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Carbon chain with benzene rings either side on every second carbon. To view in 3D cross your eyes so that you are seeing three blurred images in a line. Pay attention to the middle image and wait for your brain to refocus your eyes on the monitor. When that happens you will have locked on to the 3D image.
The nets and all you need to make these and many other molecule models for yourself are in a series of articles here ... 122.155.162.144/nsm2009/e-learning/English_version/Scienc... ... by Ian Jacobs for NSM Thailand. (Not iPad or phone friendly.)
tallest structure in Saudi Arabia..Prince Waleed bin Talal who owns this, is planning to build the world's tallest tower in Jeddah..
After the Bennington tornado became fully rain wrapped, we dropped back on it a bit. This was primarily because storms like this can tend to cycle and drop a new tornado further south (potentially closer to us) but also to check out its structure.
*This is a multi-image stitch*
I'm fascinated by architectural structures - here two tall buildings - that combine to make a new unique structure.
D300 with AF 50mm f/1.4
1/250 sec at f/16 (0EV)
ISO 200
A visit to Caernarfon Castle in North Wales. It was here in 1911 and 1969 that the Prince of Wales was inaugurated (Prince Edward later Edward VIII and the current Prince of Wales, Prince Charles).
Caernarfon Castle (Welsh: Castell Caernarfon), often anglicized as Carnarvon Castle, is a medieval fortress in Caernarfon, Gwynedd, north-west Wales cared for by Cadw, the Welsh Government's historic environment service. There was a motte-and-bailey castle in the town of Caernarfon from the late 11th century until 1283 when King Edward I of England began replacing it with the current stone structure. The Edwardian town and castle acted as the administrative centre of north Wales and as a result the defences were built on a grand scale. There was a deliberate link with Caernarfon's Roman past and the Roman fort of Segontium is nearby.
While the castle was under construction, town walls were built around Caernarfon. The work cost between £20,000 and £25,000 from the start until the end of work in 1330. Despite Caernarfon Castle's external appearance of being mostly complete, the interior buildings no longer survive and many of the building plans were never finished. The town and castle were sacked in 1294 when Madog ap Llywelyn led a rebellion against the English. Caernarfon was recaptured the following year. During the Glyndŵr Rising of 1400–1415, the castle was besieged. When the Tudor dynasty ascended to the English throne in 1485, tensions between the Welsh and English began to diminish and castles were considered less important. As a result, Caernarfon Castle was allowed to fall into a state of disrepair. Despite its dilapidated condition, during the English Civil War Caernarfon Castle was held by Royalists, and was besieged three times by Parliamentarian forces. This was the last time the castle was used in war. Caernarfon Castle was neglected until the 19th century when the state funded repairs. In 1911, Caernarfon Castle was used for the investiture of the Prince of Wales, and again in 1969. It is part of the World Heritage Site "Castles and Town Walls of King Edward in Gwynedd".
A Grade I listed building.
History
Begun in 1283 and still incomplete when building work ceased c1330. Built for Edward I of England, it combined the roles of fortification, palace and administrative centre. A motte and bailey castle had been built here in the late C11 by Earl Hugh of Chester, although it became a residence of Welsh princes, including Llewelyn ap Gruffudd, after the Welsh regained control of Gwynedd by 1115. The English conquest of N Wales followed quickly after the death of Llewelyn ap Gruffudd in 1282 and Caernarfon was built to consolidate the English gains. Edward I employed James of St George as his architect, who had previously been employed by Philip of Savoy and had designed for him the fortress-palace of St Georges d'Esperanche. James also directed the building other castles for Edward I, including Harlech, Conwy and Beaumaris, using English craftsmen and labourers. The design of Caernarfon Castle echoed the walls of Emperor Constantine's Roman city of Constantinople, which also has polygonal towers and banded stonework, and was thus intended by Edward to be an expression of imperial power. Edward I and Queen Eleanor visited Caernarfon in 1284 and it was said that their son, Edward, the first English prince of Wales, was born at the castle in 1284.
