Vogel / Bird : Milan / Rotmilan ( Milvus milvus ) im Kanton Bern in der Schweiz

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Rotmilan ( Milvus milvus )

 

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S y s t e m a t i k

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- Klasse : Vögel ( Aves )

 

- Ordnung : Greifvögel ( Falconiformes )

 

- Familie : Habichtartige ( Accipitridae )

 

- Gattung : Milane ( Milvus )

 

- Art : Rotmilan

 

- Wissenschaftlicher Name : Milvus milvus - Linnaeus – 1.7.5.8

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Der Rotmilan ( Milvus milvus ), auch Roter Milan, Gabelweihe oder Königsweihe genannt, ist eine

etwa mäusebussardgroße Greifvogelart aus der Familie der Habichtartigen ( Accipitridae ).

 

Im Gegensatz zum nahe verwandten, geringfügig kleineren S.chwarzmilan, ist seine Verbreitung

im Wesentlichen auf Europa beschränkt.

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Äußere Merkmale

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Der Rotmilan ist eine gut bestimmbare Greifvogelart. Verwechselt werden könnte er am ehesten mit

dem S.chwarzmilan, doch sind auch zu dieser nahe verwandten Milanart gute Unterscheidungsmerk-

male gegeben.

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Der Rotmilan ist größer als ein M.äusebussard und etwas größer als der S.chwarzmilan; er ist aus-

gesprochen langflügelig und langschwänzig. Der sitzende Vogel wirkt rötlichbraun, wobei eine deutlich

hellere, meist ockerfarbene Federsäumung vor allem der Deckfedern des Oberflügels und des Rücken-

gefieders einen kontrastreichen Gesamteindruck vermittelt.

 

Das Kopf-, Nacken- und Kehlgefieder erwachsener Rotmilane ist sehr hell, fast weiß, und weist auf-

fallende schwarze Federnschäfte auf, die diese Körperpartien schwarz gestrichelt erscheinen lassen.

 

Der ziemlich kräftige Schnabel ist an der Basis gelb, am Schnabelhaken dunkelgrau oder schwarz.

 

Die kurzen Beine sind gelb, die Krallen ziemlich schwarz.

 

Die Iris erwachsener Vögel ist blassgelb. Das deutlich schwarz längsgestrichelte Bauchgefieder ist

etwas heller und leuchtender rötlichbraun als das Rückengefieder; ebenso gefärbt sind die Unter-

flügeldeckfedern. Die Arm- und Handschwingen sind an ihren Enden sehr dunkel, fast schwarz.

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Im Flug fallen vor allem die langen, relativ schmalen Flügel und der tief gegabelte, rostrote Schwanz

auf, der immer in Bewegung ist und auch voll gefächert eine erkennbare Kerbung aufweist.

 

In der Oberansicht kontrastieren die schwarzen Arm- und Handschwingen stark mit dem übrigen,

rötlichbraunen Gefieder. Noch kontrastreicher ist das Flugbild von unten, da die Basen der Hand-

schwingen weiß sind und so ein ausgedehntes weißes Flügelfeld bilden und im Flügelbug meist ein

schwarzes Abzeichen zu erkennen ist.

 

Die äußersten, tief gefingerten Handschwingen sind in ihrem letzten Drittel schwarz. Im Segelflug

sind die Armschwingen leicht über die Horizontale angehoben, die Handschwingen jedoch gerade

oder leicht gesenkt, was ein erkennbar geknicktes Flügelprofil ergibt.

 

Die Flügel sind in fast jeder Flugposition im Carpalgelenk deutlich gewinkelt.

 

Die Geschlechter unterscheiden sich in der Färbung nicht, auch das Jugendgefieder ähnelt stark

dem Erwachsenenkleid. Bestes, und bei sehr gutem Licht auch feldornithologisch brauchbares

Bestimmungsmerkmal juveniler Individuen, ist der mehr sandfarbene, nicht hellgrauweiße Kopf und

das eher gesprenkelt ( nicht längsgestrichelt ) wirkende, mehr blass rötlichbraune Bauchgefieder.

Bei ganz jungen flüggen Rotmilanen kann der Schwanz am äußersten Rand noch eine Rundung

aufweisen, da die äußersten Steuerfedern noch nicht ihre volle Länge erreicht haben.

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Größe und Körpermasse

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Der reverse Geschlechtsdimorphismus ist beim Rotmilan ähnlich wie beim S.chwarzmilan in Bezug

auf die Körpergröße nicht sehr deutlich, etwas ausgeprägter jedoch in Bezug auf das Körpergewicht.

 

Die schwersten M.ännchen haben ein Gewicht von 1,1 Kilogramm; im Durchschnitt liegt das Gewicht

etwas unter einem Kilogramm. Die schwersten W.eibchen wiegen 1,4 Kilogramm, das Mittel liegt bei

1,2 Kilogramm. Die Körperlänge variiert zwischen 60 und 73 Zentimeter, wovon zwischen 31 und 39

Zentimeter auf den Schwanz entfallen. Die Spannweite beträgt 150 bis 171 Zentimeter.

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Laute

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Rotmilane sind akustisch weniger auffällig als S.chwarzmilane. Vor allem außerhalb der Balzzeit und

in weiterer Entfernung vom H.orst verhalten sie sich weitgehend stumm, sieht man von Nahrungs-

streitigkeiten mit anderen Vögeln wie K.rähen, B.ussarden oder M.ilanen ab, die meist sehr lautstark

ausgetragen werden.

 

Auffälligster Ruf ist ein hohes, in der Tonfärbung stark variierendes Wiiieeh, das in verschiedensten

Situationen meist gereiht, nur selten als gedehnter Einzelruf, vorgetragen wird.

 

Das erste Element ist langgezogen, die nachfolgenden schließen sich wellenförmig und kürzer

werdend an dieses an. In Aggressionssituationen ist dieser Ruf höher, spitzer und kürzer.

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Verbreitung

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Überwinternde Rotmilane können weiträumig in Südwesteuropa, vereinzelter auch in Süd -und

Südosteuropa, in Ausnahmefällen auch in K.leinasien, angetroffen werden.Das Verbreitungsgebiet

des Rotmilans ist heute im Wesentlichen auf Zentral-, West- und Südwesteuropa beschränkt.

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Lebensraum

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Der Rotmilan ist ein Greifvogel offener, mit kleinen Gehölzen durchsetzter Landschaften. Er ist be-

deutend weniger wassergebunden als die Nominatform des S.chwarzmilans, mit dem er jedoch

häufig in enger Nachbarschaft brütet.

 

Bevorzugte Lebensräume sind A.grarlandschaften mit F.eldgehölzen, oft auch P.arklandschaften,

seltener H.eide- und M.oorgebiete, solange B.äume als N.iststandorte zur Verfügung stehen. Häufig

nutzt er die günstigen Aufwindverhältnisse in engeren F.lusstälern oder an B.erghängen.

 

Zum Jagen braucht er offenes K.ulturland, G.rasland und V.iehweiden, daneben können auch Feucht-

gebiete als Nahrungsreviere dienen. Abgeerntete oder gerade umgepflügte Getreidefelder werden

ebenso in die Nahrungssuche eingeschlossen wie A.utobahnen und M.ülldeponien, letztere aber

nicht in dem Ausmaß wie vom S.chwarzmilan.

 

Sein Verbreitungsgebiet stimmt im Wesentlichen mit den Braunerdegebieten Mittel- und Osteuropas

sowie den mediterranen Braunerde- und Terra-Rossa-Gebieten überein und liegt schwerpunktmäßig

in den Intensivzonen der mitteleuropäischen Landwirtschaft.

 

Im Allgemeinen ist der Rotmilan ein Bewohner der Niederungen und der Hügellandgebiete etwa bis

800 m ü. NN. Im Schweizer J.ura liegen einzelne Brutplätze bei fast 1200 Meter über NN; in den

P.yrenäen sind Vorkommen in der subalpinen Stufe bekannt. Historische Brutplätze im K.aukasus

und im H.ohen A.tlas lagen in Höhen von fast 2500 Metern.

 

Im M.ittelalter scheint der Rotmilan auch in einigen europäischen S.tädten, so etwa in L.ondon,

gebrütet zu haben. Er dürfte dort eine ähnliche Rolle als A.bfallvertilger gespielt haben, wie sie

heute einige Unterarten des S.chwarzmilans ( M. migrans parasitus und M. m. govinda ) in A.frika

beziehungsweise S.üd- und S.üdostasien einnehmen.

 

In günstigen Nahrungshabitaten können Rotmilane in sehr hohen Siedlungsdichten vorkommen.

Besonders dicht besiedelt war der H.akel, ein etwa 13 km² großes W.aldgebiet in der M.agdeburger

B.örde, wo 1.9.7.9 136 Rotmilanpaare brüteten. Seither gingen die Bestandszahlen dort jedoch

kontinuierlich zurück. Solche Konzentrationen von bis zu zehn Brutpaaren innerhalb eines Quadrat-

kilometers sind Ausnahmen, doch auch in der Baar sowie im E.ichsfeld kommen Rotmilane in hohen Bestandsdichten vor.

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Nahrung

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Wie der S.chwarzmilan ist auch der Rotmilan weitgehend Nahrungsgeneralist. Im Gegensatz zu

diesem ist er aber ein leistungsfähigerer, aktiver J.äger. F.isch nimmt nur ausnahmsweise eine

so dominierende Stellung ein wie bei der Nominatform des S.chwarzmilans.

 

Auch A.as und A.bfälle werden zwar regelmäßig, aber seltener als vom S.chwarzmilan aufge-

nommen. Individuell sind die Nahrungs- und Jagdgewohnheiten recht verschieden.

 

Während der B.rutzeit besteht die Hauptnahrung aus kleinen S.äugetieren und V.ögeln. Mengen-

mäßig und gewichtsmäßig überwiegen bei den S.äugetieren F.eldmäuse ( M.icrotus s.p.) und

M.aulwürfe ( T.alpidae ), bei den V.ögeln sehr auffällig der S.tar.

 

Auch verschiedene T.auben ( C.olumbidae ), R.abenvögel ( Corvidae ) und größere D.rosseln

( T.urdidae ), so etwa A.mseln ( T.urdus m.erula ), W.acholder- ( T.urdus p.ilaris ) und M.istel-

d.rosseln ( T.urdus v.iscivorus ) werden relativ häufig geschlagen.

 

Dort, wo der F.eldhamster ( C.ricetus c.ricetus ) noch vergleichsweise häufig vorkommt, zum

Beispiel in O.stpolen, kann dieser zur H.auptbeute werden. Oft handelt es sich bei geschlagenen

V.ögeln um verletzte beziehungsweise kranke Individuen oder um J.ungtiere.

 

In w.asserreichen Gebieten können F.ische, unter ihnen vor allem W.eißfische wie die P.lötze

( R.utilus r.utilus ) und der B.rachsen ( A.bramis b.rama ), gewichtsmäßig dominieren. Erbeutet

werden sowohl lebende, als auch tote oder sterbend an der Wasseroberfläche treibende oder

an den U.fersaum gespülte Fische.

 

Nicht unbeträchtlich ist die Menge an W.irbellosen, die der Rotmilan sowohl im Flug als auch auf

dem B.oden aufnimmt. Vor allem im Frühjahr können verschiedene K.äfer ( C.oleoptera ) sowie

R.egenwürmer ( L.umbricidae ) wichtige Nahrungsbestandteile sein.

 

Der Anteil an R.eptilien und A.mphibien am Gesamtnahrungsaufkommen ist regional sehr unter-

schiedlich, in südlichen Populationen in der Regel etwas größer als in Mittel- oder N.ordeuropa.

 

An A.as ist der Rotmilan etwas weniger häufig zu finden als der S.chwarzmilan, doch nutzt er

totgefahrene oder verendete Tiere ebenso wie dieser. Er ist an g.roßen K.adavern ebenso anzu-

treffen wie an den R.esten von K.leintieren. Auch an M.ülldeponien oder dort, wo große Mengen

tierischen Abfalles anfallen, wie zum Beispiel bei S.chlachthäusern oder T.ierverwertungsanlagen,

finden sich Rotmilane ein.

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Nahrungserwerb

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Der Rotmilan ist ein Suchflugjäger offener Landschaften, der große Gebiete seines Nahrungsreviers

in einem relativ niedrigen und langsamen Gleit- und Segelflug systematisch nach Beute absucht.

 

Er ist Überraschungsjäger, der bei erfolglosem Angriff in der Regel abstreicht und das verfehlte Beute-

tier nicht weiter verfolgt. Nicht selten ist er auch schreitend auf dem Boden zu sehen, wo er vor allem

nach I.nsekten und R.egenwürmern sucht.

 

Erspähte Beutetiere nimmt der Rotmilan im Darüberfliegen vom Boden auf, ohne dabei zu landen.

Auch F.ische werden nach S.eeadlerart von der W.asseroberfläche weggegriffen und davongetragen.

 

Vögel vermag er gelegentlich im Flug oder auf Ä.sten zu überraschen und zu schlagen, meistens

jedoch erbeutet er sie auf dem Boden. Die B.eutetiere werden in der Regel nicht mit den Krallen,

sondern durch kräftige Schnabelhiebe getötet.

 

Rotmilane parasitieren auch bei anderen Vögeln, vor allem bei S.chwarzmilanen, K.rähen und

M.öwen. Sie jagen ihnen die B.eute ab oder belästigen sie so lange, bis sie bereits verschluckte

Nahrung wieder auswürgen.

 

Insgesamt ist der Rotmilan in seinen Nahrungserwerbsstrategien sehr flexibel. Besonders attraktiv

sind M.äharbeiten, da diese für ihn zuvor unzugängliche Beute freilegen. Bis zu ihrem Umbruch

bieten auch abgeerntete F.elder gute Nahrungsressourcen, auf die sich Rotmilane sehr schnell

einstellen können.

 

Bei ausreichendem Nahrungsangebot und außerhalb der B.rutzeit beginnt der Rotmilan erst einige

Zeit nach S.onnenaufgang mit den ersten Beuteflügen und kann seine Jagdflüge bereits einige

Stunden vor S.onnenuntergang beenden. Während des Tages legt er, meist in Horstnähe, längere

Ruhepausen ein, die auch zur intensiven G.efiederpflege genutzt werden.

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Verhalten

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Die Aktivitätszeit ist bei gutem Beutetierangebot auffallend kurz, kann aber, insbesondere während

der B.rutzeit, schon in der frühen M.orgendämmerung beginnen und erst mit Einbruch der

D.unkelheit enden. Immer werden aber zwischen den Beuteflügen ausgiebige Ruhepausen

eingestreut, auch dann, wenn die N.estlinge in unmittelbarer Nähe energisch betteln.

 

Außerhalb der B.rutzeit ist der Rotmilan sehr gesellig und zeigt kein territoriales Verhalten. Die

Art nächtigt fast immer in größeren Schlafgesellschaften, auch die Jagdflüge erfolgen gemein-

schaftlich.

 

Diese Schlafgesellschaften können mehrere hundert Individuen umfassen. Häufig kann in diesen

Milanansammlungen „spielerisches“ Verhalten wie gegenseitiges Necken sowie synchrone Flug-

spiele einiger Vögel beobachtet werden. Gelegentlich brechen Rotmilane im Flug Koniferenzapfen

ab, um sie einfach nur fallen zu lassen.

 

Auch während der B.rutzeit ist territoriales Verhalten nicht sehr ausgeprägt, doch wird die weitere Umgebung des Horstes ( etwa 100 Meter ) und der darüberliegende Luftraum gegenüber Artge-

nossen und artfremden Eindringlingen von beiden Partnern verteidigt.

 

Dabei steigen die Milane hoch auf und attackieren den Eindringling ziemlich energisch von oben.

Meist wird er auch, vor allem vom M.ännchen, eine gewisse Zeit verfolgt, während das W.eibchen

recht schnell zum H.orst zurückkehrt.

 

Ein Nahrungsrevier beansprucht der Rotmilan in der Regel nicht, nur bei sehr geringer Nahrungsver-

fügbarkeit zeigen einzelbrütende P.aare auch diesbezüglich territoriales Verhalten. Gelegentlich

wurde auch bei sehr großen Populationsdichten, wie sie zum Beispiel im H.akel bestanden oder

in einigen Gegenden W.ales bestehen, territoriale Verhaltensweisen bezüglich der Jagdflächen

festgestellt.

 

Rot- und S.chwarzmilane können sehr nahe beieinander brüten. Bei Streitigkeiten um einen

günstigen N.istplatz oder einen bereits errichteten H.orst ist in der Regel der Rotmilan der

Unterlegene.

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Wanderungen

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Die Zugstrategien dieser Art sind uneinheitlich. Insgesamt wird in den letzten beiden Jahrzehnten

eine Verkürzung der Z.ugwege und ein vermehrtes Ausharren der Art in zuvor winters geräumten

B.rutgebieten festgestellt. Schneeärmere W.inter, sowie ein größeres, allzeit verfügbares Nahrungs-

angebot auf M.üllkippen und entlang stark frequentierter S.traßen, ermöglichen es auch vielen

mittel- und einigen n.ordeuropäischen Populationen während des W.inters im Brutgebiet auszu-

harren.

 

Die größten W.interbestände gibt es in Mittel- und Nordeuropa im nördlichen Harzvorland, in der

Schweiz ( zum Beispiel bei N.eerach ), in B.aden – W.ürttemberg sowie in S.üdschweden. In

einigen Ü.berwinterungsgebieten in der Schweiz und in S.üdschweden wurden ( und werden )

die Überwinterer durch Zufütterungen unterstützt. In B.aden – W.ürttemberg ging die Anzahl der

überwinternden Rotmilane mit der Schließung einiger M.ülldeponien kontinuierlich zurück.

 

Die Mehrheit der nord- und mitteleuropäischen Rotmilane verlässt im H.erbst das Brutgebiet und

zieht nach S.üdwesten, insbesondere nach S.panien. Brutvögel des südwestlichen Mitteleuropas,

I.taliens, F.rankreichs und S.paniens, sowie die wenigen Rotmilane Südosteuropas und N.ordafrikas

sind mehrheitlich Standvögel mit unterschiedlich weiträumigen Nahrungsflügen innerhalb ihres

Ü.berwinterungsgebietes. In S.panien decken sich die Überwinterungsregionen mit den Brutgebieten

der dort residenten Rotmilane. Sie liegen vor allem in der N.ord- und S.üdmeseta, im E.brobecken,

in der E.xtremadura, sowie in Teilen S.üdandalusiens.

 

Rotmilane ziehen bei Tag und meistens einzeln oder in kleinen Trupps. Auf dem Wegzug sind die

Zuggemeinschaften in der Regel individuenstärker als auf dem Heimzug. Auf Grund der relativ

kurzen Zugdistanzen verlassen Rotmilane erst spät das Brutgebiet, selten vor M.itte S.eptember,

die meisten aber erst in der ersten O.ktoberhälfte. Die Weibchen ziehen etwa eine bis zwei Wochen

vor den Männchen fort. Sehr früh erfolgt der H.eimzug. Schon in der Februarmitte erscheinen die

ersten ziehenden Rotmilane wieder im Brutgebiet, die Mehrheit folgt Ende F.ebruar und in der ersten

M.ärzdekade. Ein Großteil der einjährigen und viele zweijährige Rotmilane ziehen auf ihren ersten

Heimzügen nicht ins Brutgebiet zurück, sondern verbringen den Sommer entweder im Überwinter-

ungsgebiet oder vagabundieren in kleineren Gesellschaften in S.üd- und M.ittelfrankreich, zum Teil

auch in der Schweiz.

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Brutbiologie

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Rotmilane werden in Ausnahmefällen bereits in ihrem ersten Lebensjahr fortpflanzungsfähig, brüten

aber meist erst im dritten Lebensjahr zum ersten Mal.

 

Die Art und Dauer der Paarbindung ist unterschiedlich. Weitgehend monogame Brutsaisonehen

sind die Regel, doch wurden mehrjährige Dauerehen ebenso beobachtet wie Partnerwechsel

während der B.rutzeit.

 

Bei Standvögeln scheint die Paarbindung stabiler zu sein als bei Zugvögeln, bei denen auch die

durch das Zuggeschehen höheren Ausfallraten zu häufigerem Partnerwechsel zwingen. Die Art ist

sehr brutortstreu.

 

Auch geschlechtsreife Jungvögel versuchen sich meist in der näheren Umgebung ihres Geburts-

ortes anzusiedeln, auch dann, wenn in weiterem Umkreis geeignete Brutplätze zur Verfügung

stünden. Das führt nach Walz in dichtbesiedelten Rotmilanhabitaten mangels geeigneter Brut-

plätze zu einer Erhöhung des Bruteintrittsalters.

 

Bei in M.ittel- und O.steuropa überwinternden Vögeln wurde Balzverhalten während der gesamten

Ü.berwinterungszeit festgestellt. M.ännchen und W.eibchen können bis zu zwölf Tage ( in Aus-

nahmefällen bis zu vier Wochen ) zeitlich versetzt im Brutgebiet ankommen. Sowohl das W.eibchen

als auch das M.ännchen kann zuerst eintreffen. Ebenso treffen aber einige bereits lose verpaart im

Brutgebiet ein. Dort beginnen die Standvögel bereits Mitte bis Ende F.ebruar mit der Hauptbalz, die

Zugvögel im Durchschnitt etwa zwei bis drei Wochen später.

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Horstbau und Balz

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Die Balz des Rotmilans ist nicht sehr auffällig. Im Wesentlichen besteht sie aus Horstbau, gemein-

samen Flügen über dem H.orststandort und häufigen K.opulationen, die bis in die Nestlingszeit

hinein anhalten.

 

Zur Kopulation fordert das W.eibchen mit leisen Trillerrufen, waagrecht geduckter Körperhaltung

und gesenktem Kopf auf. Meist fliegt daraufhin das Männchen seine Partnerin direkt an und landet

auf ihrem Rücken.

 

Ob die spektakulären Steilabstürze über dem Horstrevier zum Balzritual gehören, oder nicht doch

eher der Feindabwehr zuzuordnen sind, ist ungeklärt. Bereits in der Nestbauphase stellt das

W.eibchen eigene Nahrungsflüge weitgehend ein und wird ab dieser Zeit vom M.ännchen versorgt,

bis es sich etwa zwei bis drei Wochen nach dem S.chlupf selbst wieder an der Nahrungsbeschaffung

beteiligt.

 

Der Horstbau oder die Instandsetzung eines alten Horstes beginnt sofort nach Ankunft der Partner

im Brutrevier. Horststandorte und Horstbäume sind sehr unterschiedlich, in Mitteleuropa handelt es

sich aber hauptsächlich um E.ichen, B.uchen oder K.iefern.

 

Felsbruten kommen bei den Populationen auf den B.alearen und den nordafrikanischen Rotmilanen

vor. Ganz selten wurden auch Horststandorte auf G.ittermasten festgestellt. Meist liegen die Horste

relativ hoch und in starken Bäumen, doch wurden auch sehr niedrig gelegene Nester in schwachen

Bäumen festgestellt.

 

Gerne wählen Rotmilane Nistbäume entlang steiler Abhänge oder über Felsklippen, bevorzugt in

Randlagen, oder in stark aufgelichteten Beständen. Nistunterlage ist meistens eine starke Stamm-

gabelung, seltener eine Gabelung in einem starken Seitenast.

 

Am Horstbau beteiligen sich beide Partner. Das Grundgerüst besteht aus starken Zweigen, die

vom Boden aufgelesen oder mit dem Schnabel oder den Fängen von Bäumen abgerissen werden.

Die Auspolsterung erfolgt mit unterschiedlichem, weichem, organischem Material, aber auch mit

Kulturabfällen wie F.olien, P.lastiktüten oder B.indegarn.

 

Letzteres führt nicht selten zur Strangulation eines Nestlings. Plastikmaterialien verhindern eine

ausgeglichene Luftzirkulation und können zur Durchnässung und Unterkühlung der Jungen

führen.

 

Die Größe der Rotmilanhorste ist sehr variabel. Sie können auffallend klein und recht liederlich

zusammengefügt sein mit Durchmessern zwischen nur 45 bis 60 Zentimetern. Mehrjährig benutzte

Nester sind jedoch massive Konstruktionen mit einem Durchmesser von einem Meter und mehr,

bei einer Höhe von über 40 Zentimetern.

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Gelege und Brut

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Das Gelege besteht meist aus drei E.iern, seltener aus einem, zwei oder vier E.iern. Es wurden

auch schon Gelege mit fünf E.iern gefunden. Die E.ier wiegen etwa 60 Gramm und messen im

Mittel 57 x 45 Millimeter.

 

Sie entsprechen in Größe und Form einem mittelgroßen H.ühnerei. Auf trübweißem Grund weisen

sie unterschiedlich stark ausgeprägte, rötlichbraune Flecken, sowie schwärzliche Girlanden auf.

Legebeginn in Mitteleuropa ist frühestens Ende M.ärz, in der Regel aber erst Anfang bis Mitte

A.pril. Bis in den M.ai hinein können frische Gelege gefunden werden. In Südeuropa ist der Lege-

beginn etwa zwei Wochen früher, in den nördlichsten Verbreitungsgebieten nicht vor Ende A.pril,

Anfang M.ai. Rotmilane brüten nur einmal im Jahr, nur bei frühem Gelegeverlust kommt es zu einem

Nachgelege, meistens in einem anderen Horst.

 

Die Eier werden etwa 32 bis 33 Tage fast ausschließlich vom W.eibchen bereits nach dem ersten

E.i fest bebrütet, so dass die J.ungen mit deutlichen Entwicklungsunterschieden aufgezogen werden.

Nur für kurze Zeit übernimmt das M.ännchen das Brutgeschäft. In den ersten zwei bis drei Wochen

bleibt das W.eibchen fast ständig am H.orst, hudert und beschattet die Nestlinge und verfüttert die

vom M.ännchen herbeigebrachte Nahrung, die vor allem aus K.leinsäugern und V.ögeln besteht.

 

Die Nestlingszeit beträgt, abhängig von Witterung und Nahrungsangebot zwischen 48 und 54 Tagen.

In Extremfällen kann das Ausfliegen erst nach 70 Tagen erfolgen. Die Führungszeit ist im Gegensatz

zu der junger S.chwarzmilane recht kurz und beträgt selten mehr als drei Wochen. Danach ver-

streichen die J.ungvögel, meist verlassen auch die A.ltvögel die unmittelbare H.orstumgebung.

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Mischbruten

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.

.

In freier Natur wurden gelegentlich Mischbruten zwischen Rot- und S.chwarzmilan festgestellt. Der

S.chwarzmilan war meist der w.eibliche Vogel. Auch erfolgreiche Bruten zwischen einem Schwarz-

milanmännchen und einem H.ybridweibchen wurden bekannt.

 

In Gefangenschaft kommen solche Mischbruten häufiger vor. Im N.aturpark A.ukrug in M.ittelholstein

brütete ein Mischpaar 6 Jahre hindurch erfolgreich. Nach Ausbleiben des Rotmilans trat offenbar

eine H.ybride aus einer vorangegangenen Brut an seine Stelle.

 

Regelmäßig kommt es auf den K.apverden zu Mischbruten zwischen dem heimischen K.apverde-

milan und den vor etwa hundert Jahren eingewanderten S.chwarzmilanen. Der K.apverdemilan

wird entweder als Unterart des Rotmilans ( Milvus milvus f.asciicauda ) oder als eigenständige

Art ( Milvus f.asciicauda ) aufgefasst. Aus diesen Mischbruten entstehen fruchtbare Nachkommen,

die sich weiterverpaaren. Daher ist es fraglich, ob reinerbige K.apverdemilane überhaupt noch

existieren.

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Bestand und Gefährdung

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.

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Der europäische Bestand wird auf 19.000 bis 25.000 Paare geschätzt.

 

Gründe für die Bestandsrückgänge liegen vor allem in der Intensivierung, beziehungsweise Um-

stellung der L.andwirtschaft, sowie im großräumigen Verschwinden des H.amsters, der in einigen

Regionen Hauptbeutetier des Milans war.

 

Besonders negativ wirkte sich diese Entwicklung nach der Wende auf die Rotmilanbestände im Osten Deutschlands aus, wo regional Bestandseinbußen um 50 Prozent und mehr und ein deutliches Absinken der Reproduktionszahlen zu verzeichnen sind. Neben der Verschlechterung der Nahrungsverfügbarkeit durch Umstellung der Mahdtermine, Rückgang der Rinderhaltung und damit verbundener Reduzierung des Grünfutteranbaus mit regelmäßiger Mahd, spielen direkte Verfolgung durch Abschuss oder Vergiftung sowie Unfallverluste an Hochspannungsleitungen und Windkraftanlagen eine stark negative Rolle. Auch das frühzeitigere Schließen von Mülldeponien sowie vermehrte Freizeitaktivitäten in Brutgebieten der Art wirken sich bestandslimitierend aus. Ob sich die zunehmenden Schwarzmilanbestände negativ auf den in direkter Konkurrenz unterlegenen Rotmilan auswirken, ist nicht restlos geklärt.

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Lebenserwartung

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Rotmilane können sehr alt werden. Ein in Freiheit aufgefundener Rotmilan war fast dreißig Jahre alt.

Die tatsächliche Lebenserwartung freilebender Vögel ist jedoch bedeutend geringer.

