104th Streets did attract builders like magnetic points, but there were few other fixed points to guide investors in determining the nature of buildings most profitable to erect.

 

The Upper West Side was a wilderness of confusing possibilities. In addition, high real estate prices, the unreliability of city improvements, delays in opening streets, and difficulties in evicting occupants of the numerous shanties spread throughout the region further confounded attempts at development.

 

Development that occurred on the Upper West Side during the first years of the 1880s was restricted largely to individual entrepreneurs. Construct ion first began in the vicinity of 125th Street at the north and in the area of 72nd Street at the south. Edward Clark, President of the Singer Sewing Machine Co., was the first to make major investments on the Upper West Side. In the late 1870s he invested heavily in property bounded by 72nd and 74th Streets, Eighth and Ninth Avenues.

 

Early in 1880, a row of his dwellings was put on the rental market and later in the same year he filed plans for his long heralded Dakota Apartments, a designated New York City Landmark. Standing at Central Park West between 72nd and 73rd Streets, it was mockingly dubbed "Clark's Folly" because of its unfashionable location.

 

The Dakota, however, soon became the nucleus of a residential community built up on nearby streets. Clark's real estate ventures proved to be superb investments and attracted much public attention and comment

 

Despite the publicity generated by such ventures as Clark's, the "Great West Side Movement" continued to lag behind development on the East Side, but by 1885 the Upper West Side had emerged as the recognized speculative area of the city. The developers already at work there undertook new and larger projects and were joined by nearly all of the larger builders in the city to the degree that the city's whole building force seemed to have been transferred to the West Side.

 

Buildings erected on the Upper West Side now sold readily and builders were inclined and financially able to continue launching even more projects throughout the area. In 1886, the Times wrote:

 

The west side of the city presents just now a scene of building activity such as was never before witnessed in that section, and which gives promise of the speedy disappearance of all the shanties in the neighborhood and the rapid population of this long neglected part of New York.

 

The huge masses of rock which formerly met the eye, usually crowned by a rickety shanty and a browsing goat, are being blasted out of existence. Streets are being graded, and thousands of carpenters and masons are engaged in rearing substantial buildings where a year ago nothing was to be seen but market gardens or barren rocky fields.

 

Construction began on the first houses, as they stand today in the historic district, in 1885. Designed by F. B. White, a very young architect, these houses are located on West End Avenue at 78th Street. Roughly one quarter of the row houses which survive in the historic district were built by the end of the decade. They were concentrated on West 76th and West 77th Streets and Eleventh Avenue, which had been named West End Avenue in 1880.

 

Contrary to earlier expectations, West End Avenue evolved into a street of fashionable houses rather than a commercial thoroughfare.

 

By the early 1890s, the Upper West Side had become more densely built up. The West 70s and 80s, in particular, had acquired row houses and began to establish itself as the Upper West Side's most fashionable neighborhood. Development occurred more rapidly on the streets between the Boulevard and Central Park than on the streets to the west of the Boulevard.

 

This was due, undoubtedly, to two factors. First, the land "vest of the Boulevard was relatively less accessible to street cars and to the Ninth Avenue El. Second, land flanking Riverside Drive, Central Park West, and, to some degree, West End Avenue, was considered to be prime property.

 

Speculation thrived on the notion that New York's socially elite and wealthy citizens would abandon Fifth Avenue, move en masse to the West Side and erect palatial mansions along these avenues. Consequently, the value of land adjacent to these streets remained consistently higher than elsewhere on the Upper West Side. High property values discouraged development there.

 

Promotional brochures and publicity in the press, which began to focus on the territory surrounding the historic district, heightened the interest of buyers and sellers alike in the territory west of the Boulevard. In 1888, for example, the West End Association published a pamphlet entitled "West End Avenue: Riverside Park in the City of New York" in which they lauded the virtues of West End Avenue and environs as an ideal residential area.

 

They pointed out the avenue's proximity to Riverside Park, its high elevation and its scientific sewerage system as its chief amenities.

 

In August 1890, the New York Herald ran a series of editorials and articles extolling the advantages of the Upper West Side but especially the Riverside Drive area. The paper focused attention on the proposals of Peter B. Sweeney, Chairman of the Department of Parks, for the creation of a "splendid public pleasure ground for lovers of the horse and the horse himself" on an embankment of the Hudson River between 72nd Street and 98th Street.

 

The newspaper also portrayed the Upper West Side as an extremely desirable residential area.

 

The district to the east of Riverside Park as far as Central Park is likely, or rather, sure to become within the next twenty years, perhaps the location of the most beautiful residences in the world.

 

The advantages of pure air and beautiful surroundings, glimpses of the New Jersey Hills at the end of each street, with the glitter of the Hudson between; the nearness of parks and the accessibility of the district will be insurmountable factors in popularity.

 

As the time of square brick and brown stone houses has gone by, so alas has the time when New York can afford to neglect her approach and her outward appearances.

 

In spite of the Panic of 1893, the entire area within the historic district had been developed with large row houses for the well-to-do by the late 1890s, a time span of less than 15 years since the first houses were constructed, Especially along Riverside Drive, numerous rows of large, ornate houses were built on speculation.

 

The architect Clarence True was instrumental in developing these houses which, with their broad widths, hardly qualified as ordinary row houses but rather as "mansions" with party walls.

 

By the turn of the century the region of the historic district had evolved into, in the minds of many, the most fashionable residential district in the city. In 1899, one observer noted that West End Avenue above 68th Street was one of the finest residential streets in New York City, while Riverside Drive, known as Riverside Avenue, was "universally acknowledged to be one of the most beautiful and picturesque streets in the world."

 

The early years of the twentieth century witnessed the increasing popularity and acceptance by the upper middle class of the residential hotel and apartment house, particularly in Manhattan.

 

As they appeared throughout the city, the value of available vacant land, which previously had been reserved for row house development, escalated sharply and ultimately the cost of the average row house jumped to a point where not even the prosperous upper middle class could afford to buy one.

 

Legislation of the early twentieth century, which permitted the construction of taller apartment buildings, as well as a "universal demand for comfort, with less care and expense then entailed in private house maintenance," further encouraged the construction of apartment houses and residential hotels and caused the virtual disappearance of rowhouse construction in Manhattan.

 

The completion of the Broadway subway (IRT) in 1904 undoubtedly contributed to the popularity of the apartment house on the West Side. During the first decade of the twentieth century, residential hotel and apartment house construction boomed.

 

Apartment house construction on the Upper West Side continued up until the time of the Depression. However, as vacant lots became ever more scarce, particularly after World War I, developers took to demolishing existing rowhouses, many of which were less than twenty years old, in order to assemble sites for more lucrative apartment house construction.

 

Riverside Drive and West End Avenue were particularly vulnerable to this development trend. Most of the rowhouses which had once lined West End Avenue and Riverside Drive succumbed to the apartment house. Numerous apartment buildings standing along both avenues in the historic district date from this period and are the fruit of this development practice.

 

With the onset of the Depression, the Upper West Side entered a period of stagnation and decline. Little new construction occurred there. Many rowhouses, which had become financial burdens to maintain, were converted into multiple dwellings. Although urban renewal activity in the 1950s and 1960s left its mark on the Upper West Side, it did not affect the historic district. Moreover, the district has seen no major building activity since World War II. In recent years, however, the historic district has become one of the most desirable residential areas in the city.

H.G. Gobbi in Taking it's place: a history of Oakleigh (page 26) notes:

 

"John Walker privately surveyed and subdivided Section 44 for Collings into eight-one allotments, which he titled "Upper Oakleigh". The streets of the subdivision recorded the owner's family members: Mary, Jull, Collings and Westbrook... Only the name Westbrook raimains: Jull Street is now Newton Street, Collings Street is now Drummond Street north, Mary Street is now Rae Street."

 

See the locale on Google Maps and compare with similar map also by John Walker.

 

Copyright status: This work is out of copyright

 

Image source: State Library Victoria

Link to online item: handle.slv.vic.gov.au/10381/119442

Real Estate developer Frederick Bartlett began subdividing land he purchased from Long Jonh Wentworth starting in 1910 from Cicero west down Archer to Harlem. He placed these concrete gates at the end of each block to create a "gated community" effect. Later the gates were used as street markers. This marker is one of the few still remaining as of 2013.

Early Victor Harbor.

Despite the early settlement at Yilki and the favourable agricultural reports and flow of two rivers into the sea at Victor no town emerged quickly. Two early selectors Blundell and Lindsay subdivided some of their land to create a private town in 1839 but no sales were recorded. By the early 1850s there were more farmers in the district. Grain was carted in from outlying farms to the new wharf at The Bluff from 1854. A licensed inn, the Fountain Inn had opened in 1850 and a small flourmill was operating. When the District Council was formed in 1853 it was centred at Yilki. The town of Victor emerged around 1863 with the first school opening in 1861 and the first Victor Harbor jetty in 1863. It was this government jetty which led to the creation of the private town of Victor harbor. The government also built a road and rail bridge across the Hindmarsh River in 1864 making easy access to the new port and to the emerging town. The town was not officially surveyed and gazetted until 1863 when L Hyndman did a new survey. The first hotel, the Hotel Victor opened in 1863 and a horse tramway to Port Elliot opened in 1864. The first bank opened in 1865 and the first general store and Post Office and Telegraph Station in 1866. Next came the churches with the Congregational Church and the Anglican Churches being erected in 1869. By 1870 the town was well established with the commercial centre near where the railway station was started in 1867. The causeway and horse drawn tram to Granite Island opened for tourists and summer holidaymakers in 1895. The steam trains and railway line reached Victor from Adelaide in 1883.

 

2703 Philadelphia Pike; opened in 1967. Closed no later than the late 90s; currently subdivided into several stores.

The 1,426-seat Saville Theatre was built in 1931, operating as such throughout the Second World War and until 1970 (also as a prominent concert venue), when it was split into two cinema auditoria. Further subdivided in 2001, it's now the four-screen 'Odeon Covent Garden' cinema, despite lying outside the Covent Garden district.

 

I wish I'd paid more attention to the Art Deco façade (by T.P. Bennett) as we passed, particularly to Gilbert Bayes' frieze depicting 'Drama Through The Ages', from the mediaeval period to the early 20th Century in nearly 40m of cast stone sculptures.

Next time....

 

The building's Grade II Listing particularly praises the frieze as "one of the largest and most important works of public sculpture of its age", for which Beyes won the silver medal of the Institute of Sculptors "for the best piece of applied sculpture of its year". Sections were displayed at the Royal Academy prior to their installation.

 

This one shows St George (or a mediaeval actor portraying him) receiving a laurel wreath from an angel, watched by a winged boy (Cupid?) and the princess he saved, leading his horse. The dragon is off the left of the image, not entirely by accident, as it's comically small and resembles a mildly aggrieved iguana.

Phetchabun is one of the northern provinces ( Changwat ) of Thailand. Neighbouring provinces are Loei, Khon Kaen, Chaiyaphum, Lopburi, Nakhon Sawan, Phichit and Phitsanulok. Phetchabun is located in the lower northern region of Thailand, in the area between the northern and the central region. The province lies in the broad fertile river valley of the Pa Sak River, with mountains of the Phetchabun mountain range to the east and west. It is surrounded by places of interest, many well known national parks, beautiful waterfalls and great lakes. The province is subdivided in 11 districts ( Amphoe ). These are further subdivided into 117 sub districts ( Tambon ) and 1261 villages ( Muban ).

1. Mueang Phetchabun 2. Chon Daen 3. Lom Sak 4. Lom Kao 5. Wichian Buri 6. Si Thep 7. Nong Phai 8. Bueng Sam Phan 9. Nam Nao 10. Wang Pong 11. Khao Kho

Phetchabun was established by two kingdoms: the Sukhothai Kingdom, and the Ayutthaya Period of the King Narai. In the thesaphiban administrative reforms at the beginning of the 20th century, the province together with Lom Sak Province to the north formed the monthon Phetchabun. As it was the smallest monthon, it was also the first monthon to be dissolved in 1915, after being temporarily administered from Monthon Phitsanulok between 1903 and 1907. Lom Sak Province was abolished and merged into Phetchabun in 1932. During the period between 1968-1982 communist insurgents established bases in the mountains in the province. From hidden locations they fought occasional skirmishes against the Thai Army.

It is the mountains that draw tourists. The rolling peaks of Khao Thor, known as Little Switzerland, were once a battlefield against communist insurgents. Today, its beautiful scenery and cool weather attracts many visitors, to see the mountain-top army base turned into a museum, and enjoy trekking in the open zoo and non-hunting areas. The national parks of Phu Hin Rong Kla, with its stunning rock formations, and Nam Nao, whose forests are home to many large animals and birds, are now starting to attract more and more trekkers and eco tourists. Khao Kho The most engaging national park of Phetchabun Province is Khao Kho National Park, about one hour northwest of Phetchabun town. It was designated to be Little Switzerland from many visitors, because of beautiful scenery and cool weather like Switzerland. It was once a battle field against communist insurgents conducted their struggles against the authorities. Its charming scenery and great weather allure tourists to see the mountain – top, army base turned into a museum, a Chedi containing a holy relic and enjoy trekking in the open zoo and non – hunting areas.

Phetchabun may be reach by Road No.21 ( Kochasenee Rd.) from Saraburi and 370 kilometres from Bangkok.

How to get there

By Train

There is no railway system to Phetchabun

By Car

Road No.1 from capital city ( Bangkok ) to Saraburi province and then Road No.21 to Phetchabun road No.12 from Khon kaen ( central province of the northeastern region ) to Lom Sak and then Road 21. southward to Phetchabun.

By Bus.

Quite a lot of buses stop at this town on the way to Lom Sak. Here are some services you can find from Mo chit Terminal: www.transport.co.th 0 2936 2852-66

Phet Tour 0 2936 3230

Thin Siam Tour 0 2936 0500Buses are very frequent, like 2 or 3 within an hour. First Class service from Phet Tour cost 263 Baht and takes 4 hour+.

Wat Mahathat Phetchabun, Thailand. on Nikon Bamrung Road in town, houses several ancient Chedi's of Sukhothai style. Situated in Muang Phetchabun municipality. It seemed strange seeing this Temple as there is another Wat Mahathat I visited in Ayutthaya last year in 2010. However this Temple is totally different to that at Ayutthaya as you will see. Within the grounds is a school for the training of Buddhist Monks and many where around the day I visited this fine Temple. This monastery is an ancient temple which HRH Prince Damrong presumed that this monastery might be constructed during Sukhothai period. Wat Mahathat has the important objects of worship such as, Phum Khao Binth styled pagoda has been presumed that it might be constructed about B.E. 1926 ( 1383 ). This pagoda is a place that comprises Buddha's relics, Orrahan's ( saint ) ashes, and small images of Buddha in several styles. Two Buddha images of the U-Thong period whose laps are 36 inches wide. One is housed in the main chapel and the other is housed in the vihara of Wat Mahathat.

English / Português

 

English

Portel is a Portuguese town in the District of Évora, Alentejo and Central sub-region of Alentejo, with about 2 800 inhabitants.

It is the seat of a municipality with 601.15 kilometers ² and 8 109 inhabitants (2001), subdivided into 8 districts. It is bordered to the north by the Municipality of Évora, east of Évora, southeast by Moura, Vidigueira the south, southwest of Cuba and west of Viana do Alentejo.

The town of Portel was founded in 1261 and received charter county in 1262.

History

St. Mary or Our Lady of the Lake

It was the year 1257, Lisbon on 28 June, when the King Alfonso III ordered the Municipality of Évora to hand over to D. John Peres Aboim, Rich Man, his vassal and Butler-Mor, the lands that now constitute the end of Portel. On 18 October 1261 was authorized by the king to build a castle and fortress, thus laying the foundations of the current town of Portel. On 1 December 1262, D. John and his wife Aboim D. Afonso Navy grant to residents of the new town of Portel letter of charter with the forums and customs of the city of Evora.

Deceased D. John Aboim fit the town of Portel, an inheritance to his son D. Pedro Eanes that came to deliver his sister Maria Eanes. This and her husband exchanged it for other lands, with the King Dinis. This landlord owned the town of Portel and castle until April 1331. Subsequently became the landlord, respectively, to: Queen Santa Isabel, King Afonso IV, D. Pedro I, and King Friends who donated to Gonçalo Rodrigues de Sousa became this man and mayor of Portel.

During the crisis politico-economic and social discovered in Portugal in the years 1383-1385 and after the s struggles that were fought for the occupation of the throne by King John I, was the town of Portel donated to the disputed D. Nuno Alvares Pereira. It is through his grandson, D. Fernando, 2nd Duke of Braganza, the town of Portel became part of the landlord of the house of Braganza, where he remained until the advent of Liberalism.

In 1510, King D. Manuel reformed the forums and customs of the Charter of charter of 1262 granting the Provincial Portel New Reading.

After the Liberal Revolution of 1820, Portel was integrated in the general administration of the state.

Monuments and tourist attractions-sheet: Medieval castle and walled town;

Churches and Convents (Matrix, Mercy, Holy Spirit, St. Paul and St. António Capuchin) and chapel and church of S. Pedro;

Urban area surrounding the castle and the urban Vale Flores - narrow streets, white houses, chimneys protruding in the majestic facade;

Palaces and mansions of the Republic Square and the Largo 5 October;

In the Town of Portel was attached to the old Town of St. John Baptist Odivelas whose parish church of the patron saint S. John the Baptist and located at Mount St. John is at present in complete ruin.

Português

Portel é uma vila portuguesa, no Distrito de Évora, região Alentejo e subregião do Alentejo Central, com cerca de 2 800 habitantes.

É sede de um município com 601,15 km² de área e 8 109 habitantes (2001), subdividido em 8 freguesias. O município é limitado a norte pelo município de Évora, a leste por Reguengos de Monsaraz, a sueste por Moura, a sul pela Vidigueira, a sudoeste por Cuba e a oeste por Viana do Alentejo.

A vila de Portel foi fundada em 1261, tendo recebido foral de concelho em 1262.

Historia

Santa Maria ou Nossa Senhora da Lagoa

Decorria o ano de 1257, Lisboa a 28 de Junho, quando o Rei D. Afonso III, ordenou ao Concelho de Évora que entregasse a D. João Peres de Aboim, Rico Homem, seu Vassalo e Mordomo-Mor, as terras que passaram a constituir o termo de Portel. Em 18 de Outubro de 1261 foi autorizada pelo soberano a construção de castelo e fortaleza, lançando assim os fundamentos da actual povoação de Portel. A 1 de Dezembro de 1262, D. João de Aboim e sua mulher D. Marinha Afonso concederam aos moradores da nova vila de Portel Carta de Foral com os foros e costumes da cidade de Évora.

Falecido D. João de Aboim coube a vila de Portel, em herança, a seu filho D. Pedro Eanes que a veio a entregar a sua irmã D. Maria Eanes. Esta e seu marido trocaram-na, por outras terras, com o rei D. Dinis. Este possuiu o senhorio da vila de Portel e castelo até Abril de 1331. Passou, posteriormente o senhorio, respectivamente, para: a rainha Santa Isabel, Rei D. Afonso IV, D. Pedro I, e Rei D. Fernando que o doou a Gonçalo Rodrigues de Sousa tornando-se este senhor e alcaide de Portel.

Durante a crise politico-económica e social que surgiu em Portugal nos anos 1383-1385 e posteriormente à s lutas que se travaram pela ocupação do trono por D. João I, foi a vila de Portel doada ao Contestável D. Nuno Alvares Pereira. É, por intermédio de seu neto, D. Fernando, 2º Duque de Bragança, que a vila de Portel passou a fazer parte do senhorio da Casa de Bragança onde se manteve até ao advento do Liberalismo.

Em 1510, El-Rei D. Manuel reformou os foros e costumes da Carta de Foral de 1262 concedendo a Portel Foral de Leitura Nova.

Depois da Revolução Liberal de 1820, Portel foi integrado na administração geral do Estado.

Monumentos e locais de interesse turístico-patrimonial: Castelo medieval e amuralhamento da vila;

Igrejas e Conventos (Matriz, Misericórdia, Espírito Santo, S. Paulo e Stº António dos Capuchos ) e ermida e igreja de S. Pedro;

Malha urbana envolvente ao castelo e malha urbana de Vale Flores - ruas estreitas, casas brancas, chaminés magestosas salientes na fachada;

Casas apalaçadas e brasonadas da Praça da República e do Largo 5 de Outubro;

À Freguesia de Portel foi anexada a antiga Freguesia de S. João Baptista de Odivelas cuja igreja paroquial de orago a S. João Baptista e situada no Monte de S. João se encontra, na actualidade, em completa ruína.

 

Bedford Park, Bronx, New York City, New York, United States

 

The Perry Avenue Historic District, located in the Bedford Park neighborhood of the Bronx, is an exceptionally well preserved row of nine Queen Anne-style houses dating to the early 20th century. The homes, located on the northwest side of Perry Avenue between Bedford Park Boulevard and East 201st Street, were constructed between 1910 and 1912 and were designed by architect Charles S. Clark.

 

In the 1860s, the neighborhood now known as Bedford Park lay entirely within the vast property owned by the Jerome Park Villa Site Improvement Company of financier and noted sportsman Leonard Jerome. In 1866, Jerome leased a 230-acre tract of the land for use as the Jerome Park Race Track. Seeking to ensure the racetrack’s accessibility and promote development in the area, Jerome persuaded the Township of West Farms to finance a paved boulevard. He then began to sell off his other Bronx properties, including the tract that would become Bedford Park. In the 1870s, streets were laid out and blocks were subdivided into house lots. Although the first buildings were not erected until the early 1880s, within a decade the neighborhood was home to 560 residents who resided primarily in free-standing Queen Anne-style homes, generally on large lots with ample space for gardens.

 

Bedford Park continued to develop in the years that followed, aided by transportation improvements such as the extension of elevated lines to nearby Fordham Road in 1900 and to Bedford Park in 1902 and by construction of the Mosholu Parkway. By the first decade of the 20th century, the boundaries of the neighborhood had expanded and the population had grown to approximately 2,000 people.

 

In 1910, the Third Avenue elevated line (“El”) and the Interborough Rapid Transit (IRT) Company’s Broadway-Seventh Avenue line of the New York City subway were extended to areas of the Bronx north of Fordham Road. That same year, Bronx developer George D. Kingston purchased the lots that would become the Perry Avenue Historic District. Kingston subdivided the three ample lots into ten parcels of approximately 25 feet by 107 to 110 feet and hired architect Charles S. Clark to design some modest homes. Clark, who had done previous residential work for the developer, is also credited with institutional, industrial and commercial structures throughout New York City. Among Clark’s notable projects is a similar row of Queen Anne-style houses designed in 1908, presently designated as part of the Longwood Historic District.