Construction of the castle was integrated with the construction of town walls protecting the newly established borough, the town being situated on the N side of the castle. By 1292 the southern external façade of the castle was probably complete, while on the N side the castle was protected by a ditch and the walled town. The castle was damaged during an uprising in 1294 led by Madog ap Llewelyn, but Edward I swiftly regained control of Caernarfon and the castle, where restoration work began in 1295. The uprising had demonstrated the need to complete the castle's defences on the town side, which were largely built in the period 1295-1301. Work subsequently continued at a slower pace in the period 1304-30 and included the completion of the towers, including the Eagle Tower which was completed 1316-17 and in 1316 the timber-framed 'Hall of Llewelyn', the Welsh prince's residence at Conwy, was dismantled and shipped to Caernarfon. The upper portion of the King's Gate was constructed in 1321 and included a statue of Edward of Caernarfon, who had been crowned Edward II in 1307.
The castle was garrisoned for nearly 2 centuries but was increasingly neglected as hostilities softened from the C16 onwards. The castle was garrisoned for Charles I during the Civil War but was surrendered to the Parliamentarians in 1646. In the C18 the castle became one of the most celebrated of ruins in Wales, which began its present phase as tourist attraction and ancient monument. Restoration was undertaken in the final quarter of the C19 under the direction of Sir Llewelyn Turner, Deputy Constable. In 1908 ownership passed from the Crown to the Office of Works and restoration work continued. This included the reinstatement of floors in most of the towers and reinstatement of the embattled wall walks by 1911. The castle was the venue for the investiture of both C20 Princes of Wales, in 1911 and 1969.
Exterior
Constructed of coursed limestone with darker stone banding to the S and E external façades between the Eagle Tower and NE Tower. The plan is polygonal, resembling a figure of 8, and constructed around an upper and a lower ward in the form of curtain walls and mainly 3-stage polygonal towers with basements (in contrast to the round towers of the town walls). The structure is in 2 main phases. The earlier is the S side, from and including the Eagle Tower to the NE Tower, was constructed mainly in the period 1283-1292, while the N side facing the walled town was built after the uprising of 1294. The curtain walls are embattled with loops to the merlons and a wall walk. Openings are characterised by the frequent use of shouldered lintels, giving rise to the alternative term 'Caernarfon lintel', and 2-centred arches. The towers have reinstated floors of c1911 on original corbels. The outer walls have arrow loops. Windows are mainly narrow single-light, but some of the mullioned windows incorporate transoms.
The principal entrance is the 3-storey King's Gate on the N side. It is reached across the ditch by a modern segmental-arched stone bridge with stone steps to the outer side, replacing the medieval drawbridge. The King's Gate has polygonal towers with 2-light windows to the outer facets in the middle stage and 2-light windows in the upper stage. The entrance is recessed behind a segmental moulded arch. It has a 2-centred arch beneath string courses and 2-light transomed window. Above the main arch is a statue of Edward II in a canopied niche with flanking attached pinnacles.
To the R is the outer wall of the kitchens and then the Well Tower, of 3 stages with basement. The Well Tower has a higher polygonal turret reinstated in the late C19 and full-height square projection on the W side housing the well shaft. The tower has 2-light windows in the middle and upper stages.