 

Besonders der erste Wegzug endet für viele Rotmilane tödlich. Am Ende des ersten Lebensjahres

leben von einem Geburtsjahrgang etwa 60 – 65 Prozent. Mit wachsender Erfahrung verlangsamt

sich die Ausfallsrate, sodass nach drei Jahren noch ungefähr 35 – 45 Prozent eines Jahrganges am

Leben ist und zur Brut schreiten kann.

 

Diese Zahlen sind jedoch von vielen Faktoren abhängig, sodass sie nur als Annäherungswerte zu

sehen sind. A.bschuss, K.ollisionen mit H.indernissen und S.tromleitungen sowie Vergiftungen sind

die häufigsten Todesursachen.

.

.

.

.

( BeschriebRotmilan AlbumRotmilan AlbumGreifvögelderSchweiz Schweiz Suisse Switzerland

Svizzera Suissa Swiss Sveitsi Sviss スイス Zwitserland Sveits Szwajcaria Suíça Suiza )

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T.our mit dem F.ahrrad durch die U.mgebung von B.ern am Sonntag den 25. Mai 2008

.

.

B.ern - S.tadt B.ern - K.öniz - R.uine G.rasburg - S.chwarzenburg - G.uggisberg -

G.uggishörndli - G.uggershorn ( BE - 1`283m - 1x ) - R.iffenmatt - R.üeschegggraben -

S.chwarzenburg - K.öniz - B.ern B.ümpliz - B.ern

.

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Hurni080525 AlbumZZZZ080525VelotourGuggershörnli KantonBern

 

E - Mail : chrigu.hurni@bluemail.ch

 

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Letzte Aktualisierung - Ergänzung des Textes : 110216

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21 / 120

Model - Self

 

About the photo - Visit my photoblog

Hear the screams.

 

There are already 430 women murdered in Ciudad Juárez, Mexico, and there are over 600 desappeared women since 1993, following the same ritual: kidnapping, torture, sexual abuse, mutilations, strangulation.

Nuestras Hijas de Regreso a Casa is an association who puts together victims families in Ciudad Juárez.

For information: www.mujeresdejuarez.org

 

Sono già più di 430 le donne assassinate a Ciudad Juárez nello stato di Chihuahua in Messico e più di 600 quelle scomparse dal 1993 secondo lo stesso rituale: rapimento, tortura, sevizie sessuali, mutilazioni, strangolamento.

Nuestras Hijas de Regreso a Casa è un’associazione che riunisce i familiari delle donne uccise e scomparse a Ciudad Juarez.

Per informazioni: www.mujeresdejuarez.org

 

Hasselblad 500c/m + Carl Zeiss Planar 80mm f/2.8 + 21mm extension tube + Ilford HP5 Plus 400

There’s not a pier I visit that doesn’t have some level of dangerously discarded fishing monofilament, hooks, and other wildlife hazards. These photos were shot at the Coast Guard pier in Monterey, and these particular hooks and lines were cast in the “no fishing” area, behind a fence. So many of the rocks on the breakwater have monofilament wrapped around the mussels, in the same areas where birds and sea lions haul out. This is a pier where there are many disposal receptacles for fishing monofilament. Fisher people cast in the same areas where cormorants nest, raise their young, and forage for food and nesting material.

 

This photo shows a California sea lion with an entanglement injury. This sea lion was one of the fortunate ones, rescued, with the strangulation element removed. Even after removal, the sea lion bears the significant scar from that injury. Fishing gear entanglements are, unequivocally, the most frequent wildlife injuries I see. Sometimes the animals can be rescued, sometimes they cannot. For as much harm as stray fishing gear does, I wish fishing were prohibited in areas where the wildlife hazards are particularly acute.

 

My recent blog post on this issue: www.ingridtaylar.com/fishing-gear-and-wildlife-injury

If you have a femoral hernia or suspect that you may have one, immediate treatment is recommended to help prevent complications such as strangulation or incarceration .Log on herniaonline.com/

 

The Postcard

 

A postcard bearing no publisher's name that was posted in East London on Friday the 15th. November 1907 to:

 

Miss E. Isaacs,

Bed 11,

Helene Raphael Ward,

London Hospital.

 

The Helene Raphael Ward still exists at the London, and is currently (2019) used for Surgery, Emergency Gynaecology and Booked Gynaecology.

 

The message on the divided back of the card was as follows:

 

"Dear Esther,

By the time you receive

this I hope you will be

much better.

I daresay I shall come

and see you tomorrow.

All at home send their

love.

I remain your loving

sister Rose".

 

Miss Marie Studholme

 

Marie Studholme was born Caroline Maria Lupton in Bradford on Tuesday the 10th. September 1872.

 

Marie was an English actress and singer known for her supporting and sometimes starring rôles in Victorian and Edwardian musical comedy. Her attractive features made her one of the most popular postcard beauties of the day.

 

Her theatre career spanned 1892 to 1915, ending her career in music hall comedy sketches. She was one of George Edwardes' famous Gaiety Girls.

 

In 1907 she studied Jujitsu with Yoko Tani. She loved animals, and was often photographed with them. She charged sixpence to autograph her postcards and gave the proceeds to animal and theatrical charities.

 

Marie lived out her retirement in Hampstead. Studholme Court, a council block, was later built on part of the garden of her former Hampstead home, Croftway, off the Finchley Road.

 

Death of Marie Studholme

 

Marie died at Croftway on Monday the 10th. March 1930 from rheumatic fever aged 57 years, 6 months and 1 day, or. to put it another way, exactly 21,000 days. She was buried in the St. Marylebone Cemetery in East Finchley.

 

Marie left an estate valued at £58,303, which was a very considerable sum of money in 1930.

 

Claus von Stauffenberg

 

So what else happened on the day that Rose posted the card?

 

Well, the 15th. November 1907 marked the birth of Claus Philipp Maria Schenk Graf von Stauffenberg. He was a German army officer. He was also a "Graf" (i.e. Count) and Schenk (i.e., Cupbearer)—an additional hereditary noble title.

 

He took part in the attack on Poland, the German invasion of the Soviet Union and the Tunisian Campaign during the Second World War.

 

The Hitler Assassination Attempt

 

Along with Henning von Tresckow and Hans Oster, Stauffenberg was one of the central figures of the German Resistance movement within the Wehrmacht.

 

After several unsuccessful tries by Stauffenberg to meet Hitler, Göring and Himmler when they were together, he went ahead with the attempt at Wolfsschanze on the 20th. July 1944.

 

Stauffenberg entered the briefing room carrying a briefcase containing two small bombs. The location had unexpectedly been changed from the subterranean Führerbunker to Albert Speer's wooden hut due to it being a hot summer's day.

 

He left the room to arm the first bomb with specially adapted pliers, a task made difficult because he had lost his right hand and had only three fingers on his left.

 

A guard knocked and opened the door, urging him to hurry as the meeting was about to begin. As a result, Stauffenberg was able to arm only one of the two bombs. He returned to the briefing room, where he placed the briefcase under the conference table, as close as he could to Hitler.

 

Some minutes later, he excused himself and left the room. After his exit, the briefcase was moved by Colonel Heinz Brandt.

 

When the explosion tore through the hut, Stauffenberg was convinced that no one in the room could have survived. Although four people were killed and almost all survivors were injured, Hitler himself was shielded from the blast by the heavy, solid-oak conference table leg, which Colonel Brandt had placed the briefcase bomb behind, and was only slightly wounded.

 

Stauffenberg quickly left and drove to the nearby airfield. After his return to Berlin, Stauffenberg immediately began to motivate his friends to initiate the second phase: the military coup against the Nazi leaders.

 

However when Joseph Goebbels announced by radio that Hitler had survived and later, after Hitler spoke on the state radio, the conspirators realised that the coup had failed. They were tracked to their Bendlerstrasse offices and overpowered after a brief shoot-out, during which Stauffenberg was wounded in the shoulder.

 

Claus von Stauffenberg's Execution

 

In an attempt to save his own life, co-conspirator General Friedrich Fromm charged other conspirators in an impromptu court martial, and condemned the ringleaders of the conspiracy to death.

 

Stauffenberg, his aide 1st Lieutenant Werner von Haeften, General Friedrich Olbricht, and Colonel Albrecht Mertz von Quirnheim were executed before 1:00 in the morning on the 21st. July 1944 by a makeshift firing squad in the courtyard of the Bendlerblock, which was lit by the headlights of a truck.

 

Stauffenberg was third in line to be executed, with Lieutenant von Haeften after. However, when it was Stauffenberg's turn, Lieutenant von Haeften placed himself between the firing squad and Stauffenberg, and received the bullets meant for Stauffenberg.

 

When his turn came, Stauffenberg spoke his last words, "Es lebe das heilige Deutschland!" ("Long live our sacred Germany!"), or, possibly, "Es lebe das geheime Deutschland!" ("Long live the secret Germany!").

 

Fromm ordered that the executed officers (his former co-conspirators) receive an immediate burial with military honours in the Alter St.-Matthäus-Kirchhof in Berlin. The next day, however, Stauffenberg's body was exhumed by the SS, stripped of his medals and insignia, and cremated.

 

Berthold von Stauffenberg

 

Another central figure in the plot was Stauffenberg's brother, Berthold Schenk Graf von Stauffenberg. On the 10th. August 1944, Berthold was tried before a special "People's Court" that had been established by Hitler for political offences.

 

Berthold was one of eight conspirators executed by slow strangulation in Plötzensee Prison, Berlin, later that day.

 

Before he was killed, Berthold was strangled and then revived multiple times. The entire execution and multiple resuscitations were filmed for Hitler to view at his leisure.

 

Further Consequences of the Attempt

 

Hitler used the 20th. July Plot as an excuse to destroy anyone he feared would oppose him. More than 200 were condemned in show trials and executed., and the traditional military salute was replaced with the Nazi salute.

 

Eventually, over 20,000 Germans were killed or sent to concentration camps in the purge.

“How do you know, when you think blue — when you say blue — that you are talking about the same blue as anyone else?

 

You cannot get a grip on blue.

 

Blue is the sky, the sea, a god’s eye, a devil’s tail, a birth, a strangulation, a virgin’s cloak, a monkey’s ass. It’s a butterfly, a bird, a spicy joke, the saddest song, the brightest day.

 

Blue is sly, slick, it slides into the room sideways, a slippery trickster.

 

This is a story about the color blue, and like blue, there’s nothing true about it. Blue is beauty, not truth. ‘True blue’ is a ruse, a rhyme; it’s there, then it’s not. Blue is a deeply sneaky color.”

― Christopher Moore, Sacré Bleu: A Comedy d'Art

_____________________________________

 

Downtown, NM, USA

This is homework for college. Expect more like this

Wealthy industrialist P. L. Storrs has never approved of lady detectives, and he normally would not have made an exception of Theodolina "Dol" Bonner. But faced with a very delicate problem and surprisingly impressed, he hires her instantly. It seems that Storrs’ bird-witted wife has fallen under the spell of a smooth-talking religious charlatan, and now Storrs wants Dol to get the goods on him. But when the gorgeous gumshoe arrives at Storrs’ picturesque country estate, Birchhaven, to meet the scoundrel, she finds more than she bargained for – namely, the corpse of her client and a garden party teeming with suspects! [Source: www.goodreads.com/book/show/148960.The_Hand_in_the_Glove]

If you have a femoral hernia or suspect that you may have one, immediate treatment is recommended to help prevent complications such as strangulation or incarceration .Log on herniaonline.com/

 

AN ALBERT-STREET SENSATION.

HANDCART MAN KILLED.

AUSTRIAN ARRESTED.

An affair occurred in Albert-street last Wednesday which resulted in the death of a handcart man named Michael Rice.

It appears that Rice, who boarded at the house of Mrs Taylor, was approaching his lodgings on Wednesday night at about 10 o'clock, when one of a party of Austrians struck him a violent blow in the front of the body, knocking him nearly senseless. A man named Joseph Gomery witnessed the assault.

A police constable chased the assailant, and subsequently arrested an Austrian named George Pecar.

The injured man, a few days afterwards, developed symptoms of serious internal injuries, and he was conveyed to the hospital. By yesterday his condition had become so critical that it was decided that nothing but an operation could save his life, and that offered only a slender hope. The operation was performed by Dr. Savage, but death resulted.

THE VICTIM'S STATEMENT.

Prior to the operation the depositions of the injured man were taken before two justices, Messrs P. M. Mackay and L. J. Bagnall. He stated that he was a single man, residing till Wednesday last at Mrs Taylor's in Albert-street. On Wednesday night he had been to the Door of Hope, and was returning at about 10 o'clock, when, on entering a passage leading to his lodging, a man came and struck him senseless. The man was an Austrian. He could not tell what weapon was used, but it knocked him to the ground with such force that his head and face were hurt. Joseph Gomery, who was standing close by, must have seen the blow. The assailant disappeared through a gateway towards Sam Quoi's, and was followed by a constable, who subsequently returned, accompanied by Gomery, and bringing the Austrian man named George Pecar. Gomery said this was the man who had struck the blow, and witness also believed that it was. The constable took witness' statement in the presence of accused and Gomery. Not feeling very ill at the time, witness went to his lodgings, and on the next day be was able to go down town. On Saturday, however, he became worse, and sent for the doctor. Witness stated that he was quite sensible now, and fully understood what he was saying. "I am quite sure," he said, finally, "that the man the constable brought back was the man who knocked mc down. I had given him no provocation. I knew him by sight but not personally."

To a suggestion by the accused, witness said, "There were ten men there, and you are the man who struck me."

Re-examined: No one else struck him, and no accident happened to him.

To the prisoner: He was sober when he came down the street. He did not call the Austrians abusive names.

To the Bench: He might have had a couple of pints of beer on that day, but he had not been drinking in the evening.

ACCUSED AT THE POLICE COURT.

George Pecar was charged at the Police Court, before Mr District-Judge Kettle, this morning, with having assaulted Michael Rice, causing him actual bodily harm. On the application of Chief-Detective Marsack a remand for eight days was granted. Mr Marsack stated that since the deposition had been taken the assaulted man had died bail was refused.

THE INQUEST.

An inquest was formally opened at the hospital at 2 o'clock to-day. Mary Elizabeth Rice, daughter of the deceased, said her father was 77 years of age, and a widower. She saw him last on Monday, 21st January, when he seemed none too well. He could not eat, and complained of an internal disease. Usually he had enjoyed good health. No further evidence was taken, and the inquest adjourned till Friday next

paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19070128.2.42

 

HANDCART MAN'S DEATH.

AUSTRIAN CHARGED WITH ASSAULT.

MEDICAL EVIDENCE AT THE INQUEST.

Mr Thomas Gresham, coroner, and a jury, continued the inquiry to-day at the hospital into the circumstances of the death of Michael Rice, an elderly hand-cart man. The death occurred on January 27th, and at that time an Austrian gumdigger, George Pecar, was under arrest upon a charge of having, on January 23rd, assaulted the deceased so as to do him actually bodily harm. Sergeant Hendrey represented the police, and Mr E. J. Prendergast watched the proceedings on behalf of Pecar, who was present.

Dr. Peter Moir, who attended Price after the assault, said the deceased, complained of a pain in his head. There were several bruises on the scalp, and the left eye was blackend. He stated that he had suffered from abdominal pains a day or two before. As he was ill enough to require nursing, witness sent him to the hospital. This was not exactly because he thought the deceased to be dangerously ill at the time. Rice told him he had been knocked down by some Austrians.

Dr. Stanley A. Bull, who had made a post mortem examination upon Rice's body, said there was a very slight abrasion on the left eye, and a few scratches. These had nothing to do with causing death. He found that there was general peritonitis in the abdomen. A chronic ulcer at the lower end of the stomach had evidently perforated recently, and thus caused the peritonitis. No external marks were present on the abdomen, and all the other organs were healthy. He did not attribute the intestinal condition to external violence. There were two separate diseases in the intestines.

The Coroner. Would the bursting of the ulcer have been caused, or its condition aggravated, by a fall? — Certainly.

Continuing, Dr. Bull said he was present at a consultation in the hospital, when an operation was decided upon as the only chance of prolonging the deceased's life. The cause of death was peritonitis, the result of rupture of a gastric ulcer.

Detective Shine gave particulars of Pecans arrest upon a charge of assaulting Michael Rice so as to cause him actual bodily harm. The accused replied to the charge, "I was not outside the house at the row. I was inside talking to the missus." The witness said he was present when the depositions of the deceased were taken before the justices. Mr. Prendergast objected to the production of the depositions without evidence that it was made by the deceased with a full knowledge of her impending death.

Sergeant Hendry stated that it was a properly constituted Court, Pecar being present. He did not put the depositions in as dying depositions, but as the statement of a person who had since died.

The Coroner would not admit this evidence.

Joseph Gomez, a coloured man, said the deceased and Pecar were known to him. About 10 p.m. on January 23 he saw Rice coming up, Albert-street, singing to himself a song which ran, "I was a soldier once and used to shoot them down; if I was a young man I would be a soldier again." Pecar and nine other Austrians were standing outside a boarding-house. With the exception of Pecar they turned their backs on the deceased. Pecar, however, struck the old man in the chest, and the deceased fell down. Pecar at once rushed into the boarding-house, and the other Austrians went away. Witness pointed out Pecar to Constable Martin as the man who struck Rice. The deceased also said Pecar was the man who struck him. (Proceeding.)

paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19070201.2.12

 

ALBERT STREET FATALITY.

THE INQUEST.

VERDICT OF NATURAL CAUSES.

The inquiry into the circumstances of the death of Michael Rice, an elderly handcart man, was continued at the hospital yesterday, before Mr. T. Gresham, Coroner. The death occurred on January 27, and at that time an Austrian gumdigger named George Pecar was under arrest upon a charge of having on January 23 assaulted the deceased, so as to do him actual bodily harm. Sergeant Hendry represented the police, and Mr. Pendergast appeared on behalf of Pecar.

Some 14 witnesses were to have been called, but the medical evidence caused the Coroner, jury, and police to close the proceedings. Prior to this point a coloured man named James Gomez, had given evidence to the effect that on January 23 at about ten p.m. there were some 10 Att--tiiaus standing under a verandah at the corner of Albert and Wyndham Streets, when the deceased came along singing a song about "the times when he was a soldier." Pecar went toward the deceased, and apparently without any just cause dealt him a blow on the body, which knocked him down, in which position he remained without a move for 24 minutes. Pecar then bolted into a house, while the other Austrians also went away. Subsequently Pecar was pointed out to a police constable by Gomez, and deceased as the man who had committed the assault.

Both Doctors Bull and Savage agreed as to the cause of death, which they said was peritonitis, the result of the rupture, of a chronic gastric ulcer. Dr. Savage also said that the deceased had strangulation of the bowels, and that either of the two-mentioned conditions might have caused death. Questioned, Dr. Savage said that a blow on the abdomen, or a fall, could cause the rupture of such an ulcer, but it was possible for the ulcer to have withstood the fall Rice had received. Sergeant Hendry read the evidence of the deceased's landlady, in which she was credited with having said that deceased had gone down town on each of the two days following the alleged assault. In reply to a question Dr. Savage said that had the rupture taken place at the time of the assault it would hardly be reasonable to expect that deceased would have been able to go to town the two days following, but it might be possible. It was, he said, impossible to fix the time when the rupture took place.

Sergeant Hendry : Say a man was on trial for murder or manslaughter would you swear positively that an assault caused or accelerated this man's death.

Savage: No: I could not.

Sergeant Hendry: Would you consider it safe to charge any man with causing the death of the deceased?

Dr. Savage: I would consider it unreasonable. There, is nothing to indicate that he died from other than natural causes.

Having received these opinions from Dr. Savage it was the unanimous opinion of the Coronial Court that it would be useless to prolong the inquiry. The jury accordingly expressed the opinion that no more evidence was necessary, and immediately determined on a verdict in accordance with the medical evidence, to which they added that deceased had come to his death in a natural way.

paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19070202.2.97

 

A Charge Reduced: George Pecar, the Austrian charged with asaulting Michael Rice, handcart man, so as to cause him actual bodily harm, appeared before the Court to-day in order that he might be liberated on bail until Tuesday, the day fixed for the hearing of the charge. Sub-Inspector Gordon stated that after the medical evidence before the Coroner's inquest into the death of Rice, the police intended to reduce the charge to one of common assault. His Worship said that he would consent to this, but if, in his opinion, the evidence warranted it, a graver charge would be preferred. Bail was then fixed in one surety of £20. Mr. Prendergast appeared for accused.

paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19070202.2.14

 

A RECENT FATALITY.

CHARGE OF ASSAULT DISMISSED.

(Before Messrs L. J. Bagnall and P. Mackay, J.P.'s.)

At the Police Court to-day, George Pecar, an Austrian gum-digger, who was defended by Mr Prendergast, was charged with assaulting Michael Rice on January 23. Chief Detective Marsack conducted the case for the prosecution. Evidence was given by Joseph Gomez, a dark-skinned man, who said that on the evening of the alleged occurrence he saw Rice coming along Albert-street. As he passed a group of Austrians, the accused, who was amongst them, punched Rice, knocking him down. Witness brought Constable Martin, and Rice identified Pecar as the man who had struck him. Cross-examined by Mr Prendergast witness said that when Rice was knocked down, he (Gomez) was about two yards away. There were ten Austrians standing around, and witness was not a bad friend to them.

Dr. Moir, who saw Rice on Saturday, said that he bore marks of a recent assault.

Two other witnesses saw the deceased man Rice talking to some Austrians, but could not identify any of them.

The depositions made by Rice before his death were put in by the police.

The accused in his evidence said he was in Bartulovick's boarding-house all the evening, and was not concerned in the assault in any way.

Mrs Bartulovich also stated that Pecar was inside the house at the time the occurrence took place.

Two other Austrians, who were in the vicinity at the time, swore that Pecar was not the assailant, nor was he among the crowd. Constable Martin, when recalled, stated that the assailant was described as wearing a black suit and hard hat, and, when he entered the house, Pecar was the only man who was so dressed.

The Bench, after a short retirement announced that they could not agree as to the identity of the assailant, and consequently the case would be dismissed.

paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19070205.2.34

  

Plot 62b: Michael Rice (77) 27/1/1907 – Handcart Man – Peritonitis

 

unmarked grave

 

DEATHS

RICE.—On January 27th, 1907, at the Auckland Hospital, Michael Rice, dearly beloved husband of the late Mary Rice, of Black Rock, Ireland: aged 77 years. R.I.P.

The funeral will leave Mr. Little's Marble Arch on Tuesday, 29th January, for Waikumete. 10 a.m. January 27.

paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19070128.2.64

 

strangulation scene

Beaker Throttle. (Animated, see below)

 

Geotagged

Danmark 2008. Silkeborg museum, Jylland. Digital.

 

Taken from Wikipedia:

The Tollund Man is the naturally mummified corpse of a man who lived during the 4th century BCE, during the period characterised in Scandinavia as the Pre-Roman Iron Age. He was found in 1950 buried in a peat bog on the Jutland Peninsula in Denmark, which preserved his body. Such a find is known as a bog body. The man's physical features were so well-preserved that he was mistaken at the time of discovery for a recent murder victim. Twelve years before Tollund Man's discovery, another bog body, Elling Woman, was discovered in the same bog.

 

Discovery

On 6 May 1950, Viggo and Emil Højgaard from the small village of Tollund were cutting peat in the Bjældskovdal peat bog, 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) west of Silkeborg, Denmark. As they worked, one of their wives, who was there helping to load the peat on a carriage, noticed in the peat layer a corpse so fresh that they could only assume that they had discovered a recent murder victim, and after much deliberation among the workers, she notified the police in Silkeborg. The find was reported to the police on Tuesday 8 May 1950, and they were baffled by the body, and in an attempt to identify the time of death, they brought in archaeology professor P. V. Glob. Upon initial examination, Glob suggested that the body was over two thousand years old and most likely the victim of a sacrifice.

 

The Tollund Man lay 50 metres (160 ft) away from firm ground, buried under approximately 2 metres (6.6 ft) of peat, his body arranged in a fetal position. He wore a pointed skin cap made of sheepskin and wool, fastened securely under his chin by a hide thong. There was a smooth hide belt around his waist. Additionally, the corpse had a noose made of plaited animal hide drawn tight around the neck and trailing down his back. Other than these, the body was naked. His hair was cropped so short as to be almost entirely hidden by his cap. There was short stubble (1 mm length) on his chin and upper lip, suggesting that he had not shaved on the day of his death.

 

Scientific examination and conclusion.

Underneath the body was a thin layer of moss. Scientists know that this moss was formed in Danish peat bogs in the early Iron Age, therefore, the body was suspected to have been placed in the bog more than 2,000 years ago during the early Iron Age. Subsequent C14 radiocarbon dating of Tollund Man indicated that he died in approximately 375-210 BCE.[6] The acid in the peat, along with the lack of oxygen underneath the surface, had preserved the soft tissues of his body.

 

Examinations and X-rays showed that the man's head was undamaged, and his heart, lungs and liver were well preserved. The Silkeborg Museum estimated his age as approximately 40 years and height at 1.61 m (5 ft 3 in), relatively short stature even for the time. It is likely that the body had shrunk in the bog.

 

On the initial autopsy report in 1950, doctors concluded that Tollund Man died by hanging rather than strangulation. The rope left visible furrows in the skin beneath his chin and at the sides of his neck. There was no mark, however, at the back of the neck where the knot of the noose would have been located. After a re-examination in 2002, forensic scientists found further evidence to support these initial findings. Although the cervical vertebrae were undamaged (as they often are in hanging victims), radiography showed that the tongue was distended—an indication of death by hanging.

 

The stomach and intestines were examined and tests carried out on their contents. The scientists discovered that the man's last meal had been a kind of porridge made from vegetables and seeds, both cultivated and wild: barley, linseed, gold of pleasure (Camelina sativa), knotweed, bristlegrass, and chamomile.

 

There were no traces of meat in the man's digestive system, and from the stage of digestion it was apparent that the man had lived for 12 to 24 hours after this last meal. In other words, he may not have eaten for up to a day before his death. Although similar vegetable soups were not unusual for people of this time, two interesting things were noted:

 

The soup contained many different kinds of wild and cultivated seeds. Because these seeds were not readily available, it is likely that some of them were gathered deliberately for a special occasion.

The soup was made from seeds only available near the spring where he was found.

 

Tollund Man today.

The body is displayed at the Silkeborg Museum in Denmark, although only the head is original. Because conservation techniques for organic material were insufficiently advanced in the early 1950s for the entire body to be preserved, the forensic examiners suggested the head be severed and the rest of the body remain unpreserved. Subsequently the body desiccated and the tissue disappeared. In 1987, the Silkeborg Museum reconstructed the body using the skeletal remains as a base. As displayed today, the original head is attached to a replica of the body.

 

Both feet and the right thumb, being well-conserved by the peat, were also preserved in formalin for later examination. In 1976, the Danish Police Force made a finger-print analysis, making Tollund Man's thumb print one of the oldest finger-prints on record.

The Postcard

 

A Carbo Colour Series postcard published by Valentine and Sons Ltd. of Dundee and London. They did not produce many Carbo Colour postcards which is hardly surprising, as the print quality and depth of colour is awful.

 

The card was posted in Prestatin, Flintshire on Tuesday the 23rd. June 1964 to:

 

Mr. & Mrs. Dawes,

54, Mossley Avenue,

Parkstone,

Poole,

Dorset.

 

The message on the divided back was as follows:

 

"Spending a holiday

touring N. Wales.

Wrote to you on the

22nd. March, have

not heard from you.

We hope all is well.

Weather very sunny

but the winds are

cold.

Did you visit IOM for

the TT races this year?

Love from

Betty & Charlie".

 

Prestatyn

 

Prestatyn is a seaside town in Denbighshire, Wales. It is located on the Irish Sea coast, to the east of Rhyl. At the 2001 Census, Prestatyn had a population of 18,496, which increased slightly to 18,849 at the 2011 census.

 

History of Prestatyn

 

-- Prehistory

 

The current town location has been occupied since prehistoric times. Prehistoric tools found in the caves of Graig Fawr, in the nearby village of Meliden, have revealed the existence of early human habitation in the area.

 

-- Roman Prestatyn

 

The Roman bathhouse is believed to be part of a fort on the road from Chester to Caernarfon. However, much of "Roman Prestatyn" has been destroyed, as houses have been built over unexcavated land.

 

-- Medieval Prestatyn

 

The name Prestatyn derives from the Old English Prēosta (Priests), and Tūn (Town), and was recorded in the Domesday Book as Prestetone. Although the Domesday Book only extended to demesnes in England, Prestatyn was included since it was at that time under English control.

 

An earth mound, visible in fields to the east of the railway station, beyond Nant Hall, marks the site of the early wooden Prestatyn Castle, probably built by the Norman Robert de Banastre about 1157.

 

The castle was destroyed by the Welsh under Owain Gwynedd in 1167. The Banastre family then moved to Bank Hall in Lancashire.

 

The town appears to have been primarily a fishing village for hundreds of years.

 

The beginning and end of Prestatyn High Street mark the location of two 'maenolau' (or manor houses) called Pendre (translated as "End of" or "Top of Town") and Penisadre ("Lower End of Town").

 

Prestatyn From the 19th. Century to Present

 

The town's population remained at less than 1,000 until the arrival of the railways and the holidaymakers in the 19th. and 20th. centuries.

 

"Sunny Prestatyn" became famous for its beach, clean seas and promenade entertainers, and visiting for a bathe was considered very healthy by city-dwelling Victorians.

 

During the Second World War the holiday camps were used as billets for British soldiers, many of whom were also sent to live with locals.