 

The three-story Queen Anne-style homes of the Perry Avenue Historic District are characterized by alternating facades of orange and red brick and feature unifying details such as masonry quoining, splayed lintels, modillioned iron cornices, hipped-roof dormers and sloping, imbricated-slate roofs. The prominent three-sided porches of nos. 2971 through 2977 and the projecting porticos of nos. 2979 through 2987 are supported on slender Ionic columns that further unify the row. Although plans initially called for ten fully-attached homes, only nos. 2979 through 2987 were completed as such, with nos. 2971 through 2977 constructed a few months later as free-standing structures. All nine of the homes are picturesquely sited, raised above fieldstone walls that enclose small front yards and which lend the structures a markedly suburban feel.

 

From the 1920s to the 1950s, Bedford Park underwent a major transformation with the construction of the large apartment houses that now principally define the neighborhood. The houses of the Perry Avenue Historic District, however, remain remarkably intact, serving as a potent visual reminder of the origins of this Bronx neighborhood.

 

Early History and Development

 

The Dutch colony of New Amsterdam began with the arrival of the first Dutch settlers in 1624, a party of approximately 110 men, women, and children headed by Captain Cornelius May of the Dutch West India Company. Lured by the promise of a brisk fur trade, the number of settlers grew and the Company soon began to encourage settlement outside of Manhattan’s fortified southern tip. Willem Kieft, who assumed directorship of the Dutch West India Company in 1638, actively promoted the Company’s ambition of large-scale settlement, “purchasing” large tracts of land in northern Manhattan, present-day Kings, Queens and Bronx counties, and what is now Jersey City, New Jersey, from the Native Americans who inhabited the area since long before European colonization.

 

In 1641, Jonas Bronck (c. 1600-1643), a Scandinavian immigrant to the Dutch colony, became the first recorded white settler in the area of the present-day Bronx, purchasing a 500-acre tract of land known as Ranachqua by the Native Americans (roughly translated as “end place”) on the peninsula between the Aquahung and Harlem Rivers (see Figure 19). The settlement came to be known as Bronck’s Land (aka Broncksland), and the Aquahung river that lay to the east as Bronck’s River (now the Bronx River).

 

The Broncksland estate passed through numerous hands following Bronck’s death in 1643. In 1663, the eastern portions of the tract between Bungay Creek and the Bronx River, extending north to roughly present-day 170th Street, were purchased by two English settlers, John Richardson and Edward Jessup. This land, which was divided into twelve farms, came to be known as West Farms, due to its location west of the larger and more prominent area of Westchester. The portion of the original Bronksland estate west of Bungay Creek was purchased in 1670 by brothers Captain Richard and Colonel Lewis Morris, importers of sugar and flour, who renamed this area Morrisania. Richard Morris is further understood to have introduced slavery to the area of the present-day Bronx, bringing slaves from Barbados to cultivate the land.

 

By the late 1600s, Lewis Morris had taken control of his brother’s slaves, becoming the largest slave owner in the area. In the 1660s, a man by the name of John Archer (aka Jan Arcer) purchased more than 1,200 acres of land in the western portions of the present-day Bronx, north of Morrisania and the West Farms patent. Archer established a village towards the northwest corner of the property and divided the remaining areas into smaller farms with lessees principally from Harlem. Archer procured a grant from Royal Governor Frances Lovelace of the now British-controlled colony of New York and consolidated the tract into a single manor to be known as Fordham Manor (see Figure 20).

 

In 1683, the colossal county of Westchester was formed by English Charter – bordered to the west by the Hudson River, the north by present-day Putnam County, the east by Connecticut, and to the south by the East and Harlem Rivers, Spuyten Duyvil Creek and the Long Island Sound, and including all of the smaller islands contiguous to its shores. The county subsumed many of the region’s earliest settlements, including West Farms, Morrisania and Fordham Manor. More than a century later, in 1788, the county was subdivided by the New York State Legislature into 21 townships, many of which followed the lines of the area’s original manors and patents. Among the new townships was the Town of Westchester, which comprised all of the land south of present-day Eastchester and Yonkers (also incorporated at the time), including both the original Fordham Manor and West Farms patents. The town excluded Morrisania until it was annexed in 1791.

 

The boundaries of the Town of Westchester remained unchanged until 1846, at which time the Township of West Farms was formed out its territory, comprising all of the land south of Yonkers and west of the Bronx River (including Fordham Manor). Morrisania once again became its own separate township in 1856. In 1874, however, by act of New York State Legislature, West Farms and Morrisania, along with the township of Kingsbridge, were annexed to form the 23rd and 24th Wards of the City of New York. The remaining areas east of the Bronx River that comprise the present-day borough were annexed by the city over two decades later, in 1895. When the charter of Greater New York went into effect on January 1, 1898, the whole annexed section north of the Harlem River became officially known as the Borough of the Bronx.

 

Suburban Development in the Bronx

 

The notion of the “suburb,” meaning “beyond the city,” initially began in 19th-century England, where “suburban” developments for the working poor began to arise outside of industrial towns such as London and Manchester. By the 1840s, however, the word had begun to lose its earlier association with the neighborhoods of the working poor and began to refer to the highly sought-after, middle-class residential developments that were appearing far removed from industrial city centers. These developments, which were publicized in journals and books and also witnessed firsthand by American visitors, significantly influenced suburban growth in the United States.

 

Several influential people played a role in promoting suburban development in the United States during this time, including A.J. Davis, whose book Rural Residence (1833) included designs for rural villas surrounded by natural landscapes, and Alexander Jackson Downing, who espoused the power and virtue of the individual home in his Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening (1841), in which he reinterpreted English designs for an American audience. By the 1870s, suburbia was widely considered the opposite of urban life and an unattached house on a large landscaped lot as ideal. Dispersal of overcrowded Manhattan populations to more suburban areas of the Bronx, Brooklyn and Queens, where there was an abundance of available land, became a popular notion. The Bronx could offer these families similar cost of rent to their previous Manhattan locations, but in larger, brand new residences of higher quality and in “picturesque” locations.

 

By the turn of the century, the vast majority of those who settled in the Bronx were still employed in Manhattan and commuted daily to that borough. Notable transportation innovations that made suburban Bronx life more convenient for commuters included the inauguration of single-fare, through-train service north of the Harlem River in 1896 by the “suburban branch” of the Manhattan Elevated Railroad Company and establishment of subway service to the Bronx by the IRT Company in 1905. Recognizing both a need and an economic opportunity, organizations such as the Fordham Club and the Bedford Park Taxpayer’s Association, comprised of civic reformers and businessmen alike, advocated for additional subway service to the Bronx.

 

A subway line that would charge a flat rate for a continuous ride from the Battery to the northern city line, a distance of approximately 16 miles, was considered essential for opening up otherwise inaccessible parts of the borough for development, thereby also providing “the blessings of healthful homes for the workmen and [families]” of Manhattan’s overcrowded tenement districts. In 1910, the IRT Broadway-Seventh Avenue subway line and the Third Avenue “El” were finally extended to the area north of Fordham Road. These and other improvements in transportation to the Bronx fostered the construction of thousands of apartment houses and private homes throughout the borough during the first half of the 20th century.

 

The Bedford Park Neighborhood

 

In the 1860s, the neighborhood now known as Bedford Park lay entirely within the vast property owned by the Jerome Park Villa Site Improvement Company of financier and noted sportsman Leonard Jerome. Jerome, together with William R. Travers, S.L.M. Barlow, and others, helped organize the American Jockey Club, an organization which was meant to lift American racing “from the disrepute into which it had fallen.” Jerome leased a 230-acre tract of his land in 1866 for use as a racetrack, Jerome Park (see Figure 21). The track was well-received and horse racing soon became a primary attraction for visitors to the Township of West Farms, within which Jerome’s numerous holdings were located. Seeking to ensure the racetrack’s accessibility and promote further development in the area, Jerome persuaded the township to finance a paved boulevard, Central Avenue (now Jerome Avenue), linking the Central Bridge (now Macomb’s Dam Bridge, a designated New York City landmark) to Central Avenue in Yonkers.

 

He then began to sell off his other Bronx properties, including the future Bedford Park tract.

 

In 1869, Jerome sold the 25-acre Bedford Park tract to George Caulfield who, just three years later, resold the land to partners Horace B. Claflin (a dry goods merchant), Daniel R. Kendall (a realtor), and Charles L. Anthony. Following Anthony’s death in 1874, his share of the development passed to his partners who established a corporation, the Twenty-Fourth Ward Real Estate Association, whose purpose was to subdivide the lots for resale. During the 1870s, streets were laid out, maple and elm trees planted, gas and water lines secured, and blocks partitioned for the development of single-family homes. Southern Boulevard, the grandiose thoroughfare that bordered the tract to the south, was opened in 1882 and extended from Jerome Avenue near Jerome Park to the Harlem River Bridge (now Third Avenue Bridge), which crosses into Manhattan.

 

Soon thereafter, Bedford Park’s first structures, about a dozen free-standing homes, were erected. Developers next persuaded the New York & Harlem River Railroad Company to run a few commuter trains each day to the Jerome Park railroad station, which was located just west of the subdivision.

 

In 1884, newspaper accounts extolled the virtues of the new development that had been named Bedford Park after the renowned London suburb. The Bronx development was intended for “New Yorkers of moderate means” who would be given a “chance to become owners of comfortable homes on easy terms.” Like its English counterpart, Bedford Park was built up with “pretty cottages” in the Queen Anne style, planned to be “convenient and comfortable” as well as “unique” in design. The houses ranged in size from cottages of seven or eight rooms to much bigger mansion-esque structures. They were generally located on large lots that provided ample space for gardens. Near the railroad station, shops, built low and set apart from the residences so as not to mar “the villa effect,” provided such “immediate domestic necessities as those from butcher and druggist.” The neighborhood was billed as “healthful and attractive” where the “charms of the country and advantages of a great city” could be enjoyed.

 

Skillful marketing and the promise of additional amenities, such as the ground breaking for the Bedford Park Congregational Church (2988 Bainbridge Avenue, aka 301 East 201st Street, a designated New York City Landmark) in 1890, and the opening of the nearby New York Botanical Garden in 1891, helped make Bedford Park successful. By 1890, the development had about 560 residents, mostly families.

 

Transportation to Bedford Park continued to improve during the 1890s, with advertisers boasting the neighborhood as only 18 minutes by express train from the Grand Central Depot. By 1896, both the Suburban Elevated and the Harlem Division of the New York Central Railroad were providing electric trolley service to Bedford Park from Tremont Avenue. The extension of the Suburban Rapid Transit system’s elevated line to Fordham Road in 1900 and to Bedford Park in 1902 finally provided direct service from Manhattan to the neighborhood. In 1903, construction of the Mosholu Parkway began, linking nearby Bronx Park and the New York Botanical Garden with Van Cortlandt Park and further contributing to the neighborhood’s desirability. Large villas began to be constructed along the Parkway and Bedford Park was soon a fashionable neighborhood touting such esteemed residents as William J. Fox, movie producer and founder of the Fox Film Corporation.

 

By the first decade of the 20th century, the boundaries of Bedford Park had expanded and the population had grown to approximately 2,000 people.

 

The Buildings of Perry Avenue

 

Perry Avenue is a relatively short street that runs from Bedford Park Boulevard (aka East 200th Street, formerly Southern Boulevard) to the southern boundary of Woodlawn Cemetery at East 211th Street. The road was initially planned in the late 1870s to be laid across the farms of the Valentine and Brigg’s families, and was named, like many of the roads in Bedford Park, to recall the War of 1812. The portion of the road between Southern Boulevard and Brook Street (now East Mosholu Parkway), along which the Perry Avenue Historic District is located, does not appear to have been opened until after 1893.

 

Fire insurance maps from that date indicate that development of the land surrounding the future roadway was limited to a scattering of freestanding homes fronting the existing, legally opened streets which bounded the block, including Hull Avenue (now Marion Avenue), East 201st Street (formerly Suburban Street, Gambril Street), and at least one structure along Bainbridge Avenue (formerly Second Avenue, Williamsbridge Avenue).

 

The Twenty-Fourth Ward Real Estate Association was still active in the early 1890s, selling, for example, 155 Bedford Park lots in a single auction in 1892. By 1895, however, the company had been voluntarily dissolved. Among those who had purchased lots from the Twenty-Fourth Ward Real Estate Association was John A. Amundson, an attorney with a specialty in large estates, who had previously speculated on land in this and other parts of the region. In apparent support of his speculative ventures in Bedford Park and its surrounding communities, Amundson was active in organizations that were working to ensure the growth of the 24th Ward, such as the Railroad Extension and Rapid Transit Committee of the North Side Board of Trade. By the time of his death in 1909, Amundson does not appear to have ever acted on his Bedford Park investments. Following his death, the executors of his sizable estate sold the still undeveloped Perry Avenue lots.

 

In 1910, the Third Avenue “El” and the IRT Broadway-Seventh Avenue line of the New York City subway were extended to areas of the Bronx north of Fordham Road. That same year, George D. Kingston, a Bronx developer, purchased three ample, unimproved lots on the northwest side of Perry Avenue between Bedford Park Boulevard (aka East 200th Street, formerly Southern Boulevard) and East 201st Street (formerly Suburban Street, Gambril Street) from the Amundson estate. Kingston, who was an active developer within Bedford Park, subdivided the three lots into ten narrower parcels of approximately 25 feet by 107 to 111 feet and hired Bronx-based architect Charles S. Clark to design some homes. Clark had done previous work for the developer in the area, collaborating with Kingston on several two-story, single-family residences between 1903 and 1909.

 

Kingston was also actively developing other Bedford Park parcels into “high class” homes around this same time, including several two-family homes near 199th Street and Decatur Avenue.

 

Clark designed a series of three-story Queen Anne-style homes for Kingston’s Perry Avenue lots. The homes that now comprise the Perry Avenue Historic District are characterized by alternating facades of orange and red brick and feature unifying details such as masonry quoining, splayed lintels, modillioned iron cornices, hipped-roof dormers and sloping, imbricated-slate roofs. The prominent three-sided porches of nos. 2971 through 2977 and the projecting porticos of nos. 2979 through 2987 are supported on slender Ionic columns which further unify the row. Plans filed with the buildings department on April 26, 1910 indicate that the homes were originally intended to be constructed as ten fully-attached houses, but only nos. 2979 through 2987 were erected as such. Only four more houses, nos. 2971 through 2977, were constructed in the months that followed as close, but free-standing, structures.

 

Distinguishing the homes from more typical row house construction is their setting, which finds them elevated above fieldstone walls enclosing small front yards. This picturesque siting of the structures lends even the attached homes of the row a markedly suburban feel.

 

Construction of the nine houses of the Perry Avenue Historic District, which cost an estimated $6,500 apiece, was completed on April 30, 1912. The homes are constructed on stone and brick foundations with brick upper walls supported on iron girders. Each of the single-family houses appears to have originally contained a dining room, parlor and kitchen on the first story, and two large bedrooms and a bathroom on each of the second and third stories. The homes also boasted full cellars, wash basins and laundry areas at attached one-story rear pavilions, and a small chamber of approximately seven by 11 feet on the third story that probably served as a servant’s quarter. The interior dimensions of each house varied slightly in accordance with variations in the size of each lot. Early owners of the house at no. 2973 replaced much of their front yard with a garage in 1915, imitated shortly thereafter in 1922 by the owners of no. 2983. Both of the garage structures remain today.

 

While many of the homes continue as single family residences, nos. 2975, 2979, 2981 and 2985 were later converted to multiple dwellings. The conversions generally resulted in a configuration of one six-room apartment consisting of the first and second stories of the house and a second three-room apartment consisting of the third story, or a configuration consisting of one three-room apartment per story, made possible by the installation of additional kitchens and bathrooms.

 

Many of the early households were middle-class families headed by couples who had emigrated from Germany as children or as young adults. William Wulp, the earliest owner of no. 2975, immigrated to New York in 1886 at the age of approximately 11 years. His wife, Augusta, and the couple’s children, however, were born in New York. According to U.S. Census records, Wulp worked as an export merchant. Similarly, John Eggers, a real estate agent and early owner of no. 2973, immigrated to New York in 1873 at approximately 15 years of age. Egger’s wife Maria, also born in Germany, came to New York in 1885 at the approximate age of 17. The family moved to their new home on Perry Avenue from East 140th Street in the older Bronx neighborhood of Mott Haven. Louis Cohn of no. 2979 (a clothing merchant), Louis Schene (a tailor) and his wife Juliane of no. 2981, and Alfred Bornstedt (a business manager) of no. 2983, were also immigrants from Germany. Bertha Stemmler of no. 2985 was born in New York, though to German parents.

 

Bornstedt’s wife Mary was also born in New York. In contrast, Thomas Stanyon, the original owner of no. 2987, his wife Carrie, and three of their five children, were born in England, and appear to have immigrated to the United States via Canada. Stanyon was an officer with the Salvation Army, where several of the couple’s children were later also employed. Julia Cohn, wife of Louis Cohn of no. 2979, was also born in England.

 

Charles Spencer Clark

 

Charles Spencer Clark (1864-1933) was born in the Bronx to Charles and Imogene (Drake) Clark. A prolific architect, Clark received his early education at the old West Farms Public School and later apprenticed for his father and uncle, H. & C. Clark, carpenters and builders in the Bronx. Clark attended night school courses in architecture at the Cooper Union Institute while working as an apprentice and, in 1888, set out to begin his own practice in the field. The firm was located in the Bronx and occupied various Tremont Avenue addresses over time. Among the more notable buildings attributed to Clark are the neo-Classical style Tremont Temple Synagogue (now First Union Baptist Church) at 2064 Grand Concourse (1906) and the Edison Studios at Decatur Avenue and Oliver Place (1907, demolished). Clark was also responsible for the design of 381 East 165th Street, a neo-Renaissance style house commissioned in 1906 by hardware merchant Francis Keil, the only single-family residence within the Clay Avenue Historic District.

 

The houses of the Perry Avenue Historic District were not the first collaboration between Clark and builder George D. Kingston. From about 1903 to 1909, Clark designed several two-story, single-family residences for the builder, also within Bedford Park. Clark also designed numerous projects for other builders within the vicinity of the historic district, including the row houses lining both sides of East 198th Street between Decatur and Marion Avenues (1908), just a few blocks south of the Perry Avenue Historic District. The houses on the northeast side of the block, designed in the Queen Anne style, recall many of the features Clark would later utilize in his design for the Perry Avenue houses, including projecting brick bays, modillioned iron cornices, masonry quoins, and sloped roofs with dormers, but are not raised on fieldstone walls.

 

The eight single-family residences Clark designed at 762-782 Hewitt Place for C. Bull (1908) also exhibit similar features to the Perry Avenue row and are designated as part of the Longwood Historic District. Later in his career, Clark became particularly well known for the designs of several large Art Deco-style apartment houses completed between 1927 and 1930 near the Grand Concourse in the Bronx.

 

Over the course of his long career, Clark’s practice included industrial, institutional, commercial and residential work. Although his practice appears to have primarily focused on residential projects in the Bronx, with the 1927 edition of The Bronx and Its People noting Clark as responsible for the designs of “some of the most beautiful buildings” in that borough, Clark designed buildings in other areas as well. One of Clark’s earliest known works, dating to 1892, is the five-story, Renaissance Revival style store-and-loft building at 464 Greenwich Street, now designated as part of the Tribeca North Historic District. Between about 1919 and 1928, Clark designed several large apartment houses in the Washington Heights neighborhood in Manhattan, including the imposing six-story brick structure still standing at 501 West 184th Street. The 1927 edition of The Bronx and Its People further noted Clark as the second oldest architect living in the Bronx at that time, and, at the age of 63, the oldest still practicing the profession.

 

Beyond architecture, Clark was cited for being active in local civic affairs and for supporting movements that focused on the “welfare and advancement of his community.”

 

Subsequent History

 

From the 1920s to the 1950s, Bedford Park underwent a major transformation with the construction of the large apartment houses that now principally characterize the neighborhood. Subway construction between the years of 1915 and 1930 continued to open up previously inaccessible areas of the Bronx to residential construction. The population of the borough is estimated to have grown between 200 and 600 percent during this time, primarily along new subway routes including the Jerome Avenue, Broadway, White Plains Road and Pelham lines. The 1918 opening of the Jerome Avenue subway and expansion of the Third Avenue “El” to 200th Street, in particular, helped spark a building boom within Bedford Park. The resultant housing included a few of the single-family frame homes typical of earlier years of growth, but also introduced brick flats and large apartment houses to the neighborhood.

 

The new apartment houses soon enveloped, if they did not outright replace, older residential rows like that of the Perry Avenue Historic District. Today, large six-story apartment houses surround the historic district on all sides, including the seven-story elevator apartment building at 314 East 201st Street (1935-6), situated merely ten feet to the northeast of the district.

 

Despite significant changes to the built fabric of the Bedford Park neighborhood, the Perry Avenue Historic District has remained remarkably intact. The homes continue to retain the vibrant architectural details and distinctive suburban character that defined them nearly a century ago. Consequently, the Perry Avenue Historic District survives as a potent visual reminder of the picturesque origins of this Bronx neighborhood.

 

- From the 2009 NYCLPC Landmark Designation Report

This former Kmart was closed in early 2012 round of closures. Roses moved into this location in early 2014. The store has been subdivided as there is no way to get to the former Garden Shop from inside Roses now.