The Eagle Tower at the W end is the largest of the towers, having been designed to accommodate the king's lieutenant. It has 3 stages with basement and 3 higher polygonal turrets. The battlements are enriched by carved heads and eagles, although much weathered. On the N side are 2-light windows and an attached stub wall with drawbridge slot. This is the planned water gate through which water-borne supplies were intended to be conveyed to the basement of the Well Tower at high tide, but it was not completed. It has polygonal responds to the gate, a portcullis slot and 2 superimposed windows between the basement and ground-floor levels. On the N side is a flight of stone steps to an arched doorway at basement level. This postern was the main entrance for those approaching by sea. On the S side the curtain wall is built on exposed bedrock and the Queen's Tower, Chamberlain Tower and the Black Tower each have a single higher polygonal turret. The outer faces have only narrow loops. On the W side of the Chamberlain Tower are stone steps to a doorway under a shouldered lintel that led into the great hall. On the E side of the Black Tower is the shorter polygonal Cistern Tower, with the unfinished Queen's Gate at the SE end. Between the Chamberlain Tower and Black Tower the curtain wall is stepped in, from which point there is a substantial raked stone plinth continuing around to the NE Tower. The Queen's Gate has double polygonal towers linked by a straight wall above the gateway, while the openings are all narrow loops. The gateway is raised above a high basement storey (and would have been reached by the building of a massive stone ramp) and is recessed beneath a segmental arch with murder holes. The Watch Tower to the N is narrower and higher than the remaining towers, beyond which is the 2-stage NE Tower, which has a 2-light window. Returning along the N side, which was built after 1295, the curtain wall and the 4-stage Granary Tower incorporate 2-light windows.
The King's Gate has murder holes to the vault and porters' rooms to the L and R, leading to the interior. Internally the castle is planned around an upper ward on the E side and a lower ward on the W side. Through the entrance passage is a 2-storey projection on the R (now housing a shop), the S side of which retains 2 portcullis slots and a vault springer, indicating that a second entrance was built here, although it no longer survives above the foundations. Above the main gate is a former chapel, which retains its original piscina. The upper storey hall has window seats. On the W side of the King's Gate are the foundations of the kitchens in the lower ward, in which are 2 round foundations for copper cauldrons and springer of a former vault. The Well Tower does not have reinstated floors, but in each storey a fireplace and garderobe are retained and in the second stage is a small kitchen above the well chamber. The fireplaces all differ in detail: in the basement is a segmental arch, the lower storey a tripartite lintel, the second stage a projecting lintel on corbels with raked hood, and chamfered lintel to the upper stage. The tower has a full-height newel stair. The basement is reached by external stone steps. Between the Well Tower and Eagle Tower is a restored fireplace with a raked hood in a chamber whose outline walls are visible.
The Eagle Tower has stone steps to the basement to the L of the main doorway, both lower stage and basement having pointed doorways. The upper stages have 2-light windows similar to the outer faces. The thick walls incorporate mural passages and stairs. In the lower stage is a large fireplace with raked hood and a small octagonal chamber that probably served as a chapel. The great chamber in the second stage also has an octagonal chapel, which retains a stoup or piscina. Between the Eagle Tower and the NE Tower the curtain wall and towers have mural passages in addition to the wall walk and generally have stone steps in either straight flights to the wall walks or newel stairs, and most chambers in the towers have associated garderobes. The Queen's Tower, known as the 'Banner Tower' in the C14, and the Chamberlain Tower have chambers in each storey with small square subsidiary chambers that probably served as chapels, and 2-light windows. The Queen's Tower has 3 octagonal chimney shafts behind the parapet. In the Chamberlain Tower the lower storey retains a fireplace with shouldered lintel. Both towers are occupied by the museum of the Royal Welch Fusiliers. Between Queen's Tower and Chamberlain Tower are the foundations of the great hall, while the 2 superimposed mural passages in the curtain wall have 2-light windows that formerly opened into the hall.
The Black Tower is smaller than the other towers and has only single chambers in each stage, with cambered fireplace in the upper chamber, and 2-light windows. The Cistern Tower has a vaulted hexagonal chamber beneath an open stone-lined rainwater tank visible on the wall walk. In the unfinished Queen's Gate the position of porters' rooms is discernible in the flanking towers of which the S has a lintelled fireplace while both have garderobes. Portcullis slots and murder holes are in the passage. The upper storey over the passage was to have been a hall but was not completed. The Watch Tower is entered by a doorway at the wall walk level only.
The NE Tower is simpler with single chambers in each stage, as is the Granary Tower, which incorporates a well shaft and has a fireplace with raked hood in the upper stage. Between the NE Tower and the King's Gate the curtain wall has corbels representing former buildings built against the curtain, and its mullioned windows incorporate window seats.
Reasons for Listing
Listed grade I as one of the finest medieval castles in Wales, and unique in its royal associations.