 

Prestatyn was the home of the first UK Kwik Save supermarket in 1965; the town was also home to the firm's business headquarters. The Kwik Save store was renamed Somerfield following a takeover in 2007, and was finally demolished in 2008 when surrounding land was bought by Tesco.

 

The North Hoyle Offshore Wind Farm was opened in 2003. Situated in Liverpool Bay, 5 miles (8 km) off the coast of Prestatyn, it was the UK's first major offshore wind farm. It has 30 wind turbines with a combined maximum capacity of 60 megawatts - enough to power 40,000 homes.

 

Facilities and Attractions

 

Although Prestatyn remains a resort town and tourist destination, the town is diversifying in response to the decline of the British seaside holiday.

 

The town is at the northern end of the Offa's Dyke Path, although not on Offa's Dyke itself. It also marks the eastern end of the North Wales Path, a long-distance coastal route to Bangor, and the western end of the Clwydian Way.

 

Other attractions include the remains of Roman baths, and the nearby Neolithic mound, the Gop.

 

Many qualification rounds in snooker were once held at Pontin's Holiday Camp in Prestatyn; this included all the major snooker tournaments, and the World Championship. The qualification rounds have since moved to the World Snooker Academy in Sheffield.

 

Nova

 

Previously named the Lido, this leisure and entertainment complex was established in 1923 with an outdoor seawater swimming pool and ballroom. A £4.4 million pound investment in 2015 has seen the re-development of this complex to include a new façade, entrance and reception area as well as a new bar/restaurant, 60-station fitness suite and children's soft play area.

 

The Hillside Garden Shelter

 

When Hillside garden shelter was built in 1929, this was the highest point on the Prestatyn to Gwaenysgor road readily reached by motor transport, and provided a fine view over Prestatyn and the north Welsh coast.

 

Taking full advantage of this viewpoint the shelter was constructed at the expense of a local benefactor, J F King of Stoneby, and presented to the town of Prestatyn on the 6th of December 1929.

 

The structure is an innovative early use of concrete, probably combining pre-cast and cast in-situ elements. The contractors were Whiteley Brothers of Wrexham.

 

Tree-planting work in the vicinity had already commenced in 1924, though most of the work to convert the surrounding quarry-land into a terraced garden took place in the 1930's as unemployment relief.

 

There is a viewing platform in the form of two terraces, the larger upper one concave at the front and the lower one convex. The upper terrace projects to provide a sheltered area to the rear of the lower one for use in inclement weather.

 

The shelter is in five bays between concrete pillars and with large steel windows at each side.

 

Both terraces have at the front a balustrade consisting of square concrete balusters, with a broad concrete rail at top, and divided into bays by concrete piers. For a view of the Garden Shelter, please search for the tag 34PHG79

 

Annual Events Held at Prestatyn

 

-- The Flower Show

 

Prestatyn Flower Show is an annual event held in Prestatyn town centre on the last Friday and Saturday of July.

 

The flower show has traditionally been held within the grounds of Cerrig Llwydion in Prestatyn High Street, which was formerly a vicarage. The event also includes a small display of classic cars and vintage motorcycles on the Saturday.

 

-- The Carnival

 

Prestatyn Carnival is an annual summer event in the town, and features field events, competitions and a procession. Each year, thousands take part in the festivities. The carnival celebrated its diamond jubilee in 2011.

 

The traditional Carnival Parade takes place on the Saturday, and is followed by a Carnival Baby Competition later in the day.

 

In 2008 the carnival became a two-day event, with the Sunday designated "Fun on the Field" day, with many events including a talent show and a dance competition. In 2011 the event reverted to its original one-day format.

 

In 2008, Prestatyn Carnival Association revived the 'Miss Prestatyn' title.

 

-- The Classic Car Show

 

The largest free classic car show in North Wales with over 400 vehicles taking part in 2019. The show is an annual event taking place on the last Bank Holiday Monday in May since 2000.

 

It usually takes place on Ty Nant car park in Prestatyn town centre, but expanded in 2019 to include the majority of the High Street. In 2020, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, there was a virtual show.

 

Cultural References to Prestatyn

 

Philip Larkin wrote a poem entitled 'Sunny Prestatyn'. In it he describes a poster advertising the resort that is progressively defaced by vulgar graffiti.

 

Pontin's Holiday Centre was the location for a 1973 film of the popular British TV series, On the Buses.

 

Roddy Frame and Jeremy Stacey wrote most of Aztec Camera's 1995 album Frestonia during a three-week retreat at the Sands Hotel in Prestatyn. Frame later blamed the overcast and grim weather conditions there for the album's melancholy and gloomy tone.

 

The town also appears in The Royle Family 2009 Christmas special "The Golden Egg Cup", in which the family visits Prestatyn to celebrate Jim and Barb's fiftieth wedding anniversary.

 

Jack the Stripper

 

So what else happened on the day that Betty and Charlie posted the card?

 

Well, on the 23rd. June 1964, Kenneth Archibald was found not guilty of murder in the case of the West London Nude Murders.

 

The Hammersmith nude murders were a series of six murders in West London between 1964 and 1965. The victims, all prostitutes, were found undressed in or near the River Thames, leading the press to nickname the killer 'Jack the Stripper'. Two earlier murders, committed in West London in 1959 and 1963, have also been linked to the same perpetrator.

 

Despite intense media interest and one of the biggest manhunts in Scotland Yard's history, the case is unsolved. All forensic evidence gathered at the time is believed to have been destroyed or lost.

 

The Murder Victims

 

(a) Elizabeth Figg

 

Elizabeth Figg was born on the 24th. March 1938 in Bebington, Cheshire. She died at the age of 21.

 

Elizabeth was found dead at 5:10 am on the 17th. June 1959 by police officers on routine patrol in Duke's Meadows, Chiswick, on the north bank of the River Thames. The park had a reputation as a lovers' lane, and prostitutes were known to take their clients there.

 

Her body was lying in scrubland between Dan Mason Drive and the river's towpath, approximately 200 yards (180 m) west of Barnes Bridge. Her dress was torn at the waist, and opened to reveal her breasts.

 

Figg's underwear and shoes were missing, and no identification or personal possessions were found. A pathologist concluded that death had occurred between midnight and 2:00 a.m. on the 17th. June.

 

Marks around her neck were consistent with strangulation, and the cause of death was determined to be asphyxiation due to manual strangulation.

 

A post-mortem photograph of Figg's face was distributed to the press, and was independently recognised by her roommate and her mother.

 

Extensive searches of the area – including the river bed – failed to find Figg's underwear, black stiletto shoes, or white handbag. A police official theorised that she had been murdered by a client in his car, after removing her shoes and underwear, and that these and her handbag had then remained in the car after the body was disposed of.

 

The proprietor of a pub on the opposite side of the river to where Figg was found said that on the night of the murder, he and his wife had seen a car's headlights as it parked in that area at 12:05 a.m. Shortly after the lights were switched off, they heard a woman's scream.

 

(b) Gwynneth Rees

 

Gwynneth Rees was born in Barry, Wales on the 6th. August 1941. Gwynneth disappeared on the 29th. September 1963.

 

The body of Gwynneth Rees was found on the 8th. November 1963 at the Barnes household refuse disposal site on Townmead Road, Mortlake. She was 22 when she died.

 

The dump was situated 40 yards (37 m) from the Thames towpath, and approximately 1 mile (1.6 km) from Duke's Meadows.

 

Rees was naked except for a single stocking on her right leg, extending no further up than the ankle. She had been decapitated by a shovel which workmen had been using to level the refuse.

 

(c) Hannah Tailford

 

Hannah Tailford was born in Heddon-on-the-Wall, Northumberland on the 19th. August 1933.

 

Hannah was found dead at the age of 30 on the 2nd. February 1964 on the Thames foreshore below Linden House – the clubhouse of the London Corinthian Sailing Club – west of Hammersmith Bridge. She had been strangled, several of her teeth were missing, and her underwear had been stuffed into her mouth.

 

(d) Irene Lockwood

 

Irene Charlotte Lockwood was born on the 29th. September 1938 in Walkeringham, Nottinghamshire.

 

Lockwood was found dead at the age of 25 on the 8th. April 1964 on the foreshore of the Thames at Corney Reach, Chiswick, not far from where Tailford had been found.

 

With the discovery of this third victim, police realised that a serial murderer was at large. Lockwood was pregnant at the time of her death.

 

(e) Helen Barthelemy

 

Helen Catherine Barthelemy was born on the 9th. June 1941 in Ormiston, East Lothian, Scotland.

 

Helen was found dead on the 24th. April 1964 in an alleyway at the rear of 199 Boston Manor Road, Brentford. Her death was due to asphyxiation by strangulation.

 

Helen's death gave investigators their first solid piece of evidence in the case: flecks of paint used in car manufacturing.

 

Police felt that the paint had probably come from the killer's workplace; they therefore focused on tracing it to a business nearby.

 

(f) Mary Fleming

 

Mary Fleming was born on the 16th. September 1933 in

Clydebank, Scotland. She disappeared on the 11th. July 1964.

 

Mary's body was found on the 14th. July 1964 outside 48 Berrymede Road, Chiswick. Her death at the age of 30 was due to asphyxiation by strangulation. Once again, paint spots were found on the body; many neighbours had also heard a car reversing down the street just before the body was discovered.

 

(g) Frances Brown

 

Frances Brown was born on the 3rd. January 1943 in Glasgow, Scotland. She died aged 21 of asphyxiation by strangulation.

 

Brown was last seen alive on the 23rd. October 1964 by a colleague who saw her get into a client's car; on the 25th. November her body was found in a car park on Hornton Street, Kensington.

 

The colleague was able to provide police with an identikit picture and a description of the car, thought to be a grey Ford Zephyr.

 

Frances Brown had testified as a witness for the defence, along with Christine Keeler and Mandy Rice-Davies, at the trial of Stephen Ward in July 1963.

 

(h) Bridget O'Hara

 

Bridget 'Bridie' O'Hara was born on the 2nd. March 1937 in Dublin, Ireland. Bridie disappeared on the 11th. January 1965.

 

She was found dead on the 16th. February 1965 near a storage shed behind the Heron Trading Estate, Acton. She had been asphyxiated, and was 27 at the time of her death.

 

Once again, O'Hara's body turned up flecks of industrial paint which were traced to an electrical transformer near where she was discovered. Her body also showed signs of having been stored in a warm environment. The transformer was a good fit for both the paint and the heating.

 

The Police Investigation

 

Chief Superintendent John Du Rose of Scotland Yard, the detective put in charge of the case, had almost 7,000 suspects interviewed.

 

In the spring of 1965, the investigation into the murders encountered a major breakthrough when a sample of paint which perfectly matched that recovered from several victims' bodies was found beneath a concealed transformer at the rear of a building on the Heron Factory Estate in Acton. This factory estate faced a paint spraying shop.

 

Shortly thereafter, Du Rose held a news conference in which he falsely announced that the police had narrowed the suspect pool down to twenty men and that, by a process of elimination, these suspects were being dropped from the investigation one by one.

 

There were no further known Stripper killings following the initial news conference.

 

After a short time, Du Rose announced that the suspect pool contained only ten members, and then three.

 

According to the writer Anthony Summers, Hannah Tailford and Frances Brown, the Stripper's third and seventh victims, were peripherally connected to the 1963 Profumo affair.

 

Some victims were also known to engage in the underground party scene in addition to appearing in pornographic movies. Several writers have postulated that the victims may have known each other, and that the killer may have been connected to this scene as well.

 

The Murder Suspects

 

(i) Kenneth Archibald

 

On the 27th. April 1964, Kenneth Archibald, a 57-year-old caretaker at the Holland Park Lawn Tennis Club, walked into Notting Hill Police Station and voluntarily confessed to the killing of Irene Lockwood. Archibald was charged with the murder, and stood trial at the Old Bailey in June 1964.

 

When asked to plead, he retracted his confession and pleaded not guilty. There was no other evidence to link him to the crime, and so on 23 June 1964, as noted above, he was found not guilty by a jury and acquitted by the judge.

 

(ii) Mungo Ireland

 

For Chief Superintendent Du Rose, the most likely suspect was a Scottish man called Mungo Ireland, whom Du Rose first identified in a BBC television interview in 1970 as a respectable married man in his forties whom he code-named 'Big John'.

 

Ireland had apparently been identified as a suspect shortly after Bridget O'Hara's murder, when flecks of industrial paint were traced to the Heron Trading Estate, where he had worked as a security guard.

 

Shortly after this connection was made, Ireland committed suicide by carbon monoxide poisoning, leaving a note for his wife that read:

 

'I can't stick it any longer.

To save you and the police

looking for me I'll be in the

garage'.

 

Whilst seen by many as a strong suspect in the killings, recent research suggests that Ireland was in Scotland when O'Hara was murdered, and therefore could not have been the Stripper.

 

(iii) The Boxer Freddie Mills

 

In 2001, reformed gangster Jimmy Tippett Jr. said that, during research for his book about London's gangland, he had uncovered information suggesting that British light heavyweight boxing champion Freddie Mills was responsible for the murders. Tippett said:

 

"I have spoken to famous figures in

the underworld and senior police

officers in Scotland Yard, and I am

convinced Freddie Mills was the killer.

Contrary to his public image, Mills was

a sexually warped sadist who enjoyed

inflicting pain".

 

According to Tippett, Kray-era gangsters, including Charlie Richardson and Frankie Fraser, had long suspected Mills of being the murderer.

 

Mills had previously been linked with the murders by Peter Neale, a freelance journalist from Balham, south London, who told police in July 1972 that he had received information, in confidence, from a serving chief inspector that Mills "killed the nude prostitutes".

 

He also said that:

 

"This was common knowledge in the

West End. Many people would say:

'Oh, Freddie did them in...'"

 

Mills was found shot dead in his car, apparently by suicide, in July 1965.

 

The suggestion that Mills was the Hammersmith nudes murderer originated with gangster Frankie Fraser, who told it to policeman Bob Berry, who told The Sun crime reporter Michael Litchfield.

 

Fraser claimed that the story was confessed by Mills to John Du Rose, and told by Du Rose to him; but when Du Rose published his autobiography which touched on the 'Hammersmith Nude Murders', there was no mention of Freddie Mills with regard to this case. Peter McInnes put the allegations to the investigating officer, who stated that Mills had never been a suspect during the investigation.

 

(iv) A Metropolitan Police Officer

 

David Seabrook, in his book 'Jack of Jumps' (2006), wrote that a former Metropolitan Police detective was a suspect in the opinion of several senior detectives investigating the case.

 

Owen Summers, a journalist for The Sun newspaper, had previously raised suspicion about the unnamed officer's involvement in a series of articles published by the newspaper in 1972, and Daily Mirror journalist Brian McConnell followed a similar line of inquiry in his book 'Found Naked and Dead' in 1974.

 

He was also considered by Dick Kirby, a former Metropolitan Police detective, in his book 'Laid Bare: The Nude Murders and the Hunt for Jack the Stripper' (2016), in which Kirby referred to him only as "the Cop".

 

(v) Tommy Butler

 

In their book 'The Survivor' (2002), Jimmy Evans and Martin Short allege that the culprit was Superintendent Tommy Butler of the Metropolitan Police's Flying Squad. Butler died in 1970.

 

(vi) Harold Jones

 

The Crime & Investigation channel's 'Fred Dinenage: Murder Casebook' put forward the theory that the killer could have been Harold Jones, a convicted murderer from Wales.

 

Jones killed two girls in 1921 in the Welsh town of Abertillery. Because he was 15 at the time, he was not liable for the death penalty, and he received instead a life sentence. He was released 20 years later for exemplary behaviour.

 

In 1941, at the age of 35, after being released from Wandsworth prison, he is believed to have returned to Abertillery, and visited the graves of his early victims.

 

By 1947, Jones was living in Fulham, London. All the Stripper murders had similar features to his early murders: no sexual assault, but extreme violence was inflicted on the victims. Due to poor record-keeping, he was never considered as a possible suspect by the police.

 

The writer Neil Milkins, in 'Who was Jack the Stripper?' (2011), also concluded that Jones was the perpetrator. While researching Jones for his book 'Every Mother's Nightmare', Milkins had traced the murderer's movements:

 

"He turned up in Fulham in the

late 1940's calling himself Harry

Stevens, and stayed at that address

in Hestercombe Avenue until 1962,

at which point he disappeared again.

I came across the Jack the Stripper

case on the internet, and realised

that in the same three years Jones'

whereabouts remained unknown -

1962 to 1965 - a number of prostitutes

had been murdered in the same west

London area."

 

Jones died in Hammersmith in 1971.

 

The Murders in Fiction

 

The crime novel 'Goodbye Piccadilly, Farewell Leicester Square' (1969), written by Arthur La Bern, is loosely based on the case. The book was adapted for the Alfred Hitchcock movie 'Frenzy' (1972).

 

The case also inspired 'The Fiend' (1972), in which a misogynistic serial killer leaves his naked victims across London.

 

The crime novel 'Bad Penny Blues' (2009) by Cathi Unsworth is closely based on the case.

The Postcard

 

A postcard published by DLG that has a divided back.

 

The card was posted in Amiens on Monday the 19th. April 1909 to:

 

Monsieur Georges Lee,

Ouvrier Marechal,

Chez M. Coengnet,

Rue Victor Hugo,

Boves,

Somme.

 

Jim 'Killer' Miller

 

So what else happened on the day that the card was posted?

 

Well, on the 19th. April 1909, Jim Miller escaped from prison.

 

Jim "Killer" Miller had been a terror in the southwestern United States for 25 years.

 

After Miller murdered former U.S. Marshal Gus Bobbitt in 1908, he and the three men who hired him were caught in March 1909, and placed in the Pontotoc County Jail in Ada, Oklahoma, to await trial.

 

At 2:00 a.m. on the 19th. April, the electric power to the jail was cut and more than 100 men broke in, overpowered the guards, and took the four men to a nearby livery stable.

 

Miller, along with Jess West, Joe Allen and B.B. Burwell, were hanged by their vigilante executioners.

 

William Howard Taft

 

Also on that day, William Howard Taft became the first U.S. President to attend a major league baseball game He joined Vice-President Sherman in watching the Washington Senators host the Boston Red Sox.

 

Boston won 8–4.

 

Hanging as a Means of Execution

 

The Short Drop

 

The short drop is a method of hanging in which the condemned prisoner stands on a raised support such as a stool, ladder, cart, or other vehicle, with the noose around the neck. The support is then moved away, leaving the person dangling from the rope.

 

Suspended by the neck, the weight of the body tightens the noose around the neck, effecting strangulation and death. This typically takes 10–20 minutes. This means that the prisoner can be revived before death and hung again, perhaps multiple times.

 

Before 1850, the short drop was the standard method of hanging, and it is still common in suicides and extrajudicial hangings (such as lynchings and summary executions) which do not benefit from the specialised equipment and drop-length calculation tables used in the newer methods.

 

The Pole Method

 

A short drop variant is the Austro-Hungarian "pole" method, in which the following steps take place:

 

-- The condemned is made to stand before a specialized vertical pole or pillar, approximately 3 metres (9.8 ft) in height.

-- A rope is attached around the condemned's feet and routed through a pulley at the base of the pole.

-- The condemned is hoisted to the top of the pole by means of a sling running across the chest and under the armpits.

-- A narrow-diameter noose is looped around the prisoner's neck, then secured to a hook mounted at the top of the pole.

-- The chest sling is released, and the prisoner is rapidly jerked downward by the assistant executioners via the foot rope.

-- The executioner stands on a stepped platform approximately 1.2 metres (3.9 ft) high beside the condemned, and guides the head downward with his hand simultaneous to the efforts of his assistants. In some countries the executioner would then manually dislocate the condemned's neck.

 

This method was later also adopted by the successor states, most notably by Czechoslovakia, where the pole method was used as the only type of execution from 1918 until the abolition of capital punishment in 1990.

 

Nazi war criminal Karl Hermann Frank, executed in 1946 in Prague, was among approximately 1,000 condemned people executed in this manner in Czechoslovakia.

 

The Standard Drop

 

The standard drop involves a drop of between 4 and 6 feet (1.2 and 1.8 m) and came into use from 1866, when the scientific details were published by Irish doctor Samuel Haughton. Its use rapidly spread to English-speaking countries and those with judicial systems of English origin.

 

It was considered a humane improvement on the short drop, because it was intended to be enough to break the person's neck, causing immediate unconsciousness and rapid brain death.

 

This method was used to execute condemned Nazis under United States jurisdiction after the Nuremberg Trials including Joachim von Ribbentrop and Ernst Kaltenbrunner. In the execution of Ribbentrop, historian Giles MacDonogh records that:

 

"The hangman botched the execution and the

rope throttled the former foreign minister for

20 minutes before he expired."

 

A Life magazine report on the execution merely says:

 

"The trap fell open and with a sound midway

between a rumble and a crash, Ribbentrop

disappeared. The rope quivered for a time,

then stood tautly straight."

 

The Long Drop

 

This process, also known as the measured drop, was introduced to Great Britain in 1872 by William Marwood as a scientific advance on the standard drop.

 

Instead of everyone falling the same standard distance, the person's height and weight were used to determine how much slack would be provided in the rope so that the distance dropped would be enough to ensure that the neck was broken, but not so much that the person was decapitated.

 

The careful placement of the knot of the noose (so that the head was jerked back as the rope tightened) contributed to breaking the neck.

 

Prior to 1892, the drop was between four and ten feet (about one to three metres), depending on the weight of the body, and was calculated to deliver an energy of 1,260 foot-pounds force (1,710 J), which fractured the neck at either the 2nd. and 3rd. or 4th. and 5th. cervical vertebrae.

 

This force resulted in some decapitations, such as the infamous case of Black Jack Ketchum in New Mexico Territory in 1901, owing to a significant weight gain while in custody not having been factored into the drop calculations.

 

Between 1892 and 1913, the length of the drop was shortened to avoid decapitation. After 1913, other factors were also taken into account, and the energy delivered was reduced to about 1,000 foot-pounds force (1,400 J).

 

The decapitation of Eva Dugan during a botched hanging in 1930 led the state of Arizona to switch to the gas chamber as its primary execution method, on the grounds that it was believed more humane.

 

One of the more recent decapitations as a result of the long drop occurred when Barzan Ibrahim al-Tikriti was hanged in Iraq in 2007. Accidental decapitation also occurred during the 1962 hanging of Arthur Lucas, one of the last two people to be put to death in Canada.

 

Nazis executed under British jurisdiction, including Josef Kramer, Fritz Klein, Irma Grese and Elisabeth Volkenrath, were hanged by Albert Pierrepoint using the variable-drop method devised by Marwood. The record speed for a British long-drop hanging was seven seconds from the executioner entering the cell to the drop. Speed was considered to be important in the British system as it reduced the condemned's mental distress.

 

Suicide by Hanging

 

Hanging is a common suicide method. The materials necessary for suicide by hanging are readily available to the average person, compared to firearms or poisons. Full suspension is not required, and for this reason, hanging is especially commonplace among suicidal prisoners.

 

A type of hanging comparable to full suspension hanging may be obtained by self-strangulation using a ligature around the neck and the partial weight of the body to tighten the ligature. When a suicidal hanging involves partial suspension the deceased is found to have both feet touching the ground, e.g., they are kneeling, crouching or standing.

 

Partial suspension is sometimes used, particularly in prisons, mental hospitals or other institutions, where full suspension support is difficult to devise, because high ligature points (e.g., hooks or pipes) have been removed.

 

In Canada, hanging is the most common method of suicide, and in the U.S., hanging is the second most common method, after self-inflicted gunshot wounds. In the United Kingdom, where firearms are less easily available, in 2001 hanging was the most common method among men, and the second most commonplace among women (after poisoning).

 

Those who survive a suicide-via-hanging, whether due to breakage of the cord, or being discovered and cut down, face a range of serious injuries, including cerebral anoxia (which can lead to permanent brain damage), laryngeal fracture, cervical spine fracture (which may cause paralysis), tracheal fracture, pharyngeal laceration, and carotid artery injury.

 

Hanging Practices Across the Globe

 

Hanging has been a method of capital punishment in many countries, and is still used by many countries to this day. Long drop hanging is mainly used by former British colonies, while short-drop and suspension hanging is common in Iran.

 

-- Afghanistan

 

Hanging is the most-used form of capital punishment in Afghanistan.

 

-- Australia

 

Capital punishment was a part of the legal system of Australia from the establishment of New South Wales as a British penal colony, until 1985, by which time all Australian states and territories had abolished the death penalty. In practice, the last execution in Australia was the hanging of Ronald Ryan on the 3rd. February 1967, in Victoria.

 

During the 19th. century, crimes that could carry a death sentence included burglary, sheep theft, forgery, sexual assaults, murder and manslaughter. During the 19th. century, roughly eighty people were hanged every year throughout the Australian colonies for these crimes.

 

-- Bangladesh

 

Hanging is the only method of execution in Bangladesh, ever since its independence.

 

-- Brazil

 

Death by hanging was the customary method of capital punishment in Brazil throughout its history. Some important national heroes like Tiradentes (1792) were killed by hanging.

 

The last man to be executed in Brazil was the slave Francisco, in 1876. The death penalty was abolished for all crimes, except for those committed under extraordinary circumstances such as war or military law, in 1890.

 

-- Bulgaria

 

Bulgaria's national hero, Vasil Levski, was executed by hanging by the Ottoman court in Sofia in 1873. Every year since Bulgaria's liberation, thousands come with flowers on the date of his death, 19th. February, to his monument where the gallows stood. The last execution was in 1989, and the death penalty was abolished for all crimes in 1998.

 

-- Canada

 

Historically, hanging was the only method of execution used in Canada, and was in use as possible punishment for all murders until 1961, when murders were re-classified into capital and non-capital offences.

 

The death penalty was restricted to apply only for certain offences under the National Defence Act in 1976, and was completely abolished in 1998. The last hangings in Canada took place on the 11th. December 1962.

 

-- Egypt

 

In 1955, Egypt hanged three Israelis on charges of spying. In 1982 Egypt hanged three civilians convicted of the assassination of Anwar Sadat.

 

In 2004, Egypt hanged five militants on charges of trying to kill the Prime Minister. To this day, hanging remains the standard method of capital punishment in Egypt, which executes more people each year than any other African country.

 

-- Germany

 

In the territories occupied by Nazi Germany from 1939 to 1945, strangulation hanging was a preferred means of public execution, although more criminal executions were performed by guillotine than hanging.

 

The most commonly sentenced were partisans and black marketeers, whose bodies were usually left hanging for long periods. There are also numerous reports of concentration camp inmates being hanged.

 

Hanging was continued in post-war Germany in the British and US Occupation Zones under their jurisdiction, and for Nazi war criminals, until well after (western) Germany had abolished the death penalty. The last execution ordered by a West German court was carried out by guillotine in Moabit prison in 1949.

 

The last hanging in Germany was of several war criminals in Landsberg am Lech on the 7th. June 1951. The last known execution in East Germany was in 1981 by a pistol shot to the neck.

 

-- Hungary

 

During the 1956 Revolution, the prime minister of Hungary, Imre Nagy, was secretly tried, executed by hanging, and buried unceremoniously by the new Soviet-backed Hungarian government. Nagy was later publicly exonerated by Hungary.

 

Capital punishment was abolished for all crimes in 1990.

 

-- India

 

All executions in India since independence have been carried out by hanging, although the law provides for military executions to be carried out by firing squad.

 

In 1949, Nathuram Godse, who had been sentenced to death for the assassination of Mahatma Gandhi, was the first person to be executed by hanging in independent India.

 

The Supreme Court of India has suggested that capital punishment should be given only in the "rarest of rare cases".

 

Since 2001, eight people have been executed in India. Dhananjoy Chatterjee, the 1991 rapist and murderer was executed on the 14th. August 2004 in Alipore Jail, Kolkata.

 

Ajmal Kasab, the lone surviving terrorist of the 2008 Mumbai attacks was executed on the 21st. November 2012 in Yerwada Central Jail, Pune. The Supreme Court of India had previously rejected his mercy plea, which was then rejected by the President of India. He was hanged one week later.

 

Afzal Guru, a terrorist found guilty of conspiracy in the December 2001 attack on the Indian Parliament, was executed by hanging in Tihar Jail, Delhi on the 9th. February 2013.

 

Yakub Memon was convicted over his involvement in the 1993 Bombay bombings on the 27th. July 2007. His appeals and petitions for clemency were all rejected, and he was finally executed by hanging on 30 July 2015 in Nagpur jail. In March 2020, four prisoners convicted of rape and murder were executed by hanging in Tihar Jail.

 

-- Iran

 

Death by hanging is the primary means of capital punishment in Iran, which carries out one of the highest numbers of annual executions in the world. The method used is the short drop, which does not break the neck of the condemned, but rather causes a slower death due to strangulation.

 

Hanging is legally approved for murder, rape, and drug trafficking unless the criminal pays diyya to the victim's family, thus attaining their forgiveness.

 

If the presiding judge deems the case to be causing public outrage, he can order the hanging to take place in public at the spot where the crime was committed, typically from a mobile telescoping crane which hoists the condemned high into the air.

 

On the 19th. July 2005, two boys, Mahmoud Asgari and Ayaz Marhoni, aged 15 and 17 respectively, who had been convicted of the rape of a 13-year-old boy, were hanged at Edalat (Justice) Square in Mashhad, on charges of homosexuality and rape.

 

On the 15th. August 2004, a 16-year-old girl, Atefeh Sahaaleh was executed for having committed "acts incompatible with chastity".

 

At dawn on the 27th. July 2008, the Iranian government executed 29 people at Evin Prison in Tehran.