 

7201 Pendleton Pike

Indianapolis, IN 46226

This spacious Safeway at 3320 Arden Way in Arden-Arcade/Sacramento opened in 1999 and replaced a Pak-n-Save that operated from the mid-1980's through 1997 at an older building on this site.This current shopping center(which also houses a Longs Drugs-turned-CVS/pharmacy,an Orchard Supply Hardware,and a Dollar Tree)opened around 1998-1999 at the site of an older center that was the site of one of two White Front locations in greater Sacramento(the other opposite the-shopping-center-formerly-known-as-Florin Mall).When White Front went belly-up in the mid-1970's,the building was renovated and subdivided between a Gold Circle discount store and a Ralphs supermarket both of which were under the common ownership of Federated Department Stores(a corporate forerunner to the current Macy's Incorporated though the Macy's chain has had a longer history).Ralphs made its initial exit from Sacramento in the circa 1980's(we all know about their second ill-fated entry into NorCal resulting from the Albertson's-Lucky merger),and Gold Circle would exit the West a year or two later(Gold Circle would merge with Target circa 1990.).What I do know that is the old Gold Circle would become a short-lived Zody's for a year or two during the long-defunct SoCal-based discount chain's brief entry into NorCal.Following the departure of Zody's,the space would be renovated for a Pak-n-Save warehouse supermarket which opened circa 1985(Safeway had just bought out Pak-n-Save parent company Brentwood Markets at the time)and would last until the center reconstruction.I don't know what occupied the old Ralphs,but this history shares a number of similarities with suburban Gold Circle-Ralphs twin in my childhood hometown(where I still work as I speak):A 1970's new-build Gold Circle on the NWC of Greenback Lane and San Juan Avenue in Citrus Heights also had a short stint as a Zody's and was eventually subdivided between 24 Hour Nautilus(became 24 Hour Fitness and eventually relocated to NWC of Auburn Boulevard/Van Maren Lane on the site of a former Farmers Supermarket,space is now occupied by Western Career College which has merged with Carrington College)and Pak-n-Save(converted to a conventional Safeway in 1996 and received one of the earlier 'Lifestyle' remodels even though the exterior signage was only changed in the past year or two,this started SWY's current wave of expansion in Sacro after largely contracting in the mid-1980's).The 'original' Citrus Heights Ralphs has gone through multiple tenant anchor changes over the past three decades and is now subdivided between an Eco-Thrift thrift store and a Dollar Tree(formerly a 98 Cent Clearance Center which relocated from a smaller space in the center which I believe was the first location in the chain's history).Ralphs would eventually return to Citrus Heights for a short time some two decades later,operating out of a divested former Albertsons(reconstructed in 1988 on the site of an older location)on the SEC(cat-corner)of the Greenback/San Juan intersection from fall 1999 to mid-2002.That center has had an even longer history as an early-1960's(may date as early as the late 1950's)PayLess Drug/Supermarket twin.The former ABS/Ralphs is now an Orchard Supply Hardware and the former PayLess is now vacant as Rite Aid exited in spring 2004 and for a time afterwards was occupied by a since-relocated indoor antique mall...

 

Back to the store pictured,I also believe this Safeway was one of the first locally to both be remodeled into the Lifestyle format and receive exterior Lifestyle signage.I recently revisited this store and it had added self-checkouts since my last visit(months ago)...

Riverton.

Located on the banks of the Gilbert River, this area was surveyed in 1853 although the first pastoralists had arrived in the area in the 1840s and they were Anstey and Giles to the south of the current town and Masters and Moorhouse to the north. The first white settlers were John Masters and Matthew Moorhouse who leased the land from around 1840 before it was surveyed. But in 1845 James Master had a 96 acre section surveyed so that he could purchase the freehold upon which he built Saddleworth Lodge his home station. James Masters ran the station with his nephew Charles Swindon and friend Dr Matthew Moorhouse. When the government resumed the leasehold in 1853 Masters purchased the sections near his homestead and subdivided part of his land to create the town of Riverton which he named. Streets were named Moorhouse, Masters, Horner (a friend and the first store keeper), and Swindon etc. The first building in the town was an unlicensed pub that opened in 1853. The following year, 1854 the town proper was established with a post office, telegraph office, and store. Masters returned to England for a trip in 1861 and died there so when his widow died at Saddleworth Lodge in 1866 the property was left to his nephew Swindon who in turn left it to his sons. But before he died Masters donated land in his new town in 1855 to the Bible Christians for a church (now Lutheran), a pioneer cemetery and the original Anglican Church which was replaced in 1858 with the current Anglican Church on a different site. The land donated by Masters to the Anglicans then became the Anglican Parish Hall and first town school. That building still stands as a private residence.

 

Soon saddlers, wheelwrights and blacksmiths set up in the town to meet the needs of any bullock or mule dray carrying copper from Burra to Kapunda. One of the early businesses was the wheelwright shop of Ernst August Scholz. He established his business in 1865, built a house in 1872 and added a blacksmith shop in 1886. His shops are now the Riverton Museum. Scholz came from Silesia and his sons carried on the business after his death in 1919. The business finally closed in 1966 when it was converted to a museum (1981). One of the early important industries was the town flourmill built by Moorhouse and Horner with encouragement from Masters. It opened around 1858 in Mill Street near the old railway line. The wheat milled here was carted to Burra and other northern centres. A chaff mill was established in the late 1860s after the arrival of the railway and chaffed railed to Adelaide. One important local farmer who assisted wheat growers across the state not just in the Gilbert River Valley was Albert Molineux. He eventually went on to establish the Agricultural Bureaux of SA and to publish the important newspaper called Farm and Garden in which he promoted the usage of superphosphate to improve wheat yields.

 

The town boomed once the railway from Adelaide arrived in 1869. The most outstanding building in Riverton is the Railway Station, now a private residence. In 1918 a spur line was built from Riverton to Clare and eventually to Spalding in 1924. The first wooden station buildings burnt down a few years after their opening and the present stone structure was commenced in 1875, and extended on many occasions over the next forty years. Because Riverton was a railway refreshment stop and all trains stopped for meals and snacks, the station complex grew and grew. The platform became one of the longest in the state. On the 22 March 1921 it became the scene of an assassination, the only successful assassination in Australia! A politician travelling from Broken Hill stopped at the refreshments bar along with other passengers when a crazed former Russian called Koorman Tomayeff opened fire. Percy Brookfield MP of Broken Hill was killed along with two other passengers and several passengers were wounded. 40 shots were fired. Mr Brookfield fired twice at Tomayeff but missed. Tomayeff was tried and certified insane and died in 1948 in Glenside mental hospital. But the Riverton railway yards include a massive stone goods shed and it was used for early train repairs too. It was erected around 1869 when the railway opened. The last passenger train passed through Riverton in 1988.

 

An indication of the size and affluence of Riverton comes from the history of schools in the town. Early private schools began in 1856. A public town school was built on the current school site in 1866. After the passing of the Free, Compulsory and Secular Education Act of 1875 this school became a state school and it was extended significantly in 1879. It is still the Riverton Primary School. Riverton was one of the first country towns to have a high school. Continuation classes for secondary students were conducted at the primary school from early in the 20th century and the public high school was first opened in 1913 in the old Anglican Parish Hall. It started with 23 boys and 9 girls. By 1920 the high school had over 50 pupils and a new purpose built high school was opened in 1921. It is still used. Near the primary school is the relatively recent Catholic Church which opened in 1904.

 

"Chester Square is a residential garden square located along Massachusetts Avenue in Boston, between Tremont Street and Shawmut Avenue. The name "Chester" is derived from the original name of the street, which was renamed Massachusetts Avenue on March 1, 1894. Chester Park is also located in the historic South End of Boston.

 

The square was first constructed in the mid-19th century to attract affluent residents. The park was once the largest garden square in the South End. It originally included a very large white, three tiered fountain with a seating area and numerous trees, flowers, and other gardens. It fell into decline shortly after the start of the 20th century for a number of reasons. As a result, wealthy residents moved to neighborhoods like Back Bay which were highly regarded, and many of the South End's rowhouses were subdivided into rentals which attracted less affluent residents. The grand Victorian townhouses were gradually divided up and converted into smaller units, public buildings, and rooming houses. The park suffered its most devastating change in the 1950s when City and State officials decided to run Massachusetts Avenue directly through the park, dividing the square in half.

 

The South End is a neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts. It is bordered by Back Bay, Chinatown, and Roxbury. It is distinguished from other neighborhoods by its Victorian style houses and the many parks in and around the area. The South End is the largest intact Victorian row house district in the country, as it is made up of over 300 acres. Eleven residential parks are contained within the South End. In 1973, the South End was listed in the National Register of Historic Places. Much of the South End was originally marshlands in Boston's South Bay. After being filled in, construction of the neighborhood began in 1849.

 

It is home to many diverse groups, including immigrants, young families, and professionals, and it is very popular with the gay and lesbian community of Boston. Since the 1880s the South End has been characterized by its diversity, with substantial Irish, Jewish, African-American, Puerto Rican (in the San Juan Street area), Chinese, and Greek populations. In 2010, the population was 55.2% white, 13.3% Hispanic, 12.5% Black or African American, 16.2% Asian, and 2.7% other; 55.2% of its residents had a bachelor's degree or higher; the median household income was $57,699; the median age was 36; 65.6% were primarily English speakers; and 12.9% were primarily Spanish speakers.

 

Boston (US: /ˈbɔːstən/), officially the City of Boston, is the state capital and most populous city of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, as well as the cultural and financial center of the New England region of the United States. It is the 24th-most populous city in the country. The city boundaries encompass an area of about 48.4 sq mi (125 km2) and a population of 675,647 as of 2020. It is the seat of Suffolk County (although the county government was disbanded on July 1, 1999). The city is the economic and cultural anchor of a substantially larger metropolitan area known as Greater Boston, a metropolitan statistical area (MSA) home to a census-estimated 4.8 million people in 2016 and ranking as the tenth-largest MSA in the country. A broader combined statistical area (CSA), generally corresponding to the commuting area and including Providence, Rhode Island, is home to approximately 8.2 million people, making it the sixth most populous in the United States.

 

Boston is one of the oldest municipalities in America, founded on the Shawmut Peninsula in 1630 by Puritan settlers from the English town of the same name. It was the scene of several key events of the American Revolution and the nation's founding, such as the Boston Massacre, the Boston Tea Party, the Battle of Bunker Hill, and the siege of Boston. Upon American independence from Great Britain, the city continued to be an important port and manufacturing hub as well as a center for education and culture. The city has expanded beyond the original peninsula through land reclamation and municipal annexation. Its rich history attracts many tourists, with Faneuil Hall alone drawing more than 20 million visitors per year. Boston's many firsts include the United States' first public park (Boston Common, 1634), first public or state school (Boston Latin School, 1635) first subway system (Tremont Street subway, 1897), and first large public library (Boston Public Library, 1848).

 

Today, Boston is a center of scientific research; the area's many colleges and universities, notably Harvard and MIT, make it a world leader in higher education, including law, medicine, engineering and business, and the city is considered to be a global pioneer in innovation and entrepreneurship, with nearly 5,000 startups. Boston's economic base also includes finance, professional and business services, biotechnology, information technology, and government activities. Boston is a hub for LGBT culture and LGBT activism in the United States. Households in the city claim the highest average rate of philanthropy in the United States. Boston businesses and institutions rank among the top in the country for environmental sustainability and new investment." - info from Wikipedia.

 

The fall of 2022 I did my 3rd major cycling tour. I began my adventure in Montreal, Canada and finished in Savannah, GA. This tour took me through the oldest parts of Quebec and the 13 original US states. During this adventure I cycled 7,126 km over the course of 2.5 months and took more than 68,000 photos. As with my previous tours, a major focus was to photograph historic architecture.

 

Now on Instagram.

 

Become a patron to my photography on Patreon or donate.

English / Português

 

English

Portel is a Portuguese town in the District of Évora, Alentejo and Central sub-region of Alentejo, with about 2 800 inhabitants.

It is the seat of a municipality with 601.15 kilometers ² and 8 109 inhabitants (2001), subdivided into 8 districts. It is bordered to the north by the Municipality of Évora, east of Évora, southeast by Moura, Vidigueira the south, southwest of Cuba and west of Viana do Alentejo.

The town of Portel was founded in 1261 and received charter county in 1262.

History

St. Mary or Our Lady of the Lake

It was the year 1257, Lisbon on 28 June, when the King Alfonso III ordered the Municipality of Évora to hand over to D. John Peres Aboim, Rich Man, his vassal and Butler-Mor, the lands that now constitute the end of Portel. On 18 October 1261 was authorized by the king to build a castle and fortress, thus laying the foundations of the current town of Portel. On 1 December 1262, D. John and his wife Aboim D. Afonso Navy grant to residents of the new town of Portel letter of charter with the forums and customs of the city of Evora.

Deceased D. John Aboim fit the town of Portel, an inheritance to his son D. Pedro Eanes that came to deliver his sister Maria Eanes. This and her husband exchanged it for other lands, with the King Dinis. This landlord owned the town of Portel and castle until April 1331. Subsequently became the landlord, respectively, to: Queen Santa Isabel, King Afonso IV, D. Pedro I, and King Friends who donated to Gonçalo Rodrigues de Sousa became this man and mayor of Portel.

During the crisis politico-economic and social discovered in Portugal in the years 1383-1385 and after the s struggles that were fought for the occupation of the throne by King John I, was the town of Portel donated to the disputed D. Nuno Alvares Pereira. It is through his grandson, D. Fernando, 2nd Duke of Braganza, the town of Portel became part of the landlord of the house of Braganza, where he remained until the advent of Liberalism.

In 1510, King D. Manuel reformed the forums and customs of the Charter of charter of 1262 granting the Provincial Portel New Reading.

After the Liberal Revolution of 1820, Portel was integrated in the general administration of the state.

Monuments and tourist attractions-sheet: Medieval castle and walled town;

Churches and Convents (Matrix, Mercy, Holy Spirit, St. Paul and St. António Capuchin) and chapel and church of S. Pedro;

Urban area surrounding the castle and the urban Vale Flores - narrow streets, white houses, chimneys protruding in the majestic facade;

Palaces and mansions of the Republic Square and the Largo 5 October;

In the Town of Portel was attached to the old Town of St. John Baptist Odivelas whose parish church of the patron saint S. John the Baptist and located at Mount St. John is at present in complete ruin.

Português

Portel é uma vila portuguesa, no Distrito de Évora, região Alentejo e subregião do Alentejo Central, com cerca de 2 800 habitantes.

É sede de um município com 601,15 km² de área e 8 109 habitantes (2001), subdividido em 8 freguesias. O município é limitado a norte pelo município de Évora, a leste por Reguengos de Monsaraz, a sueste por Moura, a sul pela Vidigueira, a sudoeste por Cuba e a oeste por Viana do Alentejo.

A vila de Portel foi fundada em 1261, tendo recebido foral de concelho em 1262.

Historia

Santa Maria ou Nossa Senhora da Lagoa

Decorria o ano de 1257, Lisboa a 28 de Junho, quando o Rei D. Afonso III, ordenou ao Concelho de Évora que entregasse a D. João Peres de Aboim, Rico Homem, seu Vassalo e Mordomo-Mor, as terras que passaram a constituir o termo de Portel. Em 18 de Outubro de 1261 foi autorizada pelo soberano a construção de castelo e fortaleza, lançando assim os fundamentos da actual povoação de Portel. A 1 de Dezembro de 1262, D. João de Aboim e sua mulher D. Marinha Afonso concederam aos moradores da nova vila de Portel Carta de Foral com os foros e costumes da cidade de Évora.

Falecido D. João de Aboim coube a vila de Portel, em herança, a seu filho D. Pedro Eanes que a veio a entregar a sua irmã D. Maria Eanes. Esta e seu marido trocaram-na, por outras terras, com o rei D. Dinis. Este possuiu o senhorio da vila de Portel e castelo até Abril de 1331. Passou, posteriormente o senhorio, respectivamente, para: a rainha Santa Isabel, Rei D. Afonso IV, D. Pedro I, e Rei D. Fernando que o doou a Gonçalo Rodrigues de Sousa tornando-se este senhor e alcaide de Portel.

Durante a crise politico-económica e social que surgiu em Portugal nos anos 1383-1385 e posteriormente à s lutas que se travaram pela ocupação do trono por D. João I, foi a vila de Portel doada ao Contestável D. Nuno Alvares Pereira. É, por intermédio de seu neto, D. Fernando, 2º Duque de Bragança, que a vila de Portel passou a fazer parte do senhorio da Casa de Bragança onde se manteve até ao advento do Liberalismo.

Em 1510, El-Rei D. Manuel reformou os foros e costumes da Carta de Foral de 1262 concedendo a Portel Foral de Leitura Nova.

Depois da Revolução Liberal de 1820, Portel foi integrado na administração geral do Estado.

Monumentos e locais de interesse turístico-patrimonial: Castelo medieval e amuralhamento da vila;

Igrejas e Conventos (Matriz, Misericórdia, Espírito Santo, S. Paulo e Stº António dos Capuchos ) e ermida e igreja de S. Pedro;

Malha urbana envolvente ao castelo e malha urbana de Vale Flores - ruas estreitas, casas brancas, chaminés magestosas salientes na fachada;

Casas apalaçadas e brasonadas da Praça da República e do Largo 5 de Outubro;

À Freguesia de Portel foi anexada a antiga Freguesia de S. João Baptista de Odivelas cuja igreja paroquial de orago a S. João Baptista e situada no Monte de S. João se encontra, na actualidade, em completa ruína.

 

Newcastle City Centre is the city centre district of Newcastle upon Tyne, England. It is the historical heart of the city and serves as the main cultural and commercial centre of the North East England region. The city centre forms the core of the Tyneside conurbation.

 

The city centre district is sometimes subdivided into the areas of Haymarket, Quayside, Grainger Town, Monument, Gallowgate, and Chinatown.

 

Areas

Haymarket

Haymarket is the northern edge of the city centre bordered by Spital Tongues and Jesmond to the north west and north east respectively. It is the location of Newcastle Civic Centre, Newcastle University, Northumbria University, Haymarket bus station and the City Pool, and is mainly a business area. The Church of St Thomas the Martyr is a prominent landmark in the area opposite the Metro station at the northern end of Northumberland Street, the city's main shopping street.

 

Quayside

The Quayside is a more modern part of Newcastle city centre known for its bars and restaurants.

 

Four bridges cross the River Tyne at the Quayside: The High Level Bridge, the Swing Bridge, the Tyne Bridge and the Gateshead Millennium Bridge.

 

The QuayLink bus route links the area with Monument and Haymarket and Central station, Gateshead metro stations.

 

The path along the river forms part of the cycle network eastwards towards North Shields and Tynemouth and westwards to Hexham.

 

Central Station

Newcastle railway station, or locally known as Central station, is surrounded by an assortment of bars and clubs. Towards the western end is the city's popular Gay District known locally as the Pink Triangle. The Centre for Life on Times Square, Utilita Arena Newcastle, Newcastle Cathedral, Discovery Museum and the Mill Volvo Tyne Theatre are all located in the vicinity, as is the city's coach station.

 

Grainger Town

Grainger Town is the streets between, and encompassing, Pilgrim Street, Clayton Street and Blackett Street. It was built in the mid-19th century and, today, is an area centred on shopping, nightlife and most notable neo-classical architecture. The Theatre Royal is situated on Grey Street. The Grainger Market is a covered market built to house the traders displaced during the re-modelling of the city.

 

Gallowgate

Gallowgate is a small area surrounding St James' Park, the stadium of Newcastle United F.C, and St James Metro station, named after the main road running through the area. There are a small number of pubs in the area but it is not a major area of residence, except for some student accommodation. Businesses include and various law firms in Citygate and the recently built Time Central, a Tesco Express store, fish and sandwich shops. Behind it is Leazes Park that leads to Spital Tongues. The area is also to host a 400 square metre memorial garden to Sir Bobby Robson. Work began on it in November 2010, with it due to be opened in Spring 2011.

 

Chinatown

Chinatown is on the western edge of the city centre centred on Stowell Street with a number of Chinese restaurants and the rear entrance to The Gate.

 

Transport

The Tyne and Wear Metro has four stations in Newcastle city centre which are all underground. Running north to south, Haymarket, Monument and Central Station are on both the Green and Yellow lines which run northbound to the Airport or towards the coast via Whitley Bay and southbound to South Hylton or South Shields.

 

St James is the western terminus of the Yellow Line and precedes Monument. Trains run towards the coast via North Shields.

 

Bus and coach

Newcastle has two bus stations for local and regional terminating bus services. Services heading north and east generally use Haymarket bus station, whilst those to the south and west use Eldon Square bus station. Both bus stations are operated by Nexus.

 

Many roads in the city centre are for buses only or have bus lanes. Stagecoach is the predominant operator for bus services within the city, which tend to call at several stops in the city centre rather than at a bus station. The QuayLink service, with its bright yellow electric buses, has two routes – Q1 from Haymarket to Quayside and Q2 from Central Station to Gateshead.

 

For long-distance coach services, National Express uses Newcastle Coach Station on St James Boulevard, and Megabus used to stop outside Central Station. Now they stop on John Dobson Street outside the library.

 

Rail

Newcastle, known locally as Central, is the city's mainline railway station and a principal stop on the East Coast Main Line From there, local, regional and national destinations are served directly. Manors is the only other station in the city, but it has a very limited service.

 

Newcastle upon Tyne, or simply Newcastle is a cathedral city and metropolitan borough in Tyne and Wear, England. It is located on the River Tyne's northern bank, opposite Gateshead to the south. It is the most populous settlement in the Tyneside conurbation and North East England.

 

Newcastle developed around a Roman settlement called Pons Aelius, the settlement became known as Monkchester before taking on the name of a castle built in 1080 by William the Conqueror's eldest son, Robert Curthose. It was one of the world's largest ship building and repair centres during the industrial revolution. Newcastle was part of the county of Northumberland until 1400, when it separated and formed a county of itself. In 1974, Newcastle became part of Tyne and Wear. Since 2018, the city council has been part of the North of Tyne Combined Authority.

 

The history of Newcastle upon Tyne dates back almost 2,000 years, during which it has been controlled by the Romans, the Angles and the Norsemen amongst others. Newcastle upon Tyne was originally known by its Roman name Pons Aelius. The name "Newcastle" has been used since the Norman conquest of England. Due to its prime location on the River Tyne, the town developed greatly during the Middle Ages and it was to play a major role in the Industrial Revolution, being granted city status in 1882. Today, the city is a major retail, commercial and cultural centre.

 

Roman settlement

The history of Newcastle dates from AD 122, when the Romans built the first bridge to cross the River Tyne at that point. The bridge was called Pons Aelius or 'Bridge of Aelius', Aelius being the family name of Roman Emperor Hadrian, who was responsible for the Roman wall built across northern England along the Tyne–Solway gap. Hadrian's Wall ran through present-day Newcastle, with stretches of wall and turrets visible along the West Road, and at a temple in Benwell. Traces of a milecastle were found on Westgate Road, midway between Clayton Street and Grainger Street, and it is likely that the course of the wall corresponded to present-day Westgate Road. The course of the wall can be traced eastwards to the Segedunum Roman fort at Wallsend, with the fort of Arbeia down-river at the mouth of the Tyne, on the south bank in what is now South Shields. The Tyne was then a wider, shallower river at this point and it is thought that the bridge was probably about 700 feet (210 m) long, made of wood and supported on stone piers. It is probable that it was sited near the current Swing Bridge, due to the fact that Roman artefacts were found there during the building of the latter bridge. Hadrian himself probably visited the site in 122. A shrine was set up on the completed bridge in 123 by the 6th Legion, with two altars to Neptune and Oceanus respectively. The two altars were subsequently found in the river and are on display in the Great North Museum in Newcastle.