Scheduled Ancient Monument CN 079.
World Heritage Site.
The walk over the walls via the towers. Leaving the Eagle Tower, heading via the Well Tower, around and over the King's Gate, up the Granary Tower, then down the North-East Tower.
Well Tower
Has a well 50 feet (15m) deep and remains of medieval plumbing. The castle's kitchens lie between the Well Tower and the King's Gate.
footbridge seen after going up a spiral staircase.
To finish off the Craigellachie Tunnel set, here's a striking shot of the northern portal, looking through to the retaining wall and bridge at the southern end. In order to capture the tunnel looking as bright as it does here, I did an initial light paint around the portal, followed by taking a walk through, swinging the torch as I went. I kept going in that manner until I'd walked the bridge at the other side. Despite it being quite windy, the ferns haven't suffered as much motion blur as they have in some of the shorter exposures I took at this point.
Just as a quick recap about the UK's most northerly tunnel, it's 68 yards in length and sits on a significant ledge above the River Spey but below the A95. The lining consists of stone along the side walls and brick across the crown and the southern approach is shored up by a substantial brick retaining wall and to bridge the cliff the railway runs half way down, there's a half bridge in place. All in all, there's enough to see here to warrant a visit if you're ever passing by, although it doesn't really justify a 300 mile round trip. With that said, we did spend the day looking at various other bridges and former stations so if you plan this as only being part of your day then it's well worth a look.
This old building is very near to RAF Lakenheath, Suffolk. I wonder if it has some relation to the airfield during WWII? Seen in October 2024.
Cerovačke špilje 13. VIII. 2002
Among the most renowned and significant speleological structures are the Cerovac Caves , located in the southern part of “Velebit Nature Park ”.
This 3-tier complex (Lower Cave , Middle Cave and Upper Cave ) features around 7 km of explored channels. The first 700 m of the Lower and Upper Caves have been prepared for tourist visits.
These caves abound in traces from the distant past. In addition to large quantities of archaeological findings, they are also among the largest discovery sites of the cave bear in Croatia . One may easily spot claw marks gorged into the cave walls as the bears moved against them.
Water has worked for thousands of years to create dripstones. It is therefore vital to treat these cave ornaments with care and not touch them, as just a single careless move may put an end to a process that has been going on for decades.
The temperature in the caves is between 5o C and 11o C - warmer clothing, a head cover, and comfortable shoes are recommended.
How to reach: The Cerovac Caves are located 4 km from Gračac along the road towards Knin. If you intend to take the motorway, please take the exit to Sveti Rok. The distance between Sveti Rok and Gračac is 25 km.
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www.pp-velebit.hr/en/tourist-offer/locations/cerovac-caves
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Cerovačke špilje , smještene na južnom dijelu Parka prirode „Velebit“, među najpoznatijim su i najznačajnijim speleološkim objektima u Hrvatskoj. Kompleks čine 3 špilje (Donja, Srednja i Gornja) sa oko 7 km istraženih kanala. Za turistički posjet uređeno je prvih 700 m Donje i Gornje špilje.
Ove špilje su iznimno bogate nalazima iz davne prošlosti. Osim velike količine arheoloških ostataka također su jedno od većih nalazišta špiljskog medvjeda u Hrvatskoj. Tako ovdje možete i danas vidjeti tragove „brušenja“ medvjeda na stijenama nastale njihovim kretanjem uz stjenke špilja.
Voda svojim konstantnim kapanjem nastavlja tisućama godina star proces gradnje siga. Zato je iznimno važno da se stupajući špiljom ponašamo s poštovanjem prema istoj i ne diramo njene ukrase. Jer samo jednim nepromišljenim pokretom ruke prekinut ćemo proces koji traje desetljećima.
Temperatura u špiljama se kreće između 5 i 11o C stoga preporučamo topliju odjeću, pokrivalo za glavu i udobne cipele.
www.google.hr/maps/contrib/111204886922236311430/place/Ch...