 

On the 2nd. December 2008, an unnamed man was hanged for murder at Kazeroun Prison, just moments after he was pardoned by the murder victim's family. He was quickly cut down and rushed to a hospital, where he was successfully revived.

 

The conviction and hanging of Reyhaneh Jabbari caused international uproar as she was sentenced to death in 2009 and hanged on the 25th. October 2014 for murdering a former intelligence officer; according to Jabbari's testimony she stabbed him during an attempt at rape and then another person killed him.

 

-- Iraq

 

Hanging was used under the regime of Saddam Hussein, but was suspended along with capital punishment on the 10th. June 2003, when a coalition led by the United States invaded and overthrew the previous regime. The death penalty was reinstated on the 8th. August 2004.

 

In September 2005, three murderers were the first people to be executed since the restoration. Then on the 9th. March 2006, the Supreme Judicial Council confirmed that the first insurgents had been executed by hanging.

 

Saddam Hussein was sentenced to death by hanging for crimes against humanity, and was executed on the 30th. December 2006 at approximately 6:00 a.m. local time. During the drop, there was an audible crack, indicating that his neck was broken, a successful example of a long-drop hanging.

 

Barzan Ibrahim, the head of the Mukhabarat, Saddam's security agency, and Awad Hamed al-Bandar, former chief judge, were executed on the 15th. January 2007, also by the long-drop method, but Barzan was decapitated by the rope at the end of his fall.

 

Former vice-president Taha Yassin Ramadan had been sentenced to life in prison, but the sentence was changed to death by hanging on the 20th. March 2007. He was the fourth and final man to be executed for the 1982 crimes against humanity. The execution went smoothly.

 

It is alleged that Iraq's government keeps the execution rate secret, and that hundreds may be carried out every year. In 2007, Amnesty International stated that 900 people were at "imminent risk" of execution in Iraq.

 

-- Israel

 

Although Israel has legal provisions for the death penalty for extraordinary crimes, it has been used only twice, and only one of those executions was by hanging. On the 31st. May 1962, Nazi leader Adolf Eichmann was executed by hanging.

 

-- Japan

 

All executions in Japan are carried out by long drop hanging.

 

On the 23rd. December 1948, seven men were hanged at Sugamo Prison by the U.S. occupation authorities in Allied-occupied Japan for war crimes during the Asian-Pacific theatre of World War II.

 

On 27 February 2004, the mastermind of the Sarin gas attack on the Tokyo subway, Shoko Asahara, was found guilty, and sentenced to death by hanging. In 2018 Asahara and several of his cult members were hanged for committing the 1995 sarin gas attack.

 

On the 25th. December 2006, serial killer Hiroaki Hidaka and three others were hanged in Japan.

 

-- Jordan

 

Death by hanging is the traditional method of capital punishment in Jordan. On the 14th. August 1993, Jordan hanged two Jordanians convicted of spying for Israel.

 

Sajida al-Rishawi, "The 4th Bomber" of the 2005 Amman bombings, was executed by hanging alongside Ziad al-Karbouly on the 4th. February 2015 in retribution for the immolation of Jordanian pilot Muath Al-Kasasbeh.

 

-- Lebanon

 

Lebanon hanged two men in 1998 for murdering a man and his sister. However, capital punishment was altogether suspended in Lebanon, as a result of staunch opposition by activists and some political factions.

 

-- Liberia

 

On the 16th. February 1979, seven men convicted of the ritual killing of the popular singer Moses Tweh, were publicly hanged at dawn in Harper.

 

-- Malaysia

 

Hanging is the traditional method of capital punishment in Malaysia, and has been used to execute people convicted of murder and drug trafficking. The Barlow and Chambers execution was carried out as a result of new tighter drug regulations.

 

-- Portugal

 

The last person executed by hanging in Portugal was Francisco Matos Lobos on the 16th. April 1842. Before that, it had been a common death penalty.

 

-- Pakistan

 

In Pakistan, hanging is the most common form of execution.

 

-- Russia

 

Hanging was commonly practised in the Russian Empire during the rule of the Romanov Dynasty as an alternative to impalement, which was used in the 15th. and 16th. centuries.

 

Hanging was abolished in 1868 by Alexander II, but was restored by the time of his death, and his assassins were hanged. While those sentenced to death for murder were usually pardoned and sentences commuted to life imprisonment, those guilty of high treason were usually executed.

 

This also included the Grand Duchy of Finland and the Kingdom of Poland under the Russian crown. Taavetti Lukkarinen became the last Finn to be executed this way. He was hanged for espionage and high treason in 1916.

 

The hanging was usually performed by short drop in public. The gallows were usually either a stout nearby tree branch, as in the case of Lukkarinen, or a makeshift gallows constructed for the purpose.

 

After the October Revolution in 1917, capital punishment was, on paper, abolished, but continued to be used unabated against people perceived to be enemies of the regime. Under the Bolsheviks, most executions were performed by shooting, either by firing squad or by a single firearm.

 

In 1943, hanging was restored primarily for German servicemen and native collaborators for atrocities committed against Soviet POWs and civilians. The last to be hanged were Andrey Vlasov and his companions in 1946.

 

-- Singapore

 

In Singapore, long-drop hanging is currently used as a mandatory punishment for crimes such as drug trafficking, murder and some types of kidnapping. It has also been used for punishing those convicted of unauthorised discharging of firearms.

 

-- Sri Lanka

 

Hanging was abolished in Sri Lanka in 1956, but in 1959 it was brought back and later halted in 1978. In 1975, the day before the execution of Maru Sira, he had been overdosed by the prison guards to prevent him from escaping.

 

On the day of his execution he was unconscious, so when he was brought to the gallows, he was slumped over on the trapdoor with a noose around his neck, and when the executioner pulled the lever, his execution was botched and he strangled.

 

-- Syria

 

Syria has publicly hanged people, such as two Jews in 1952, Israeli spy Eli Cohen in 1965, and a number of Jews accused of spying in 1969.

 

According to a 19th.-century report, members of the Alawite sect in Syria had a particular aversion towards being hanged, and the family of the condemned was willing to pay "considerable sums" to ensure its relatives were impaled, rather than hanged.

 

This attitude was based upon the belief that the soul ought to leave the body through the mouth, rather than leave it in any other fashion.

 

-- The United Kingdom

 

As a form of judicial execution in England, hanging is thought to date from the Anglo-Saxon period. Records of the names of British hangmen begin with Thomas de Warblynton in the 1360's and continue on to the last hangmen, Robert Leslie Stewart and Harry Allen, who conducted the last British executions in 1964.

 

Until 1868, hangings were performed in public. In London, the traditional site was at Tyburn, a settlement west of the City on the main road to Oxford, which was used on eight hanging days a year, though before 1865, executions had been conducted on the street outside Newgate Prison, Old Bailey, now the site of the Central Criminal Court.

 

Three British subjects were hanged after World War II, having been convicted of helping Nazi Germany in its war against Great Britain.

 

John Amery, the son of prominent British politician Leo Amery, became an expatriate in the 1930's, moving to France. He became involved in pre-war fascist politics, remained in what became Vichy France following France's defeat by Germany in 1940, and eventually went to Germany and later the German puppet state in Italy headed by Benito Mussolini.

 

Captured by Italian partisans at the end of the war and handed over to British authorities, Amery was accused of having made propaganda broadcasts for the Nazis, and of having attempted to recruit British prisoners of war for a Waffen SS regiment later known as the British Free Corps.

 

Amery pleaded guilty to treason charges on the 28th. November 1945, and was hanged at Wandsworth Prison on the 19th. December 1945.

 

William Joyce, an American-born Irishman who had lived in Great Britain and possessed a British passport, had been involved in pre-war fascist politics in the UK, fled to Nazi Germany just before the war and became a naturalised German citizen.

 

Joyce made propaganda broadcasts for the Nazis, becoming infamous under the nickname Lord Haw Haw. Captured by British forces in May 1945, he was tried for treason later that year. Although Joyce's defence argued that he was by birth American, and thus not subject to being tried for treason, the prosecution successfully argued that Joyce's pre-war British passport meant that he was a subject of the British Crown, and he was convicted.

 

After his appeals failed, he was hanged at Wandsworth Prison on the 3rd. January 1946.

 

Theodore Schurch was a British soldier captured by the Nazis who then began working for the Italian and German intelligence services by acting as a spy and informer when he was placed among other British prisoners. Schurch was arrested in Rome in March 1945 and tried under the Treachery Act 1940. After his conviction, he was hanged at HM Prison Pentonville on the 4th. January 1946.

 

The Homicide Act 1957 created the new offence of capital murder, punishable by death, with all other murders being punishable by life imprisonment.

 

In 1965, Parliament passed the Murder (Abolition of Death Penalty) Act, temporarily abolishing capital punishment for murder for five years. The Act was renewed in 1969, making the abolition permanent.

 

Following the complete abolition of the death penalty, the gallows were removed from Wandsworth Prison, where they remained in full working order until that year.

 

The last woman to be hanged in the UK was Ruth Ellis on the 13th. July 1955, by Albert Pierrepoint who was a prominent hangman in the 20th. century in England.

 

The last hanging in Great Britain took place in 1964, when Peter Anthony Allen, at Walton Prison in Liverpool, and Gwynne Owen Evans, at Strangeways Prison in Manchester were executed for the murder of John Alan West.

 

Hanging was also the method used in many British colonies and overseas territories. During Queen Elizabeth I's reign, the following was written concerning those who stole a ship from the Royal Navy:

 

"If anye one practysed to steale awaye anye of

her Majesty's shippes, the captaine was to cause

him to be hanged by the heels untill his braines

were beaten out against the shippe's sides, and

then to be cutt down and lett fall intoe the sea."

 

-- The United States

 

The hangman's noose was one of the various punishments the Puritans of the Massachusetts Bay Colony applied to enforce religious and intellectual conformity on the whole community. The best known hanging carried out by the Puritans was of Mary Dyer; she was one of the four executed Quakers known as the Boston martyrs.

 

Capital punishment in the U.S. varies from state to state; it is outlawed in some states but used in most others. However, the death penalty under federal law is applicable in every state. Hanging is no longer used as a method of execution.

 

When Black pastor Denmark Vesey of the Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church was suspected of plotting to launch a slave rebellion in Charleston, South Carolina in 1822, 35 people, including Vesey, were judged guilty by a city-appointed court and were subsequently hanged, and the church was burned down.

 

The largest mass execution in the United States, of 38 Sioux Indians sentenced to death after being charged of massacring white settlers, was carried out by hanging in Mankato, Minnesota in 1862.

 

Originally, 303 had been sentenced to hang, but the convictions were reviewed by President Abraham Lincoln and the sentences of all but 38 were commuted.

 

A total of 40 suspected Unionists were hanged in Gainesville, Texas in October 1862.

 

On the 7th. July 1865, four people involved in the assassination of President Abraham Lincoln—Mary Surratt, Lewis Powell, David Herold, and George Atzerodt—were hanged at Fort McNair in Washington, D.C.

 

Hanging was a popular method of lynching, for example the 1920 Duluth, Minnesota lynchings. The hangings became public spectacles for the white community to celebrate what they regarded as white supremacy.

 

While rope was most commonly used for hanging, chains had also been used (mainly during the colonial era), the first being a slave after the New York Slave Revolt of 1712. The last hanging in chains was in 1913, of John Marshall in West Virginia for murder.

 

The last public hanging in the United States (not including lynching, one of the last of which was Michael Donald in 1981) took place on the 14th. August 1936, in Owensboro, Kentucky.

 

Rainey Bethea was executed for the rape and murder of 70-year-old Lischa Edwards. The execution was presided over by the first female sheriff in Kentucky, Florence Shoemaker Thompson.

 

In California, Clinton Duffy, who served as warden of San Quentin State Prison between 1940 and 1952, presided over ninety executions. He began to oppose the death penalty, and after his retirement, wrote a memoir entitled 'Eighty-Eight Men and Two Women' in support of the movement to abolish the death penalty.

 

The book documents several hangings gone wrong, and describes how they led his predecessor, Warden James B. Holohan, to persuade the California Legislature to replace hanging with the gas chamber in 1937.

 

Various methods of capital punishment have been replaced by lethal injection in most states. Many states that offered hanging as an option have since eliminated the method.

 

Condemned murderer Victor Feguer became the last inmate to be executed by hanging in the state of Iowa on the 15th. March 1963. Hanging was the preferred method of execution for capital murder cases in Iowa until 1965, when the death penalty was abolished and replaced with life imprisonment without parole.

 

Barton Kay Kirkham was the last person to be hanged in Utah, preferring it over execution by firing squad. No subsequent inmate in Utah had been hanged by the time the option was replaced with lethal injection in 1980.

 

Laws in Delaware were changed in 1986 to specify lethal injection, except for those convicted before 1986 (who were still allowed to choose hanging). If a choice was not made, or the convict refused to choose injection, then hanging would become the default method. This was the case in the 1996 execution of Billy Bailey, the most recent hanging in American history; since then, no Delaware prisoner fit the category, and the state's gallows were later dismantled.

 

The "Upright Jerker" is a method of hanging that originated in the United States in the late 19th. century, where the person to be hanged is jerked into the air by weights and pulleys. However it proved to be ineffective at breaking the neck of the condemned, and use of the method ceased in late 1930's.

*one of several illustrations to a possible book in the making titled: "the legends from my own notes on true events of their lives taken in the 80th; later abandoned.

from "the legends of Augusta la Torre Carrasco"; Augusta Torre, writer, feminist and co-founder of the "Shining Path" was the woman behind Prof. Abimael Guzman, professor, writer lecturer whom she married in 1964 and with whom she created the "bandera roja" movement in Peru, but spreading violent overthrow of various other Latin Ameican countries; it is said that they were responsible for the death of some twenty five thousand civilians; men and woman.

In spite of their brutality they attracted many thousands of followers; many of whom were woman because of Augusta's feminist liberation ideas that appealed to so many abused and impoverished woman. Many songs and poems were written about her.

It is said that she was the true leader and Abimael Guzman was her creation, even thou they were inseparable in song and prose, Abimael took on a lover the "feminist" leader of a oppositon group, the writer, Elena Iparraguire; on a sunday morning in 1989, the two rivals had a confrontation at La Cascada Inn, resulting in the strangulation of Augusta. Abimael was at first suspected in complicity of his wife's murder, but both were later aquited due to lack of "evidence" Both were later married in a prison ceremony. I have read much of their exploits and listened to all the ballads and cumbias written about them.

In the illustration above I depict Abimael and Elena Iparraguire in their secret hideaway deep in the jungles of the Amazon,

 

p.s. on a note of interest, recently John Malkovich joined forces with William Shakespeare to create a "semi-documentary film based on the exploits of the above characters /loosely/ to create the film titled: "the dancer upstairs" with actors Javier Bardem and Laura Morante.

 

old charcoal drawing

The tiger (Panthera tigris) is the largest living cat species and a member of the genus Panthera. It is most recognisable for its black stripes on orange fur with a white underside. An apex predator, it primarily preys on ungulates, such as deer and wild boar. It is territorial and generally a solitary but social predator, requiring large contiguous areas of habitat to support its requirements for prey and rearing of its offspring. Tiger cubs stay with their mother for about two years and then become independent, leaving their mother's home range to establish their own.

 

The tiger was first scientifically described in 1758. It once ranged widely from the Eastern Anatolia Region in the west to the Amur River basin in the east, and in the south from the foothills of the Himalayas to Bali in the Sunda Islands. Since the early 20th century, tiger populations have lost at least 93% of their historic range and have been extirpated from Western and Central Asia, the islands of Java and Bali, and in large areas of Southeast and South Asia and China. What remains of the range where tigers still roam free is fragmented, stretching in spots from Siberian temperate forests to subtropical and tropical forests on the Indian subcontinent, Indochina and a single Indonesian island, Sumatra.

 

The tiger is listed as Endangered on the IUCN Red List. India hosts the largest tiger population. Major reasons for population decline are habitat destruction, habitat fragmentation and poaching. Tigers are also victims of human–wildlife conflict, due to encroachment in countries with a high human population density.

 

The tiger is among the most recognisable and popular of the world's charismatic megafauna. It featured prominently in the ancient mythology and folklore of cultures throughout its historic range and continues to be depicted in modern films and literature, appearing on many flags, coats of arms and as mascots for sporting teams. The tiger is the national animal of India, Bangladesh, Malaysia and South Korea.

 

Etymology

The Middle English tigre and Old English tigras derive from Old French tigre, from Latin tigris. This was a borrowing of Classical Greek τίγρις 'tigris', a foreign borrowing of unknown origin meaning 'tiger' and the river Tigris. The generic name Panthera is derived from the Latin word panthera and the Ancient Greek word πάνθηρ pánthēr.

 

Taxonomy

In 1758, Carl Linnaeus described the tiger in his work Systema Naturae and gave it the scientific name Felis tigris. In 1929, the British taxonomist Reginald Innes Pocock subordinated the species under the genus Panthera using the scientific name Panthera tigris.

 

Subspecies

Following Linnaeus's first descriptions of the species, several tiger zoological specimens were described and proposed as subspecies. The validity of several tiger subspecies was questioned in 1999. Most putative subspecies described in the 19th and 20th centuries were distinguished on the basis of fur length and colouration, striping patterns and body size, hence characteristics that vary widely within populations. Morphologically, tigers from different regions vary little, and gene flow between populations in those regions is considered to have been possible during the Pleistocene. Therefore, it was proposed to recognize only two tiger subspecies as valid, namely P. t. tigris in mainland Asia, and P. t. sondaica in the Greater Sunda Islands. Mainland tigers are described as being larger in size with generally lighter fur and fewer stripes, while island tigers are smaller due to insular dwarfism, with darker coats and more numerous stripes. The stripes of island tigers may break up into spotted patterns.

 

This two-subspecies proposal was reaffirmed in 2015 by a comprehensive analysis of morphological, ecological and molecular traits of all putative tiger subspecies using a combined approach. The authors proposed recognition of only two subspecies, namely P. t. tigris comprising the Bengal, Malayan, Indochinese, South Chinese, Siberian and Caspian tiger populations of continental Asia, and P. t. sondaica comprising the Javan, Bali and Sumatran tiger populations of the Sunda Islands. The continental nominate subspecies P. t. tigris constitutes two clades: a northern clade composed of the Siberian and Caspian tiger populations, and a southern clade composed of all other mainland populations. The authors noted that this two-subspecies reclassification will impact tiger conservation management. It would make captive breeding programs and future re-wilding of zoo-born tigers easier, as one tiger population could then be used to reinforce another. However, there is the risk that the loss of subspecies uniqueness could lead to less protection efforts for specific populations.

 

In 2017, the Cat Classification Task Force of the IUCN Cat Specialist Group revised felid taxonomy in accordance with the two-subspecies proposal of the comprehensive 2015 study, and recognized the tiger populations in continental Asia as P. t. tigris, and those in the Sunda Islands as P. t. sondaica. This two-subspecies view is still disputed by researchers, since the currently recognized six living subspecies can be distinguished genetically. Results of a 2018 whole-genome sequencing of 32 samples support six monophyletic tiger clades corresponding with the six living subspecies and indicate they descended from a common ancestor around 110,000 years ago.[14] Studies in 2021 and 2023 also affirmed the genetic distinctiveness and separation of these tigers.

 

The tiger's closest living relatives were previously thought to be the Panthera species lion, leopard and jaguar. Results of genetic analysis indicate that about 2.88 million years ago, the tiger and the snow leopard lineages diverged from the other Panthera species, and that both may be more closely related to each other than to the lion, leopard and jaguar.

 

The fossil species Panthera palaeosinensis of early Pleistocene northern China was described as a possible tiger ancestor when it was discovered in 1924, but modern cladistics place it as basal to modern Panthera.Panthera zdanskyi, which lived around the same time and place, was suggested to be a sister taxon of the modern tiger when it was examined in 2014. However, as of 2023, at least two recent studies considered P. zdanskyi likely to be a synonym of P. palaeosinensis, noting that its proposed differences from that species fell within the range of individual variation. The earliest appearance of the modern tiger species in the fossil record are jaw fragments from Lantion in China that are dated to the early Pleistocene. Middle to late Pleistocene tiger fossils were found throughout China, Sumatra and Java. Prehistoric subspecies include Panthera tigris trinilensis and P. t. soloensis of Java and Sumatra, and P. t. acutidens of China; late Pleistocene and early Holocene fossils of tigers were also found in Borneo and Palawan, Philippines.

 

Results of a phylogeographic study indicate that all living tigers had a common ancestor 108,000 to 72,000 years ago.[27] A 2022 paleogenomic study of a Pleistocene tiger basal to living tigers concluded that modern tiger populations spread across Asia no earlier than 94,000 years ago. There is evidence of interbreeding between the lineage of modern mainland tigers and these ancient tigers. The potential tiger range during the late Pleistocene and Holocene was predicted applying ecological niche modelling based on more than 500 tiger locality records combined with bioclimatic data. The resulting model shows a contiguous tiger range at the Last Glacial Maximum, indicating gene flow between tiger populations in mainland Asia. The tiger populations on the Sunda Islands and mainland Asia were possibly separated during interglacial periods.

 

The tiger's full genome sequence was published in 2013. It was found to have repeat compositions much as other cat genomes and "an appreciably conserved synteny".

 

Hybrids

Captive tigers were bred with lions to create hybrids called liger and tigon. The former born to a female tiger and male lion and the latter the result of a male tiger and female lion. They share physical and behavioural qualities of both parent species. Because the lion sire passes on a growth-promoting gene, but the corresponding growth-inhibiting gene from the female tiger is absent, ligers grow far larger than either parent species. By contrast, the male tiger does not pass on a growth-promoting gene and the lioness passes on a growth inhibiting gene, hence tigons are around the same size as either species. Breeding hybrids is now discouraged due to the emphasis on conservation.

 

Characteristics

The tiger has a typical felid morphology. It has a muscular body with strong forelimbs, a large head and a tail that is about half the length of the rest of its body. There are five digits on the front feet and four on the back, all of which have retractable claws which are compact and curved. The ears are rounded, while the eyes have a round pupil. The tiger's skull is large and robust, with a constricted front region, proportionally small, elliptical orbits, long nasal bones, and a lengthened cranium with a large sagittal crest. It is similar to a lion's skull; with the structure of the lower jaw and length of the nasals being the most reliable indicators for species identification. The tiger has fairly robust teeth and its somewhat curved canines are the longest in the cat family at 6.4–7.6 cm (2.5–3.0 in). It has an average bite force at the canine tips of 1234.3 Newton.

 

Size

The tiger is considered to be the largest living felid species. However, there is some debate over averages compared to the lion. Since tiger populations vary greatly in size, the "average" size for a tiger may be less than a lion, while the biggest tigers are bigger than their lion counterparts. The Siberian and Bengal tigers, along with the extinct Caspian are considered to be the largest of the species while the island tigers are the smallest. The Sumatran tiger is the smallest living tiger while the extinct Bali tiger was even smaller. It has been hypothesised that body size of different tiger populations may be correlated with climate and be explained by thermoregulation and Bergmann's rule. Male tigers are larger than females.

 

Tiger fur tends to be short, except in the northern-living Siberian tiger. It has a mane-like heavy growth of fur around the neck and jaws and long whiskers, especially in males. Its colouration is generally orange, but can vary from light yellow to dark red. White fur covers the ventral surface, along with parts of the face. It also has a prominent white spot on the back of their ears which are surrounded by black. The tiger is marked with distinctive black or dark brown stripes; the patterns of which are unique in each individual, The stripes are mostly vertical, but those on the limbs and forehead are horizonal. They are more concentrated towards the posterior and those on the trunk may or may not reach under the belly. The tips of stripes are generally sharp and some have gaps within them. Tail stripes are thick bands and a black tip marks the end.

 

Stripes are likely advantageous for camouflage in vegetation with vertical patterns of light and shade, such as trees and long grass. This is supported by a 1987 Fourier analysis study which concluded that the spatial frequencies of tiger stripes line up with their environment. The tiger is one of only a few striped cat species; it is not known why spotted patterns and rosettes are the more common camouflage pattern among felids. The orange colour may also aid in concealment as the tiger's prey are dichromats, and thus may perceive the cat as green and blended in with the vegetation. The white dots on the ear may play a role in communication.

 

Three colour variants – white, golden and nearly stripeless snow white are now virtually non-existent in the wild due to the reduction of wild tiger populations, but continue in captive populations. The white tiger has a white background colour with sepia-brown stripes. The golden tiger is pale golden with reddish-brown stripes. The snow white tiger is a morph with extremely faint stripes and a pale reddish-brown ringed tail. White and golden morphs are the result of an autosomal recessive trait with a white locus and a wideband locus respectively. The snow white variation is caused by polygenes with both the white and wideband loci. The breeding of white tigers is controversial, as they have no use for conservation. Only 0.001% of wild tigers have the genes for this colour morph, and the overrepresentation of white tigers in captivity is the result of inbreeding. Hence their continued breeding will risk both inbreeding depression and loss of genetic variability in captive tigers.

 

Pseudo-melanistic tigers with thick, merged stripes have been recorded in Simlipal National Park and three Indian zoos; population genetic analysis of Indian tiger samples revealed that this phenotype is caused by a mutation of a transmembrane aminopeptidase gene. Around 37% of the Simlipal tiger population has this feature, which has been linked to genetic isolation.

 

The tiger historically ranged from eastern Pakistan to Indochina, and from southeastern Siberia to Sumatra, Java and Bali. The Caspian tiger lived from eastern Turkey and the South Caucasus to northern Afghanistan and western China. The Tibetan Plateau and the Alborz acted as barriers to the species distribution. As of 2022, it inhabits less than 7% of its historical distribution, and has a scattered range that includes the Indian subcontinent, the Indochinese Peninsula, Sumatra, the Russian Far East and northeastern China.

 

The tiger mainly lives in forest habitats and is highly adaptable. Records in Central Asia indicate that it occurred foremost in Tugay riverine forests and inhabited hilly and lowland forests in the Caucasus. In the Amur-Ussuri region, it inhabits Korean pine and temperate broadleaf and mixed forests, where riparian forests provide food and water, and serve as dispersal corridors for both tiger and ungulates. On the Indian subcontinent, it inhabits mainly tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests, moist evergreen forests, tropical dry forests, alluvial plains and the mangrove forests of the Sundarbans. In the Eastern Himalayas, tigers were documented in temperate forest up to an elevation of 4,200 m (13,800 ft) in Bhutan and of 3,630 m (11,910 ft) in the Mishmi Hills. In Thailand, it lives in deciduous and evergreen forests. In Sumatra, tigers range from lowland peat swamp forests to rugged montane forests.

 

Camera trap data show that tigers in Chitwan National Park avoided locations frequented by people and were more active at night than by day. In Sundarbans National Park, six radio-collared tigers were most active in the early morning with a peak around dawn and moved an average distance of 4.6 km (2.9 mi) per day. A three-year long camera trap survey in Shuklaphanta National Park revealed that tigers were most active from dusk until midnight. In northeastern China, tigers were crepuscular and active at night with activity peaking at dawn and at dusk; they exhibited a high temporal overlap with ungulate species.

 

As with other felid species, tigers groom themselves, maintaining their coats by licking them and spreading oil from their sebaceous glands. It will take to water, particularly on hot days. It is a powerful swimmer and easily transverses across rivers as wide as 8 km (5.0 mi). Adults only occasionally climbs trees, but have been recorded climbing 10 m (33 ft) up a smooth pipal tree. In general, tigers are less capable tree climbers than many other cats due to their size, but cubs under 16 months old may routinely do so.

 

Adult tigers lead largely solitary lives. They establish and maintain home ranges, the size of which mainly depends on prey abundance, geographic area and sex of the individual. Males and females defend their home ranges from those of the same sex, and the home range of a male encompasses that of multiple females. Two females in the Sundarbans had home ranges of 10.6 and 14.1 km2 (4.1 and 5.4 sq mi). In Panna Tiger Reserve, the home ranges of five reintroduced females varied from 53–67 km2 (20–26 sq mi) in winter to 55–60 km2 (21–23 sq mi) in summer and to 46–94 km2 (18–36 sq mi) during monsoon; three males had 84–147 km2 (32–57 sq mi) large home ranges in winter, 82–98 km2 (32–38 sq mi) in summer and 81–118 km2 (31–46 sq mi) during monsoon seasons. In Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuary, seven resident females had home ranges of 44.1–122.3 km2 (17.0–47.2 sq mi) and four resident males of 174.8–417.5 km2 (67.5–161.2 sq mi). Four male problem tigers in Sumatra were translocated to national parks and needed 6–17 weeks to establish new home ranges of 37.5–188.1 km2 (14.5–72.6 sq mi). Ten solitary females in Sikhote-Alin Biosphere Reserve had home ranges of 413.5 ± 77.6 km2 (159.7 ± 30.0 sq mi); when they had cubs of up to 4 months of age, their home ranges declined to 177.3 ± 53.5 km2 (68.5 ± 20.7 sq mi) and steadily grew to 403.3 ± 105.1 km2 (155.7 ± 40.6 sq mi) until the cubs were 13–18 months old.