 

The Romans built a stone-walled fort in 150 to protect the river crossing which was at the foot of the Tyne Gorge, and this took the name of the bridge so that the whole settlement was known as Pons Aelius. The fort was situated on a rocky outcrop overlooking the new bridge, on the site of the present Castle Keep. Pons Aelius is last mentioned in 400, in a Roman document listing all of the Roman military outposts. It is likely that nestling in the shadow of the fort would have been a small vicus, or village. Unfortunately, no buildings have been detected; only a few pieces of flagging. It is clear that there was a Roman cemetery near Clavering Place, behind the Central station, as a number of Roman coffins and sarcophagi have been unearthed there.

 

Despite the presence of the bridge, the settlement of Pons Aelius was not particularly important among the northern Roman settlements. The most important stations were those on the highway of Dere Street running from Eboracum (York) through Corstopitum (Corbridge) and to the lands north of the Wall. Corstopitum, being a major arsenal and supply centre, was much larger and more populous than Pons Aelius.

 

Anglo-Saxon development

The Angles arrived in the North-East of England in about 500 and may have landed on the Tyne. There is no evidence of an Anglo-Saxon settlement on or near the site of Pons Aelius during the Anglo-Saxon age. The bridge probably survived and there may well have been a small village at the northern end, but no evidence survives. At that time the region was dominated by two kingdoms, Bernicia, north of the Tees and ruled from Bamburgh, and Deira, south of the Tees and ruled from York. Bernicia and Deira combined to form the kingdom of Northanhymbra (Northumbria) early in the 7th century. There were three local kings who held the title of Bretwalda – 'Lord of Britain', Edwin of Deira (627–632), Oswald of Bernicia (633–641) and Oswy of Northumbria (641–658). The 7th century became known as the 'Golden Age of Northumbria', when the area was a beacon of culture and learning in Europe. The greatness of this period was based on its generally Christian culture and resulted in the Lindisfarne Gospels amongst other treasures. The Tyne valley was dotted with monasteries, with those at Monkwearmouth, Hexham and Jarrow being the most famous. Bede, who was based at Jarrow, wrote of a royal estate, known as Ad Murum, 'at the Wall', 12 miles (19 km) from the sea. It is thought that this estate may have been in what is now Newcastle. At some unknown time, the site of Newcastle came to be known as Monkchester. The reason for this title is unknown, as we are unaware of any specific monasteries at the site, and Bede made no reference to it. In 875 Halfdan Ragnarsson, the Danish Viking conqueror of York, led an army that attacked and pillaged various monasteries in the area, and it is thought that Monkchester was also pillaged at this time. Little more was heard of it until the coming of the Normans.

 

Norman period

After the arrival of William the Conqueror in England in 1066, the whole of England was quickly subjected to Norman rule. However, in Northumbria there was great resistance to the Normans, and in 1069 the newly appointed Norman Earl of Northumbria, Robert de Comines and 700 of his men were killed by the local population at Durham. The Northumbrians then marched on York, but William was able to suppress the uprising. That same year, a second uprising occurred when a Danish fleet landed in the Humber. The Northumbrians again attacked York and destroyed the garrison there. William was again able to suppress the uprising, but this time he took revenge. He laid waste to the whole of the Midlands and the land from York to the Tees. In 1080, William Walcher, the Norman bishop of Durham and his followers were brutally murdered at Gateshead. This time Odo, bishop of Bayeux, William's half brother, devastated the land between the Tees and the Tweed. This was known as the 'Harrying of the North'. This devastation is reflected in the Domesday Book. The destruction had such an effect that the North remained poor and backward at least until Tudor times and perhaps until the Industrial Revolution. Newcastle suffered in this respect with the rest of the North.

 

In 1080 William sent his eldest son, Robert Curthose, north to defend the kingdom against the Scots. After his campaign, he moved to Monkchester and began the building of a 'New Castle'. This was of the "motte-and-bailey" type of construction, a wooden tower on top of an earthen mound (motte), surrounded by a moat and wooden stockade (bailey). It was this castle that gave Newcastle its name. In 1095 the Earl of Northumbria, Robert de Mowbray, rose up against the king, William Rufus, and Rufus sent an army north to recapture the castle. From then on the castle became crown property and was an important base from which the king could control the northern barons. The Northumbrian earldom was abolished and a Sheriff of Northumberland was appointed to administer the region. In 1091 the parish church of St Nicholas was consecrated on the site of the present Anglican cathedral, close by the bailey of the new castle. The church is believed to have been a wooden building on stone footings.

 

Not a trace of the tower or mound of the motte and bailey castle remains now. Henry II replaced it with a rectangular stone keep, which was built between 1172 and 1177 at a cost of £1,444. A stone bailey, in the form of a triangle, replaced the previous wooden one. The great outer gateway to the castle, called 'the Black Gate', was built later, between 1247 and 1250, in the reign of Henry III. There were at that time no town walls and when attacked by the Scots, the townspeople had to crowd into the bailey for safety. It is probable that the new castle acted as a magnet for local merchants because of the safety it provided. This in turn would help to expand trade in the town. At this time wool, skins and lead were being exported, whilst alum, pepper and ginger were being imported from France and Flanders.

 

Middle Ages

Throughout the Middle Ages, Newcastle was England's northern fortress, the centre for assembled armies. The Border war against Scotland lasted intermittently for several centuries – possibly the longest border war ever waged. During the civil war between Stephen and Matilda, David 1st of Scotland and his son were granted Cumbria and Northumberland respectively, so that for a period from 1139 to 1157, Newcastle was effectively in Scottish hands. It is believed that during this period, King David may have built the church of St Andrew and the Benedictine nunnery in Newcastle. However, King Stephen's successor, Henry II was strong enough to take back the Earldom of Northumbria from Malcolm IV.

 

The Scots king William the Lion was imprisoned in Newcastle, in 1174, after being captured at the Battle of Alnwick. Edward I brought the Stone of Scone and William Wallace south through the town and Newcastle was successfully defended against the Scots three times during the 14th century.

 

Around 1200, stone-faced, clay-filled jetties were starting to project into the river, an indication that trade was increasing in Newcastle. As the Roman roads continued to deteriorate, sea travel was gaining in importance. By 1275 Newcastle was the sixth largest wool exporting port in England. The principal exports at this time were wool, timber, coal, millstones, dairy produce, fish, salt and hides. Much of the developing trade was with the Baltic countries and Germany. Most of the Newcastle merchants were situated near the river, below the Castle. The earliest known charter was dated 1175 in the reign of Henry II, giving the townspeople some control over their town. In 1216 King John granted Newcastle a mayor[8] and also allowed the formation of guilds (known as Mysteries). These were cartels formed within different trades, which restricted trade to guild members. There were initially twelve guilds. Coal was being exported from Newcastle by 1250, and by 1350 the burgesses received a royal licence to export coal. This licence to export coal was jealously guarded by the Newcastle burgesses, and they tried to prevent any one else on the Tyne from exporting coal except through Newcastle. The burgesses similarly tried to prevent fish from being sold anywhere else on the Tyne except Newcastle. This led to conflicts with Gateshead and South Shields.

 

In 1265, the town was granted permission to impose a 'Wall Tax' or Murage, to pay for the construction of a fortified wall to enclose the town and protect it from Scottish invaders. The town walls were not completed until early in the 14th century. They were two miles (3 km) long, 9 feet (2.7 m) thick and 25 feet (7.6 m) high. They had six main gates, as well as some smaller gates, and had 17 towers. The land within the walls was divided almost equally by the Lort Burn, which flowed southwards and joined the Tyne to the east of the Castle. The town began to expand north of the Castle and west of the Lort Burn with various markets being set up within the walls.

 

In 1400 Henry IV granted a new charter, creating a County corporate which separated the town, but not the Castle, from the county of Northumberland and recognised it as a "county of itself" with a right to have a sheriff of its own. The burgesses were now allowed to choose six aldermen who, with the mayor would be justices of the peace. The mayor and sheriff were allowed to hold borough courts in the Guildhall.

 

Religious houses

During the Middle Ages a number of religious houses were established within the walls: the first of these was the Benedictine nunnery of St Bartholomew founded in 1086 near the present-day Nun Street. Both David I of Scotland and Henry I of England were benefactors of the religious house. Nothing of the nunnery remains now.

 

The friary of Blackfriars, Newcastle (Dominican) was established in 1239. These were also known as the Preaching Friars or Shod Friars, because they wore sandals, as opposed to other orders. The friary was situated in the present-day Friars Street. In 1280 the order was granted royal permission to make a postern in the town walls to communicate with their gardens outside the walls. On 19 June 1334, Edward Balliol, claimant to be King of Scotland, did homage to King Edward III, on behalf of the kingdom of Scotland, in the church of the friary. Much of the original buildings of the friary still exist, mainly because, after the Dissolution of the Monasteries the friary of Blackfriars was rented out by the corporation to nine of the local trade guilds.

 

The friary of Whitefriars (Carmelite) was established in 1262. The order was originally housed on the Wall Knoll in Pandon, but in 1307 it took over the buildings of another order, which went out of existence, the Friars of the Sac. The land, which had originally been given by Robert the Bruce, was situated in the present-day Hanover Square, behind the Central station. Nothing of the friary remains now.

 

The friary of Austinfriars (Augustinian) was established in 1290. The friary was on the site where the Holy Jesus Hospital was built in 1682. The friary was traditionally the lodging place of English kings whenever they visited or passed through Newcastle. In 1503 Princess Margaret, eldest daughter of Henry VII of England, stayed two days at the friary on her way to join her new husband James IV of Scotland.

 

The friary of Greyfriars (Franciscans) was established in 1274. The friary was in the present-day area between Pilgrim Street, Grey Street, Market Street and High Chare. Nothing of the original buildings remains.

 

The friary of the Order of the Holy Trinity, also known as the Trinitarians, was established in 1360. The order devoted a third of its income to buying back captives of the Saracens, during the Crusades. Their house was on the Wall Knoll, in Pandon, to the east of the city, but within the walls. Wall Knoll had previously been occupied by the White Friars until they moved to new premises in 1307.

 

All of the above religious houses were closed in about 1540, when Henry VIII dissolved the monasteries.

 

An important street running through Newcastle at the time was Pilgrim Street, running northwards inside the walls and leading to the Pilgrim Gate on the north wall. The street still exists today as arguably Newcastle's main shopping street.

 

Tudor period

The Scottish border wars continued for much of the 16th century, so that during that time, Newcastle was often threatened with invasion by the Scots, but also remained important as a border stronghold against them.

 

During the Reformation begun by Henry VIII in 1536, the five Newcastle friaries and the single nunnery were dissolved and the land was sold to the Corporation and to rich merchants. At this time there were fewer than 60 inmates of the religious houses in Newcastle. The convent of Blackfriars was leased to nine craft guilds to be used as their headquarters. This probably explains why it is the only one of the religious houses whose building survives to the present day. The priories at Tynemouth and Durham were also dissolved, thus ending the long-running rivalry between Newcastle and the church for control of trade on the Tyne. A little later, the property of the nunnery of St Bartholomew and of Grey Friars were bought by Robert Anderson, who had the buildings demolished to build his grand Newe House (also known as Anderson Place).

 

With the gradual decline of the Scottish border wars the town walls were allowed to decline as well as the castle. By 1547, about 10,000 people were living in Newcastle. At the beginning of the 16th century exports of wool from Newcastle were more than twice the value of exports of coal, but during the century coal exports continued to increase.

 

Under Edward VI, John Dudley, Duke of Northumberland, sponsored an act allowing Newcastle to annexe Gateshead as its suburb. The main reason for this was to allow the Newcastle Hostmen, who controlled the export of Tyne coal, to get their hands on the Gateshead coal mines, previously controlled by the Bishop of Durham. However, when Mary I came to power, Dudley met his downfall and the decision was reversed. The Reformation allowed private access to coal mines previously owned by Tynemouth and Durham priories and as a result coal exports increase dramatically, from 15,000 tons in 1500 to 35,000 tons in 1565, and to 400,000 tons in 1625.

 

The plague visited Newcastle four times during the 16th century, in 1579 when 2,000 people died, in 1589 when 1700 died, in 1595 and finally in 1597.

 

In 1600 Elizabeth I granted Newcastle a charter for an exclusive body of electors, the right to elect the mayor and burgesses. The charter also gave the Hostmen exclusive rights to load coal at any point on the Tyne. The Hostmen developed as an exclusive group within the Merchant Adventurers who had been incorporated by a charter in 1547.

 

Stuart period

In 1636 there was a serious outbreak of bubonic plague in Newcastle. There had been several previous outbreaks of the disease over the years, but this was the most serious. It is thought to have arrived from the Netherlands via ships that were trading between the Tyne and that country. It first appeared in the lower part of the town near the docks but gradually spread to all parts of the town. As the disease gained hold the authorities took measures to control it by boarding up any properties that contained infected persons, meaning that whole families were locked up together with the infected family members. Other infected persons were put in huts outside the town walls and left to die. Plague pits were dug next to the town's four churches and outside the town walls to receive the bodies in mass burials. Over the course of the outbreak 5,631 deaths were recorded out of an estimated population of 12,000, a death rate of 47%.

 

In 1637 Charles I tried to raise money by doubling the 'voluntary' tax on coal in return for allowing the Newcastle Hostmen to regulate production and fix prices. This caused outrage amongst the London importers and the East Anglian shippers. Both groups decided to boycott Tyne coal and as a result forced Charles to reverse his decision in 1638.

 

In 1640 during the Second Bishops' War, the Scots successfully invaded Newcastle. The occupying army demanded £850 per day from the Corporation to billet the Scottish troops. Trade from the Tyne ground to a halt during the occupation. The Scots left in 1641 after receiving a Parliamentary pardon and a £4,000,000 loan from the town.

 

In 1642 the English Civil War began. King Charles realised the value of the Tyne coal trade and therefore garrisoned Newcastle. A Royalist was appointed as governor. At that time, Newcastle and King's Lynn were the only important seaports to support the crown. In 1644 Parliament blockaded the Tyne to prevent the king from receiving revenue from the Tyne coal trade. Coal exports fell from 450,000 to 3,000 tons and London suffered a hard winter without fuel. Parliament encouraged the coal trade from the Wear to try to replace that lost from Newcastle but that was not enough to make up for the lost Tyneside tonnage.

 

In 1644 the Scots crossed the border. Newcastle strengthened its defences in preparation. The Scottish army, with 40,000 troops, besieged Newcastle for three months until the garrison of 1,500 surrendered. During the siege, the Scots bombarded the walls with their artillery, situated in Gateshead and Castle Leazes. The Scottish commander threatened to destroy the steeple of St Nicholas's Church by gunfire if the mayor, Sir John Marley, did not surrender the town. The mayor responded by placing Scottish prisoners that they had captured in the steeple, so saving it from destruction. The town walls were finally breached by a combination of artillery and sapping. In gratitude for this defence, Charles gave Newcastle the motto 'Fortiter Defendit Triumphans' to be added to its coat of arms. The Scottish army occupied Northumberland and Durham for two years. The coal taxes had to pay for the Scottish occupation. In 1645 Charles surrendered to the Scots and was imprisoned in Newcastle for nine months. After the Civil War the coal trade on the Tyne soon picked up and exceeded its pre-war levels.

 

A new Guildhall was completed on the Sandhill next to the river in 1655, replacing an earlier facility damaged by fire in 1639, and became the meeting place of Newcastle Town Council. In 1681 the Hospital of the Holy Jesus was built partly on the site of the Austin Friars. The Guildhall and Holy Jesus Hospital still exist.

 

Charles II tried to impose a charter on Newcastle to give the king the right to appoint the mayor, sheriff, recorder and town clerk. Charles died before the charter came into effect. In 1685, James II tried to replace Corporation members with named Catholics. However, James' mandate was suspended in 1689 after the Glorious Revolution welcoming William of Orange. In 1689, after the fall of James II, the people of Newcastle tore down his bronze equestrian statue in Sandhill and tossed it into the Tyne. The bronze was later used to make bells for All Saints Church.

 

In 1689 the Lort Burn was covered over. At this time it was an open sewer. The channel followed by the Lort Burn became the present day Dean Street. At that time, the centre of Newcastle was still the Sandhill area, with many merchants living along the Close or on the Side. The path of the main road through Newcastle ran from the single Tyne bridge, through Sandhill to the Side, a narrow street which climbed steeply on the north-east side of the castle hill until it reached the higher ground alongside St Nicholas' Church. As Newcastle developed, the Side became lined with buildings with projecting upper stories, so that the main street through Newcastle was a narrow, congested, steep thoroughfare.

 

In 1701 the Keelmen's Hospital was built in the Sandgate area of the city, using funds provided by the keelmen. The building still stands today.

 

Eighteenth century

In the 18th century, Newcastle was the country's largest print centre after London, Oxford and Cambridge, and the Literary and Philosophical Society of 1793, with its erudite debates and large stock of books in several languages predated the London Library by half a century.

 

In 1715, during the Jacobite rising in favour of the Old Pretender, an army of Jacobite supporters marched on Newcastle. Many of the Northumbrian gentry joined the rebels. The citizens prepared for its arrival by arresting Jacobite supporters and accepting 700 extra recruits into the local militia. The gates of the city were closed against the rebels. This proved enough to delay an attack until reinforcements arrived forcing the rebel army to move across to the west coast. The rebels finally surrendered at Preston.

 

In 1745, during a second Jacobite rising in favour of the Young Pretender, a Scottish army crossed the border led by Bonnie Prince Charlie. Once again Newcastle prepared by arresting Jacobite supporters and inducting 800 volunteers into the local militia. The town walls were strengthened, most of the gates were blocked up and some 200 cannon were deployed. 20,000 regulars were billeted on the Town Moor. These preparations were enough to force the rebel army to travel south via the west coast. They were eventually defeated at Culloden in 1746.

 

Newcastle's actions during the 1715 rising in resisting the rebels and declaring for George I, in contrast to the rest of the region, is the most likely source of the nickname 'Geordie', applied to people from Tyneside, or more accurately Newcastle. Another theory, however, is that the name 'Geordie' came from the inventor of the Geordie lamp, George Stephenson. It was a type of safety lamp used in mining, but was not invented until 1815. Apparently the term 'German Geordie' was in common use during the 18th century.

 

The city's first hospital, Newcastle Infirmary opened in 1753; it was funded by public subscription. A lying-in hospital was established in Newcastle in 1760. The city's first public hospital for mentally ill patients, Wardens Close Lunatic Hospital was opened in October 1767.

 

In 1771 a flood swept away much of the bridge at Newcastle. The bridge had been built in 1250 and repaired after a flood in 1339. The bridge supported various houses and three towers and an old chapel. A blue stone was placed in the middle of the bridge to mark the boundary between Newcastle and the Palatinate of Durham. A temporary wooden bridge had to be built, and this remained in use until 1781, when a new stone bridge was completed. The new bridge consisted of nine arches. In 1801, because of the pressure of traffic, the bridge had to be widened.

 

A permanent military presence was established in the city with the completion of Fenham Barracks in 1806. The facilities at the Castle for holding assizes, which had been condemned for their inconvenience and unhealthiness, were replaced when the Moot Hall opened in August 1812.

 

Victorian period

Present-day Newcastle owes much of its architecture to the work of the builder Richard Grainger, aided by architects John Dobson, Thomas Oliver, John and Benjamin Green and others. In 1834 Grainger won a competition to produce a new plan for central Newcastle. He put this plan into effect using the above architects as well as architects employed in his own office. Grainger and Oliver had already built Leazes Terrace, Leazes Crescent and Leazes Place between 1829 and 1834. Grainger and Dobson had also built the Royal Arcade at the foot of Pilgrim Street between 1830 and 1832. The most ambitious project covered 12 acres 12 acres (49,000 m2) in central Newcastle, on the site of Newe House (also called Anderson Place). Grainger built three new thoroughfares, Grey Street, Grainger Street and Clayton Street with many connecting streets, as well as the Central Exchange and the Grainger Market. John Wardle and George Walker, working in Grainger's office, designed Clayton Street, Grainger Street and most of Grey Street. Dobson designed the Grainger Market and much of the east side of Grey Street. John and Benjamin Green designed the Theatre Royal at the top of Grey Street, where Grainger placed the column of Grey's Monument as a focus for the whole scheme. Grey Street is considered to be one of the finest streets in the country, with its elegant curve. Unfortunately most of old Eldon Square was demolished in the 1960s in the name of progress. The Royal Arcade met a similar fate.

 

In 1849 a new bridge was built across the river at Newcastle. This was the High Level Bridge, designed by Robert Stephenson, and slightly up river from the existing bridge. The bridge was designed to carry road and rail traffic across the Tyne Gorge on two decks with rail traffic on the upper deck and road traffic on the lower. The new bridge meant that traffic could pass through Newcastle without having to negotiate the steep, narrow Side, as had been necessary for centuries. The bridge was opened by Queen Victoria, who one year later opened the new Central Station, designed by John Dobson. Trains were now able to cross the river, directly into the centre of Newcastle and carry on up to Scotland. The Army Riding School was also completed in 1849.

 

In 1854 a large fire started on the Gateshead quayside and an explosion caused it to spread across the river to the Newcastle quayside. A huge conflagration amongst the narrow alleys, or 'chares', destroyed the homes of 800 families as well as many business premises. The narrow alleys that had been destroyed were replaced by streets containing blocks of modern offices.

 

In 1863 the Town Hall in St Nicholas Square replaced the Guildhall as the meeting place of Newcastle Town Council.

 

In 1876 the low level bridge was replaced by a new bridge known as the Swing Bridge, so called because the bridge was able to swing horizontally on a central axis and allow ships to pass on either side. This meant that for the first time sizeable ships could pass up-river beyond Newcastle. The bridge was built and paid for by William Armstrong, a local arms manufacturer, who needed to have warships access his Elswick arms factory to fit armaments to them. The Swing Bridge's rotating mechanism is adapted from the cannon mounts developed in Armstrong's arms works. In 1882 the Elswick works began to build ships as well as to arm them. The Barrack Road drill hall was completed in 1890.