Kako doći:
Cerovačke špilje se nalaze 4 km od Gračaca na cesti prema Kninu. Ukoliko se dolazi auto-cestom, potrebno je sići kod izlaza za Sveti Rok. Od Svetog Roka do Gračaca ima 25 km.
www.pp-velebit.hr/hr/turisticka-ponuda/izletista/cerovack...
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www.trover.com/d/1LwHh-cerova%C4%8Dke-%C5%A1pilje-grab-cr...
This dendritic structure nucleated on the larger crystal at center bottom. the real intent here was to form hourglass inclusions in Potassium sulfate, however, this structure was quite interesting. Crystallized aqueous 10 % wt. potassium sulfate with 0.01 % wt. acid fuchsine dye viewed under crossed polarizers right after drying. See www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/indexmag.html?http://www.mic...
Photographed using an AO Spencer 42 polarizing microscope (petrographic.) The Sony NEX 5n was connected to the microscope using a Leica MIKAS microscope adapter with a 2/3X reducer, a 10X eyepiece and 3X AO spencer objective.
First conceptional approach with the topic structure close-ups.
Shot with Nikon D5100.
ISO 200
24 mm
f/5.6
1/6 sec
Editing in PS Lightroom 5.
Ambasada Litwy, Uus, Tallinn, 5 października 2016 r.
Ulica Uss była pierwszą ulicą zbudowaną poza murami obronnymi Tallinna. Barokowy budynek zajmowany od 1995 r. przez Ambasadę Litwy jest najznamienitszą budowlą na tej ulicy. Powstał w 1751 r., ale piwnice i parter pochodzą ze starszego XVII-wiecznego budynku. Budynek, w którym odbywało się sortowanie tkanin, był własnością bogatych kupców i mieszczan. Od 1876 r. do 1988 r. w budynku mieściła się szkoła.
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Embassy of Lithuania, Uus, Tallinn, October 5, 2016
Uss street was the first street built outside the Tallinn city walls. The Baroque building which since 1995 has been occupied by the Embassy of Lithuania is the most distinguishable building in the street. It was built in 1751 but it incorporated basement and ground floor of an older 17th-century structure. The building which was used for sorting fabric was a property of rich merchants and burghers. From 1876 to 1988 a school was in the building.
Sutter Street + Octavia Street, Pacific Heights, San Francisco, California
25 August 2013
"This lively corner structure is enriched with a wide assortment of Queen Anne devices, including a three tiered corner tower with both hexagonal and round sections, angled bays, multiple gables with window-lit gable-ends, assertive cornice lines, a dormer and an oriel, not to mention garlands, fishscale shingles, dentils, and assorted brackets. Much of the interior also remains, having been restored and refitted when the building became the Queen Anne Hotel in 1980. The original central hallway survives, with its oak paneling, as does the squared spiral staircase beneath a large stained glass skylight. The most important elements that have been lost include the bell-shaped roof to the corner tower and the grand exterior granite staircase to a massively arched open vestibule before the main door. Miss Mary Lake's School for Young Ladies was a fashionable , non-sectarian seminary that grew from Miss Zeiska's Young Ladies Seminary in South Park in the 1860s. Enrollment was probably about 120 students, ranging in age from "infants" through high school. There was room for 65-70 boarders in the building. James G. Fair, of Comstock Lode fame, and the father of girls, was the major benefactor of the school having the school built in 1889, sparing no expense, for $45,000.00. The school survived only seven years at this site. The building was then leased to the Cosmos Club which counted such local moghuls (sic) as James Flood and Governor George Pardee among its members. From 1909 to 1926, it was used as a boarding house. In 1926 the building became the Girl's Friendly Society Lodge, a home for young working women. From 1950 to 1975 it was used as a guest house called The Lodge. Henry Schulze practiced from 1887 through 1908."
Sutter Street, San Francisco, California
2016-05-14_05-59-11
I'm not sure how to call this structure, but there are four of them: two at each end of the Maria Kristina zubia (Maria Cristina bridge)
© All Rights Reserved - you may not use this image in any form without my prior permission.cture saved with settings applied.