 

The tiger is a long-ranging species, and individuals disperse over distances of up to 650 km (400 mi) to reach tiger populations in other areas. Young tigresses establish their first territories close to their mother's. Males, however, migrate further than their female counterparts and set out at a younger age to mark out their own area. Four radio-collared females in Chitwan dispersed between 0 and 43.2 km (0.0 and 26.8 mi), and 10 males between 9.5 and 65.7 km (5.9 and 40.8 mi). A young male may have to live as a transient in another male's territory until he is older and strong enough to challenge the resident male. Young males thus have an annual mortality rate of up to 35%. By contrast, young female tigers die at a rate of only around 5%. Tigers mark their territories by spraying urine on vegetation and rocks, clawing or scent rubbing trees, and marking trails with feces, anal gland secretions and ground scrapings.Scent markings also allow an individual to pick up information on another's identity. A tigress in oestrus will signal her availability by scent marking more frequently and increasing her vocalisations. Unclaimed territories, particularly those that belonged to a decreased individual, can be taken over in days or weeks.

 

Male tigers are generally less tolerant of other males within their territories than females are of other females. Territory disputes are usually solved by intimidation rather than outright violence. Once dominance has been established, a male may tolerate a subordinate within his range, as long as they do not live in too close quarters. The most serious disputes tend to occur between two males competing for a female in oestrus. Though tigers mostly live alone, relationships between individuals can be complex. Tigers are particularly social at kills, and a male tiger will share a carcass with the females and cubs within this territory and unlike male lions, will allow them to feed on the kill before he is finished with it. Though the female and male act amicably, females are more tense towards each other at a kill.

 

Communication

During friendly encounters and bonding, tigers rub against each others' bodies. Facial expressions include the "defense threat", which involves a wrinkled face, bared teeth, pulled-back ears, and widened pupils. Both males and females show a flehmen response, a characteristic grimace, when sniffing urine markings. Males also use the flehman to detect the markings made by tigresses in oestrus. Tigers also use their tails to signal their mood. To show cordiality, the tail sticks up and sways slowly, while an apprehensive tiger lowers its tail or wags it side-to-side. When calm, the tail hangs low.

 

Tigers are normally silent but can produce numerous vocalisations. They roar to signal their presence to other individuals over long distances. This vocalisation is forced through an open mouth as it closes and can be heard 3 km (1.9 mi) away. A tiger may roar three or four times in a row, and others may respond in kind. Tigers also roar during mating, and a mother will roar to call her cubs to her. When tense, tigers will moan, a sound similar to a roar but softer and made when the mouth is at least partially closed. Moaning can be heard 400 m (1,300 ft) away.

 

Aggressive encounters involve growling, snarling and hissing. An explosive "coughing roar" or "coughing snarl" is emitted through an open mouth and exposed teeth. Chuffing—soft, low-frequency snorting similar to purring in smaller cats—is heard in more friendly situations. Mother tigers communicate with their cubs by grunting, while cubs call back with miaows. A "woof" sound is produced when the animal is startled. It has also been recording emitting a deer-like "pok" sound for unknown reasons, but most often at kills.

 

Hunting and diet

The tiger is a carnivore and an apex predator feeding mainly on ungulates, with a particular preference for sambar deer, Manchurian wapiti, barasingha and wild boar. Tigers kill large prey like gaur, but opportunistically kill much smaller prey like monkeys, peafowl and other ground-based birds, porcupines and fish. Tiger attacks on adult Asian elephants and Indian rhinoceros have also been reported. More often, tigers take the more vulnerable small calves. When in close proximity to humans, tigers sometimes prey on domestic livestock and dogs. Tigers occasionally consume vegetation, fruit and minerals for dietary fibre.

 

Tigers learn to hunt from their mothers, which is important but not necessary for their success. They usually hunt alone, but families hunt together when cubs are old enough. A tiger travels up to 19.3 km (12.0 mi) per day in search of prey, using vision and hearing to find a target. It also waits at a watering hole for prey to come by, particularly during hot summer days. It is an ambush predator and when approaching potential prey, the tiger crouches, with head lowered, and hides in foliage. The tiger switches between creeping forward and staying still. Tigers have been recorded dozing off while in still mode, and can stay in the same spot for as long as a day waiting for prey and launches an attack, when the prey is close enough. It can sprint 56 km/h (35 mph) and leap 10 m (33 ft).

 

Tiger Reserve

The tiger attacks from behind or at the sides and tries to knock the target off balance. It latches onto prey with its forelimbs, twisting and turning during the struggle. The tiger generally applies a bite to the throat until its target dies of strangulation. Holding onto the throat puts the cat out of reach of the horns, antlers, tusks and hooves. Tigers are adaptable killers and may use other methods, including ripping the throat or breaking the neck. Large prey may be disabled by a bite to the back of the hock, severing the tendon. Swipes from the large paws are capable of stunning or breaking to skull of a water buffalo. They kill small prey with a bite to the back of the neck or skull. Estimates of the success rate for hunting tigers ranges from a low 5% to a high of 50%.

 

The tiger typically drags its kill for 183–549 m (600–1,801 ft) to a hidden, usually vegetated spot before eating. The tiger has the strength to drag the carcass of a fully grown buffalo for some distance, a feat three men struggle with. It rests for a while before eating and can consume as much as 50 kg (110 lb) of meat in one session, but feeds on a carcass for several days, leaving very little for scavengers.

 

Enemies and competitors

Tigers may kill and even prey on other predators they coexist with. In much of their range, tigers share habitat with leopards and dholes. They typically dominate both of them, though large packs of dholes can drive away a tiger, or even kill it. Tigers appear to inhabit the deep parts of a forest while these smaller predators are pushed closer to the fringes. The three predators coexist by hunting different prey. In one study, tigers were found to have killed prey that weighed an average of 91.5 kg (202 lb), in contrast to 37.6 kg (83 lb) for the leopard and 43.4 kg (96 lb) for the dhole. Leopards can live successfully in tiger habitat when there is abundant food and vegetation cover, and there is no evidence of competitive exclusion common to the African savanna, where the leopard lives beside the lion. Nevertheless, leopards avoid areas were tigers roam and are less common where tigers are numerous.

 

Tigers tend to be wary of sloth bears, with their sharp claws, quickness and ability to stand on two legs. Tiger do sometimes prey on sloth bears by ambushing them when they are feeding at termite mounds. Siberian tigers may attack, kill and prey on Ussuri brown and Ussuri black bears. In turn, some studies show that brown bears frequently track down tigers to usurp their kills, with occasional fatal outcomes for the tiger.

 

Reproduction and life cycle

The tiger mates all year round, but most cubs are born between March and June, with another peak in September. A tigress is in oestrus for three to six days, inbetween three to nine week intervals. A resident male mates with all the females within his territory, who signal their receptiveness by roaring and marking. Younger, transient males are also attracted, leading to a fight in which the more dominant male drives the usurper off. During courtship, the male is cautious with the female as he waits for her to show signs she is ready to mate. She signals to him by positioning herself in lordosis with their tail to the side. Copulation is generally 20 to 25 seconds long, with the male biting the female by the scruff of her neck. After it is finished, the male quickly pulls away as the female may turn and slap him. Tiger pairs may stay together for up to four days and mate multiple times. Gestation ranges from 93 to 114 days, with an average of 103 to 105 days.

 

A tigress gives birth in a secluded location, be it in dense vegetation, in a cave or under a rocky shelter. Litters consist of as many seven cubs, but two or three are more typical. Newborn cubs weigh 785–1,610 g (27.7–56.8 oz), and are blind and altricial. The mother licks and cleans her cubs, suckles them and viscously defends them from any potential threat. She will only leave them alone to hunt, and even then does not travel far. When a mother suspects an area is no longer safe, she moves her cubs to a new spot, transporting them one by one by grabbing them by the scruff of the neck with her mouth. The mortality rate for tiger cubs can reach 50% during these early months, causes of death include predators like dholes, leopards and pythons. Young are able to see in a week, can leave the denning site in two months and around the same time they start eating meat.

 

After around two months, the cubs are able to follow their mother. They still hide in vegetation when she goes hunting, and she will guide them to the kill. Cubs bond though play fighting and practice stalking. A hierarchy develops in the litter, with the biggest cub, often a male, being the most dominant and the first to eat its fill at a kill. Around the age of six months, cubs are fully weaned and have more freedom to explore their environment. Between eight and ten months, they accompany their mother on hunts. A cub can make a kill as early as 11 months, and reach independence around 18 to 24 months of age, males becoming independent earlier than females. Radio-collared tigers in Chitwan started dispersing from their natal areas earliest at the age of 19 months. Young females are sexual mature at three to four years, whereas males are at four to five years. Tigers may live up to 26 years.

 

Tiger fathers play no role in raising the young, but he may encounter and interact with them. Resident males appear to visit the female-cub families within his territory. They have when observed swimming with females and their cubs and even sharing kills with them. One male was recorded looking after cubs whose mother had died. By defending his territory, the male is also protecting the females and cubs from harassment by other males. When a new male takes over a territory, cubs under a year old are at risk of being killed, as the male would want to sire his own young with the females. Older female cubs are tolerated but males may be treated as potential competitors.

 

Threats

Major threats to the tiger include habitat destruction, habitat fragmentation and poaching for fur and body parts, which have simultaneously greatly reduced tiger populations in the wild. In India, only 11% of the historical tiger habitat remains due to habitat fragmentation. Demand for tiger parts for use in traditional Chinese medicine has also been cited as a major threat to tiger populations.

 

In China, tigers became the target of large-scale 'anti-pest' campaigns in the early 1950s, where suitable habitats were fragmented following deforestation and resettlement of people to rural areas, who hunted tigers and prey species. Though tiger hunting was prohibited in 1977, the population continued to decline and is considered extinct in southern China since 2001.

 

In Bangladesh, tiger body parts like skins, bones, teeth and hair are consumed locally by wealthy Bangladeshis and are illegally trafficked to 15 countries including India, China, Malaysia, Korea, Vietnam, Cambodia, Japan and the United Kingdom via land borders, airports and seaports.

 

Conservation

Internationally, the tiger is protected under CITES Appendix I, banning trade of live tigers and their body parts.[1] In India, it has been protected since 1972 under Schedule I of the Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972. In 1973, Project Tiger was founded to gain public support for tiger conservation, and 53 tiger reserves covering an area of 75,796 km2 (29,265 sq mi) have been established in the country until 2022. In Nepal, it has been protected since 1973 under the National Parks and Wildlife Conservation Act, 1973. In Bhutan, it has been protected since 1969; the first Tiger Action Plan implemented during 2006–2015 revolved around habitat conservation, human–wildlife conflict management, education and awareness; the second Action Plan aimed at increasing the country’s tiger population by 20% until 2023 compared to 2015. In Bangladesh, it has been protected since 1973 under the Wildlife (Preservation) Act and the Wildlife (Conservation and Security) Act, 2012. In 2009, the Bangladesh Tiger Action Plan was initiated to stabilize the country's tiger population, maintain habitat and a sufficient prey base, improve law enforcement and cooperation between governmental agencies responsible for tiger conservation. Myanmar’s national tiger conservation strategy developed in 2003 comprises management tasks such as restoration of degraded habitats, increasing the extent of protected areas and wildlife corridors, protecting tiger prey species, thwarting of tiger killing and illegal trade of its body parts, and promoting public awareness through wildlife education programs.

 

Global wild tiger population

CountryYearEstimate

India India20233682–3925

Russia Russia2020480–540

Indonesia Indonesia2016400–600

Bangladesh Bangladesh2014300–500

Nepal Nepal2022355

Thailand Thailand2023189

Bhutan Bhutan2023131

Malaysia Malaysia2022<150

China China201855

Myanmar Myanmar201822

Total5,764–6,467

 

In the 1990s, a new approach to tiger conservation was developed: Tiger Conservation Units (TCUs), which are blocks of habitat that have the potential to host tiger populations in 15 habitat types within five bioregions. Altogether 143 TCUs were identified and prioritized based on size and integrity of habitat, poaching pressure and population status. They range in size from 33 to 155,829 km2 (13 to 60,166 sq mi).

 

In 2016, an estimate of a global wild tiger population of approximately 3,890 individuals was presented during the Third Asia Ministerial Conference on Tiger Conservation. The WWF subsequently declared that the world's count of wild tigers had risen for the first time in a century.

 

Some estimates suggest that there are fewer than 2,500 mature breeding individuals, with no subpopulation containing more than 250 mature breeding individuals. India is home to the world's largest population of wild tigers. A 2014 census estimated a population of 2,226, a 30% increase since 2011. On International Tiger Day 2019, the 'Tiger Estimation Report 2018' was released by Prime Minister Narendra Modi. The report estimates a population of 2967 tigers in India with 25% increase since 2014. Modi said "India is one of the safest habitats for tigers as it has achieved the target of doubling the tiger population from 1411 in 2011 to 2967 in 2019". As of 2022, India accounts for 75 percent of global tiger population. The Tiger Census of 2023 reports tiger population in India at 3167.

 

In the 1940s, the Siberian tiger was on the brink of extinction with only about 40 animals remaining in the wild in Russia. As a result, anti-poaching controls were put in place by the Soviet Union and a network of protected zones (zapovedniks) were instituted, leading to a rise in the population to several hundred. Poaching again became a problem in the 1990s, when the economy of Russia collapsed. The major obstacle in preserving the species is the enormous territory individual tigers require, up to 450 km (280 mi) needed by a single female and more for a single male. Current conservation efforts are led by local governments and NGO's in concert with international organisations, such as the World Wide Fund for Nature and the Wildlife Conservation Society. The competitive exclusion of wolves by tigers has been used by Russian conservationists to convince hunters to tolerate the big cats. Tigers have less impact on ungulate populations than do wolves, and are effective in controlling the latter's numbers. In 2005, there were thought to be about 360 animals in Russia, though these exhibited little genetic diversity. However, in a decade later, the Siberian tiger census was estimated from 480 to 540 individuals.

 

Having earlier rejected the Western-led environmentalist movement, China changed its stance in the 1980s and became a party to the CITES treaty. By 1993 it had banned the trade in tiger parts, and this diminished the use of tiger bones in traditional Chinese medicine. The Tibetan people's trade in tiger skins has also been a threat to tigers. The pelts were used in clothing, tiger-skin chuba being worn as fashion. In 2006 the 14th Dalai Lama was persuaded to take up the issue. Since then there has been a change of attitude, with some Tibetans publicly burning their chubas.

 

In 1994, the Indonesian Sumatran Tiger Conservation Strategy addressed the potential crisis that tigers faced in Sumatra. The Sumatran Tiger Project (STP) was initiated in June 1995 in and around the Way Kambas National Park to ensure the long-term viability of wild Sumatran tigers and to accumulate data on tiger life-history characteristics vital for the management of wild populations. By August 1999, the teams of the STP had evaluated 52 sites of potential tiger habitat in Lampung Province, of which only 15 these were intact enough to contain tigers. In the framework of the STP a community-based conservation program was initiated to document the tiger-human dimension in the park to enable conservation authorities to resolve tiger-human conflicts based on a comprehensive database rather than anecdotes and opinions.

 

The Wildlife Conservation Society and Panthera Corporation formed the collaboration Tigers Forever, with field sites including the world's largest tiger reserve, the 21,756 km2 (8,400 sq mi) Hukaung Valley in Myanmar. Other reserves were in the Western Ghats in India, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, the Russian Far East covering in total about 260,000 km2 (100,000 sq mi).

 

Tigers have been studied in the wild using a variety of techniques. Tiger population have been estimated using plaster casts of their pugmarks, although this method was criticized as being inaccurate. More recent techniques include the use of camera traps and studies of DNA from tiger scat, while radio-collaring has been used to track tigers in the wild. Tiger spray has been found to be just as good, or better, as a source of DNA than scat.

 

Relationship with humans

A tiger hunt is painted on the Bhimbetka rock shelters in India and dated to 5,000–6,000 years ago. Thousands of years later, Emperor Samudragupta was depicted slaying tigers on coins. Tiger hunting became an established sport under the Mughal Empire in the 16th century. The cats were chased on horseback and killed with spears. Emperor Akbar participated in such activities and one of his hunts is the subject of a painting from the Akbarnama. Following Akbar, Emperor Jahangir will introduce musket to tiger hunts and eventually, elephant would be ridden. The British East India Company would pay for bounties on tigers as early as 1757 and tiger hunting would continue under British Raj. Tiger killings were particularly high in the 19th and early 20th centuries; as an estimated 80,000 cats were killed between 1875 and 1925. King George V on his visit to Colonial India in 1911 killed 39 tigers in a matter of 10 days.

 

Historically, tigers have been hunted at a large scale so their famous striped skins could be collected. The trade in tiger skins peaked in the 1960s, just before international conservation efforts took effect. By 1977, a tiger skin in an English market was considered to be worth US$4,250.

 

Body part use

Tiger parts are commonly used as amulets in South and Southeast Asia. In the Philippines, the fossils in Palawan were found besides stone tools. This, besides the evidence for cuts on the bones, and the use of fire, suggests that early humans had accumulated the bones. and the condition of the tiger subfossils, dated to approximately 12,000 to 9,000 years ago, differed from other fossils in the assemblage, dated to the Upper Paleolithic. The tiger subfossils showed longitudinal fracture of the cortical bone due to weathering, which suggests that they had post-mortem been exposed to light and air. Tiger canines were found in Ambangan sites dating to the 10th to 12th centuries in Butuan, Mindanao.

 

Many people in China and other parts of Asia have a belief that various tiger parts have medicinal properties, including as pain killers and aphrodisiacs. There is no scientific evidence to support these beliefs. The use of tiger parts in pharmaceutical drugs in China is already banned, and the government has made some offences in connection with tiger poaching punishable by death. Furthermore, all trade in tiger parts is illegal under the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora and a domestic trade ban has been in place in China since 1993.

 

However, the trading of tiger parts in Asia has become a major black market industry and governmental and conservation attempts to stop it have been ineffective to date. Almost all black marketers engaged in the trade are based in China and have either been shipped and sold within their own country or into Taiwan, South Korea or Japan. The Chinese subspecies was almost completely decimated by killing for commerce due to both the parts and skin trades in the 1950s through the 1970s. Contributing to the illegal trade, there are a number of tiger farms in the country specialising in breeding them for profit. It is estimated that between 5,000 and 10,000 captive-bred, semi-tame animals live in these farms today. However, many tigers for traditional medicine black market are wild ones shot or snared by poachers and may be caught anywhere in the tiger's remaining range (from Siberia to India to the Malay Peninsula to Sumatra). In the Asian black market, a tiger penis can be worth the equivalent of around $300 U.S. dollars. In the years of 1990 through 1992, 27 million products with tiger derivatives were found. In July 2014 at an international convention on endangered species in Geneva, Switzerland, a Chinese representative admitted for the first time his government was aware trading in tiger skins was occurring in China.

 

Attacks

Tigers are said to have directly killed more people than any other wild mammal. In most areas, the big cats typically avoid humans, but attacks are a risk wherever people coexist with them. Dangerous encounters are more likely to occur in edge habitats, between wild and agricultural areas.[196] Most attacks on humans are defensive, including protection of young. However, tiger do sometimes see people as potential prey. Tigers hunt people the same way they hunt other prey, by ambush and with a killing bite to the neck. A tiger inflicted wound also carries the risk of infection. Man-eating tigers tend to be old and disabled. Those they have been driven from their home ranges and territories are also at risk of turning to man-eating.

 

The Champawat Tiger was responsible for an estimated 434 human deaths in Nepal and India before she was shot by famed hunter Jim Corbett. Corbett recorded that the tigress suffered from broken teeth and thus unable to kill normal prey. Modern authors speculate that feeding on meagre human flesh forced the cat to kill more and more. Tiger attacks were particularly high in Singapore during the mid-19th century, when plantations expanded into the animal's habitat. The number of deaths ranged from 200 to 300 annually in the 1840s.

 

Tiger predation on humans is highest in the Sundarbans. An estimated 129 people were killed between 1969 and 1971. In the 10 years prior to that period, about 100 attacks per year in the Sundarbans. Victims of tigers attacks are local villagers who enter the tiger's domain to collect resources like wood and honey. Fishermen have been particularly common targets. Methods to counter tiger attacks have included face-masks (worn backwards), protective clothes, sticks and carefully stationed electric dummies. These tools have been credited with reducing tiger attacks to only 22 per year in the 1980s. Because of rapid habitat loss attributed to climate change, tiger attacks have increased in the Sundarbans in the 21 century.

 

In captivity

Tigers have been kept in captivity since ancient times. In ancient Rome, tigers were displayed in amphitheaters; they were slaughtered in hunts and used for public executions of criminals. Mongol Emperor Kublai Khan is reported to have kept tigers in the 13th century. Starting in the Middle Ages, tigers were being kept in European menageries. In 1830, two tigers and a lion were accidentally put in the same exhibit at the Tower of London. This lead to a fight between them and, after they were separated, the lion died of its wounds. Tigers and other exotic animals were mainly used for the entertainment of elites but from the 19th century onward, they were exhibited more to the public. Tigers were particularly big attractions, and their captive population soared.

 

Tigers have played prominent roles in circuses and other live performances. Ringling Bros included many tiger trainers in the 20th century including Mabel Stark, who became a big draw and had a long career. She was well known for being able to control the big cats despite being a small woman; using "manly" tools like whips and guns. Another trainer was Clyde Beatty, who used chairs, whips and guns to provoke tigers and other beasts into acting fierce and allowed him to appear courageous. He would perform with as many as 40 tigers and lions in one act. From the 1960s onward trainers like Gunther Gebel-Williams would use gentler methods to control their animals. Tiger trainer Sara Houckle was dubbed "the Tiger Whisperer", as she trained the cats to obey her by whispering to them. Siegfried & Roy became famous for performing with white tigers in Las Vegas. The act ended in 2003 when a tiger named Mantacore attacked Roy during a performance. The use of tigers and other animals in shows would eventually decline in many countries due to pressure from animal rights groups and greater desires from the public to see them in more natural settings. Several countries would restrict or ban such acts.

 

Tigers have become popular in the exotic pet trade, particularly in the United States. The World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) estimated that in the US, 5,000 tigers were kept in captivity in 2020, with only 6% of them being in zoos and other facilities approved by the Association of Zoos and Aquariums. The WWF argues that private collectors are ill-equipped to provide proper care for tigers, which compromises their welfare. They can also threaten public safety by allowing people to interact with them. The keeping of tigers and other big cats by private individuals was banned in the US in 2022 under the Big Cat Public Safety Act. Those who owned big cats at the time of the signing were expected to register with the United States Fish and Wildlife Service before 18 June 2023. The WWF also estimated in 2020 that 7,000–8,000 tigers were held in "tiger farm" facilities in China and Southeast Asia. These tigers are bred to be used for traditional medicine and appear to pose a threat to wild populations by rising demand for tiger parts.

 

Cultural significance

Tiger-shaped bronze from Zhou-era China, (c. 900 bc)

The tiger is among the most famous of charismatic megafauna. It has been labelled as "a rare combination of courage, ferocity and brilliant colour". In a 2004 online poll conducted by cable television channel Animal Planet, involving more than 50,000 viewers from 73 countries, the tiger was voted the world's favourite animal with 21% of the vote, narrowly beating the dog. Likewise, a 2018 study found the tiger to be the most popular wild animal based on surveys, and appearances on websites of major zoos and posters of some animated movies.

 

While the lion represented royalty and power in Western culture, the tiger filled such a role in Asia. In ancient China, the tiger was seen as the "king of the forest" and symbolised the power of the emperor. In Chinese astrology, the tiger is the third out of 12 symbols in the zodiac and controls the period of the day between 3 am and 5 am. The Year of the Tiger is thought to bring "dramatic and extreme events". The White Tiger is one of the Four Symbols of the Chinese constellations, representing the west along with the yin and the season of autumn. It is the counterpart to the Azure Dragon, which conversely symbolises the east, yang and springtime. The tiger is one of the animals displayed on the Pashupati seal of the Indus Valley civilisation. The big cat was depicted on seals and coins during the Chola Dynasty of southern India, as it was the official emblem.

 

Tigers have had religious significance, even being worshiped. In Buddhism, the tiger, monkey and deer are Three Senseless Creatures, the tiger symbolising anger. In Bhutan, the tiger is venerated as one of the four powerful animals called the "four dignities", and a tigress is believed to have carried Padmasambhava from Singye Dzong to the Paro Taktsang monastery in the late 8th century. In Korean mythology, tigers are messengers of the Mountain Gods. In Hinduism, the tiger is the vehicle for the goddess of feminine power and peace, Durga, whom the gods created to fight demons. Similarly, in the Greco-Roman world, the tiger was depicted being ridden by the god Dionysus. The Warli of western India worship the tiger-like god Waghoba. The Warli believe that shrines and sacrifices to the deity will lead to better coexistence with the local big cats, both tigers and leopards, and that Waghoba will protect them when they enter the forests. In both Chinese and Korean culture, tigers are seen as a protectors against evil spirits, and their image was used to decorate homes and tombs.

 

In the folklore of Malaysia and Indonesia, "tiger shamans" heal the sick by evoking the big cat. People turning into tigers and the inverse has also been widespread, in particular weretigers are people who could change into tigers and back again. The Mnong people of Indochina believed that tigers could transform into humans. Among some indigenous peoples of Siberia, it was believed that men could have sex with women after transforming into tigers.

 

The tiger's cultural reputation is generally that of a fierce and powerful animal. William Blake's 1794 poem "The Tyger" portrays the animal as the duality of beauty and ferocity. It is the sister poem to "The Lamb" in Blake's Songs of Innocence and of Experience and he ponders why God would create such different creatures. The tiger is featured in the medieval Chinese novel Water Margin, where the cat battles and is slain by the bandit Wu Song, while the tiger Shere Khan in Rudyard Kipling's 1894 The Jungle Book is the mortal enemy of the human protagonist Mowgli. The image of the friendly tame tiger has also existed in culture, notably Tigger, the Winnie-the-Pooh character and Tony the Tiger, the Kellogg's cereal mascot.

Memory cross near the village "Berg" on Lake Starnberg (Starnberger See), 25 kilometers southwest of Munich.

 

This is the place where King Ludwig II of Bavaria died under mysterious circumstances on June 13, 1886. The bodies of both the King and Dr. von Gudden were found floating in the shallow water near the shore.

 

Ludwig's death was officially ruled a suicide by drowning, but this has been questioned. Ludwig was known to be a strong swimmer in his youth, the water was less than waist-deep where his body was found, and the official autopsy report indicated that no water was found in his lungs. Ludwig had expressed suicidal feelings but the suicide theory does not fully explain Gudden's death. Gudden's body showed signs of strangulation and of a struggle, leading to the suspicion that he was strangled to death by Ludwig. Many hold that Ludwig was murdered by his enemies while attempting to escape from Berg. One account suggests that the king was shot. Another theory suggests that Ludwig died of natural causes (such as a heart attack or stroke) brought on by the extreme cold (12°C) of the lake during an escape attempt.

 

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Gedenkkreuz in Berg am Starnberger See. Dieses Kreuz bezeichnet die Stelle, an der König Ludwig II. und Dr. von Gudden am 13. Juni 1886 unter mysteriösen Umständen tot aufgefunden wurden. Nähere Informationen zu König Ludwig und seine Sterbeumstände in wikipedia.

 

Früher wurde die Stelle durch ein Fähnchen im See gekennzeichnet. Von der Vereinigung "Ludwig II. - Deine Treuen" wurde im November 1918 ein eisernes Gedenkkreuz errichtet und gepflegt, das zuletzt 1986 durch ein Teakholzkreuz erneuert wurde.

 

Taking public action to end violence at home; OECD High-Level Conference; Mr. Bert Groen (European Family Justice Centre Alliance), Ms. Ghada Hatem (Maison des Femmes) and Mr. James Henderson (Training Institute on Strangulation Prevention); February 6th 2020; Photo: OECD/Maud Bernos

Rotmilan ( Milvus milvus - Milan Greifvögel Habichtartige Greifvogel Raubvogel Vogel bird oiseau uccello ) über dem Belpmoos im Berner Mittelland im Kanton Bern der Schweiz

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Im Hintergrund Nünenflue - Nünenfluh und Gantrisch im Gantrischgebiet

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Rotmilan ( Milvus milvus )

 

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S y s t e m a t i k

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- Klasse : Vögel ( Aves )

 

- Ordnung : Greifvögel ( Falconiformes )

 

- Familie : Habichtartige ( Accipitridae )

 

- Gattung : Milane ( Milvus )

 

- Art : Rotmilan

 

- Wissenschaftlicher Name : Milvus milvus - Linnaeus – 1.7.5.8

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Der Rotmilan ( Milvus milvus ), auch Roter Milan, Gabelweihe oder Königsweihe genannt, ist eine

etwa mäusebussardgroße Greifvogelart aus der Familie der Habichtartigen ( Accipitridae ).

 

Im Gegensatz zum nahe verwandten, geringfügig kleineren S.chwarzmilan, ist seine Verbreitung

im Wesentlichen auf Europa beschränkt.

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Äußere Merkmale

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Der Rotmilan ist eine gut bestimmbare Greifvogelart. Verwechselt werden könnte er am ehesten mit

dem S.chwarzmilan, doch sind auch zu dieser nahe verwandten Milanart gute Unterscheidungsmerk-

male gegeben.

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Der Rotmilan ist größer als ein M.äusebussard und etwas größer als der S.chwarzmilan; er ist aus-

gesprochen langflügelig und langschwänzig. Der sitzende Vogel wirkt rötlichbraun, wobei eine deutlich

hellere, meist ockerfarbene Federsäumung vor allem der Deckfedern des Oberflügels und des Rücken-

gefieders einen kontrastreichen Gesamteindruck vermittelt.

 

Das Kopf-, Nacken- und Kehlgefieder erwachsener Rotmilane ist sehr hell, fast weiß, und weist auf-

fallende schwarze Federnschäfte auf, die diese Körperpartien schwarz gestrichelt erscheinen lassen.