 

Industrialisation

In the 19th century, shipbuilding and heavy engineering were central to the city's prosperity; and the city was a powerhouse of the Industrial Revolution. Newcastle's development as a major city owed most to its central role in the production and export of coal. The phrase "taking coals to Newcastle" was first recorded in 1538; it proverbially denotes bringing a particular commodity to a place that has more than enough of it already.

 

Innovation in Newcastle and surrounding areas included the following:

 

George Stephenson developed a miner's safety lamp at the same time that Humphry Davy developed a rival design. The lamp made possible the opening up of ever deeper mines to provide the coal that powered the industrial revolution.

George and his son Robert Stephenson were hugely influential figures in the development of the early railways. George developed Blücher, a locomotive working at Killingworth colliery in 1814, whilst Robert was instrumental in the design of Rocket, a revolutionary design that was the forerunner of modern locomotives. Both men were involved in planning and building railway lines, all over this country and abroad.

 

Joseph Swan demonstrated a working electric light bulb about a year before Thomas Edison did the same in the USA. This led to a dispute as to who had actually invented the light bulb. Eventually the two rivals agreed to form a mutual company between them, the Edison and Swan Electric Light Company, known as Ediswan.

 

Charles Algernon Parsons invented the steam turbine, for marine use and for power generation. He used Turbinia, a small, turbine-powered ship, to demonstrate the speed that a steam turbine could generate. Turbinia literally ran rings around the British Fleet at a review at Spithead in 1897.

 

William Armstrong invented a hydraulic crane that was installed in dockyards up and down the country. He then began to design light, accurate field guns for the British army. These were a vast improvement on the existing guns that were then in use.

 

The following major industries developed in Newcastle or its surrounding area:

 

Glassmaking

A small glass industry existed in Newcastle from the mid-15th century. In 1615 restrictions were put on the use of wood for manufacturing glass. It was found that glass could be manufactured using the local coal, and so a glassmaking industry grew up on Tyneside. Huguenot glassmakers came over from France as refugees from persecution and set up glasshouses in the Skinnerburn area of Newcastle. Eventually, glass production moved to the Ouseburn area of Newcastle. In 1684 the Dagnia family, Sephardic Jewish emigrants from Altare, arrived in Newcastle from Stourbridge and established glasshouses along the Close, to manufacture high quality flint glass. The glass manufacturers used sand ballast from the boats arriving in the river as the main raw material. The glassware was then exported in collier brigs. The period from 1730 to 1785 was the highpoint of Newcastle glass manufacture, when the local glassmakers produced the 'Newcastle Light Baluster'. The glassmaking industry still exists in the west end of the city with local Artist and Glassmaker Jane Charles carrying on over four hundred years of hot glass blowing in Newcastle upon Tyne.

 

Locomotive manufacture

In 1823 George Stephenson and his son Robert established the world's first locomotive factory near Forth Street in Newcastle. Here they built locomotives for the Stockton and Darlington Railway and the Liverpool and Manchester Railway, as well as many others. It was here that the famous locomotive Rocket was designed and manufactured in preparation for the Rainhill Trials. Apart from building locomotives for the British market, the Newcastle works also produced locomotives for Europe and America. The Forth Street works continued to build locomotives until 1960.

 

Shipbuilding

In 1296 a wooden, 135 ft (41 m) long galley was constructed at the mouth of the Lort Burn in Newcastle, as part of a twenty-ship order from the king. The ship cost £205, and is the earliest record of shipbuilding in Newcastle. However the rise of the Tyne as a shipbuilding area was due to the need for collier brigs for the coal export trade. These wooden sailing ships were usually built locally, establishing local expertise in building ships. As ships changed from wood to steel, and from sail to steam, the local shipbuilding industry changed to build the new ships. Although shipbuilding was carried out up and down both sides of the river, the two main areas for building ships in Newcastle were Elswick, to the west, and Walker, to the east. By 1800 Tyneside was the third largest producer of ships in Britain. Unfortunately, after the Second World War, lack of modernisation and competition from abroad gradually caused the local industry to decline and die.

 

Armaments

In 1847 William Armstrong established a huge factory in Elswick, west of Newcastle. This was initially used to produce hydraulic cranes but subsequently began also to produce guns for both the army and the navy. After the Swing Bridge was built in 1876 allowing ships to pass up river, warships could have their armaments fitted alongside the Elswick works. Armstrong's company took over its industrial rival, Joseph Whitworth of Manchester in 1897.

 

Steam turbines

Charles Algernon Parsons invented the steam turbine and, in 1889, founded his own company C. A. Parsons and Company in Heaton, Newcastle to make steam turbines. Shortly after this, he realised that steam turbines could be used to propel ships and, in 1897, he founded a second company, Parsons Marine Steam Turbine Company in Wallsend. It is there that he designed and manufactured Turbinia. Parsons turbines were initially used in warships but soon came to be used in merchant and passenger vessels, including the liner Mauretania which held the blue riband for the Atlantic crossing until 1929. Parsons' company in Heaton began to make turbo-generators for power stations and supplied power stations all over the world. The Heaton works, reduced in size, remains as part of the Siemens AG industrial giant.

 

Pottery

In 1762 the Maling pottery was founded in Sunderland by French Huguenots, but transferred to Newcastle in 1817. A factory was built in the Ouseburn area of the city. The factory was rebuilt twice, finally occupying a 14-acre (57,000 m2) site that was claimed to be the biggest pottery in the world and which had its own railway station. The pottery pioneered use of machines in making potteries as opposed to hand production. In the 1890s the company went up-market and employed in-house designers. The period up to the Second World War was the most profitable with a constant stream of new designs being introduced. However, after the war, production gradually declined and the company closed in 1963.

 

Expansion of the city

Newcastle was one of the boroughs reformed by the Municipal Corporations Act 1835: the reformed municipal borough included the parishes of Byker, Elswick, Heaton, Jesmond, Newcastle All Saints, Newcastle St Andrew, Newcastle St John, Newcastle St Nicholas, and Westgate. The urban districts of Benwell and Fenham and Walker were added in 1904. In 1935, Newcastle gained Kenton and parts of the parishes of West Brunton, East Denton, Fawdon, Longbenton. The most recent expansion in Newcastle's boundaries took place under the Local Government Act 1972 on 1 April 1974, when Newcastle became a metropolitan borough, also including the urban districts of Gosforth and Newburn, and the parishes of Brunswick, Dinnington, Hazlerigg, North Gosforth and Woolsington from the Castle Ward Rural District, and the village of Westerhope.

 

Meanwhile Northumberland County Council was formed under the Local Government Act 1888 and benefited from a dedicated meeting place when County Hall was completed in the Castle Garth area of Newcastle in 1910. Following the Local Government Act 1972 County Hall relocated to Morpeth in April 1981.

 

Twentieth century

In 1925 work began on a new high-level road bridge to span the Tyne Gorge between Newcastle and Gateshead. The capacity of the existing High-Level Bridge and Swing Bridge were being strained to the limit, and an additional bridge had been discussed for a long time. The contract was awarded to the Dorman Long Company and the bridge was finally opened by King George V in 1928. The road deck was 84 feet (26 m) above the river and was supported by a 531 feet (162 m) steel arch. The new Tyne Bridge quickly became a symbol for Newcastle and Tyneside, and remains so today.

 

During the Second World War, Newcastle was largely spared the horrors inflicted upon other British cities bombed during the Blitz. Although the armaments factories and shipyards along the River Tyne were targeted by the Luftwaffe, they largely escaped unscathed. Manors goods yard and railway terminal, to the east of the city centre, and the suburbs of Jesmond and Heaton suffered bombing during 1941. There were 141 deaths and 587 injuries, a relatively small figure compared to the casualties in other industrial centres of Britain.

 

In 1963 the city gained its own university, the University of Newcastle upon Tyne, by act of parliament. A School of Medicine and Surgery had been established in Newcastle in 1834. This eventually developed into a college of medicine attached to Durham University. A college of physical science was also founded and became Armstrong College in 1904. In 1934 the two colleges merged to become King's College, Durham. This remained as part of Durham University until the new university was created in 1963. In 1992 the city gained its second university when Newcastle Polytechnic was granted university status as Northumbria University.

 

Newcastle City Council moved to the new Newcastle Civic Centre in 1968.

 

As heavy industries declined in the second half of the 20th century, large sections of the city centre were demolished along with many areas of slum housing. The leading political figure in the city during the 1960s was T. Dan Smith who oversaw a massive building programme of highrise housing estates and authorised the demolition of a quarter of the Georgian Grainger Town to make way for Eldon Square Shopping Centre. Smith's control in Newcastle collapsed when it was exposed that he had used public contracts to advantage himself and his business associates and for a time Newcastle became a byword for civic corruption as depicted in the films Get Carter and Stormy Monday and in the television series Our Friends in the North. However, much of the historic Grainger Town area survived and was, for the most part, fully restored in the late 1990s. Northumberland Street, initially the A1, was gradually closed to traffic from the 1970s and completely pedestrianised by 1998.

 

In 1978 a new rapid transport system, the Metro, was built, linking the Tyneside area. The system opened in August 1980. A new bridge was built to carry the Metro across the river between Gateshead and Newcastle. This was the Queen Elizabeth II Bridge, commonly known as the Metro Bridge. Eventually the Metro system was extended to reach Newcastle Airport in 1991, and in 2002 the Metro system was extended to the nearby city of Sunderland.

 

As the 20th century progressed, trade on the Newcastle and Gateshead quaysides gradually declined, until by the 1980s both sides of the river were looking rather derelict. Shipping company offices had closed along with offices of firms related to shipping. There were also derelict warehouses lining the riverbank. Local government produced a master plan to re-develop the Newcastle quayside and this was begun in the 1990s. New offices, restaurants, bars and residential accommodation were built and the area has changed in the space of a few years into a vibrant area, partially returning the focus of Newcastle to the riverside, where it was in medieval times.

 

The Gateshead Millennium Bridge, a foot and cycle bridge, 26 feet (7.9 m) wide and 413 feet (126 m) long, was completed in 2001. The road deck is in the form of a curve and is supported by a steel arch. To allow ships to pass, the whole structure, both arch and road-deck, rotates on huge bearings at either end so that the road deck is lifted. The bridge can be said to open and shut like a human eye. It is an important addition to the re-developed quayside area, providing a vital link between the Newcastle and Gateshead quaysides.

 

Recent developments

Today the city is a vibrant centre for office and retail employment, but just a short distance away there are impoverished inner-city housing estates, in areas originally built to provide affordable housing for employees of the shipyards and other heavy industries that lined the River Tyne. In the 2010s Newcastle City Council began implementing plans to regenerate these depressed areas, such as those along the Ouseburn Valley.

立法會過渡性房屋及劏房事宜小組委員會視察劏房及過渡性房屋項目

立法会过渡性房屋及劏房事宜小组委员会视察劏房及过渡性房屋项目

LegCo Subcommittee on Issues Relating to Transitional Housing and Subdivided Units visits subdivided units and transitional housing projects (2021.05.20)

Clifford Home.

 

Date: 1905

Source Type: Photograph

Publisher, Printer, Photographer: A. H. Reading

Postmark: Not Applicable

Collection: Steven R. Shook

Remark: The house was constructed for Thomas A. E. Campbell by a Mr. Shade and was located on Valparaiso's Chestnut Street between Campbell Street and Weston Avenue. This house no longer exists.

 

The estate of Thomas A. E. Campbell was sued after Campbell's death by Mr. Shade. Shade who claimed he had not been fully compensated for his work in constructing the Campbell residence. The jury verdict was in Shade's favor in the amount of $400. However, Judge Field set aside the verdict "as contrary to law and evidence and gave a new trial."

 

After Campbell's death, A. E. Woodhull, his son-in-law, would take ownership of the home. Patrick W. Clifford then became owner of the home followed by W. E. Franklin. The next owner of the home was Lewis E. Myers.

 

Demolition of the home commenced on December 1, 1938, and the land subdivided for the construction of eighteen new homes built by the Foster Lumber & Construction Company. Demolition and construction costs totaled about $125,000 (or $2.25 million in 2021 dollars). The following historical information concerning this house was published in the Porter County centennial edition of The Vidette-Messenger on August 18, 1936:

 

That Stately Brick House On Chestnut Street Was the T. A. Campbell Mansion

BY MABEL BENNY

 

The stately brick house, with the square observatory surmounting the main roof, standing on Chestnut street, between Campbell and Weston Avenue, has been the home of a number of interesting people. It was built by T. A. E. Campbell, who visited its site in 1833 and returned a couple of years later to make his home on the south side of the old Sac Trail, which ran diagonally from the intersection of what are now Chicago and Academy streets northwest past his home to the Chicago road. Thomas Campbell desired a real mansion and such this house remains today. In the main building, under the observatory, thus it was spoken of in the early days, were the rooms designed for the family. The ell running to the east from the northeast corner of the house proper was intended to house the servants above and the horses on the ground floor. There were other buildings for cows, pigs, sheep and fowl. From the earliest days the grounds were kept like a park.

 

The Campbells were a large family and two of the married daughters with their families were often at home, so twenty at the dining room table was not an unusual number. After Mr. Campbell's death, the Woodhull family, Mrs. Woodhull was a daughter of T. A. E. Campbell -- moved to Valparaiso from Chicago and became active in the interests of the town. Mr. Woodhull was mayor for a number of years. He encouraged Powers and Higley to bring their factory here and engineered sale of the lots in Chautauqua Park. These were platted from the Campbell farm. Mr. Powers preferred to build a new home, and for a time the old mansion with its massive doors and windows was deserted.

 

P. T. Clifford, a railroad contractor, lived a few miles west of the Campbell place. The youngest son, P. W. Clifford, on his way to school at old St. Paul's, must have passed the place almost daily and admired its elegance and retirement. The Woodhulls had moved back to Chicago and regarded the house as a white elephant. Mr. Clifford purchased it, built handsome porches to the east and south and further beautified the grounds. But the house was too large for a family of four and lonely for one woman whose men folks were gone all day. Why sit on a porch if no one went by from sunrise to sundown? The Cliffords built near town and the place was again sold, this time to W. E. Franklin.

 

Mr. Franklin at the time of the purchase was owner of the Franklin Circus. He had followed the business from boyhood with different troupes and menageries. Often these aggregations pitched their tents on the Campbell lots. He told the writer of this article he dreamed of some day owning and living in that house every time he came to town with a circus. The dream became reality. But the Franklins had no children, servants were hard to keep. The servants were afraid. They were too far from town; the house was too large; the ceilings too high; the place was hard to heat; the modern conveniences were clumsily installed. He ended his lament, "I'd almost give it away if someone would take it."

 

Lewis E. Myers, president of the Myers Plant, accepted his proposition. He turned the servants' rooms on the upper floor of the ell into a magnificent library, where the board of directors of the Myers corporation often met around the long table before the fireplace. Since Myers' time the house has been on the market, occupied by not lived in.

 

All four owners of men of affairs, outstanding personalities, highly individualized, and with the exception of Mr. Franklin, interested in the doings of the town. The Campbells and Woodhulls were Presbyterians. Their home was open to many church festivities as well as other social affairs. The Cliffords entertained their church people, the Catholic societies, as well as their friends and neighbors. Both Mr. and Mrs. Myers were civic workers. The League of Women Voters, the men's clubs and other groups for civic betterment met in the library, the stately parlor, the cozy down stairs study, or the long dining room for conferences. While Mr. Franklin held aloof from the townspeople, he was a typical figure of the old southern gentleman, as he made his daily trip to the post office accompanied by his magnificent dog.

 

The old house would make a splendid historical museum were if not for the cost of upkeep of its grounds and of the building itself, whose very stateliness makes it a problem.

 

The following news item concerning this home was published in the October5, 1882, issue of the Porter County Vidette:

 

The Widow Campbell property in this city is henceforth to be occupied also by the family of Mr. and Mrs. Addis E. Woodhull, who moved this week from Chicago. The house has been re-painted and finished throughout in beautiful and artistic style.

 

Sources:

Porter County Vidette, Valparaiso, Porter County, Indiana; January 8, 1880; Volume 24, Number 2, Page 3, Column 4. Column titled "Porter Circuit Court."

 

Porter County Vidette, Valparaiso, Porter County, Indiana; October 5, 1882; Volume 26, Number 40, Page 5, Column 3.

 

Reading, A. H. 1905. The City of Homes, Schools and Churches: A Pictorial Story of Valparaiso, Its People and Its Environs. Valparaiso, Indiana: A. H. Reading. 82 p. [see p. 69]

 

The Vidette-Messenger, Valparaiso, Porter County, Indiana; August 18, 1936; Volume 10, Section 4, Page 6. Column titled "That Stately Brick House On Chestnut Street Was the T. A. E. Campbell Mansion."

 

The Vidette-Messenger, Valparaiso, Porter County, Indiana; December 12, 1938; Volume 12, Page 1, Column 5 and Page 2, Column 3 Column titled "Local Boom in Building Recalls '26."

 

Copyright 2021. Some rights reserved. The associated text may not be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior written permission of Steven R. Shook.

Entrance gates & fence installed by George Wilcox. [Photo from State Library of SA: PRG 742/5.201 (c1880)]

 

Original house built c1856 on land owned by William Martin Letchford, leased 1877 to Robert Rowan Purdon Hickson. Purchased, enlarged & named Eynesbury by George Wilcox 1881, property subdivided 1919, house purchased 1919 by Henry Maxwell Bradford, later converted to flats, leased 1980s by religious group, leased as a school 1990-2001, now private.

 

“District Councils. . . Mitcham. . . [Letter] from W. M. Letchford, for culvert to his entrance on Unley-road, offering to pay half cost of same — to be attended to.” [Register 28 Aug 1872]

 

R Hickson, Lower Mitcham [Adelaide Directories 1878, 1879]

 

“Mr Robert Rowan Purdon Hickson. . . From 1874 to 1881 he was engineer-in-chief of harbours and jetties In South Australia.” [Sydney Morning Herald 29 Jun 1923]

 

“A garden party, followed by a banquet, was given to the Stow Church Choir and their friends on Saturday, October 19, by Mr. and Mrs. George Wilcox, at their residence, ‘Eynesbury’, Lower Mitcham. During the afternoon outdoor games were participated in, and in the evening about forty guests sat down to the spread.” [Evening Journal 21 Oct 1889]

 

“the beautiful grounds of Eynesbury, the residence of Mr. George Wilcox at Mitcham, presented a busy scene when a strawberry fete in aid of the building fond for a new Anglican church at Hawthorn was held.” [Advertiser 15 Nov 1897]

 

“the fine wisteria climbing over Mr. George Wilcox's residence, Eynesbury, Mitcham, shows the enormous growth to advantage. The wisteria is 30 ft. high, and covers a space of over 1,200 ft., and now that it is in full bloom makes a beautiful exhibit.” [Critic, Adelaide 13 Oct 1900]

 

“The late Mr. George Wilcox purchased the property from Mr. Letchford, of the firm of Messrs. Shuttleworth & Letehford in March, 1881, but the owner was not living there at the time, as Capt Hickson, the Engineer for Harbours, was then renting the place. When Mr. Wilcox took possession the whole of the back portion of the land was under vines, but these were subsequently rooted out. The late Mr. Wilcox also imported all the ornate ironwork for the front gates, fence, and balconies. These were purchased by his son, Mr. John Wilcox, while he was in England. The first consignment of .this material went to the bottom of the sea on a sailing ship off the coast of Ireland in 1884, and the duplicate set ordered is that now standing at Eynesbury House.” [Register 8 May 1919]

 

“'Eynesbury House', Unley Road, formerly the residence of the late Sir. George Wilcox. This imposing mansion, which is massively built of stone, is famed throughout Australia for its wonderful wistaria [sic] creeper. The estate, which comprises some 20 odd acres, has just been subdivided, leaving 3 acres of garden surrounding the house, and the balance of the land (together with the beautiful tree-studded paddock adjoining Mr. Alfred Wilkinson's residence) has been surveyed into 66 residential sites, and named 'Kingswood Park'. 'Eynesbury House' contains 12 rooms, also magnificent ballroom (52 x 25 ft.), and extensive domestic offices. For a family residence, a high-class guest home, for residential flats, or for a rest home it would be hard indeed to find its equal. The trustees of the estate (Elder's Trustee & Executor Co.. Ltd., and Mr. Sydney Wilcox) have instructed Messrs. Wilkinson, Panda, & Wyles to dispose of the property by public auction. . . To ensure its sale, the nominal upset price of £1,700 has been placed on ‘Eynesbury House' (with 3 acres).” [The Mail 10 May 1919, p 11]

 

“Eynesbury House. . . The residence of the late Mr. George Wilcox, containing 12 rooms, &c. realised £1,825, the purchaser being Mr. J. Milburn. The iron fencing on the Unley road frontage of the estate was sold separately, and realized the sum of £120.” [Register 29 May 1919]

 

“the following sales by public auction and private contract. . . Account Messrs. Milburn and Jeffery — the well-known two-story residence of 14 rooms, &c., known as Eynesbury House, Kingswood Park, to Mr. H. M. Bradford.” [Register 4 Dec 1919]

 

“Mr. W. M. Bradford, 'Eynesbury', Unley, referring to the 380 ft. of iron palisading, presented to the Town Council by Mr, Willcox [sic]; as he had purchased 'Eynesbury’, he would be pleased to make the Council an offer for 120 ft. of same, as he desired to replace the home as Mr. Willcox left it.” [Bunyip, Gawler 5 Mar 1920]

 

“Mitcham Study Circle. At the invitation of the Misses Humphris, the opening meeting of the Study Circle will be held at Eynesbury House, 69 Victoria terrace, Mitcham.” [Advertiser 23 Feb 1934]

 

“Super U. furn. flats, s.c. 5 or 6 rooms, adults, garage, Eynesbury House, 69 Victoria terrace. L. Mitcham.” [Advertiser 18 Nov 1936 advert]

 

WILLIAM MARTIN LETCHFORD

“At a meeting of the ratepayers, held at the Brownhill Creek Inn, Mitcham. . . Mr. William Letchford was duly elected to serve as a Councillor for the year 1858.” [Register 2 Jul 1858]

 

“LETCHFORD. — On the 16th July, at Lower Mitcham, after 12 hours' illness, Anne, the beloved wife of W. M. Letchford, aged 36 years.” [Register 17 Jul 1872]

 

“the death of Mrs. W. M. Letchford. . . at Mitcham. . . Mrs. Letchford leaves seven young children behind her.” [Register 17 Jul 1872]

 

“LETCHFORD — CHAMBERS.— On the 4th June, at the residence of the bride's father, Mr. Wm. Walker, Parade, Norwood, by the Rev. W. L. Binks, W. M. Letchford, of Lower Mitcham, to Anne, widow of the late Thomas Waterhouse Chambers.” [Advertiser 18 Jun 1874]

 

“For Sale.— The Valuable Freehold Property, known as the Residence of Mr. W. M. Letchford, comprising 18 Acres of Land, on the Unley and Mitcham Road, together with the Excellent Family Residence erected thereon, and Stabling, Storerooms, Wine Cellars, Tanks, and every requisite required.” [Register 1 Jul 1876 advert]

 

“For Sale, or To be Let on Lease, with or without Right of Purchase, the Residence of the undersigned, Grove Villa, Lower Mitcham. . . W. M. Letchford.” [Evening Journal 26 Dec 1876 advert].

 

“At Glenelg fronting the sea wall, a handsome villa residence in the Italian style is being erected for Mr. W. M. Letchford.” Advertiser 10 Jan 1877]

 

“LETCHFORD. — On the 13th December, at Albert-terrace [now South Esplanade], Glenelg, William Martin Letchford, aged 56 years.” [Advertiser 14 Dec 1880]

 

“Mr. W. M. Letchford. . . many years ago established the soap and candle factory in South Adelaide which is now known as Tidmarsh & Co.'s. Since then, for a number of years, he has carried on business as a land and estate agent, and was confidential manager for Mr. T. G. Waterhouse. . . South Australian Carrying Company. . . Equitable Insurance Company, and also of the Equitable Building and Investment Society.” [Register 14 Dec 1880]

 

ROBERT ROWAN PURDON HICKSON

“On Wednesday morning, June 30, the professional and clerical staff of the Department of Harbours and Jetties waited upon the Engineer, Mr. Hickson, in his office, for the purpose of bidding him farewell prior to the dissolution of the department, which was to take effect on the following day.” [Register 3 Jul 1880]

 

“Mr. Robert Rowan Purdon Hickson, I.S.O. . . born in .1842, in County Kerry, Ireland, and served articles as an engineer to James Burton, engineer-in-chief of the principal works in the North of Ireland, He was appointed to take charge of the Carlingford Harbor works in 1864, and was Engineer-in-Chief of Harbors and Jetties in South Australia from 1876 to 1881. In 1881 Mr. Hickson became Resident Engineer at Newcastle. . . President of the Sydney Harbor Trust, 1901-1912. . . He is survived by a widow, 7 children. . . Mrs. W. F. Everett (London), Mrs. E. A. M. Merewether (Newcastle), Messrs. G. F. Hickson (Mildura), R. P. Hickson (Gunnedah), W. L. Hickson (Singleton), C. H. Hickson (Western Australia),. R. M. Hickson (Armidale).” [The Sun, Sydney 28 Jun 1923]

 

GEORGE WILCOX

“WILCOX.— On the 13th April, at Eynesbury House, Lower Mitcham, Annie, beloved wife of George Wilcox (suddenly), aged 57 years.” [Register 14 Apr 1897]

 

“wife of Mr. George Wilcox, of Mitcham. . . was a native of Huntingdonshire, England, and a colonist of over thirty-five years. . . There are two daughters — Mrs McRostie and Miss Wilcox — and three sons, who are in business in Sydney.” [Advertiser 15 Apr 1897]

 

“WILCOX.—On the 5th September, at Eynesbury, Lower Mitcham, George Wilcox, aged 78 years. No flowers by request.” [Express & Telegraph 6 Sep 1917]

 

“Mr. George Wilcox. . . took keen interest in his garden at Mitcham, and was particularly proud of the magnificent wistaria [sic] — one of the finest and largest in Australia — growing against the house.” [Register 6 Sep 1917]

 

“Mr. George Wilcox. . . was a native of St. Neots, Huntingdonshire. He was born in 1838. . . Mr. Wilcox became apprenticed to the grocery trade in England, and in 1858, he came to South Australia and started as a storekeeper at Gawler, where he remained until 1872, when he relinquished business and returned to England for two years. In 1874 he returned to South Australia. . . a business as an export merchant until 1903, when he retired. Subsequently he interested himself only in the Koonamore sheep station in the north-east, which he held in partnership with the late Mr. William Hamilton. . . Two sons (Messrs. Sydney Wilcox, of Adelaide; and Murray Wilcox, of Sydney), and two daughters (Mesdames H. E. McRostie, of Glencoe East, and Miss Wilcox, of Mitcham) survive. Mrs. Wilcox died about 20 years ago.” [Critic, Adelaide 12 Sep 1917]

 

Metropolitan Museum of Art, NYC.

 

Cubiculum (bedroom) from the Villa of P. Fannius Synistor

Roman, Republican, ca. 50–40 B.C.

Room: 8 ft. 8 1/2 in. x 10 ft. 11 1/2 in. x 19 ft. 7 1/8 in. (265.4 x 334 x 583.9 cm)

Rogers Fund, 1903 (03.14.13a–g)

 

Room M of the Villa of P. Fannius Synistor at Boscoreale, buried by the eruption of Vesuvius in A.D. 79, functioned as a bedroom.

 

The rear wall shows rocky terrain with balustrades and an arbor above, a small cave or grotto sheltering a fountain, and a small figure of Hekate below. In the center of the wall, between two columns, a parapet embellished with a yellow monochrome landscape supports a glass bowl filled with fruit.

 

The side walls of the room are loosely symmetrical. Each wall is subdivided into four sections by a pilaster that defines the area of the couch and by two ornate columns. The paintings depict enclosed courtyards in which we glimpse the tops of statuary, rotundas, and pylons as well as vegetation. These precincts alternate with townscapes combining colonnaded buildings and projecting terraces.

 

Photo taken on January 13th, 2008. It is one of four corners known as Colonial Corners. This corner originally contained a Restaurant. A New Orleans themed Restaurant that lasted for years. After the restaurant left, it has since been subdivided into several small restaurants, including Starbucks Coffee Shop. Catty corner is the former Drug Store that was located next door to the former Thriftimart Grocery Store. The former Thriftimart Grocery Store lasted until the early 1960's when the Thriftimart closed down. It was then gutted and converted to a Westward Ho Market. A small independent chain. After a couple of decades, Westward Ho Markets sold their store to Whole Foods. Whole Foods Supermarkets renovated the building again by gutting it. The supermarket is located at the corner of Barrington and National in West Los Angeles, California. One of xx photos of this site. Originally Thriftimart had two entrances, one along National and a parking lot entrance. Currently there is only one parking lot entrance. Originally when Whole Foods moved into the building the Drug Store remained for a couple of years with a corner entrance. Whole Foods expanded a couple of years ago, taking over the drug store portion and closing off this entrance.

 

Whole Foods is located on one of 4 corners known as Colonial Corners. This intersection is known as Colonial Corners because the buildings on each corner are designed in a Colonial Theme. Originally only three of the corners had a Colonial theme buildings. The fourth corner was originally a giant nursery. When that property was sold in the 1970s, It became housing along with a small shopping center. The nursery was named the J.P.Howard Nursery. When the shopping center was first developed it was not coordinated with the other three corners. After several years of being the odd corner, the owners have attempted in recent years to blend their corner with the other three corners. Located at Barrington and National in West Los Angeles, California. The other two corners are Restaurants, shops and offices.

Former gunpowder and dynamite factory built in 1879 somewhere in Belgium. This site is where powder and explosives were made, in particular for a use in the mines. The site was sold and demilitarized in 1990 after the bankruptcy of its company.

 

Spread over about ten hectares secretly hidden in the forest, the "factory" is subdivided into approximately fifty buildings isolated from each other. The reason of this isolation? Simply to avoid chain explosions in case of accident.

 

Among all these buildings, there are workshops, laboratories and testing rooms, as well as administration and machinery buildings, and also warehouses. The site is also provided with a central heating network distributed towards all the buildings through above-ground insulated conducts.

 

Discovering the site is comparable to a long and pleasant stroll in the forest, but we have to admit that most of the instruments and working accessories are gone and many buildings are now empty.

 

Besides, the site is polluted and many nitrophilous plants took a malicious pleasure in regaining control of the place, even growing inside the houses.

 

---------

 

Ancienne poudrerie et dynamiterie belge construite en 1879. À ne pas confondre avec la poudrière (soit le "magasin à poudre"), ce site était une usine de fabrication de poudre et explosifs, destinés notamment à un usage dans les mines. Le site fut revendu et démilitarisé en 1990 suite à la faillite de la société.

 

Étalée sur une bonne dizaine d'hectares enfouis secrètement dans la forêt, "l'usine" se subdivise en (approximativement) une cinquantaine de bâtiments isolés les uns des autres. La raison de cet isolement? Simplement pour éviter des explosions en chaîne en cas d'accident de travail.

 

Parmi tous ces bâtiments, on retrouve des ateliers, laboratoires et salles de test, ou encore des bâtiments administratifs, de machinerie et des entrepôts. Le site est également muni d'un réseau de chauffage central redistribué vers tous les bâtiments via des conduites aériennes à parois isolantes.

 

Si la visite du site constitue une longue et agréable balade en forêt, force est de constater qu'il reste peu d'instruments et accessoires de travail dans les bâtiments.

 

Le site étant par ailleurs pollué par des ingrédients (comme le nitrate) qui servaient à la fabrication de la poudre, les plantes nitrophiles ont depuis lors pris un malin plaisir à se ré-approprier les lieux, allant jusqu'à pousser à l'intérieur des maisons.

Turpan (simplified Chinese: 吐鲁番; traditional Chinese: 吐魯番; pinyin: Tǔlǔfān; Uyghur: تۇرپان‎, ULY: Turpan, UYY: Turpan?), also known as Turfan or Tulufan, is a prefecture-level city located in the east of Xinjiang, People's Republic of China. It has an area of 69,324 square kilometres and a population of 570,000 (2003).

 

HISTORY

Turpan has long been the centre of a fertile oasis (with water provided by the karez canal system) and an important trade centre. It was historically located along the Silk Road, at which time it was adjacent to the kingdoms of Kroran and Yanqi. The name Turfan itself however was not used until the end of the Middle Ages - its use became widespread only in the post-Mongol period. The center of the region has shifted a number of times, from Yar-Khoto (Jiaohe, 10 km to the west of modern Turpan) to Qocho (Gaochang, 30 km to the southeast of Turpan), and to Turpan itself. Historically, many settlements in the region have been given a number of different names, some of which refer to more than one place – Turpan/Turfan/Tulufan is one such example. (Others include Loulan/Kroran/Korla, Jushi/Gushi, Gaochang/Qocho/Karakhoja, Hezhou, and Jiaohe/Yarkhoto.)

 

The peoples of the Kingdoms of Nearer and Further Jushi (the Turpan Oasis and the region to the north of the mountains near modern Jimasa), were closely related. It was originally one kingdom called Gushi, which the Chinese conquered in 107 BC. It was subdivided into two kingdoms by the Chinese in 60 BC. During the Han era the city changed hands several times between the Xiongnu and the Han, interspersed with short periods of independence.

 

After the fall of the Han dynasty in 220, the region was virtually independent but tributary to various dynasties. Until the 5th century AD, the capital of this kingdom was Jiaohe (modern Yarghul 16 kilometres west of Turpan).

 

From 487 to 541 AD, Turpan was an independent Kingdom ruled by a Turkic tribe known to the Chinese as the Tiele. The Rouran Khaganate defeated the Tiele and subjugated Turpan, but soon afterwards the Rouran were destroyed by the Göktürks.

 

TANG CONQUEST

The Tang dynasty had reconquered the Tarim Basin by the 7th century AD. During the 7th, 8th, and early 9th centuries the Tibetan Empire, the Tang Chinese, and Turks fought to conquer the Tarim Basin. Sogdians and Chinese engaged in extensive commercial activities with each other under Tang rule. The Sogdians were mostly Mazdaist at this time. Turpan, renamed Xizhou by the Tang after their armies conquered it in 640 AD, had a history of commerce and trade along the Silk Road already centuries old; it had many inns catering to merchants and other travelers, while numerous brothels are recorded in Kucha and Khotan. As a result of the Tang conquest, policies forcing minority group relocation and encouraging Han settlement led to Turpan's name in the Sogdian language becoming known as “Chinatown” or "Town of the Chinese".

 

In Astana, a contract written in Sogdian detailing the sale of a Sogdian girl to a Chinese man was discovered dated to 639 AD. Individual slaves were common among silk route houses; early documents recorded an increase in the selling of slaves in Turpan. Twenty-one 7th-century marriage contracts were found that showed, where one Sogdian spouse was present, for 18 of them their partner was a Sogdian. The only Sogdian men who married Chinese women were highly eminent officials. Several commercial interactions were recorded, for example a camel was sold priced at 14 silk bolts in 673, and a Chang'an native bought a girl age 11 for 40 silk bolts in 731 from a Sogdian merchant. Five men swore that the girl was never free before enslavement, since the Tang Code forbade commoners to be sold as slaves.

 

The Tang dynasty became weakened considerably due to the An Lushan Rebellion, and the Tibetans took the opportunity to expand into Gansu and the Western Regions. The Tibetans took control of Turfan in 792.

7th or 8th century old dumplings and wontons were found in Turfan.

 

UYGHUR RULE

In 803, the Uyghurs of the Uyghur Khaganate seized Turfan from the Tibetans. The Uyghur Khaganate however was destroyed by the Kirghiz and its capital Ordu-Baliq in Mongolia sacked in 840. The defeat resulted in the mass movement of the Uyghurs out of Mongolia and their dispersal into Gansu and Central Asia, and many joined other Uyghurs already present in Turfan. In the early twentieth century, a collection of some 900 Christian manuscripts dating to the ninth to the twelfth centuries was found at a monastery site at Turfan.

 

The Uyghurs established a Kingdom in the Turpan region with its capital in Gaochang or Kara-Khoja. The kingdom was known as the Uyghuria Idikut state or Kara-Khoja Kingdom that lasted from 856 to 1389 AD. The Uyghurs were Manichaean but later converted to Buddhism and funded the construction the cave temples in the Bezeklik Caves. The Uyghurs formed an alliance with the rulers of Dunhuang. The Uyghur state later became a vassal state of the Kara-Khitans, and then as a vassal of the Mongol Empire. This Kingdom was led by the Idikuts, or Saint Spiritual Rulers. The last Idikut left Turpan area in 1284 for Kumul, then Gansu to seek protection of Yuan Dynasty, but local Uyghur Buddhist rulers still held power until the invasion by the Moghul Hizir Khoja in 1389. The conversion of the local Buddhist population to Islam was completed nevertheless only in the second half of the 15th century.

 

After being converted to Islam, the descendants of the previously Buddhist Uyghurs in Turfan failed to retain memory of their ancestral legacy and falsely believed that the "infidel Kalmuks" (Dzungars) were the ones who built Buddhist monuments in their area.

 

15TH AND 16TH CENTURIES

As late as 1420, the Timurid envoy Ghiyāth al-dīn Naqqāsh, who passed through Turpan on the way from Herat to Beijing, reported that many of the city's residents were "infidels". He visited a "very large and beautiful" temple with a statue of Shakyamuni; in one of the versions of his account it was also claimed that many Turpanians "worshipped the cross".The Moghul ruler of Turpan Yunus Khan, also known as Ḥājjī `Ali, (ruled 1462–1478) unified Moghulistan (roughly corresponding to today's Eastern Xinjiang) under his authority in 1472. Around that time, a conflict with the Ming China started over the issues of tribute trade: Turpanians benefited from sending "tribute missions" to China, which allowed them to receive valuable gifts from the Ming emperors and to do plenty of trading on the side; the Chinese, however, felt that receiving and entertaining these missions was just too expensive. (Muslim envoys to the early Ming China were impressed by the lavish reception offered to them along their route through China, from Suzhou to Beijing, such as described by Ghiyāth al-dīn Naqqāsh in 1420–1421.

 

Yunus Khan was irritated by the restrictions on the frequency and size of Turpanian missions (no more than one mission in 5 years, with no more than 10 members) imposed by the Ming government in 1465, and by the Ming's refusal to bestow sufficiently luxurious gifts on his envoys (1469). Accordingly, in 1473 he went to war against China, and succeeded in capturing Hami in 1473 from the Oirat Mongol Henshen and holding it for a while, until Ali was repulsed by the Ming Dynasty into Turfan. He reoccupied Hami after Ming left. Henshen's Mongols recaptured Hami twice in 1482 and 1483, but the son of Ali, Ahmad Alaq, reconquered it in 1493 and captured the Hami leader and the resident of China in Hami (Hami was a vassal state to Ming). In response, the Ming Dynasty imposed an economic blockade on Turfan and kicked out all the Uyghurs from Gansu. It became so harsh for Turfan that Ahmed left. Ahmed's son Mansur succeeded him and took over Hami in 1517. These conflicts were called the Ming Turpan Border Wars.

 

Several times, after occupying Hami, Mansur tried to attack China in 1524 with 20,000 men, but was beaten by Chinese forces. The Turpan kingdom under Mansur, in alliance with Oirat Mongols, tried to raid Suzhou in Gansu in 1528, but were severely defeated by Ming Chinese forces and suffered heavy casualties. The Chinese refused to lift the economic blockade and restrictions that had led to the battles, and continued restricting Turpan's tribute and trade with China. Turfan also annexed Hami.

 

19TH CENTURY

Francis Younghusband visited Turpan in 1887 on his overland journey from Beijing to India. He said it consisted of two walled towns, a Chinese one with a population of no more than 5,000 and, about 1.6 km to the west, a Turk town of "probably" 12,000 to 15,000 inhabitants. The town (presumably the "Turk town") had four gateways, one for each of the cardinal directions, of solid brickwork and massive wooden doors plated with iron and covered by a semicircular bastion. The well-kept walls were of mud and about 10.7 m tall and 6 to 9 m thick, with loopholes at the top. There was a level space about 14 m wide outside the main walls surrounded by a musketry wall about 2.4 m high, with a ditch around it some 3.7 m deep and 6 m wide. There were drumtowers over the gateways, small square towers at the corners and two small square bastions between the corners and the gateways, "two to each front." Wheat, cotton, poppies, melons and grapes were grown in the surrounding fields.

 

Turpan grapes impressed other travelers to the region as well. The 19th-century Russian explorer Grigory Grumm-Grzhimaylo, thought the local raisins may be "the best in the world", and noted the buildings of a "perfectly peculiar design" used for drying them called chunche.

 

SUBDEVISIONS

Turpan directly controls 1 district and 2 counties.

 

GEOGRAPHY AND CLIMATE

Turpan is located about 150 km southeast of Ürümqi, Xinjiang's capital, in a mountain basin, on the northern side of the Turpan Depression, at an elevation of 30 m above sea level. Outside of Turpan is a small volcanic cone, the Turfan volcano, that is said to have erupted in 1120 as described in the Song Dynasty.

 

Turpan has a harsh, drastic, cold desert climate (Köppen BWk), with very hot and long summers, and very cold but short winters, and brief spring and autumn in between. Annual precipitation is very low, amounting to only 15.7 millimetres. The monthly 24-hour average temperature ranges from −7.6 °C in January to 32.2 °C in July; the annual mean is 14.4 °C. With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 48% in December to 75% in September, sunshine is abundant and the city receives 2,912 hours of bright sunshine annually. Temperature differences between summer and winter are oppressively large (over 50 °C). The warmest months often approach the stifling intensity of cities such as Phoenix or Las Vegas, while winters produce average lows that more closely resemble frigid Minneapolis.

 

Extremes have ranged from −28.9 °C to 48.1 °C, although a reading of 49.6 °C in July 1975 is regarded as dubious.

 

However, the very heat and dryness of the summer, when combined with the area's ancient system of irrigation, allows the countryside around Turpan to produce great quantities of high-quality fruit.

 

DEMOGRAPHY

According to the 2000 census, the city of Turpan had a population of 251,652 (population density 15.99 inh./km²).

 

TRANSPORT

Turpan is served by China National Highway 312. It is the junction for the Lanzhou-Xinjiang and the Southern Xinjiang Railways.

 

WIKIPEDIA

College Point, Queens

 

The Herman A. and Malvina Schleicher House is located in College Point, in north central Queens. It stands on an unusual circular site that was created c. 1906 when the original 14-acre estate was subdivided into building lots and became part of the surrounding street grid. Morris A. Gescheidt, a German-born painter and architect, was responsible for the building’s neo-classical design. Two-and-a-half stories tall, this large red brick house has four visible facades that display elements associated with the Italianate and Second Empire styles, including a mansard roof, segmental arch windows, and quoins. Active in New York City from the late 1840s to the 1860s, Gescheidt also built a factory structure for College Point’s leading citizen, the industrialist Conrad Poppenhusen, in 1854.

 

These developments coincided with the introduction of regular ferry service, resulting in the construction of many residences by German immigrants, particularly in the north section of the village where owners enjoyed views of the East River and Long Island Sound. Two contemporary newspapers commented on Gescheidt’s handsome design; while one writer listed it as among several “elegant residences . . . under contract” in the area, the Flushing Journal called it “another gem of a residence.” The Schleicher House was originally situated at the west end of a walled compound that incorporated out buildings and landscaped carriage paths.

 

Though relatively little is known about the Schleicher family, census records indicate that Herman had Prussian parents and was a successful merchant, involved in the sale of dry goods, stationary, and coal. He shared the house with his wife Malvina, four children, and three servants. Following his death in 1866, the building was acquired by Kenneth G. White, who owned considerable property in the area and is often identified as an attorney and law clerk. In 1890, the house was sold to developer William K. Aston who leased it to John Jockers, a former Schleicher employee. For about a decade, Jockers operated the structure as the 11-room Grand View Hotel. Divided into apartments in 1923, there are currently seven units in the building. Despite changes, the 1857 Schleicher House has many notable characteristics; not only is it one of the oldest houses in College Point but it is one of the earliest surviving structures in New York City to feature a mansard roof.