 

Der ziemlich kräftige Schnabel ist an der Basis gelb, am Schnabelhaken dunkelgrau oder schwarz.

 

Die kurzen Beine sind gelb, die Krallen ziemlich schwarz.

 

Die Iris erwachsener Vögel ist blassgelb. Das deutlich schwarz längsgestrichelte Bauchgefieder ist

etwas heller und leuchtender rötlichbraun als das Rückengefieder; ebenso gefärbt sind die Unter-

flügeldeckfedern. Die Arm- und Handschwingen sind an ihren Enden sehr dunkel, fast schwarz.

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Im Flug fallen vor allem die langen, relativ schmalen Flügel und der tief gegabelte, rostrote Schwanz

auf, der immer in Bewegung ist und auch voll gefächert eine erkennbare Kerbung aufweist.

 

In der Oberansicht kontrastieren die schwarzen Arm- und Handschwingen stark mit dem übrigen,

rötlichbraunen Gefieder. Noch kontrastreicher ist das Flugbild von unten, da die Basen der Hand-

schwingen weiß sind und so ein ausgedehntes weißes Flügelfeld bilden und im Flügelbug meist ein

schwarzes Abzeichen zu erkennen ist.

 

Die äußersten, tief gefingerten Handschwingen sind in ihrem letzten Drittel schwarz. Im Segelflug

sind die Armschwingen leicht über die Horizontale angehoben, die Handschwingen jedoch gerade

oder leicht gesenkt, was ein erkennbar geknicktes Flügelprofil ergibt.

 

Die Flügel sind in fast jeder Flugposition im Carpalgelenk deutlich gewinkelt.

 

Die Geschlechter unterscheiden sich in der Färbung nicht, auch das Jugendgefieder ähnelt stark

dem Erwachsenenkleid. Bestes, und bei sehr gutem Licht auch feldornithologisch brauchbares

Bestimmungsmerkmal juveniler Individuen, ist der mehr sandfarbene, nicht hellgrauweiße Kopf und

das eher gesprenkelt ( nicht längsgestrichelt ) wirkende, mehr blass rötlichbraune Bauchgefieder.

Bei ganz jungen flüggen Rotmilanen kann der Schwanz am äußersten Rand noch eine Rundung

aufweisen, da die äußersten Steuerfedern noch nicht ihre volle Länge erreicht haben.

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Größe und Körpermasse

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Der reverse Geschlechtsdimorphismus ist beim Rotmilan ähnlich wie beim S.chwarzmilan in Bezug

auf die Körpergröße nicht sehr deutlich, etwas ausgeprägter jedoch in Bezug auf das Körpergewicht.

 

Die schwersten M.ännchen haben ein Gewicht von 1,1 Kilogramm; im Durchschnitt liegt das Gewicht

etwas unter einem Kilogramm. Die schwersten W.eibchen wiegen 1,4 Kilogramm, das Mittel liegt bei

1,2 Kilogramm. Die Körperlänge variiert zwischen 60 und 73 Zentimeter, wovon zwischen 31 und 39

Zentimeter auf den Schwanz entfallen. Die Spannweite beträgt 150 bis 171 Zentimeter.

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Laute

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Rotmilane sind akustisch weniger auffällig als S.chwarzmilane. Vor allem außerhalb der Balzzeit und

in weiterer Entfernung vom H.orst verhalten sie sich weitgehend stumm, sieht man von Nahrungs-

streitigkeiten mit anderen Vögeln wie K.rähen, B.ussarden oder M.ilanen ab, die meist sehr lautstark

ausgetragen werden.

 

Auffälligster Ruf ist ein hohes, in der Tonfärbung stark variierendes Wiiieeh, das in verschiedensten

Situationen meist gereiht, nur selten als gedehnter Einzelruf, vorgetragen wird.

 

Das erste Element ist langgezogen, die nachfolgenden schließen sich wellenförmig und kürzer

werdend an dieses an. In Aggressionssituationen ist dieser Ruf höher, spitzer und kürzer.

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Verbreitung

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Überwinternde Rotmilane können weiträumig in Südwesteuropa, vereinzelter auch in Süd -und

Südosteuropa, in Ausnahmefällen auch in K.leinasien, angetroffen werden.Das Verbreitungsgebiet

des Rotmilans ist heute im Wesentlichen auf Zentral-, West- und Südwesteuropa beschränkt.

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Lebensraum

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Der Rotmilan ist ein Greifvogel offener, mit kleinen Gehölzen durchsetzter Landschaften. Er ist be-

deutend weniger wassergebunden als die Nominatform des S.chwarzmilans, mit dem er jedoch

häufig in enger Nachbarschaft brütet.

 

Bevorzugte Lebensräume sind A.grarlandschaften mit F.eldgehölzen, oft auch P.arklandschaften,

seltener H.eide- und M.oorgebiete, solange B.äume als N.iststandorte zur Verfügung stehen. Häufig

nutzt er die günstigen Aufwindverhältnisse in engeren F.lusstälern oder an B.erghängen.

 

Zum Jagen braucht er offenes K.ulturland, G.rasland und V.iehweiden, daneben können auch Feucht-

gebiete als Nahrungsreviere dienen. Abgeerntete oder gerade umgepflügte Getreidefelder werden

ebenso in die Nahrungssuche eingeschlossen wie A.utobahnen und M.ülldeponien, letztere aber

nicht in dem Ausmaß wie vom S.chwarzmilan.

 

Sein Verbreitungsgebiet stimmt im Wesentlichen mit den Braunerdegebieten Mittel- und Osteuropas

sowie den mediterranen Braunerde- und Terra-Rossa-Gebieten überein und liegt schwerpunktmäßig

in den Intensivzonen der mitteleuropäischen Landwirtschaft.

 

Im Allgemeinen ist der Rotmilan ein Bewohner der Niederungen und der Hügellandgebiete etwa bis

800 m ü. NN. Im Schweizer J.ura liegen einzelne Brutplätze bei fast 1200 Meter über NN; in den

P.yrenäen sind Vorkommen in der subalpinen Stufe bekannt. Historische Brutplätze im K.aukasus

und im H.ohen A.tlas lagen in Höhen von fast 2500 Metern.

 

Im M.ittelalter scheint der Rotmilan auch in einigen europäischen S.tädten, so etwa in L.ondon,

gebrütet zu haben. Er dürfte dort eine ähnliche Rolle als A.bfallvertilger gespielt haben, wie sie

heute einige Unterarten des S.chwarzmilans ( M. migrans parasitus und M. m. govinda ) in A.frika

beziehungsweise S.üd- und S.üdostasien einnehmen.

 

In günstigen Nahrungshabitaten können Rotmilane in sehr hohen Siedlungsdichten vorkommen.

Besonders dicht besiedelt war der H.akel, ein etwa 13 km² großes W.aldgebiet in der M.agdeburger

B.örde, wo 1.9.7.9 136 Rotmilanpaare brüteten. Seither gingen die Bestandszahlen dort jedoch

kontinuierlich zurück. Solche Konzentrationen von bis zu zehn Brutpaaren innerhalb eines Quadrat-

kilometers sind Ausnahmen, doch auch in der Baar sowie im E.ichsfeld kommen Rotmilane in hohen Bestandsdichten vor.

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Nahrung

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Wie der S.chwarzmilan ist auch der Rotmilan weitgehend Nahrungsgeneralist. Im Gegensatz zu

diesem ist er aber ein leistungsfähigerer, aktiver J.äger. F.isch nimmt nur ausnahmsweise eine

so dominierende Stellung ein wie bei der Nominatform des S.chwarzmilans.

 

Auch A.as und A.bfälle werden zwar regelmäßig, aber seltener als vom S.chwarzmilan aufge-

nommen. Individuell sind die Nahrungs- und Jagdgewohnheiten recht verschieden.

 

Während der B.rutzeit besteht die Hauptnahrung aus kleinen S.äugetieren und V.ögeln. Mengen-

mäßig und gewichtsmäßig überwiegen bei den S.äugetieren F.eldmäuse ( M.icrotus s.p.) und

M.aulwürfe ( T.alpidae ), bei den V.ögeln sehr auffällig der S.tar.

 

Auch verschiedene T.auben ( C.olumbidae ), R.abenvögel ( Corvidae ) und größere D.rosseln

( T.urdidae ), so etwa A.mseln ( T.urdus m.erula ), W.acholder- ( T.urdus p.ilaris ) und M.istel-

d.rosseln ( T.urdus v.iscivorus ) werden relativ häufig geschlagen.

 

Dort, wo der F.eldhamster ( C.ricetus c.ricetus ) noch vergleichsweise häufig vorkommt, zum

Beispiel in O.stpolen, kann dieser zur H.auptbeute werden. Oft handelt es sich bei geschlagenen

V.ögeln um verletzte beziehungsweise kranke Individuen oder um J.ungtiere.

 

In w.asserreichen Gebieten können F.ische, unter ihnen vor allem W.eißfische wie die P.lötze

( R.utilus r.utilus ) und der B.rachsen ( A.bramis b.rama ), gewichtsmäßig dominieren. Erbeutet

werden sowohl lebende, als auch tote oder sterbend an der Wasseroberfläche treibende oder

an den U.fersaum gespülte Fische.

 

Nicht unbeträchtlich ist die Menge an W.irbellosen, die der Rotmilan sowohl im Flug als auch auf

dem B.oden aufnimmt. Vor allem im Frühjahr können verschiedene K.äfer ( C.oleoptera ) sowie

R.egenwürmer ( L.umbricidae ) wichtige Nahrungsbestandteile sein.

 

Der Anteil an R.eptilien und A.mphibien am Gesamtnahrungsaufkommen ist regional sehr unter-

schiedlich, in südlichen Populationen in der Regel etwas größer als in Mittel- oder N.ordeuropa.

 

An A.as ist der Rotmilan etwas weniger häufig zu finden als der S.chwarzmilan, doch nutzt er

totgefahrene oder verendete Tiere ebenso wie dieser. Er ist an g.roßen K.adavern ebenso anzu-

treffen wie an den R.esten von K.leintieren. Auch an M.ülldeponien oder dort, wo große Mengen

tierischen Abfalles anfallen, wie zum Beispiel bei S.chlachthäusern oder T.ierverwertungsanlagen,

finden sich Rotmilane ein.

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Nahrungserwerb

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Der Rotmilan ist ein Suchflugjäger offener Landschaften, der große Gebiete seines Nahrungsreviers

in einem relativ niedrigen und langsamen Gleit- und Segelflug systematisch nach Beute absucht.

 

Er ist Überraschungsjäger, der bei erfolglosem Angriff in der Regel abstreicht und das verfehlte Beute-

tier nicht weiter verfolgt. Nicht selten ist er auch schreitend auf dem Boden zu sehen, wo er vor allem

nach I.nsekten und R.egenwürmern sucht.

 

Erspähte Beutetiere nimmt der Rotmilan im Darüberfliegen vom Boden auf, ohne dabei zu landen.

Auch F.ische werden nach S.eeadlerart von der W.asseroberfläche weggegriffen und davongetragen.

 

Vögel vermag er gelegentlich im Flug oder auf Ä.sten zu überraschen und zu schlagen, meistens

jedoch erbeutet er sie auf dem Boden. Die B.eutetiere werden in der Regel nicht mit den Krallen,

sondern durch kräftige Schnabelhiebe getötet.

 

Rotmilane parasitieren auch bei anderen Vögeln, vor allem bei S.chwarzmilanen, K.rähen und

M.öwen. Sie jagen ihnen die B.eute ab oder belästigen sie so lange, bis sie bereits verschluckte

Nahrung wieder auswürgen.

 

Insgesamt ist der Rotmilan in seinen Nahrungserwerbsstrategien sehr flexibel. Besonders attraktiv

sind M.äharbeiten, da diese für ihn zuvor unzugängliche Beute freilegen. Bis zu ihrem Umbruch

bieten auch abgeerntete F.elder gute Nahrungsressourcen, auf die sich Rotmilane sehr schnell

einstellen können.

 

Bei ausreichendem Nahrungsangebot und außerhalb der B.rutzeit beginnt der Rotmilan erst einige

Zeit nach S.onnenaufgang mit den ersten Beuteflügen und kann seine Jagdflüge bereits einige

Stunden vor S.onnenuntergang beenden. Während des Tages legt er, meist in Horstnähe, längere

Ruhepausen ein, die auch zur intensiven G.efiederpflege genutzt werden.

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Verhalten

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Die Aktivitätszeit ist bei gutem Beutetierangebot auffallend kurz, kann aber, insbesondere während

der B.rutzeit, schon in der frühen M.orgendämmerung beginnen und erst mit Einbruch der

D.unkelheit enden. Immer werden aber zwischen den Beuteflügen ausgiebige Ruhepausen

eingestreut, auch dann, wenn die N.estlinge in unmittelbarer Nähe energisch betteln.

 

Außerhalb der B.rutzeit ist der Rotmilan sehr gesellig und zeigt kein territoriales Verhalten. Die

Art nächtigt fast immer in größeren Schlafgesellschaften, auch die Jagdflüge erfolgen gemein-

schaftlich.

 

Diese Schlafgesellschaften können mehrere hundert Individuen umfassen. Häufig kann in diesen

Milanansammlungen „spielerisches“ Verhalten wie gegenseitiges Necken sowie synchrone Flug-

spiele einiger Vögel beobachtet werden. Gelegentlich brechen Rotmilane im Flug Koniferenzapfen

ab, um sie einfach nur fallen zu lassen.

 

Auch während der B.rutzeit ist territoriales Verhalten nicht sehr ausgeprägt, doch wird die weitere Umgebung des Horstes ( etwa 100 Meter ) und der darüberliegende Luftraum gegenüber Artge-

nossen und artfremden Eindringlingen von beiden Partnern verteidigt.

 

Dabei steigen die Milane hoch auf und attackieren den Eindringling ziemlich energisch von oben.

Meist wird er auch, vor allem vom M.ännchen, eine gewisse Zeit verfolgt, während das W.eibchen

recht schnell zum H.orst zurückkehrt.

 

Ein Nahrungsrevier beansprucht der Rotmilan in der Regel nicht, nur bei sehr geringer Nahrungsver-

fügbarkeit zeigen einzelbrütende P.aare auch diesbezüglich territoriales Verhalten. Gelegentlich

wurde auch bei sehr großen Populationsdichten, wie sie zum Beispiel im H.akel bestanden oder

in einigen Gegenden W.ales bestehen, territoriale Verhaltensweisen bezüglich der Jagdflächen

festgestellt.

 

Rot- und S.chwarzmilane können sehr nahe beieinander brüten. Bei Streitigkeiten um einen

günstigen N.istplatz oder einen bereits errichteten H.orst ist in der Regel der Rotmilan der

Unterlegene.

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Wanderungen

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Die Zugstrategien dieser Art sind uneinheitlich. Insgesamt wird in den letzten beiden Jahrzehnten

eine Verkürzung der Z.ugwege und ein vermehrtes Ausharren der Art in zuvor winters geräumten

B.rutgebieten festgestellt. Schneeärmere W.inter, sowie ein größeres, allzeit verfügbares Nahrungs-

angebot auf M.üllkippen und entlang stark frequentierter S.traßen, ermöglichen es auch vielen

mittel- und einigen n.ordeuropäischen Populationen während des W.inters im Brutgebiet auszu-

harren.

 

Die größten W.interbestände gibt es in Mittel- und Nordeuropa im nördlichen Harzvorland, in der

Schweiz ( zum Beispiel bei N.eerach ), in B.aden – W.ürttemberg sowie in S.üdschweden. In

einigen Ü.berwinterungsgebieten in der Schweiz und in S.üdschweden wurden ( und werden )

die Überwinterer durch Zufütterungen unterstützt. In B.aden – W.ürttemberg ging die Anzahl der

überwinternden Rotmilane mit der Schließung einiger M.ülldeponien kontinuierlich zurück.

 

Die Mehrheit der nord- und mitteleuropäischen Rotmilane verlässt im H.erbst das Brutgebiet und

zieht nach S.üdwesten, insbesondere nach S.panien. Brutvögel des südwestlichen Mitteleuropas,

I.taliens, F.rankreichs und S.paniens, sowie die wenigen Rotmilane Südosteuropas und N.ordafrikas

sind mehrheitlich Standvögel mit unterschiedlich weiträumigen Nahrungsflügen innerhalb ihres

Ü.berwinterungsgebietes. In S.panien decken sich die Überwinterungsregionen mit den Brutgebieten

der dort residenten Rotmilane. Sie liegen vor allem in der N.ord- und S.üdmeseta, im E.brobecken,

in der E.xtremadura, sowie in Teilen S.üdandalusiens.

 

Rotmilane ziehen bei Tag und meistens einzeln oder in kleinen Trupps. Auf dem Wegzug sind die

Zuggemeinschaften in der Regel individuenstärker als auf dem Heimzug. Auf Grund der relativ

kurzen Zugdistanzen verlassen Rotmilane erst spät das Brutgebiet, selten vor M.itte S.eptember,

die meisten aber erst in der ersten O.ktoberhälfte. Die Weibchen ziehen etwa eine bis zwei Wochen

vor den Männchen fort. Sehr früh erfolgt der H.eimzug. Schon in der Februarmitte erscheinen die

ersten ziehenden Rotmilane wieder im Brutgebiet, die Mehrheit folgt Ende F.ebruar und in der ersten

M.ärzdekade. Ein Großteil der einjährigen und viele zweijährige Rotmilane ziehen auf ihren ersten

Heimzügen nicht ins Brutgebiet zurück, sondern verbringen den Sommer entweder im Überwinter-

ungsgebiet oder vagabundieren in kleineren Gesellschaften in S.üd- und M.ittelfrankreich, zum Teil

auch in der Schweiz.

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Brutbiologie

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Rotmilane werden in Ausnahmefällen bereits in ihrem ersten Lebensjahr fortpflanzungsfähig, brüten

aber meist erst im dritten Lebensjahr zum ersten Mal.

 

Die Art und Dauer der Paarbindung ist unterschiedlich. Weitgehend monogame Brutsaisonehen

sind die Regel, doch wurden mehrjährige Dauerehen ebenso beobachtet wie Partnerwechsel

während der B.rutzeit.

 

Bei Standvögeln scheint die Paarbindung stabiler zu sein als bei Zugvögeln, bei denen auch die

durch das Zuggeschehen höheren Ausfallraten zu häufigerem Partnerwechsel zwingen. Die Art ist

sehr brutortstreu.

 

Auch geschlechtsreife Jungvögel versuchen sich meist in der näheren Umgebung ihres Geburts-

ortes anzusiedeln, auch dann, wenn in weiterem Umkreis geeignete Brutplätze zur Verfügung

stünden. Das führt nach Walz in dichtbesiedelten Rotmilanhabitaten mangels geeigneter Brut-

plätze zu einer Erhöhung des Bruteintrittsalters.

 

Bei in M.ittel- und O.steuropa überwinternden Vögeln wurde Balzverhalten während der gesamten

Ü.berwinterungszeit festgestellt. M.ännchen und W.eibchen können bis zu zwölf Tage ( in Aus-

nahmefällen bis zu vier Wochen ) zeitlich versetzt im Brutgebiet ankommen. Sowohl das W.eibchen

als auch das M.ännchen kann zuerst eintreffen. Ebenso treffen aber einige bereits lose verpaart im

Brutgebiet ein. Dort beginnen die Standvögel bereits Mitte bis Ende F.ebruar mit der Hauptbalz, die

Zugvögel im Durchschnitt etwa zwei bis drei Wochen später.

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Horstbau und Balz

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Die Balz des Rotmilans ist nicht sehr auffällig. Im Wesentlichen besteht sie aus Horstbau, gemein-

samen Flügen über dem H.orststandort und häufigen K.opulationen, die bis in die Nestlingszeit

hinein anhalten.

 

Zur Kopulation fordert das W.eibchen mit leisen Trillerrufen, waagrecht geduckter Körperhaltung

und gesenktem Kopf auf. Meist fliegt daraufhin das Männchen seine Partnerin direkt an und landet

auf ihrem Rücken.

 

Ob die spektakulären Steilabstürze über dem Horstrevier zum Balzritual gehören, oder nicht doch

eher der Feindabwehr zuzuordnen sind, ist ungeklärt. Bereits in der Nestbauphase stellt das

W.eibchen eigene Nahrungsflüge weitgehend ein und wird ab dieser Zeit vom M.ännchen versorgt,

bis es sich etwa zwei bis drei Wochen nach dem S.chlupf selbst wieder an der Nahrungsbeschaffung

beteiligt.

 

Der Horstbau oder die Instandsetzung eines alten Horstes beginnt sofort nach Ankunft der Partner

im Brutrevier. Horststandorte und Horstbäume sind sehr unterschiedlich, in Mitteleuropa handelt es

sich aber hauptsächlich um E.ichen, B.uchen oder K.iefern.

 

Felsbruten kommen bei den Populationen auf den B.alearen und den nordafrikanischen Rotmilanen

vor. Ganz selten wurden auch Horststandorte auf G.ittermasten festgestellt. Meist liegen die Horste

relativ hoch und in starken Bäumen, doch wurden auch sehr niedrig gelegene Nester in schwachen

Bäumen festgestellt.

 

Gerne wählen Rotmilane Nistbäume entlang steiler Abhänge oder über Felsklippen, bevorzugt in

Randlagen, oder in stark aufgelichteten Beständen. Nistunterlage ist meistens eine starke Stamm-

gabelung, seltener eine Gabelung in einem starken Seitenast.

 

Am Horstbau beteiligen sich beide Partner. Das Grundgerüst besteht aus starken Zweigen, die

vom Boden aufgelesen oder mit dem Schnabel oder den Fängen von Bäumen abgerissen werden.

Die Auspolsterung erfolgt mit unterschiedlichem, weichem, organischem Material, aber auch mit

Kulturabfällen wie F.olien, P.lastiktüten oder B.indegarn.

 

Letzteres führt nicht selten zur Strangulation eines Nestlings. Plastikmaterialien verhindern eine

ausgeglichene Luftzirkulation und können zur Durchnässung und Unterkühlung der Jungen

führen.

 

Die Größe der Rotmilanhorste ist sehr variabel. Sie können auffallend klein und recht liederlich

zusammengefügt sein mit Durchmessern zwischen nur 45 bis 60 Zentimetern. Mehrjährig benutzte

Nester sind jedoch massive Konstruktionen mit einem Durchmesser von einem Meter und mehr,

bei einer Höhe von über 40 Zentimetern.

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Gelege und Brut

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Das Gelege besteht meist aus drei E.iern, seltener aus einem, zwei oder vier E.iern. Es wurden

auch schon Gelege mit fünf E.iern gefunden. Die E.ier wiegen etwa 60 Gramm und messen im

Mittel 57 x 45 Millimeter.

 

Sie entsprechen in Größe und Form einem mittelgroßen H.ühnerei. Auf trübweißem Grund weisen

sie unterschiedlich stark ausgeprägte, rötlichbraune Flecken, sowie schwärzliche Girlanden auf.

Legebeginn in Mitteleuropa ist frühestens Ende M.ärz, in der Regel aber erst Anfang bis Mitte

A.pril. Bis in den M.ai hinein können frische Gelege gefunden werden. In Südeuropa ist der Lege-

beginn etwa zwei Wochen früher, in den nördlichsten Verbreitungsgebieten nicht vor Ende A.pril,

Anfang M.ai. Rotmilane brüten nur einmal im Jahr, nur bei frühem Gelegeverlust kommt es zu einem

Nachgelege, meistens in einem anderen Horst.

 

Die Eier werden etwa 32 bis 33 Tage fast ausschließlich vom W.eibchen bereits nach dem ersten

E.i fest bebrütet, so dass die J.ungen mit deutlichen Entwicklungsunterschieden aufgezogen werden.

Nur für kurze Zeit übernimmt das M.ännchen das Brutgeschäft. In den ersten zwei bis drei Wochen

bleibt das W.eibchen fast ständig am H.orst, hudert und beschattet die Nestlinge und verfüttert die

vom M.ännchen herbeigebrachte Nahrung, die vor allem aus K.leinsäugern und V.ögeln besteht.

 

Die Nestlingszeit beträgt, abhängig von Witterung und Nahrungsangebot zwischen 48 und 54 Tagen.

In Extremfällen kann das Ausfliegen erst nach 70 Tagen erfolgen. Die Führungszeit ist im Gegensatz

zu der junger S.chwarzmilane recht kurz und beträgt selten mehr als drei Wochen. Danach ver-

streichen die J.ungvögel, meist verlassen auch die A.ltvögel die unmittelbare H.orstumgebung.

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Mischbruten

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In freier Natur wurden gelegentlich Mischbruten zwischen Rot- und S.chwarzmilan festgestellt. Der

S.chwarzmilan war meist der w.eibliche Vogel. Auch erfolgreiche Bruten zwischen einem Schwarz-

milanmännchen und einem H.ybridweibchen wurden bekannt.

 

In Gefangenschaft kommen solche Mischbruten häufiger vor. Im N.aturpark A.ukrug in M.ittelholstein

brütete ein Mischpaar 6 Jahre hindurch erfolgreich. Nach Ausbleiben des Rotmilans trat offenbar

eine H.ybride aus einer vorangegangenen Brut an seine Stelle.

 

Regelmäßig kommt es auf den K.apverden zu Mischbruten zwischen dem heimischen K.apverde-

milan und den vor etwa hundert Jahren eingewanderten S.chwarzmilanen. Der K.apverdemilan

wird entweder als Unterart des Rotmilans ( Milvus milvus f.asciicauda ) oder als eigenständige

Art ( Milvus f.asciicauda ) aufgefasst. Aus diesen Mischbruten entstehen fruchtbare Nachkommen,

die sich weiterverpaaren. Daher ist es fraglich, ob reinerbige K.apverdemilane überhaupt noch

existieren.

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Bestand und Gefährdung

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Der europäische Bestand wird auf 19.000 bis 25.000 Paare geschätzt.

 

Gründe für die Bestandsrückgänge liegen vor allem in der Intensivierung, beziehungsweise Um-

stellung der L.andwirtschaft, sowie im großräumigen Verschwinden des H.amsters, der in einigen

Regionen Hauptbeutetier des Milans war.

 

Besonders negativ wirkte sich diese Entwicklung nach der Wende auf die Rotmilanbestände im Osten Deutschlands aus, wo regional Bestandseinbußen um 50 Prozent und mehr und ein deutliches Absinken der Reproduktionszahlen zu verzeichnen sind. Neben der Verschlechterung der Nahrungsverfügbarkeit durch Umstellung der Mahdtermine, Rückgang der Rinderhaltung und damit verbundener Reduzierung des Grünfutteranbaus mit regelmäßiger Mahd, spielen direkte Verfolgung durch Abschuss oder Vergiftung sowie Unfallverluste an Hochspannungsleitungen und Windkraftanlagen eine stark negative Rolle. Auch das frühzeitigere Schließen von Mülldeponien sowie vermehrte Freizeitaktivitäten in Brutgebieten der Art wirken sich bestandslimitierend aus. Ob sich die zunehmenden Schwarzmilanbestände negativ auf den in direkter Konkurrenz unterlegenen Rotmilan auswirken, ist nicht restlos geklärt.

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Lebenserwartung

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Rotmilane können sehr alt werden. Ein in Freiheit aufgefundener Rotmilan war fast dreißig Jahre alt.

Die tatsächliche Lebenserwartung freilebender Vögel ist jedoch bedeutend geringer.

 

Besonders der erste Wegzug endet für viele Rotmilane tödlich. Am Ende des ersten Lebensjahres

leben von einem Geburtsjahrgang etwa 60 – 65 Prozent. Mit wachsender Erfahrung verlangsamt

sich die Ausfallsrate, sodass nach drei Jahren noch ungefähr 35 – 45 Prozent eines Jahrganges am

Leben ist und zur Brut schreiten kann.

 

Diese Zahlen sind jedoch von vielen Faktoren abhängig, sodass sie nur als Annäherungswerte zu

sehen sind. A.bschuss, K.ollisionen mit H.indernissen und S.tromleitungen sowie Vergiftungen sind

die häufigsten Todesursachen.

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( BeschriebRotmilan AlbumRotmilan AlbumGreifvögelderSchweiz Schweiz Suisse Switzerland

Svizzera Suissa Swiss Sveitsi Sviss スイス Zwitserland Sveits Szwajcaria Suíça Suiza )

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F.lugp.latzf.est B.elpm.oost.age 2011 auf dem F.lugp.latz Bern B.elpm.oos am Sonntag den 19. Juni 2011

 

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Hurni110619 AlbumZZZZ110619B.elpm.oostage KantonBern

 

E - Mail : chrigu.hurni@bluemail.ch

 

******************************************************************************************************************

Letzte Aktualisierung - Ergänzung des Textes : 070223

******************************************************************************************************************

 

NIF

Taking public action to end violence at home; OECD High-Level Conference; Mr. Bert Groen (European Family Justice Centre Alliance), Ms. Ghada Hatem (Maison des Femmes), Mr. James Henderson (Training Institute on Strangulation Prevention) and Ms. Jane Pillinger; February 6th 2020; Photo: OECD/Maud Bernos

Own now 13 Witches: The Movie Unrated & Uncensored

Visit us at 13-witches.com/

 

Get it now while it still available!

Thank you for your support!

The practice of choking and strangulation techniques is a subtle art that requires more attention to detail than many other skills in Judo. Yet most texts on Judo do little to enlighten the conscientious student on the finer points of choking and strangulation. Most in fact imply that any pressure on the neck that makes the opponent give up is a good choke.

 

In Judo practice there are three basic ways of choking or strangling an opponent, as well as some combinations of the three:

    

Compression of the carotid arteries on one or both sides of the neck restricting the flow of blood and oxygen to the brain.

Compression of the windpipe (trachea) stopping or reducing the flow of air to the lungs.

Compression of the chest and lungs preventing the opponent from inhaling (often used during pinning techniques).

She'll be going through some modifications over the next few days (just getting rid of her facial tattoo for starters).

 

Ghoul's name: Kirei Suzuki

Height: 5' 7” I'm tall enough to be a male actor in Takarazuka Revue.

Age: I can't say that I remember. I'm equivalently 16.

Hometown: Okinawa, I think. Mother moved me to Tokyo after we met.

Why they think they can be ANTM: I think I can be the Next Top Monster because I normally stay very calm and collective. I'm great under pressure. Despite my emotional distance, I believe I can convey a certain amount of warmth in photographs. Even if I grow attached to another contestant, I can remain civil. If I do grow attached, I'll be loyal until the end.

Ethnicity: Japanese

Occupation: Besides being a faithful little sister and student. . . I wish I could work as a male actor in Takarazuka. . . or the monster equivalent, though more realistically, I'd like to be a linguist or author.

Info about ghoul: My mother is the rather infamous Kuchisake Onna (Slit-mouthed Woman). She isn't exactly my biological mother, but I love her nonetheless. For those who don't know the legend, my mother was a very vain and arrogant woman in her youth. . . while she was alive. She was known as Sayuri Madae, and she used to be a geisha. She retired and married a ninja who went by the name Tarou Yamamoto. He wasn't part of any major clan or anything, and I'm sure his name was fake. Yamamoto went out on a mission, and sometimes when ninja go on missions, they don't come back. So, mother was courted by a former samurai. Yamamoto came back, caught them in the act, and killed them both. Before he killed Mother, he slit her mouth open and stabbed her so she would scream. Then, he killed her through strangulation. Mother came back as an undead youkai, and she terrorizes people by asking them if they think she's pretty. She then takes off her masks and asks, “Do you still think I'm pretty?” If you say, “Yes” or “No,” she'll eventually kill you. If you say, “No,” it will be a painful death; she'll slit your mouth open and make you scream, much like Yamamoto did to her. If you say, “Yes,” she'll be merciful, but she'll kill you a week or so later. There's plenty of ways to avoid certain death when speaking with her. . . Mister Suzuki seemed to know how. I suppose I can't completely hate him, since he brought Yami into my life.

Anyway, I don't remember much about my life before meeting Mother. Something about a man with red hair and lots of fighting. Always fighting. Screaming, bleeding, burning—No. We won't talk about that.

 

Out of character answers.

Age: She's actually only about 46. Her aging is very erratic thanks to some of her adopted family's influence. She was adopted by the Kuchisake Onna when she was six years old—the year she died.

Why I think Kirei can be America's Next Top Monster: Well, Kirei has a wicked and creepy yet sexy and playful personality. She does have the obsessive devotion, and though she may not be much to look at, I'm hoping I can portray her strong yet erratic personality through photographs.

Information about the ghoul: She is the adopted daughter of the Kuchisake Onna.

She enjoys musical theater and opera. She'd love to play Doctor Frank-N-Furter in Rocky Horror Stage Show. Her ultimate dream would be to play Death in Elizabeth.

Her favorite authors are Koji Suzuki (no relation), H.P. Lovecraft, Stephen King, and Mark Z. Danielewski.

She suffers from a severe eisoptrophobia. She isn't afraid of mirrors but her own reflection. She can be in the same room as mirrors, but don't ever ask her to look in it.

She has a “big brother” complex with her human step-brother Yamato Suzuki (“Yami”), but hopefully, she'll get a “healthier” relationship.

She notices people's eyes, and that's what draws her into obsessing over them.

 

If there are anymore questions, feel free to direct them towards me or Kirei.

 

FROM: www.flickr.com/photos/

www. blackandblackblogspot.com/

href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/fathi_abouelezz's">www.flickr.com/photos/fathi_abouelezz's photostream

ART from FATHI_ ABOUELEZZ'S Photostream

   

THE FOLLOWING LETTER MAY BE SENT TO YOUR ELECTED REPRESENTATIVES-

Very simple.. secure2.convio.net/pep/site/Advocacy?cmd=display&page...

GO TO:

Act Now to Stop War & End Racism (ANSWER):

and send your letter of protest!

 

I join with people all over the world in condemning the murderous attacks carried out by the Israeli military against the people of Gaza. Because of the U.S.-backed Israeli blockade and strangulation of the people of Gaza for the past 18 months, there is little or no medicine to treat the wounded, electricity for hospitals, or food or clean water for much of the population.

 

The U.S. government sends $15 million each day to Israel. In addition to the military attacks against the people of Gaza, Gaza City residents are without electricity for up to 16 hours a day and half the city's residents receive water only once a week for a few hours.

 

These are war crimes, and crimes against humanity. I demand that the United States end all funding for Israel.

<

You may personalize this letter or simply click and it will be sent to your

ELECTED representatives! Please do it!

   

©AVucha 2017

Authorities in McHenry County have identified an 8-year-old girl and her 11-year-old brother killed in a murder-suicide inside a Lake in the Hills home.

 

McHenry County Coroner Anne L. Majewski identified, Carla M. Lopez-Mejia, 27, her son, Ezquiel Garcia, 11, and her daughter Ariana, 8, as the deceased found in a townhome in the 2300 block of Daybreak Drive in Lake in the Hills Tuesday afternoon.

 

A preliminary autopsy report released Wednesday afternoon revealed that 27-year-old Carla Lopez-Mejia died of asphyxia due to a ligature hanging. Preliminary autopsy findings revealed that the children, 8-year-old Ariana and 11-year-old Ezequiel died from asphyxia due to ligature strangulation. Toxicology testing on all the decedents are pending.

 

“The final manner of death determination will be made only after a completion of the investigation and review of all the findings.”

 

Local authorities responded to the home at around 2:55 p.m. Tuesday, after receiving a report of an unresponsive person inside. Firefighters encountered a locked door and were required to force entry into the residence. Once inside, first responders found the remains of the three individuals.

 

Huntley Superintendent of Schools John Burkey offered his condolences Wednesday morning to all of those connected to the family and entire school community. In an online statement, he recognized Ezequiel, as a sixth-grade student at Marlowe Middle School, and Ariana, as a third-grade student at Martin Elementary School.

 

“This terrible tragedy has affected all of us in the Huntley 158 family, and the grief that accompanies news such as this will take time to process as students, staff, and the community all attempt to come to terms with it… Any reaction is normal in the grieving process and can range from withdrawal to crying to anger. It’s important for us as adults to listen carefully to our children and help them through their reactions and feelings regarding this tragedy.” the statement said. Burkey also added that counseling and bereavement support services would be available for students and staff.

 

Lake in the Hills Police emphasized in a press release that the incident appears isolated and that there is not a threat to the public.

 

This photo is being made available only for personal use printing by the subject(s) of the photograph. The photograph may not be manipulated in any way and may not be used in commercial material, advertisements, emails, products, promotions without the expressed consent of Alex Vucha.

This is the last panel of the polyptych of Saint Godelieve, showing her after her strangulation at the orders of her mother-in-law. Not for nothing is she the patron saint of verbal and spousal abuse.

 

Altarpiece from Belgium, c.1470s.

 

To learn more about Saint Godelieve, go here: saints.sqpn.com/saintg33.htm

The history of pre-Christian Europe is mostly lost and what little is known is fragmentary at best. Many preserved bodies have been found in bogs and moors all across Europe. The bodies are often preserved in a remarkable state, in fine detail down to the stubble on a person's face, due to low oxygen and the action of tannins in the bogs.

 

IN many cases these victims victims appear to have died horrific deaths consisting of multiple modes of killing - stabbing, beating, strangulation, torture, and so on. Some where apparently staked to their bog grave with willow stakes driven through the neck and joints before they were killed.

 

The victims were men, women, teens and children. Some had physical deformities, some had hard working lives and others seem to been from wealth and privilege.

 

Roman authors were unclear about the role of human sacrifice. Some wrote that the killings were ritual, to propitiate underworld gods, while others suggested it was execution for crime or violation of societal taboos. It is not known whether these people were forced to their deaths or whether they went willingly. Ancient Europeans often buried high-value weapons and objects in swamps, pools, rivers, springs and other places, thought to lead to the underworld, so it is a good guess that these victims are the most valuable sacrifices made to the gods. Perhaps to ensure a good growing season, good weather, protection from enemies...?

 

Many bog bodies show multiple modes of death - stabbing, strangulation and clubbing for example. Lucan described sacrifices made to the trio of deities Taranis, Esus, and Toutis in which the victim was burned, strangled and hung, one wound for each deity. One must be cautious in interpreting Roman writings since their aim was often to highlight the savageness of the barbarians to justify conquering them. So perhaps we are getting only the most sensational stories. Romans, too, as outsiders may have been ignorant of what they were actually seeing. Their disgust at human sacrifice is odd since they, and most societies on earth performed human sacrifice for the same reasons - good harvests, good lambing season, luck in battle, humiliation of enemies, etc...

 

Life to those people was uncertain and death came randomly in many ways - disease, starvation, war.... Without knowledge of science these societies created mythologies to try to put in order the otherwise random nature of life. The harshness of life is, I believe, echoed in their deities which seem to be generally fearsome, nefarious and terrible.Even earth mothers from which they were born are often also deities with dual natures and can take life just the same.

 

Finally I'm not sure we can ever really get into the heads of these ancient people. It fascinates me to no end. I look at their monuments and realize that it was an relevant and meaningful as monothesitic religious iconography is to us. Although the details of their mythologies are lost, these practices were very important to them - It lasted for thousands of years. I don't imagine they killed for the sake of killing but rather this was a task to be done and was likely carried out in a frenzied haze of of alcohol and hallucinogens. Perhaps it was in response to a dry spring or excessive flooding or a cold summer?

 

The totems, dress, and the whole scene is purely from my head. I try to create a scene based on known facts and then trying to imagine what they thought when making those artifacts, and then extend it further to create things and situations that might have existed. Just like modern archeology I don't know if the moon means anything, the time of day, the bells on the antlers, the wreath, etc... or whether the bells are to help them find their way back to the village and it just happens to a waning moon.

i do not condone or wish to promote the actions of these evil bastards

 

A serial killer is typically defined as an individual who has murdered three or more people over a period of more than a month, with down time (a "cooling off period") between the murders, and whose motivation for killing is largely based on psychological gratification. Other sources define the term as "a series of two or more murders, committed as separate events, usually, but not always, by one offender acting alone" or, including the vital characteristics, a minimum of at least two murders. Often, a sexual element is involved with the killings, but the FBI states that motives for serial murder include "anger, thrill, financial gain, and attention seeking." The murders may have been attempted or completed in a similar fashion and the victims may have had something in common; for example, occupation, race, appearance, sex, or age group.

 

Serial killers are not the same as mass murderers, who commit multiple murders at one time; nor are they spree killers, who commit murders in two or more locations with virtually no break in between.

 

Victims

Murder 1, Stephen Dean Holmes: Nilsen's first murder took place on 30 December 1978. Nilsen claimed to have met his first victim in a gay bar. Nilsen strangled him with a necktie until he was unconscious and then drowned him in a bucket of water. On 12 January 2006, it was announced that the victim had been identified as Stephen Dean Holmes, who was born on 22 March 1964 and was therefore only 14 at the time; Holmes had been on his way home from a concert. On 9 November 2006, Nilsen finally confessed to the murder of Holmes in a letter sent from his prison cell to the Evening Standard. Nilsen was not charged for the murder as the Crown Prosecution Service decided that a prosecution would not be in the public interest.

Between the first and second murders, Nilsen attempted to murder Andrew Ho, a student from Hong Kong he had met in The Salisbury public house in St. Martin's Lane. Although afterwards he confessed to the police about the incident no charges were brought and Nilsen was not arrested.

Murder 2, Kenneth Ockendon: The second victim was 23-year-old Canadian student Kenneth Ockendon. Nilsen met the tourist in a pub on 3 December 1979 and escorted him on a tour of Central London, after which they went back to Nilsen's flat for another drink. Nilsen strangled him with the cord of his headphones whilst Ockendon was listening to a record. Ockendon was one of the few murder victims who was reported as a missing person.

Murder 3, Martyn Duffey: Martyn Duffey was a 16-year-old runaway from Birkenhead. On 17 May 1980, he accepted Nilsen's invitation to come over to his place. Nilsen strangled and subsequently drowned Duffey in the kitchen sink.

Murder 4, Billy Sutherland: Billy Sutherland was a 26-year-old father-of-one from Scotland who worked as a prostitute. Sutherland met Nilsen in a pub in August, 1980. Nilsen could not remember how he murdered Sutherland; however, it was later revealed that Sutherland had been strangled by bare hands.

Murder 5, Unidentified: The fifth victim was another man who worked as a prostitute; however, this man was never identified. All that is known is that he was probably from the Philippines or Thailand.

Murder 6, Unidentified: Nilsen could recall very little about this and the following two victims. All that Nilsen could remember about the sixth man was that he was a young Irish labourer that Nilsen had met in the Cricklewood Arms.

Murder 7, Unidentified: Nilsen described the seventh victim as a starving "hippy-type" whom Nilsen had found sleeping in a doorway in Charing Cross.

Murder 8, Unidentified: Nilsen could recall little about his eighth victim, except that he kept the man's body under the floorboards of his flat, until he removed the corpse and cut it into three pieces then put it back again. He burned the corpse one year later.

At some point between murders 6 and 8, on 10 November 1980, Nilsen attacked a Scottish barman named Douglas Stewart, whom Nilsen met at the Golden Lion in Dean Street. Stewart woke up while being strangled, and was able to fend off his attacker. Although Stewart called the police almost immediately after the attack, the officers refused to take action; reportedly they considered the incident to be a domestic disagreement.

Murder 9, Unidentified: The ninth victim was a young Scottish man who Nilsen met in the Golden Lion pub in Soho in January, 1981.

Murder 10, Unidentified: Another young Scottish man. Nilsen strangled him with a tie and placed the body under the floorboards.

Murder 11, Unidentified: Nilsen picked up his eleventh victim in Piccadilly Circus. The man was an English skinhead and had a tattoo around his neck reading "cut here". The man had boasted to Nilsen about how tough he was and how he liked to fight. However, once he was drunk, he proved no match for Nilsen, who hung the man's naked torso in his bedroom for a day, before burying the body under the floorboards.

Murder 12, Malcom Barlow: The 12th victim was a 24-year-old named Malcolm Barlow. Nilsen murdered Barlow on 18 September 1981. Nilsen found Barlow in a doorway not far from his own home, took him in, and called an ambulance for him. When Barlow was released the next day, he returned to Nilsen's home to thank him and was pleased to be invited in for a meal and a few drinks. Nilsen murdered Barlow that night. Barlow was the final victim to be murdered at Melrose Avenue.

In October 1981, Nilsen moved to a new house in Muswell Hill.

 

In November 1981, Nilsen targeted Paul Nobbs, a student, at the Golden Lion in Soho, and invited Nobbs back to his new home. The student awoke the next morning with little recollection of the previous evening's events, and later went to see his doctor because of some bruising that had appeared on his neck. The doctor revealed that it appeared as if the student had been strangled, and advised him to go to the police. However, Nobbs was concerned about what would happen if his sexual orientation were to be disclosed, and did not go to the police.

Following this attempted murder, Nilsen targeted Carl Stotter, a drag queen known as Khara Le Fox at The Black Cap, in Camden. After passing out from strangulation, Stotter became conscious while Nilsen was trying to drown him in a bath of cold water. Stotter managed to gasp air four times before losing consciousness. Nilsen's dog then lapped Stotter's face and uncovered signs of life. Nilsen then led Stotter to a railway station, through a forest where Nilsen may have intended to finally kill Stotter, and the two parted ways. Stotter, due to memory loss from the event and alcohol before, did not realise for several years that he had almost been killed.

Murder 13, John Howlett: Howlett had first met Nilsen in a West End pub in December 1981. In March, 1982, John Howlett was the first victim to be murdered in Nilsen's Muswell Hill home. Howlett was one of the few who was able to fight back; however, Nilsen had taken a dislike to him and was determined that he should die. There was a tremendous struggle, in which at one point Howlett even tried to strangle Nilsen back. Eventually, Nilsen drowned Howlett, holding his head under water for five minutes. Nilsen dismembered Howlett's body, hid some of Howlett's body parts around the house and flushed others down the toilet.

Murder 14, Graham Allen: Graham Allen was another troubled man, and a father; originally from Scotland, whom Nilsen met in Shaftesbury Avenue in September, 1982. Nilsen took Allen to his home and prepared an omelette for him. Nilsen crept up on Allen while he was eating and strangled him to death. After murdering Allen, Nilsen left Allen's body in the bath, unsure how to dispose of it. After three days, Nilsen dismembered him, like his previous victim. Parts of Allens' remains were what led to the drains being blocked at the flats where Nilsen lived.

Murder 15, Stephen Sinclair: Nilsen's final victim was a 20-year-old man named Stephen Sinclair who was addicted to drugs and alcohol. Nilsen targeted Sinclair in Oxford Street and bought the youth a hamburger. Nilsen then suggested that they go back to his place. After Sinclair drank alcohol and used heroin at Nilsen's house, Nilsen strangled Sinclair and dismembered Sinclair's body. Nilsen recalled that the youth's wrists were covered in slash marks from where Sinclair had recently tried to kill himself. This murder was on 26 January 1983, less than two weeks before Nilsen was arrested. It was Sinclair's dismembered remains in the drain outside Nilsen's home that first alerted the police to Nilsen's murders

Crispina, wife of Commodus. Aureus 180-182, AV 7.28 g. CRISPINA – AVGVSTA Draped bust r., hair in coil at back. Rev. VENVS· FELIX Venus seated l., holding Victory and sceptre; below seat, dove standing l. C 39. BMC 48. RIC Commodus 287. Calicó 2377c.

Rare. A very elegant portrait, the work of a skilled master engraver. A perfect Fdc

 

Provenance

Michael L. J. Winckless Collection, sold privately by Spink & Son (London) in October 2006.

Few Romans of high station in the government and the army could have felt secure during the reign of Commodus, a man whose cruel autocracy gave rise to plots against him, and whose suspicious mind is said to have invented plots when actual threats were absent.

The daughter of a nobleman who had campaigned alongside Marcus Aurelius against barbarians on the northern border of the empire, Crispina reportedly was an exceptionally beautiful woman, a fact which the portrait on this coin supports. She was married to the fifteen-year-old future emperor Commodus, but as he steadily became more paranoid and megalomaniacal, their relationship disintegrated, and they both partook in extramarital affairs. In 182 Crispina was banished to the island of Capri where she met her end by strangulation, presumably on the orders of her husband. The official reason given for her severe treatment was her adulterous activities, but more than likely it was because she, along with her sister-in-law Lucilla, was implicated in a failed plot to assassinate Commodus.

 

NAC99, 19

Own now 13 Witches: The Movie Unrated & Uncensored

www.13-witches.com

www.sabinemondestin.com

Photo is from prairierivers.org

  

Sarah Von Alt, an animal rights activist working with Mercy For Animals supports the Occupy Movement.

 

"MFA stands in solidarity with anyone who works to help animals, and I appreciate that the Occupy movement has included animals in its Official Declaration of the Occupation of New York City – specifically that corporate interests have 'profited off of the torture, confinement, and cruel treatment of countless nonhuman animals, and actively hide these practices.'"

 

Von Alt said as the Occupy movement continues to gain momentum, it is becoming more obvious that Americans have grown weary of corporate power in politics and the resulting abuses of humans and nonhuman animals.

 

"While taking to the streets and participating in peaceful protests is one way to raise awareness about these important issues, each of us can start to remove our financial support from Big Ag by transitioning to a healthier, more sustainable plant-based diet. Since cows, pigs and chickens make up 99 out of every 100 animals exploited and killed in this country, in a very real way, they are the 99%," Von Alt said.

 

You can find plenty of info about Mercy for Animals online, but here is Von Alt's overview of the organization.

 

" Mercy For Animals is a national non-profit organization dedicated to preventing cruelty to farmed animals and promoting compassionate food choices and policies. We encourage consumers to open their hearts and minds, and widen their circle of compassion beyond family, friends and their beloved companion animals to include all animals," Von Alt said.

 

She said more than 99 percent of animal exploitation and abuse in this country is at the hands of the meat, dairy and egg industries.

 

"Farmed animals may not be as cute or fluffy as our dogs and cats at home, but they have the same capacity to feel love, joy, and happiness, as well as sorrow, fear and pain. The best way to help end the needless suffering of cows, pigs, chickens and other farmed animals is simply to not eat them," Von Alt said.

 

She said while MFA’s primary focus is on the animals themselves, transitioning to a plant based diet has shown benefits to human health, as well as our environment.

 

"Currently, the leading causes of death in the United States, including heart disease, some forms of cancer, stroke and diabetes have been conclusively linked to diets high in meat, dairy, eggs and other animal products," Von Alt said.

 

The United Nations, Pew Charitable Trusts and other organizations have concluded that animal agriculture is a leading cause of every environmental problem we face – from global greenhouse gas emissions to deforestation to air and water pollution.

 

"By transitioning to a healthy and humane vegan lifestyle, we can spare animals lives of immeasurable suffering and protect human health and the health of the planet," Von Alt said.

 

In light of this, boycotts of factory farmed meat, dairy and eggs---if not a boycott of them altogether would seem to make sense.

 

"Choosing cruelty-free, plant-based alternatives to meat, dairy and eggs is a powerful way to put your ethics on the table and vote for a kinder world every time you sit down to eat. If you don’t like that animals are made to suffer and die for your dinner – good news! You have options. Leave the meat at the supermarket. You don’t have to continue to financially support an industry that hurts animals, the planet and your health. You can now find vegan versions of almost all your favorite foods– including veggie burgers, soy milk, and dairy-free ice cream – at nearly every grocery store and restaurant. It’s never been easier to adopt a healthy and compassionate vegan diet," Von Alt said.

 

I asked her about using marches as part of a movement for animal rights.

 

"MFA volunteers around the country routinely take part in parades, street fairs and festivals to raise awareness about the plights of farmed animals. This was MFA's sixth year marching in Pride Parades around the country, and as in years past, the crowd response has been amazing. In fact, since MFA's inception more than a decade ago, the parallels between the gay rights, animal rights and other social justice movements has been an important theme in our philosophy and message. As Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. said, 'No one is free when others are oppressed.'"

 

She said in addition to marching in Pride Parades, MFA seeks to create positive social change by raising awareness about the plights of farmed animals and talking to consumers about the power of their food choices.

 

"In 2011, MFA conducted more than 1,500 public outreach events including vegan feed-ins, tabling events, leafletings and Paid-Per-View screenings. At Paid-Per-View screenings we pay people a dollar to watch a 4-minute clip from Farm to Fridge, an eye-opening exploration behind the closed doors of the nation’s largest industrial poultry, pig, dairy and fish farms, hatcheries, and slaughter plants. Exposing consumers to the realities of modern animal agriculture is a powerful way to inspire change," Von Alt said.

 

I asked Von Alt what specific local eateries and markets are better than some others in terms of how animals are treated. I didn't quite get the answer I was looking for but I plan to ask MFA's Rice the same question, hoping he names names---in a good way.

 

"After learning about the cruelty involved in factory-farmed products, many people think 'free-range,' 'cage-free' or 'organic' meat, eggs and dairy products are the solution. While these products may be less cruel than the typical factory farm products, they still involve needless violence, suffering and death and should not be mistaken for cruelty-free," Von Alt said.

 

She said any time an animal, even a free-range animal, is used as a commodity to be consumed -- or treated as a piece of property -- corners are cut and the animals lose.

 

"Animals on 'free range' farms are still often forced to live in overcrowded conditions, are mutilated without painkillers (castration, tail docking, debeaking etc.), denied veterinary care and ultimately shipped to slaughter to have their throats cut open, " said Von Alt.

 

This may indicate the challenge of forming alliances between animal liberationists and advocates of so-called humane animal husbandry. This also calls to mind how animal liberation gets relatively little attention in both mainstream and non-mainstream progressive media outlets, not to mention non-progressive media outlets. At the time of posting this content, I'm waiting on a reply from Mercy for Animals regarding the points in this paragraph.

 

Von Alt continued.

 

"At Mercy For Animals, we encourage people to remember that the only meaningful difference between a dog or a cat and a cow, pig or chicken is the way that we treat them. If you wouldn't eat your free-range dog or cat, why would you eat any other animal who has the same passion for life?"

 

Von Alt said if a person feels they are not quite willing or able to stop eating animals yet, it is more productive to begin by reducing the amount of meat, diary and eggs one consumes instead of falling for clever marketing schemes designed to make people feel better about paying more for some of the same types of cruelties.

 

I'm currently looking for more details about such clever marketing schemes. I asked Von Alt about the possible role of civil disobedience in the animal liberation movement.

 

"Once people become aware of the scale of violence and suffering being routinely inflicted on animals in name of commerce and greed, some understandably turn to civil disobedience to express their outrage and to garner attention on the issue – particularly when the mainstream media seems unwilling to cover these issues otherwise. While we neither condone nor condemn non-violent actions to help animals, MFA continues to work within the law to bring its message of compassion to the masses," Von Alt said.

 

I plan to ask MFA's Rice about why his organization would not condone non-violent actions to help animals, as Von Alt says above. Without confirmation from Rice, my guess is that Von Alt meant MFA does not condone illegal actions, even those that are non-violent.

 

I asked Von Alt to offer ideas about engaging with government so as to save or improve farm animals' lives. Though removing our financial support from the meat, dairy and egg industries is an easy and powerful way for individual consumers to put their ethics on the table, we shouldn’t stop there, said Von Alt.

 

"Concerned citizens can also push their local, state and federal representatives to ban some of the cruelest factory farming practices. For example, MFA volunteers were instrumental in getting California Proposition 2 passed a couple years ago to outlaw veal crates for baby calves, gestation crates for mother pigs and battery cages for egg-laying hens. These types of intensive confinement systems, which don’t even allow the animals to freely move or lie down comfortably for nearly their entire lives, are perhaps the cruelest forms of institutionalized animal abuse in existence. But by raising awareness among the voting public, Prop 2 passed by a landslide and became the most popular ballot initiative in California history," Von Alt said.

 

She said MFA also worked with concerned citizens in Ohio to collect signatures to outlaw similarly cruel practices here.

 

"When it became obvious to the industry that the measure may be as popular as the one in California, they decided to come to the table and negotiated a deal with the governor and the animal protection movement to phase out veal crates and gestation crates, place a moratorium on building new battery cage egg facilities and outlawed strangulation as a form of euthanasia," Von Alt said.

 

These issues are related to Ohio's Livestock Care Standards Board, which was created in early 2010 after the Issue 2 ballot initiative passed in autumn of 2009. Von Alt said while it is important to remember outlawing some cruel practices does not make these industries cruelty-free, it does help to alleviate the suffering of literally hundreds of millions of animals each year.

 

"It is because of citizens who care enough to lobby their elected representatives, to write letters and make phone calls and collect signatures, that these types of initiatives have been so successful," Von Alt said.

 

On the distinction between groups that work for animal rights and those that work for animal welfare, Von Alt said those perspectives are not mutually exclusive.

 

"MFA believes non-human animals are irreplaceable individuals with morally significant interests and hence rights. This includes the right to live free from unnecessary suffering and exploitation. We can work toward improving the lives of animals and alleviating their suffering while at the same time being clear that animals should not be exploited at all."

Vogel / Bird / Raubvogel : Milan / Rotmilan ( Milvus milvus ) über dem Belpmoos im Kanton Bern in der Schweiz !

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Rotmilan ( Milvus milvus )

 

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S y s t e m a t i k

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- Klasse : Vögel ( Aves )

 

- Ordnung : Greifvögel ( Falconiformes )

 

- Familie : Habichtartige ( Accipitridae )

 

- Gattung : Milane ( Milvus )

 

- Art : Rotmilan

 

- Wissenschaftlicher Name : Milvus milvus - Linnaeus – 1.7.5.8

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Der Rotmilan ( Milvus milvus ), auch Roter Milan, Gabelweihe oder Königsweihe genannt, ist eine

etwa mäusebussardgroße Greifvogelart aus der Familie der Habichtartigen ( Accipitridae ).

 

Im Gegensatz zum nahe verwandten, geringfügig kleineren S.chwarzmilan, ist seine Verbreitung

im Wesentlichen auf Europa beschränkt.

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Äußere Merkmale

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Der Rotmilan ist eine gut bestimmbare Greifvogelart. Verwechselt werden könnte er am ehesten mit

dem S.chwarzmilan, doch sind auch zu dieser nahe verwandten Milanart gute Unterscheidungsmerk-

male gegeben.

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Der Rotmilan ist größer als ein M.äusebussard und etwas größer als der S.chwarzmilan; er ist aus-

gesprochen langflügelig und langschwänzig. Der sitzende Vogel wirkt rötlichbraun, wobei eine deutlich

hellere, meist ockerfarbene Federsäumung vor allem der Deckfedern des Oberflügels und des Rücken-

gefieders einen kontrastreichen Gesamteindruck vermittelt.