 

College Point, Queens

 

The Schleicher House was constructed in 1857, during the decade when College Point was transformed from mostly meadows and farmland to a compact village of factories and homes. Located on a peninsula in north central Queens, College Point extends into the East River and adjoins Flushing Bay. It was named for St. Paul’s College, which opened in 1839. Located on the site of present-day MacNeil Park, the seminary lasted for less than a decade, closing in 1847. At the time, the area to the south was known as Strattonport and Flammersburg. These neighborhoods were named for businessman Eliphalet Stratton (1745-1831) who purchased 320 acres from descendents of the English merchant and slave owner William Lawrence (1622-1680) in 1789,3 and real estate developer John A. Flammer, who acquired 141 acres from the Stratton estate in 1851 and subdivided the property into 80 building lots. These villages then merged and were incorporated as College Point in 1867 or 1870.

 

Regular ferry service between Manhattan and the village started in the 1850s and plans were soon developed to construct a paved causeway, linking the peninsula to Flushing. These transit improvements attracted a growing number of residents, from several hundred in 1853 to 2,200 in 1860. More than half were foreign born, including nearly a thousand from Germany. The rest were mainly Irish. Because the majority of early residents were originally German, College Point was sometimes referred to as the “Little Heidelberg.” Conrad Poppenhusen, the town’s best-known citizen, was born in Hamburg, Germany, in 1813.

 

He immigrated to the United States in 1843, forming a partnership with H. C. Meyer in Williamsburg, Brooklyn, to produce consumer products from whale bones. When demand declined, he sought new opportunities, acquiring a license from the American inventor Charles Goodyear, who held various patents for the vulcanization of rubber. In July 1853, he toured College Point to inspect “eligible locations” for his new company and in September 1854 laid the cornerstone for the “India Rubber Comb Company,” with at least six hundred people in attendance. Among various attendees were several men who would later be associated with the Schleicher residence: M. Gescheidt, the architect; A. Schleicher, either his father, Arthur, or the owner himself; and of course, the owner of the factory, Poppenhusen – Schleicher’s neighbor and co-executor of his will.

 

Herman A. Schleicher (c. 1827-1866)

 

Relatively little is known about Herman A(lvin) Schleicher. Born in New York City to Prussian immigrants in the late 1820s, documents indicate that during his brief life he lived in Manhattan, Brooklyn, and possibly Long Island. He married Malvina (born Prussia, c. 1830) in the late 1840s or early 1850s and they produced four children: Herman, Julia, Frederick, and Walter.5 Schleicher was a successful merchant who was involved in several areas of business, including the sale of hardware, stationary, and coal. In the 1860s, he was identified as: a partner in Schleicher, Walkinshaw & Co., a local importer of dry goods, a trustee of the Mercantile Insurance Company, a director of the St. Nicholas Bank on Wall Street, and a director of the Germania Fire Insurance Company. Schleicher also served with Poppenhusen on Flushing’s first board of education, starting in 1858, and was listed as one of College Point’s top ten income tax payers in 1866.

 

Schleicher died suddenly at the age of 39 in July 1866 and several months later, in November 1866, his dry goods firm consigned a “valuable” collection of European and American paintings to the Leeds Art Galleries in Manhattan.7 Though it can not be confirmed, it seems likely it was Schleicher’s art collection. Irwan Von Auw and Conrad Poppenhusen, both of College Point, served as the executors of his will.8 His funeral took place in Brooklyn and he is buried in a family plot at Greenwood Cemetery, Brooklyn, beside Arthur (d. 1859), Herman

(d. 1906), and Waldemar (d. 1922) Schleicher.

 

Morris A. Gescheidt (d. 1871)

 

The Schleicher House was designed by the architect Morris (Moritz) Albert Gescheidt. His name appears on a rendering of the building in the collection of the Poppenhusen Institute, located in College Point. Little is known about Gescheidt, who immigrated to New York in 1837. He was probably born in Dresden and studied at the Munich Academy of Fine Arts, starting in 1831. According to the Dictionary of Artists in America, he was active as an “architectural painter” in Rome from 1834 to 1836 and may have been the artist who exhibited “views of two Italian churches” at the National Academy of Design in New York in 1838.

 

Gescheidt began to practice architecture in the early 1840s, locating his office at 11 Wall Street. He built at least one additional structure in College Point, a 300- by 40-foot brick factory (1854-55) for Conrad Poppenhusen. He may also have designed Poppenhusen’s house (c. 1857, demolished after 1905) which stood within view of the Schleicher House, near 12th Avenue and College Avenue (now College Place), and incorporated similar architectural elements. In 1860-61, Gescheidt built part of a five-story brick warehouse with cast-iron details for Henry J. Meyer at 393 Greenwich Street (part of the Tribeca West Historic District, Manhattan), near N. Moore Street.

 

Meyer was the son of H(einrich) C(hristian) Meyer, who employed Poppenhusen at his Williamsburg factory in the 1840s. Gescheidt lived in Williamsburg, Brooklyn, on South 3rd Street, and owned property at Castleton, Staten Island, including a “fine mansion house,” which was sold as part of a “mortgage sale” in 1871. Gescheidt died around this time and was listed in various New York State court proceedings in October 1871 as “deceased.”

 

The Schleicher Estate

 

In March 1857, Malvina Schleicher acquired 14 acres from Herman A. Funke, a business associate of Conrad Poppenhusen. The land was directly across from Funke’s own residence and adjoined properties owned by Poppenhusen and his son, H. C. Poppenhusen. Located in College Point’s exclusive north section, approximately 100 feet above sea level, residents of the area enjoyed panoramic views and summer breezes. Gescheidt may have been involved in laying out the grounds, which is known from a site plan dating from before 1866 in the collection of the Poppenhusen Institute.

 

The house was sited near the west end of the parcel, near what is now College Point Boulevard, and was formerly known as 13th Avenue. Many houses were currently under construction in the area: three or four “elegant residences” were described as “under contract” in January 1857, and in August 1857 the Flushing Journal reported that “Joseph Stonebank has just completed an elegant mansion for Conrad Poppenhusen, Esq. and is erecting another gem of residence for Mr. Schleicher in the same section.”12 Stonebank was a successful carpenter and builder in College Point from the 1850s to 1870. He reported an income of $15,000 in 1860 and built his family a 13-room house with such conveniences as speaking tubes, gas, bells, as well as hot and cold running water.

 

The Schleicher House originally stood at the end of tree-lined, semi-circular drive. The rear elevation faced east, toward a sloping, almost circular lawn, ringed by trees. South of the house stood a “back” house or privy, suggesting that at the time of construction the bathrooms were not served by running water. To the north of the house, from west to east, was planned a large vegetable garden with rows of fruit trees, a coach house and stable, a hen house, and duck yard. There were also asparagus beds and winding carriage paths that led to an oval pond at the northeast corner of the estate, near present-day 125th or 126th Street. At the center of the pond was a small island, reached by a bridge. Here stood a small “summer” pavilion and “back” house.

 

Design of the Schleicher House

 

Among various houses erected in College Point during the mid-19th century, the Schleicher House is the last substantial one to survive. Landscape architect A. J. Downing, who published The Architecture of Country Houses in 1850, wrote:

The villa – the country house, should above all things, manifest individuality. It should say

something of the character of the family within – as much as possible of their life and history, their

tastes and associations, should mould and fashion themselves upon its walls.

  

Gescheidt’s stately design blends Italianate and French Second Empire Style features. Inspired by recent developments in Europe, these features, as well as the materials selected by the architect, helped distinguish the house, as well as some its neighbors, from College Point’s agrarian roots. Built of red brick, the exterior was originally covered with light-colored stucco that created the impression that it was constructed of large stone blocks. Other notable classical revival elements included paired columns, slightly arched windows, and a continuous projecting wood cornice. In the decade prior to the Civil War, such decorative treatments became defining characteristics of row houses in New York and Brooklyn, as well as in larger free-standing mansions.

 

Downing also observed that the “Italian style is one that expresses not wholly the spirit of country life nor of town life, but something between both, and which is mingling of both.”15 This may explain why many surviving examples of this architectural style in New York City, including the Schleicher House, were built in once-suburban areas, including: the Phelps-Stokes House (1852-53) in Murray Hill, Manhattan, the Litchfield Villa (1854-57) in Prospect Park, Brooklyn, and the Benjamin Pike House (1858) in Astoria, Queens – all designated New York City Landmarks.

 

In contrast to Italianate houses, which often display flat or low pitch roofs, the Schleicher House was distinguished by a squat mansard punctuated by dormer windows on four sides. Perhaps the earliest surviving structure with this roof treatment in New York City, it was named for the 17th century French architect Francois Mansart who frequently used this type of construction in residential designs.16 Revived in France during the 1830s, it became particularly popular under the rule of Napoleon III (1852-70) and was a characteristic feature of the Second Empire Style.

 

Mansard roofs generally slope inward from all sides and provide additional interior space at the attic level. Such practical solutions were also present in Germany and Austria, where roofs were “raised to a very great pitch, on the account of the great quantity of snow that falls.”

 

Detlef Lienau, who studied architecture at the Ecole des Beaux Arts in Paris, has been credited with introducing the Second Empire Style in New York City, in his 1850-52 residence (demolished) for the French merchant Hart M. Schiff. Located on the southwest corner of Fifth Avenue and 10th Street, his brick-and-brownstone design was widely praised – it incorporated many architectural features employed by Gescheidt, including corner and wall quoins, a tiled mansard roof, and elaborately-decorated dormers.

 

The Schleicher House is 2½ stories tall. Oriented toward the west, to face the setting sun, the main elevation is divided in two sections. The larger, main section was designed in a symmetrical manner, with a wide front porch reached by stairs that were flanked by wood railings and balusters. The balusters curved outward, with the steps getting wider close to the ground. The porch incorporated four pairs of Ionic columns. Directly above the stairs, Gescheidt included a rounded pediment that displayed a small medallion relief.

 

This feature softened the facade’s rectilinear character and echoed the shape of the arched window openings. Each story was divided into three bays, including large windows on the parlor floor, pairs of arched, eight-pane windows on the second floor, and single dormers at the attic level aligned with the windows below. As completed in 1857, all of first and second floor windows probably had wood shutters and the dormers were flanked by decorative brackets. The recessed north section (left) was divided into two bays, each with eight-pane windows. This wing was likely to have contained the kitchen, and the adjoining interior space, to the rear (east), served as a dining or breakfast room.

 

The rear facade faced east, where a sloping lawn descended to landscaped grounds. Less formal in character, this elevation has an irregular profile, with two projecting bays. Each was designed to suggest a Second Empire Style pavilion, crowned by a nearly independent mansard. As built, the original raised wood porch extended across three of the four bays. Though no 19th century photograph has been located that shows the east facade in detail, it can be assumed that the columns and fenestration resembled the west facade.

 

Along with the nearby Poppenhusen mansion, the Schleicher House helped popularize the Second Empire Style in College Point. A photograph taken from the mansard roof of the Poppenhusen Institute in 1880 looking northeast, shows numerous buildings executed in this style, including a large number of houses.19 Today, most of these buildings have been lost or what survives has been significantly altered.

 

Subsequent History

 

Following Schleicher’s death, the house was sold in 1870 to Kenneth G. White for $40,000. White, who served as a clerk in the Federal Circuit Court as well as a United States Commissioner, owned the house for less than two decades and it may be his family and friends who occupy the west porch in a circa 1872 photograph. The house was then acquired by Henry C. and Margaret Cronkright who sold it to the New York City developer William B. Aston (d. 1919) in 1892. Contemporary maps show that both White and Aston owned multiple lots in the vicinity and may have assembled these parcels with the intention to subdivide.

 

In May 1892, it became the Grand View Hotel and Park, providing “First-class accommodations to summer boarders and private parties.” Ten miles from Manhattan, Sunday and summer excursionists arrived by hourly ferry, on railroads from Hunter’s Point in Long Island City, and by trolley. Famous for beer gardens, boating facilities and scenic drives, it was estimated that on weekends the town’s population would double or triple. The hotel’s manager was John Jockers, a long-time employee of the Schleicher family. Born in Germany in 1836, he immigrated to New York City in 1853 and after a brief period working for Conrad Poppenhusen was hired by Schleicher.

 

In the 1870 United States Census, he described himself as a gardener, and in the 1880 Census, a coachman. In later years he was also identified as the “superintendent of the residence and grounds . . . where he laid out the grounds and improved them with the assistance of a number of workmen.”21 The hotel was said to offer “eleven light and airy sleeping rooms” and “the dining accommodations are ample to meet all demands, while the service is above the average found in this vicinity.”22 What remained of the Schleicher estate was described as a “beautiful park” where guests could play lawn tennis and croquet.

 

Jockers probably leased the house from Aston who planned to divide the property into building lots. In 1893, 100 lots were put up for sale, but few were actually sold. Some were purchased by 1896 but it was not until 1906 that the majority of lots, approximately 11 acres, were finally sold. During this period, the surrounding street grid was cut through the site, isolating the house at the center of four streets. Two years later, in 1908, the house itself appeared at auction and was described as occupying “an exactly circular plot, 110 feet in diameter, at North Fourteenth Street and Schleicher Court.”

 

Ownership of the Schleicher House changed several times over the next decades. In 1910, it was described as being “occupied for years by foreigners of the poorest class and is in very bad repair.”24 In 1923 major alterations by owner A. Szczur were approved by the Queens Department of Buildings.25 These changes are likely to have involved the legal conversion of the house into multiple units, the addition of fire escapes on the east facade, and the modification of the east porch into a second entrance with stairs. A researcher for the Works Progress Administration (WPA) observed in 1938 that the house “still stands and is run as a tenement.”

 

Photographs of the building, taken in 1957, show a significant loss of stucco on the exterior. Eva Rohan, the previous owner, acquired the building from Peter Stella in 1971. It was awarded a Queensmark for architectural and historical significance from the Queens Historical Society in 1997. A series of wood brackets, set below the cornice, were removed in the 1990s or possibly later. The house is currently divided into seven apartments, with about 14 tenants.

 

Description

 

The Herman A. and Malvina Schleicher House is located at 11-41 123rd Street in College Point, in north central Queens. Situated on a circular parcel, this freestanding house stands at the intersection of 13th Avenue and 123rd Street, one block east of College Point Boulevard. Non-historic chain-link fencing, partially covered with vines, encloses and divides the property, which is planted with bushes and a few older trees. To the east and west, stone steps rise toward non-historic concrete paths that lead to the entrances. Two-and-a-half stories tall, this large red brick house features a raised basement and a steep mansard roof with projecting dormer windows. All of the aluminum-frame windows are non-historic. The dormers have been modified but retain their original shape and projection. The roof is covered with non-historic black shingles. From a distance, a large central brick chimney is visible.

 

The main (west) facade faces 13th Avenue, toward College Point Boulevard. The facade is asymmetrical; the north section contains two bays, each with single windows, and the south section is divided into three bays, each with two windows. The first (parlor) floor of the south section has a large enclosed porch, reached by non-historic concrete stairs with painted pipe railings. The beed board paneling, brown wood shingles, one-over-one white metal windows and fixed clerestories are non-historic, but the brick bases with horizontal recesses, the painted Ionic composite wood columns that support the porch and flank the entrance, and the general contours appear to be historic.

 

The arched, second-story windows share a single stone sill, and are framed by raised brickwork that rises from each end of the sill. Below the projecting cornice, the brackets have been removed, revealing rectangular recesses, painted white. The roof has three dormer windows, aligned above the paired windows. The northern edge of the west facade has brick quoins. A horizontal stone element (painted white) extends between the base of the porch and the north edge of the house. Below this element, two basement windows are visible. At the second story, the south (right) window has been filled with brick. The roof has a single window, aligned between the first and second story windows. Beneath the wood porch is the original areaway, with basement windows, reached by brick steps on the north side. Most of the stone and brick inside the areaway is painted white. To the right of the door is an oval window.

 

The north facade faces 123rd Street, towards 11th Avenue. Each window is framed with raised brickwork that rises from wide stone sills. The fenestration is asymmetrical, with a wide space between the center and west (right) windows. Between the center and east (left) window, a metal pipe extends up the wall and through the projecting cornice. The roof has a single dormer at center and a brick chimney stack with a recessed decorative pattern to the right (west).

 

The east facade faces 13th Avenue, towards 124th Street. Divided into four bays, an entrance is located in the center-left bay. Reached by non-historic stairs, flanked by non-historic brick walls and wood columns, the wood entrance doors and transom are historic but the wood pediment is probably not. A raised horizontal stone element (painted white), between the basement and the first floor, originally framed a wide porch and is visible in the south and north bays. The center-left bay projects out from the main body of the house, with angled side windows. Both windows have been significantly altered: the first story is partially filled with brick and the second story is entirely enclosed with brick. The south (left) bay is served by an iron fire escape that descends from a dormer window on the roof to the second floor window and then continues down to the south facade.

 

Along the edge of this bay is a metal pipe, painted white. The windows in the center-right bay are identical to the south bay. The north bay also projects from the main body of the house, with angled side windows. It is served by an iron fire escape that descends from the dormer window on the roof to both center and south windows on the second floor and then down to a landing set between the center and south windows on the first floor. Both of the center windows have been filled with brick. At the basement level, there is a squat, one over-one-window. The side windows are one-over-one aluminum windows. Extending the full length of the east facade is a deep areaway with windows, reached by stairs with a single iron railing along the south side. Below first story entrance is a single door to the basement, flanked by small windows, with prominent lintels and sills, and the original vertical bars.

The south facade faces 123rd Street, toward 14th Avenue.

 

The first and second floors have four window openings. A pair of windows on the second floor has been filled with brick. On the roof is a single dormer window, flanked by brick chimney stacks, decorated with arched recessed patterns. A metal pipe extends up from inside the right half of the west (left) chimney. Between the center and west (left) windows on the first floor, a gray television dish is attached to the wall. Between the base and the first story, a raised white horizontal element (probably painted stone) extends the full length of the facade. The basement has four windows, aligned with the windows above. The center pair has been filled with brick. At the west edge of the facade, a white metal pipe extends up the wall and through the projecting cornice.

 

- From the 2009 NYCLPC Landmark Designation Report

Real Estate developer Frederick Bartlett began subdividing land he purchased from Long Jonh Wentworth starting in 1910 from Cicero west down Archer to Harlem. He placed these concrete gates at the end of each block to create a "gated community" effect. Later the gates were used as street markers,

 

350 East 2nd Street, North Vancouver, BC.

 

Description of Historic Place:

 

Hamersley House is a large Tudor Revival estate home set back on a large lot in a residential area east of Lonsdale Avenue. Two and one-half stories in height and set on a full basement, it is unusual for having the main floor built of poured concrete. Although the original grounds have been subdivided, the house maintains a gracious setting, with many mature trees dating to the date of construction. The historic place includes the house and grounds.

 

Heritage Value:

 

Hamersley House is valued for its association with prominent North Vancouver resident Colonel Alfred St. George Hamersley. Hamersley (1850-1929) had a short but meaningful stay in North Vancouver at the turn of the twentieth century. Although working in Vancouver as the first City Solicitor, Hamersley chose District Lot 274 in North Vancouver as the location for his family estate. An early commuter to Vancouver from the North Shore, Hamersley had a controlling interest in the North Vancouver Ferry and Power Company, which established a regular ferry service across Burrard Inlet. This grand estate once included the house, then named "Langton Lodge", park-like grounds (including fifty maple trees planted by Hamersley), and a simple gardener's cottage.

 

The Hamersley House is also significant for its architecture and construction materials. It is a very good example of an Edwardian era estate home, substantially built with a granite-faced foundation and exposed concrete for the main floor structure and cladding. This is the earliest identified use of concrete above grade for a building in the Vancouver region. A steep gabled roof contains the two upper floors. The home also features a large and distinctive verandah across the west elevation that wraps around the front and back.

 

Hamersley House is also significant for its associations with architects Honeyman and Curtis. John J. Honeyman (1864-1934) and George D. Curtis (1868-1940) had been located in Rossland, B.C., but anticipating greater opportunity on the coast, had moved to Vancouver and established their partnership in 1902. Together they completed a number of prestigious commissions for the provincial government, the Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR) and churches for a variety of denominations. This prominent house was one of their earliest local commissions. Curtis lived in North Vancouver, and over the course of their careers the partners undertook many commissions on the North Shore.

 

Source: Heritage Planning Files, City of North Vancouver

 

Character-Defining Elements:

 

Key elements that define the heritage character of the Hamersley House include its:

- massive form, imposing scale and irregular, picturesque massing

- masonry construction, including a granite-faced foundation and exposed reinforced concrete construction on the main floor

- tall and prominent side gable roof with front wall gable, hip and shed dormers, clad with cedar shingles

- stucco and wood half timbering in the gable ends, with cedar shingles above

- wooden-sash windows

- corbelled brick chimneys

- west side verandah with bowed porch balustrades between paired columns

- landscape setting, with mature plantings and trees

 

Canada's Historic Places

Phetchabun is one of the northern provinces ( Changwat ) of Thailand. Neighbouring provinces are Loei, Khon Kaen, Chaiyaphum, Lopburi, Nakhon Sawan, Phichit and Phitsanulok. Phetchabun is located in the lower northern region of Thailand, in the area between the northern and the central region. The province lies in the broad fertile river valley of the Pa Sak River, with mountains of the Phetchabun mountain range to the east and west. It is surrounded by places of interest, many well known national parks, beautiful waterfalls and great lakes. The province is subdivided in 11 districts ( Amphoe ). These are further subdivided into 117 sub districts ( Tambon ) and 1261 villages ( Muban ).

1. Mueang Phetchabun 2. Chon Daen 3. Lom Sak 4. Lom Kao 5. Wichian Buri 6. Si Thep 7. Nong Phai 8. Bueng Sam Phan 9. Nam Nao 10. Wang Pong 11. Khao Kho

Phetchabun was established by two kingdoms: the Sukhothai Kingdom, and the Ayutthaya Period of the King Narai. In the thesaphiban administrative reforms at the beginning of the 20th century, the province together with Lom Sak Province to the north formed the monthon Phetchabun. As it was the smallest monthon, it was also the first monthon to be dissolved in 1915, after being temporarily administered from Monthon Phitsanulok between 1903 and 1907. Lom Sak Province was abolished and merged into Phetchabun in 1932. During the period between 1968-1982 communist insurgents established bases in the mountains in the province. From hidden locations they fought occasional skirmishes against the Thai Army.

It is the mountains that draw tourists. The rolling peaks of Khao Thor, known as Little Switzerland, were once a battlefield against communist insurgents. Today, its beautiful scenery and cool weather attracts many visitors, to see the mountain-top army base turned into a museum, and enjoy trekking in the open zoo and non-hunting areas. The national parks of Phu Hin Rong Kla, with its stunning rock formations, and Nam Nao, whose forests are home to many large animals and birds, are now starting to attract more and more trekkers and eco tourists. Khao Kho The most engaging national park of Phetchabun Province is Khao Kho National Park, about one hour northwest of Phetchabun town. It was designated to be Little Switzerland from many visitors, because of beautiful scenery and cool weather like Switzerland. It was once a battle field against communist insurgents conducted their struggles against the authorities. Its charming scenery and great weather allure tourists to see the mountain – top, army base turned into a museum, a Chedi containing a holy relic and enjoy trekking in the open zoo and non – hunting areas.

Phetchabun may be reach by Road No.21 ( Kochasenee Rd.) from Saraburi and 370 kilometres from Bangkok.

How to get there

By Train

There is no railway system to Phetchabun

By Car

Road No.1 from capital city ( Bangkok ) to Saraburi province and then Road No.21 to Phetchabun road No.12 from Khon kaen ( central province of the northeastern region ) to Lom Sak and then Road 21. southward to Phetchabun.

By Bus.

Quite a lot of buses stop at this town on the way to Lom Sak. Here are some services you can find from Mo chit Terminal: www.transport.co.th 0 2936 2852-66

Phet Tour 0 2936 3230

Thin Siam Tour 0 2936 0500Buses are very frequent, like 2 or 3 within an hour. First Class service from Phet Tour cost 263 Baht and takes 4 hour+.

Wat Mahathat Phetchabun, Thailand. on Nikon Bamrung Road in town, houses several ancient Chedi's of Sukhothai style. Situated in Muang Phetchabun municipality. It seemed strange seeing this Temple as there is another Wat Mahathat I visited in Ayutthaya last year in 2010. However this Temple is totally different to that at Ayutthaya as you will see. Within the grounds is a school for the training of Buddhist Monks and many where around the day I visited this fine Temple. This monastery is an ancient temple which HRH Prince Damrong presumed that this monastery might be constructed during Sukhothai period. Wat Mahathat has the important objects of worship such as, Phum Khao Binth styled pagoda has been presumed that it might be constructed about B.E. 1926 ( 1383 ). This pagoda is a place that comprises Buddha's relics, Orrahan's ( saint ) ashes, and small images of Buddha in several styles. Two Buddha images of the U-Thong period whose laps are 36 inches wide. One is housed in the main chapel and the other is housed in the vihara of Wat Mahathat.

Badian is a 3rd class municipality in the province of Cebu, Philippines. According to the 2010 census, it has a population of 37,699 people. The Municipality of Badian is located 97.6 km southwest of Cebu City. It is bounded on the north by the municipality of Moalboal; on the south by the municipality of Alegria; on the east by the municipalities of Dalaguete and Argao; and on the west by Tanon Strait.

Badian is administratively subdivided into 29 barangays.

Alawijao Balhaan Banhigan Basak Basiao Bato Bugas Calangcang Candiis Dagatan Dobdob

Ginablan Lambug Malbago Malhiao Manduyong Matutinao Patong Poblacion Sanlagan

Santicon Sohoton Sulsugan Talayong Taytay Tigbao Tiguib Tubod Zaragosa

The Kawasan Falls is a three-layered waterfall series located in the Municipality of Badian, Cebu, which has become a huge attraction with foreign and local tourists throughout the years. The first waterfall is the largest and highest of the three falls, while the two falls uphill are smaller.

Kawasan Falls is located in Barangay Matutinao in Badian, Cebu. To get to Badian from Cebu City you can take a bus at the South Bus Terminal for a three hour ride that will directly take you to Badian. From there, you can take a tricycle that will take you to Barangay Matutinao.

If you are taking a private vehicle, drive past the Municipality of Carcar, and upon reaching the Municipality of Badian through the picturesque mountain road, then drive to Matutinao village. You can always ask for directions from people along the way if it is your first time to go to Kawasan Falls, so you won’t get lost.

When you reach the main road leading to Kawasan Falls, there is a main entrance to the waterfalls area and an entrance fee of 10 peso’s per person. From there, you start on a 20 to 30 minute walk on a trail that will lead you to the first waterfall.

You will then have to trek a further 10 to 15 minutes uphill to get to the second waterfall, and another 15 minute trek to the third waterfalls. There is a resort with restaurant at the area of the first waterfalls. There are small cottages and tables for rent at 300 peso’s each table as at September 2012 ( on top of the menu prices ) and several rooms for rent for those who want to stay overnight. A popular attraction is a bamboo raft ride leading to a shower under the cool falling waters of the first and second waterfall.

The Mactan International Airport is located in Mactan, Cebu; it is served by major airlines like Cebu Pacific Air and Philippine Airlines. You can also fly from Metro Manila to Cebu. There are many domestic flights and sometimes it is economical because many airlines offer a cheaper airfare. Check also for any available promo. If you arrived earlier in Cebu, you can leave straight to Badian providing you already arranged your accommodation there before your arrival or you can stay for a night in Cebu City and have your trip to Badian the next day.

Your choices to come from Cebu City to Badian are: from the airport you can take a taxi to South Bus Terminal look for Ceres Bus Liner via Barili, you can also take Librando Trans. There are buses leaving Cebu City to Badian every 30 minutes or one hour. It will take 2-3 hours or more bus travel to reach Badian from Cebu City depending on the number of stops. You can also hire a taxi at the airport or at the city to Badian, it is more comfortable and faster. Make sure the driver knows where Badian is. The fare is about Php 1500.00 - Php 3000.00 and be prepare for some bartering and some hidden costs

The capital barangay of Badian town is Poblacion. It is located in the centre of the town. This is where the local high school is located called Badian National High School ( BNHS ) is one of the two high schools in the town of Badian. This is also the largest of the two and many students from the neighbouring town just like Moalboal, Alcantara and Ronda come to study in this high school. The lower educational facility in Badian is the Badian Central Elementary School where all the younger children go to school for the simple fact that it is completely free and the only elementary school and the biggest one in town. One more very important institution that is located in Poblacion is the Town Hospital where everyone from every other barangay goes to in the time of sickness.

The facility has been better than the past management they have more improvements to the hospitals than anything else which is the best thing they could have done because this is where most Badianganons run to in the time of need. This is also the location where the town church is located ~ the church of Santiago Apostol, which celebrates its Festival on the 25th of July every year. Together with the Feast of Santiago Apostle is the Banig Festival which was started about three years ago. Poblacion is also where the Municipal Hall is located in sitio sawang. Thus, I believe that the municipality should ought to have more funding's in the Hospital Facility more so that the roads that they are trying to fix every single year Poblacion has many sitios which is the little corners of Poblacion which is residential or commercial properties. Some of these sitios are; Syma, Walog, Sawang, Highway, and many more. This is the only urban place in Badian compared to any other barangays that surround the town. Poblacion is also the most populated barangay in all Badian. Which has 3854 population as of 2007 Census. Poblacion is where the marketplace is located. Thus, most of the trading is here. Many vendors from all over town will show up mostly on Saturdays and Sundays for the trading.

English / Português

 

English

Portel is a Portuguese town in the District of Évora, Alentejo and Central sub-region of Alentejo, with about 2 800 inhabitants.

It is the seat of a municipality with 601.15 kilometers ² and 8 109 inhabitants (2001), subdivided into 8 districts. It is bordered to the north by the Municipality of Évora, east of Évora, southeast by Moura, Vidigueira the south, southwest of Cuba and west of Viana do Alentejo.

The town of Portel was founded in 1261 and received charter county in 1262.

History

St. Mary or Our Lady of the Lake

It was the year 1257, Lisbon on 28 June, when the King Alfonso III ordered the Municipality of Évora to hand over to D. John Peres Aboim, Rich Man, his vassal and Butler-Mor, the lands that now constitute the end of Portel. On 18 October 1261 was authorized by the king to build a castle and fortress, thus laying the foundations of the current town of Portel. On 1 December 1262, D. John and his wife Aboim D. Afonso Navy grant to residents of the new town of Portel letter of charter with the forums and customs of the city of Evora.

Deceased D. John Aboim fit the town of Portel, an inheritance to his son D. Pedro Eanes that came to deliver his sister Maria Eanes. This and her husband exchanged it for other lands, with the King Dinis. This landlord owned the town of Portel and castle until April 1331. Subsequently became the landlord, respectively, to: Queen Santa Isabel, King Afonso IV, D. Pedro I, and King Friends who donated to Gonçalo Rodrigues de Sousa became this man and mayor of Portel.

During the crisis politico-economic and social discovered in Portugal in the years 1383-1385 and after the s struggles that were fought for the occupation of the throne by King John I, was the town of Portel donated to the disputed D. Nuno Alvares Pereira. It is through his grandson, D. Fernando, 2nd Duke of Braganza, the town of Portel became part of the landlord of the house of Braganza, where he remained until the advent of Liberalism.

In 1510, King D. Manuel reformed the forums and customs of the Charter of charter of 1262 granting the Provincial Portel New Reading.

After the Liberal Revolution of 1820, Portel was integrated in the general administration of the state.

Monuments and tourist attractions-sheet: Medieval castle and walled town;

Churches and Convents (Matrix, Mercy, Holy Spirit, St. Paul and St. António Capuchin) and chapel and church of S. Pedro;

Urban area surrounding the castle and the urban Vale Flores - narrow streets, white houses, chimneys protruding in the majestic facade;

Palaces and mansions of the Republic Square and the Largo 5 October;

In the Town of Portel was attached to the old Town of St. John Baptist Odivelas whose parish church of the patron saint S. John the Baptist and located at Mount St. John is at present in complete ruin.

Português

Portel é uma vila portuguesa, no Distrito de Évora, região Alentejo e subregião do Alentejo Central, com cerca de 2 800 habitantes.

É sede de um município com 601,15 km² de área e 8 109 habitantes (2001), subdividido em 8 freguesias. O município é limitado a norte pelo município de Évora, a leste por Reguengos de Monsaraz, a sueste por Moura, a sul pela Vidigueira, a sudoeste por Cuba e a oeste por Viana do Alentejo.

A vila de Portel foi fundada em 1261, tendo recebido foral de concelho em 1262.

Historia

Santa Maria ou Nossa Senhora da Lagoa

Decorria o ano de 1257, Lisboa a 28 de Junho, quando o Rei D. Afonso III, ordenou ao Concelho de Évora que entregasse a D. João Peres de Aboim, Rico Homem, seu Vassalo e Mordomo-Mor, as terras que passaram a constituir o termo de Portel. Em 18 de Outubro de 1261 foi autorizada pelo soberano a construção de castelo e fortaleza, lançando assim os fundamentos da actual povoação de Portel. A 1 de Dezembro de 1262, D. João de Aboim e sua mulher D. Marinha Afonso concederam aos moradores da nova vila de Portel Carta de Foral com os foros e costumes da cidade de Évora.

Falecido D. João de Aboim coube a vila de Portel, em herança, a seu filho D. Pedro Eanes que a veio a entregar a sua irmã D. Maria Eanes. Esta e seu marido trocaram-na, por outras terras, com o rei D. Dinis. Este possuiu o senhorio da vila de Portel e castelo até Abril de 1331. Passou, posteriormente o senhorio, respectivamente, para: a rainha Santa Isabel, Rei D. Afonso IV, D. Pedro I, e Rei D. Fernando que o doou a Gonçalo Rodrigues de Sousa tornando-se este senhor e alcaide de Portel.

Durante a crise politico-económica e social que surgiu em Portugal nos anos 1383-1385 e posteriormente à s lutas que se travaram pela ocupação do trono por D. João I, foi a vila de Portel doada ao Contestável D. Nuno Alvares Pereira. É, por intermédio de seu neto, D. Fernando, 2º Duque de Bragança, que a vila de Portel passou a fazer parte do senhorio da Casa de Bragança onde se manteve até ao advento do Liberalismo.

Em 1510, El-Rei D. Manuel reformou os foros e costumes da Carta de Foral de 1262 concedendo a Portel Foral de Leitura Nova.

Depois da Revolução Liberal de 1820, Portel foi integrado na administração geral do Estado.

Monumentos e locais de interesse turístico-patrimonial: Castelo medieval e amuralhamento da vila;

Igrejas e Conventos (Matriz, Misericórdia, Espírito Santo, S. Paulo e Stº António dos Capuchos ) e ermida e igreja de S. Pedro;

Malha urbana envolvente ao castelo e malha urbana de Vale Flores - ruas estreitas, casas brancas, chaminés magestosas salientes na fachada;

Casas apalaçadas e brasonadas da Praça da República e do Largo 5 de Outubro;

À Freguesia de Portel foi anexada a antiga Freguesia de S. João Baptista de Odivelas cuja igreja paroquial de orago a S. João Baptista e situada no Monte de S. João se encontra, na actualidade, em completa ruína.

 

There are 1.3 million people living in poverty in Hong Kong. Over 100,000 these live in subdivided flats in "cage dwellings" or cubicle homes. The residents are the single elderly, new immigrants, low income families and people with mental and physical disabilities - the most vulnerable and needy groups in society. In April 2010, the AWA (American Women's Association, together with HKIS delivered donations of food and toiletries to the residents of this type of accommodation.

 

If you are interested in finding out more, take a look at the website of the Society for Community Organization (SoCo)

www.soco.org.hk/rights/rights_main_e.htm

  

Creators: Bruford and Braim, Authorised Surveyors & C., 67 Chancery Lane, Melbourne

 

Text includes:

 

"The Gem of Oakleigh is situated at the corner of the Convent Road & Warrigal Road, and is the finest estate ever subdivided at Oakleigh. The most magnificent views are obtainable from every lot.

 

The value of this estate is determined by the fact of its being right in the centre of the business portions of Oakleigh, the Warrigal Road being the main business thoroughfare....

 

Five railway lines will shortly terminate at Oakleigh.

 

The Fern Tree Gully tramway will start from Oakleigh.

 

Prices will soon double and treble, so don't miss this chance."

 

Notes:

 

This estate is the western side of Warrigal Road and therefore sits just beyond the boundary of Monash City and in current-day suburb of Chadstone.

 

The Convent Road, Pine Street and Elm Street no longer exist. Instead, there is Castlebar Road (previously listed in the Melways as Castle Bar Road), Camira Street and Carrum Street.

 

Copyright status: This work is out of copyright

Terms of use: No copyright restrictions apply.

 

Series / Collection: Vale collection

 

Link to online item: handle.slv.vic.gov.au/10381/165030

 

Link to this record: search.slv.vic.gov.au/MAIN:Everything:SLV_VOYAGER2132164

 

Former gunpowder and dynamite factory built in 1879 somewhere in Belgium. This site is where powder and explosives were made, in particular for a use in the mines. The site was sold and demilitarized in 1990 after the bankruptcy of its company.

 

Spread over about ten hectares secretly hidden in the forest, the "factory" is subdivided into approximately fifty buildings isolated from each other. The reason of this isolation? Simply to avoid chain explosions in case of accident.

 

Among all these buildings, there are workshops, laboratories and testing rooms, as well as administration and machinery buildings, and also warehouses. The site is also provided with a central heating network distributed towards all the buildings through above-ground insulated conducts.

 

Discovering the site is comparable to a long and pleasant stroll in the forest, but we have to admit that most of the instruments and working accessories are gone and many buildings are now empty.

 

Besides, the site is polluted and many nitrophilous plants took a malicious pleasure in regaining control of the place, even growing inside the houses.

 

---------

 

Ancienne poudrerie et dynamiterie belge construite en 1879. À ne pas confondre avec la poudrière (soit le "magasin à poudre"), ce site était une usine de fabrication de poudre et explosifs, destinés notamment à un usage dans les mines. Le site fut revendu et démilitarisé en 1990 suite à la faillite de la société.

 

Étalée sur une bonne dizaine d'hectares enfouis secrètement dans la forêt, "l'usine" se subdivise en (approximativement) une cinquantaine de bâtiments isolés les uns des autres. La raison de cet isolement? Simplement pour éviter des explosions en chaîne en cas d'accident de travail.

 

Parmi tous ces bâtiments, on retrouve des ateliers, laboratoires et salles de test, ou encore des bâtiments administratifs, de machinerie et des entrepôts. Le site est également muni d'un réseau de chauffage central redistribué vers tous les bâtiments via des conduites aériennes à parois isolantes.

 

Si la visite du site constitue une longue et agréable balade en forêt, force est de constater qu'il reste peu d'instruments et accessoires de travail dans les bâtiments.

 

Le site étant par ailleurs pollué par des ingrédients (comme le nitrate) qui servaient à la fabrication de la poudre, les plantes nitrophiles ont depuis lors pris un malin plaisir à se ré-approprier les lieux, allant jusqu'à pousser à l'intérieur des maisons.

English / Português

 

English

Portel is a Portuguese town in the District of Évora, Alentejo and Central sub-region of Alentejo, with about 2 800 inhabitants.

It is the seat of a municipality with 601.15 kilometers ² and 8 109 inhabitants (2001), subdivided into 8 districts. It is bordered to the north by the Municipality of Évora, east of Évora, southeast by Moura, Vidigueira the south, southwest of Cuba and west of Viana do Alentejo.

The town of Portel was founded in 1261 and received charter county in 1262.

History

St. Mary or Our Lady of the Lake

It was the year 1257, Lisbon on 28 June, when the King Alfonso III ordered the Municipality of Évora to hand over to D. John Peres Aboim, Rich Man, his vassal and Butler-Mor, the lands that now constitute the end of Portel. On 18 October 1261 was authorized by the king to build a castle and fortress, thus laying the foundations of the current town of Portel. On 1 December 1262, D. John and his wife Aboim D. Afonso Navy grant to residents of the new town of Portel letter of charter with the forums and customs of the city of Evora.

Deceased D. John Aboim fit the town of Portel, an inheritance to his son D. Pedro Eanes that came to deliver his sister Maria Eanes. This and her husband exchanged it for other lands, with the King Dinis. This landlord owned the town of Portel and castle until April 1331. Subsequently became the landlord, respectively, to: Queen Santa Isabel, King Afonso IV, D. Pedro I, and King Friends who donated to Gonçalo Rodrigues de Sousa became this man and mayor of Portel.

During the crisis politico-economic and social discovered in Portugal in the years 1383-1385 and after the s struggles that were fought for the occupation of the throne by King John I, was the town of Portel donated to the disputed D. Nuno Alvares Pereira. It is through his grandson, D. Fernando, 2nd Duke of Braganza, the town of Portel became part of the landlord of the house of Braganza, where he remained until the advent of Liberalism.

In 1510, King D. Manuel reformed the forums and customs of the Charter of charter of 1262 granting the Provincial Portel New Reading.

After the Liberal Revolution of 1820, Portel was integrated in the general administration of the state.

Monuments and tourist attractions-sheet: Medieval castle and walled town;

Churches and Convents (Matrix, Mercy, Holy Spirit, St. Paul and St. António Capuchin) and chapel and church of S. Pedro;

Urban area surrounding the castle and the urban Vale Flores - narrow streets, white houses, chimneys protruding in the majestic facade;

Palaces and mansions of the Republic Square and the Largo 5 October;

In the Town of Portel was attached to the old Town of St. John Baptist Odivelas whose parish church of the patron saint S. John the Baptist and located at Mount St. John is at present in complete ruin.

   

Português

Portel é uma vila portuguesa, no Distrito de Évora, região Alentejo e subregião do Alentejo Central, com cerca de 2 800 habitantes.

É sede de um município com 601,15 km² de área e 8 109 habitantes (2001), subdividido em 8 freguesias. O município é limitado a norte pelo município de Évora, a leste por Reguengos de Monsaraz, a sueste por Moura, a sul pela Vidigueira, a sudoeste por Cuba e a oeste por Viana do Alentejo.

A vila de Portel foi fundada em 1261, tendo recebido foral de concelho em 1262.

Historia

Santa Maria ou Nossa Senhora da Lagoa

Decorria o ano de 1257, Lisboa a 28 de Junho, quando o Rei D. Afonso III, ordenou ao Concelho de Évora que entregasse a D. João Peres de Aboim, Rico Homem, seu Vassalo e Mordomo-Mor, as terras que passaram a constituir o termo de Portel. Em 18 de Outubro de 1261 foi autorizada pelo soberano a construção de castelo e fortaleza, lançando assim os fundamentos da actual povoação de Portel. A 1 de Dezembro de 1262, D. João de Aboim e sua mulher D. Marinha Afonso concederam aos moradores da nova vila de Portel Carta de Foral com os foros e costumes da cidade de Évora.

Falecido D. João de Aboim coube a vila de Portel, em herança, a seu filho D. Pedro Eanes que a veio a entregar a sua irmã D. Maria Eanes. Esta e seu marido trocaram-na, por outras terras, com o rei D. Dinis. Este possuiu o senhorio da vila de Portel e castelo até Abril de 1331. Passou, posteriormente o senhorio, respectivamente, para: a rainha Santa Isabel, Rei D. Afonso IV, D. Pedro I, e Rei D. Fernando que o doou a Gonçalo Rodrigues de Sousa tornando-se este senhor e alcaide de Portel.

Durante a crise politico-económica e social que surgiu em Portugal nos anos 1383-1385 e posteriormente à s lutas que se travaram pela ocupação do trono por D. João I, foi a vila de Portel doada ao Contestável D. Nuno Alvares Pereira. É, por intermédio de seu neto, D. Fernando, 2º Duque de Bragança, que a vila de Portel passou a fazer parte do senhorio da Casa de Bragança onde se manteve até ao advento do Liberalismo.

Em 1510, El-Rei D. Manuel reformou os foros e costumes da Carta de Foral de 1262 concedendo a Portel Foral de Leitura Nova.

Depois da Revolução Liberal de 1820, Portel foi integrado na administração geral do Estado.

Monumentos e locais de interesse turístico-patrimonial: Castelo medieval e amuralhamento da vila;

Igrejas e Conventos (Matriz, Misericórdia, Espírito Santo, S. Paulo e Stº António dos Capuchos ) e ermida e igreja de S. Pedro;

Malha urbana envolvente ao castelo e malha urbana de Vale Flores - ruas estreitas, casas brancas, chaminés magestosas salientes na fachada;

Casas apalaçadas e brasonadas da Praça da República e do Largo 5 de Outubro;

À Freguesia de Portel foi anexada a antiga Freguesia de S. João Baptista de Odivelas cuja igreja paroquial de orago a S. João Baptista e situada no Monte de S. João se encontra, na actualidade, em completa ruína.