 

Das Kopf-, Nacken- und Kehlgefieder erwachsener Rotmilane ist sehr hell, fast weiß, und weist auf-

fallende schwarze Federnschäfte auf, die diese Körperpartien schwarz gestrichelt erscheinen lassen.

 

Der ziemlich kräftige Schnabel ist an der Basis gelb, am Schnabelhaken dunkelgrau oder schwarz.

 

Die kurzen Beine sind gelb, die Krallen ziemlich schwarz.

 

Die Iris erwachsener Vögel ist blassgelb. Das deutlich schwarz längsgestrichelte Bauchgefieder ist

etwas heller und leuchtender rötlichbraun als das Rückengefieder; ebenso gefärbt sind die Unter-

flügeldeckfedern. Die Arm- und Handschwingen sind an ihren Enden sehr dunkel, fast schwarz.

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Im Flug fallen vor allem die langen, relativ schmalen Flügel und der tief gegabelte, rostrote Schwanz

auf, der immer in Bewegung ist und auch voll gefächert eine erkennbare Kerbung aufweist.

 

In der Oberansicht kontrastieren die schwarzen Arm- und Handschwingen stark mit dem übrigen,

rötlichbraunen Gefieder. Noch kontrastreicher ist das Flugbild von unten, da die Basen der Hand-

schwingen weiß sind und so ein ausgedehntes weißes Flügelfeld bilden und im Flügelbug meist ein

schwarzes Abzeichen zu erkennen ist.

 

Die äußersten, tief gefingerten Handschwingen sind in ihrem letzten Drittel schwarz. Im Segelflug

sind die Armschwingen leicht über die Horizontale angehoben, die Handschwingen jedoch gerade

oder leicht gesenkt, was ein erkennbar geknicktes Flügelprofil ergibt.

 

Die Flügel sind in fast jeder Flugposition im Carpalgelenk deutlich gewinkelt.

 

Die Geschlechter unterscheiden sich in der Färbung nicht, auch das Jugendgefieder ähnelt stark

dem Erwachsenenkleid. Bestes, und bei sehr gutem Licht auch feldornithologisch brauchbares

Bestimmungsmerkmal juveniler Individuen, ist der mehr sandfarbene, nicht hellgrauweiße Kopf und

das eher gesprenkelt ( nicht längsgestrichelt ) wirkende, mehr blass rötlichbraune Bauchgefieder.

Bei ganz jungen flüggen Rotmilanen kann der Schwanz am äußersten Rand noch eine Rundung

aufweisen, da die äußersten Steuerfedern noch nicht ihre volle Länge erreicht haben.

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Größe und Körpermasse

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Der reverse Geschlechtsdimorphismus ist beim Rotmilan ähnlich wie beim S.chwarzmilan in Bezug

auf die Körpergröße nicht sehr deutlich, etwas ausgeprägter jedoch in Bezug auf das Körpergewicht.

 

Die schwersten M.ännchen haben ein Gewicht von 1,1 Kilogramm; im Durchschnitt liegt das Gewicht

etwas unter einem Kilogramm. Die schwersten W.eibchen wiegen 1,4 Kilogramm, das Mittel liegt bei

1,2 Kilogramm. Die Körperlänge variiert zwischen 60 und 73 Zentimeter, wovon zwischen 31 und 39

Zentimeter auf den Schwanz entfallen. Die Spannweite beträgt 150 bis 171 Zentimeter.

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Laute

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Rotmilane sind akustisch weniger auffällig als S.chwarzmilane. Vor allem außerhalb der Balzzeit und

in weiterer Entfernung vom H.orst verhalten sie sich weitgehend stumm, sieht man von Nahrungs-

streitigkeiten mit anderen Vögeln wie K.rähen, B.ussarden oder M.ilanen ab, die meist sehr lautstark

ausgetragen werden.

 

Auffälligster Ruf ist ein hohes, in der Tonfärbung stark variierendes Wiiieeh, das in verschiedensten

Situationen meist gereiht, nur selten als gedehnter Einzelruf, vorgetragen wird.

 

Das erste Element ist langgezogen, die nachfolgenden schließen sich wellenförmig und kürzer

werdend an dieses an. In Aggressionssituationen ist dieser Ruf höher, spitzer und kürzer.

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Verbreitung

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Überwinternde Rotmilane können weiträumig in Südwesteuropa, vereinzelter auch in Süd -und

Südosteuropa, in Ausnahmefällen auch in K.leinasien, angetroffen werden.Das Verbreitungsgebiet

des Rotmilans ist heute im Wesentlichen auf Zentral-, West- und Südwesteuropa beschränkt.

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Lebensraum

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Der Rotmilan ist ein Greifvogel offener, mit kleinen Gehölzen durchsetzter Landschaften. Er ist be-

deutend weniger wassergebunden als die Nominatform des S.chwarzmilans, mit dem er jedoch

häufig in enger Nachbarschaft brütet.

 

Bevorzugte Lebensräume sind A.grarlandschaften mit F.eldgehölzen, oft auch P.arklandschaften,

seltener H.eide- und M.oorgebiete, solange B.äume als N.iststandorte zur Verfügung stehen. Häufig

nutzt er die günstigen Aufwindverhältnisse in engeren F.lusstälern oder an B.erghängen.

 

Zum Jagen braucht er offenes K.ulturland, G.rasland und V.iehweiden, daneben können auch Feucht-

gebiete als Nahrungsreviere dienen. Abgeerntete oder gerade umgepflügte Getreidefelder werden

ebenso in die Nahrungssuche eingeschlossen wie A.utobahnen und M.ülldeponien, letztere aber

nicht in dem Ausmaß wie vom S.chwarzmilan.

 

Sein Verbreitungsgebiet stimmt im Wesentlichen mit den Braunerdegebieten Mittel- und Osteuropas

sowie den mediterranen Braunerde- und Terra-Rossa-Gebieten überein und liegt schwerpunktmäßig

in den Intensivzonen der mitteleuropäischen Landwirtschaft.

 

Im Allgemeinen ist der Rotmilan ein Bewohner der Niederungen und der Hügellandgebiete etwa bis

800 m ü. NN. Im Schweizer J.ura liegen einzelne Brutplätze bei fast 1200 Meter über NN; in den

P.yrenäen sind Vorkommen in der subalpinen Stufe bekannt. Historische Brutplätze im K.aukasus

und im H.ohen A.tlas lagen in Höhen von fast 2500 Metern.

 

Im M.ittelalter scheint der Rotmilan auch in einigen europäischen S.tädten, so etwa in L.ondon,

gebrütet zu haben. Er dürfte dort eine ähnliche Rolle als A.bfallvertilger gespielt haben, wie sie

heute einige Unterarten des S.chwarzmilans ( M. migrans parasitus und M. m. govinda ) in A.frika

beziehungsweise S.üd- und S.üdostasien einnehmen.

 

In günstigen Nahrungshabitaten können Rotmilane in sehr hohen Siedlungsdichten vorkommen.

Besonders dicht besiedelt war der H.akel, ein etwa 13 km² großes W.aldgebiet in der M.agdeburger

B.örde, wo 1.9.7.9 136 Rotmilanpaare brüteten. Seither gingen die Bestandszahlen dort jedoch

kontinuierlich zurück. Solche Konzentrationen von bis zu zehn Brutpaaren innerhalb eines Quadrat-

kilometers sind Ausnahmen, doch auch in der Baar sowie im E.ichsfeld kommen Rotmilane in hohen Bestandsdichten vor.

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Nahrung

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Wie der S.chwarzmilan ist auch der Rotmilan weitgehend Nahrungsgeneralist. Im Gegensatz zu

diesem ist er aber ein leistungsfähigerer, aktiver J.äger. F.isch nimmt nur ausnahmsweise eine

so dominierende Stellung ein wie bei der Nominatform des S.chwarzmilans.

 

Auch A.as und A.bfälle werden zwar regelmäßig, aber seltener als vom S.chwarzmilan aufge-

nommen. Individuell sind die Nahrungs- und Jagdgewohnheiten recht verschieden.

 

Während der B.rutzeit besteht die Hauptnahrung aus kleinen S.äugetieren und V.ögeln. Mengen-

mäßig und gewichtsmäßig überwiegen bei den S.äugetieren F.eldmäuse ( M.icrotus s.p.) und

M.aulwürfe ( T.alpidae ), bei den V.ögeln sehr auffällig der S.tar.

 

Auch verschiedene T.auben ( C.olumbidae ), R.abenvögel ( Corvidae ) und größere D.rosseln

( T.urdidae ), so etwa A.mseln ( T.urdus m.erula ), W.acholder- ( T.urdus p.ilaris ) und M.istel-

d.rosseln ( T.urdus v.iscivorus ) werden relativ häufig geschlagen.

 

Dort, wo der F.eldhamster ( C.ricetus c.ricetus ) noch vergleichsweise häufig vorkommt, zum

Beispiel in O.stpolen, kann dieser zur H.auptbeute werden. Oft handelt es sich bei geschlagenen

V.ögeln um verletzte beziehungsweise kranke Individuen oder um J.ungtiere.

 

In w.asserreichen Gebieten können F.ische, unter ihnen vor allem W.eißfische wie die P.lötze

( R.utilus r.utilus ) und der B.rachsen ( A.bramis b.rama ), gewichtsmäßig dominieren. Erbeutet

werden sowohl lebende, als auch tote oder sterbend an der Wasseroberfläche treibende oder

an den U.fersaum gespülte Fische.

 

Nicht unbeträchtlich ist die Menge an W.irbellosen, die der Rotmilan sowohl im Flug als auch auf

dem B.oden aufnimmt. Vor allem im Frühjahr können verschiedene K.äfer ( C.oleoptera ) sowie

R.egenwürmer ( L.umbricidae ) wichtige Nahrungsbestandteile sein.

 

Der Anteil an R.eptilien und A.mphibien am Gesamtnahrungsaufkommen ist regional sehr unter-

schiedlich, in südlichen Populationen in der Regel etwas größer als in Mittel- oder N.ordeuropa.

 

An A.as ist der Rotmilan etwas weniger häufig zu finden als der S.chwarzmilan, doch nutzt er

totgefahrene oder verendete Tiere ebenso wie dieser. Er ist an g.roßen K.adavern ebenso anzu-

treffen wie an den R.esten von K.leintieren. Auch an M.ülldeponien oder dort, wo große Mengen

tierischen Abfalles anfallen, wie zum Beispiel bei S.chlachthäusern oder T.ierverwertungsanlagen,

finden sich Rotmilane ein.

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Nahrungserwerb

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Der Rotmilan ist ein Suchflugjäger offener Landschaften, der große Gebiete seines Nahrungsreviers

in einem relativ niedrigen und langsamen Gleit- und Segelflug systematisch nach Beute absucht.

 

Er ist Überraschungsjäger, der bei erfolglosem Angriff in der Regel abstreicht und das verfehlte Beute-

tier nicht weiter verfolgt. Nicht selten ist er auch schreitend auf dem Boden zu sehen, wo er vor allem

nach I.nsekten und R.egenwürmern sucht.

 

Erspähte Beutetiere nimmt der Rotmilan im Darüberfliegen vom Boden auf, ohne dabei zu landen.

Auch F.ische werden nach S.eeadlerart von der W.asseroberfläche weggegriffen und davongetragen.

 

Vögel vermag er gelegentlich im Flug oder auf Ä.sten zu überraschen und zu schlagen, meistens

jedoch erbeutet er sie auf dem Boden. Die B.eutetiere werden in der Regel nicht mit den Krallen,

sondern durch kräftige Schnabelhiebe getötet.

 

Rotmilane parasitieren auch bei anderen Vögeln, vor allem bei S.chwarzmilanen, K.rähen und

M.öwen. Sie jagen ihnen die B.eute ab oder belästigen sie so lange, bis sie bereits verschluckte

Nahrung wieder auswürgen.

 

Insgesamt ist der Rotmilan in seinen Nahrungserwerbsstrategien sehr flexibel. Besonders attraktiv

sind M.äharbeiten, da diese für ihn zuvor unzugängliche Beute freilegen. Bis zu ihrem Umbruch

bieten auch abgeerntete F.elder gute Nahrungsressourcen, auf die sich Rotmilane sehr schnell

einstellen können.

 

Bei ausreichendem Nahrungsangebot und außerhalb der B.rutzeit beginnt der Rotmilan erst einige

Zeit nach S.onnenaufgang mit den ersten Beuteflügen und kann seine Jagdflüge bereits einige

Stunden vor S.onnenuntergang beenden. Während des Tages legt er, meist in Horstnähe, längere

Ruhepausen ein, die auch zur intensiven G.efiederpflege genutzt werden.

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Verhalten

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Die Aktivitätszeit ist bei gutem Beutetierangebot auffallend kurz, kann aber, insbesondere während

der B.rutzeit, schon in der frühen M.orgendämmerung beginnen und erst mit Einbruch der

D.unkelheit enden. Immer werden aber zwischen den Beuteflügen ausgiebige Ruhepausen

eingestreut, auch dann, wenn die N.estlinge in unmittelbarer Nähe energisch betteln.

 

Außerhalb der B.rutzeit ist der Rotmilan sehr gesellig und zeigt kein territoriales Verhalten. Die

Art nächtigt fast immer in größeren Schlafgesellschaften, auch die Jagdflüge erfolgen gemein-

schaftlich.

 

Diese Schlafgesellschaften können mehrere hundert Individuen umfassen. Häufig kann in diesen

Milanansammlungen „spielerisches“ Verhalten wie gegenseitiges Necken sowie synchrone Flug-

spiele einiger Vögel beobachtet werden. Gelegentlich brechen Rotmilane im Flug Koniferenzapfen

ab, um sie einfach nur fallen zu lassen.

 

Auch während der B.rutzeit ist territoriales Verhalten nicht sehr ausgeprägt, doch wird die weitere Umgebung des Horstes ( etwa 100 Meter ) und der darüberliegende Luftraum gegenüber Artge-

nossen und artfremden Eindringlingen von beiden Partnern verteidigt.

 

Dabei steigen die Milane hoch auf und attackieren den Eindringling ziemlich energisch von oben.

Meist wird er auch, vor allem vom M.ännchen, eine gewisse Zeit verfolgt, während das W.eibchen

recht schnell zum H.orst zurückkehrt.

 

Ein Nahrungsrevier beansprucht der Rotmilan in der Regel nicht, nur bei sehr geringer Nahrungsver-

fügbarkeit zeigen einzelbrütende P.aare auch diesbezüglich territoriales Verhalten. Gelegentlich

wurde auch bei sehr großen Populationsdichten, wie sie zum Beispiel im H.akel bestanden oder

in einigen Gegenden W.ales bestehen, territoriale Verhaltensweisen bezüglich der Jagdflächen

festgestellt.

 

Rot- und S.chwarzmilane können sehr nahe beieinander brüten. Bei Streitigkeiten um einen

günstigen N.istplatz oder einen bereits errichteten H.orst ist in der Regel der Rotmilan der

Unterlegene.

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Wanderungen

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Die Zugstrategien dieser Art sind uneinheitlich. Insgesamt wird in den letzten beiden Jahrzehnten

eine Verkürzung der Z.ugwege und ein vermehrtes Ausharren der Art in zuvor winters geräumten

B.rutgebieten festgestellt. Schneeärmere W.inter, sowie ein größeres, allzeit verfügbares Nahrungs-

angebot auf M.üllkippen und entlang stark frequentierter S.traßen, ermöglichen es auch vielen

mittel- und einigen n.ordeuropäischen Populationen während des W.inters im Brutgebiet auszu-

harren.

 

Die größten W.interbestände gibt es in Mittel- und Nordeuropa im nördlichen Harzvorland, in der

Schweiz ( zum Beispiel bei N.eerach ), in B.aden – W.ürttemberg sowie in S.üdschweden. In

einigen Ü.berwinterungsgebieten in der Schweiz und in S.üdschweden wurden ( und werden )

die Überwinterer durch Zufütterungen unterstützt. In B.aden – W.ürttemberg ging die Anzahl der

überwinternden Rotmilane mit der Schließung einiger M.ülldeponien kontinuierlich zurück.

 

Die Mehrheit der nord- und mitteleuropäischen Rotmilane verlässt im H.erbst das Brutgebiet und

zieht nach S.üdwesten, insbesondere nach S.panien. Brutvögel des südwestlichen Mitteleuropas,

I.taliens, F.rankreichs und S.paniens, sowie die wenigen Rotmilane Südosteuropas und N.ordafrikas

sind mehrheitlich Standvögel mit unterschiedlich weiträumigen Nahrungsflügen innerhalb ihres

Ü.berwinterungsgebietes. In S.panien decken sich die Überwinterungsregionen mit den Brutgebieten

der dort residenten Rotmilane. Sie liegen vor allem in der N.ord- und S.üdmeseta, im E.brobecken,

in der E.xtremadura, sowie in Teilen S.üdandalusiens.

 

Rotmilane ziehen bei Tag und meistens einzeln oder in kleinen Trupps. Auf dem Wegzug sind die

Zuggemeinschaften in der Regel individuenstärker als auf dem Heimzug. Auf Grund der relativ

kurzen Zugdistanzen verlassen Rotmilane erst spät das Brutgebiet, selten vor M.itte S.eptember,

die meisten aber erst in der ersten O.ktoberhälfte. Die Weibchen ziehen etwa eine bis zwei Wochen

vor den Männchen fort. Sehr früh erfolgt der H.eimzug. Schon in der Februarmitte erscheinen die

ersten ziehenden Rotmilane wieder im Brutgebiet, die Mehrheit folgt Ende F.ebruar und in der ersten

M.ärzdekade. Ein Großteil der einjährigen und viele zweijährige Rotmilane ziehen auf ihren ersten

Heimzügen nicht ins Brutgebiet zurück, sondern verbringen den Sommer entweder im Überwinter-

ungsgebiet oder vagabundieren in kleineren Gesellschaften in S.üd- und M.ittelfrankreich, zum Teil

auch in der Schweiz.

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Brutbiologie

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Rotmilane werden in Ausnahmefällen bereits in ihrem ersten Lebensjahr fortpflanzungsfähig, brüten

aber meist erst im dritten Lebensjahr zum ersten Mal.

 

Die Art und Dauer der Paarbindung ist unterschiedlich. Weitgehend monogame Brutsaisonehen

sind die Regel, doch wurden mehrjährige Dauerehen ebenso beobachtet wie Partnerwechsel

während der B.rutzeit.

 

Bei Standvögeln scheint die Paarbindung stabiler zu sein als bei Zugvögeln, bei denen auch die

durch das Zuggeschehen höheren Ausfallraten zu häufigerem Partnerwechsel zwingen. Die Art ist

sehr brutortstreu.

 

Auch geschlechtsreife Jungvögel versuchen sich meist in der näheren Umgebung ihres Geburts-

ortes anzusiedeln, auch dann, wenn in weiterem Umkreis geeignete Brutplätze zur Verfügung

stünden. Das führt nach Walz in dichtbesiedelten Rotmilanhabitaten mangels geeigneter Brut-

plätze zu einer Erhöhung des Bruteintrittsalters.

 

Bei in M.ittel- und O.steuropa überwinternden Vögeln wurde Balzverhalten während der gesamten

Ü.berwinterungszeit festgestellt. M.ännchen und W.eibchen können bis zu zwölf Tage ( in Aus-

nahmefällen bis zu vier Wochen ) zeitlich versetzt im Brutgebiet ankommen. Sowohl das W.eibchen

als auch das M.ännchen kann zuerst eintreffen. Ebenso treffen aber einige bereits lose verpaart im

Brutgebiet ein. Dort beginnen die Standvögel bereits Mitte bis Ende F.ebruar mit der Hauptbalz, die

Zugvögel im Durchschnitt etwa zwei bis drei Wochen später.

.

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Horstbau und Balz

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Die Balz des Rotmilans ist nicht sehr auffällig. Im Wesentlichen besteht sie aus Horstbau, gemein-

samen Flügen über dem H.orststandort und häufigen K.opulationen, die bis in die Nestlingszeit

hinein anhalten.

 

Zur Kopulation fordert das W.eibchen mit leisen Trillerrufen, waagrecht geduckter Körperhaltung

und gesenktem Kopf auf. Meist fliegt daraufhin das Männchen seine Partnerin direkt an und landet

auf ihrem Rücken.

 

Ob die spektakulären Steilabstürze über dem Horstrevier zum Balzritual gehören, oder nicht doch

eher der Feindabwehr zuzuordnen sind, ist ungeklärt. Bereits in der Nestbauphase stellt das

W.eibchen eigene Nahrungsflüge weitgehend ein und wird ab dieser Zeit vom M.ännchen versorgt,

bis es sich etwa zwei bis drei Wochen nach dem S.chlupf selbst wieder an der Nahrungsbeschaffung

beteiligt.

 

Der Horstbau oder die Instandsetzung eines alten Horstes beginnt sofort nach Ankunft der Partner

im Brutrevier. Horststandorte und Horstbäume sind sehr unterschiedlich, in Mitteleuropa handelt es

sich aber hauptsächlich um E.ichen, B.uchen oder K.iefern.

 

Felsbruten kommen bei den Populationen auf den B.alearen und den nordafrikanischen Rotmilanen

vor. Ganz selten wurden auch Horststandorte auf G.ittermasten festgestellt. Meist liegen die Horste

relativ hoch und in starken Bäumen, doch wurden auch sehr niedrig gelegene Nester in schwachen

Bäumen festgestellt.

 

Gerne wählen Rotmilane Nistbäume entlang steiler Abhänge oder über Felsklippen, bevorzugt in

Randlagen, oder in stark aufgelichteten Beständen. Nistunterlage ist meistens eine starke Stamm-

gabelung, seltener eine Gabelung in einem starken Seitenast.

 

Am Horstbau beteiligen sich beide Partner. Das Grundgerüst besteht aus starken Zweigen, die

vom Boden aufgelesen oder mit dem Schnabel oder den Fängen von Bäumen abgerissen werden.

Die Auspolsterung erfolgt mit unterschiedlichem, weichem, organischem Material, aber auch mit

Kulturabfällen wie F.olien, P.lastiktüten oder B.indegarn.

 

Letzteres führt nicht selten zur Strangulation eines Nestlings. Plastikmaterialien verhindern eine

ausgeglichene Luftzirkulation und können zur Durchnässung und Unterkühlung der Jungen

führen.

 

Die Größe der Rotmilanhorste ist sehr variabel. Sie können auffallend klein und recht liederlich

zusammengefügt sein mit Durchmessern zwischen nur 45 bis 60 Zentimetern. Mehrjährig benutzte

Nester sind jedoch massive Konstruktionen mit einem Durchmesser von einem Meter und mehr,

bei einer Höhe von über 40 Zentimetern.

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Gelege und Brut

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Das Gelege besteht meist aus drei E.iern, seltener aus einem, zwei oder vier E.iern. Es wurden

auch schon Gelege mit fünf E.iern gefunden. Die E.ier wiegen etwa 60 Gramm und messen im

Mittel 57 x 45 Millimeter.

 

Sie entsprechen in Größe und Form einem mittelgroßen H.ühnerei. Auf trübweißem Grund weisen

sie unterschiedlich stark ausgeprägte, rötlichbraune Flecken, sowie schwärzliche Girlanden auf.

Legebeginn in Mitteleuropa ist frühestens Ende M.ärz, in der Regel aber erst Anfang bis Mitte

A.pril. Bis in den M.ai hinein können frische Gelege gefunden werden. In Südeuropa ist der Lege-

beginn etwa zwei Wochen früher, in den nördlichsten Verbreitungsgebieten nicht vor Ende A.pril,

Anfang M.ai. Rotmilane brüten nur einmal im Jahr, nur bei frühem Gelegeverlust kommt es zu einem

Nachgelege, meistens in einem anderen Horst.

 

Die Eier werden etwa 32 bis 33 Tage fast ausschließlich vom W.eibchen bereits nach dem ersten

E.i fest bebrütet, so dass die J.ungen mit deutlichen Entwicklungsunterschieden aufgezogen werden.

Nur für kurze Zeit übernimmt das M.ännchen das Brutgeschäft. In den ersten zwei bis drei Wochen

bleibt das W.eibchen fast ständig am H.orst, hudert und beschattet die Nestlinge und verfüttert die

vom M.ännchen herbeigebrachte Nahrung, die vor allem aus K.leinsäugern und V.ögeln besteht.

 

Die Nestlingszeit beträgt, abhängig von Witterung und Nahrungsangebot zwischen 48 und 54 Tagen.

In Extremfällen kann das Ausfliegen erst nach 70 Tagen erfolgen. Die Führungszeit ist im Gegensatz

zu der junger S.chwarzmilane recht kurz und beträgt selten mehr als drei Wochen. Danach ver-

streichen die J.ungvögel, meist verlassen auch die A.ltvögel die unmittelbare H.orstumgebung.

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Mischbruten

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In freier Natur wurden gelegentlich Mischbruten zwischen Rot- und S.chwarzmilan festgestellt. Der

S.chwarzmilan war meist der w.eibliche Vogel. Auch erfolgreiche Bruten zwischen einem Schwarz-

milanmännchen und einem H.ybridweibchen wurden bekannt.

 

In Gefangenschaft kommen solche Mischbruten häufiger vor. Im N.aturpark A.ukrug in M.ittelholstein

brütete ein Mischpaar 6 Jahre hindurch erfolgreich. Nach Ausbleiben des Rotmilans trat offenbar

eine H.ybride aus einer vorangegangenen Brut an seine Stelle.

 

Regelmäßig kommt es auf den K.apverden zu Mischbruten zwischen dem heimischen K.apverde-

milan und den vor etwa hundert Jahren eingewanderten S.chwarzmilanen. Der K.apverdemilan

wird entweder als Unterart des Rotmilans ( Milvus milvus f.asciicauda ) oder als eigenständige

Art ( Milvus f.asciicauda ) aufgefasst. Aus diesen Mischbruten entstehen fruchtbare Nachkommen,

die sich weiterverpaaren. Daher ist es fraglich, ob reinerbige K.apverdemilane überhaupt noch

existieren.

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Bestand und Gefährdung

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Der europäische Bestand wird auf 19.000 bis 25.000 Paare geschätzt.

 

Gründe für die Bestandsrückgänge liegen vor allem in der Intensivierung, beziehungsweise Um-

stellung der L.andwirtschaft, sowie im großräumigen Verschwinden des H.amsters, der in einigen

Regionen Hauptbeutetier des Milans war.

 

Besonders negativ wirkte sich diese Entwicklung nach der Wende auf die Rotmilanbestände im Osten Deutschlands aus, wo regional Bestandseinbußen um 50 Prozent und mehr und ein deutliches Absinken der Reproduktionszahlen zu verzeichnen sind. Neben der Verschlechterung der Nahrungsverfügbarkeit durch Umstellung der Mahdtermine, Rückgang der Rinderhaltung und damit verbundener Reduzierung des Grünfutteranbaus mit regelmäßiger Mahd, spielen direkte Verfolgung durch Abschuss oder Vergiftung sowie Unfallverluste an Hochspannungsleitungen und Windkraftanlagen eine stark negative Rolle. Auch das frühzeitigere Schließen von Mülldeponien sowie vermehrte Freizeitaktivitäten in Brutgebieten der Art wirken sich bestandslimitierend aus. Ob sich die zunehmenden Schwarzmilanbestände negativ auf den in direkter Konkurrenz unterlegenen Rotmilan auswirken, ist nicht restlos geklärt.

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Lebenserwartung

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Rotmilane können sehr alt werden. Ein in Freiheit aufgefundener Rotmilan war fast dreißig Jahre alt.

Die tatsächliche Lebenserwartung freilebender Vögel ist jedoch bedeutend geringer.

 

Besonders der erste Wegzug endet für viele Rotmilane tödlich. Am Ende des ersten Lebensjahres

leben von einem Geburtsjahrgang etwa 60 – 65 Prozent. Mit wachsender Erfahrung verlangsamt

sich die Ausfallsrate, sodass nach drei Jahren noch ungefähr 35 – 45 Prozent eines Jahrganges am

Leben ist und zur Brut schreiten kann.

 

Diese Zahlen sind jedoch von vielen Faktoren abhängig, sodass sie nur als Annäherungswerte zu

sehen sind. A.bschuss, K.ollisionen mit H.indernissen und S.tromleitungen sowie Vergiftungen sind

die häufigsten Todesursachen.

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( BeschriebRotmilan AlbumRotmilan AlbumGreifvögelderSchweiz Schweiz Suisse Switzerland

Svizzera Suissa Swiss Sveitsi Sviss スイス Zwitserland Sveits Szwajcaria Suíça Suiza )

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F.lugp.latzf.est B.elpm.oost.age 2011 auf dem F.lugp.latz Bern B.elpm.oos am Sonntag den 19. Juni 2011

 

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Hurni110619 AlbumZZZZ110619B.elpm.oostage KantonBern

 

E - Mail : chrigu.hurni@bluemail.ch

 

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Letzte Aktualisierung - Ergänzung des Textes : 070223

******************************************************************************************************************

 

NIF

www.13-witches.com

www.sabinemondestin.com

13 Witches: The Movie Unrated & Uncensored

www.13-witches.com

Accused Mohanand Naik was first arrested on 21st April 2009 in connection with a Rape Case. During interrogations he confessed killings, The accused 40, Rickshaw Driver, allegedly commited FIRST murder when he was about 24 (1994). Main Motive: Greed for Gold Ornaments and money. Mode of killings: Strangulation using the victim's dupata. Mohanand is married with 18 months old child. He seems very quite and many find hard to believe in his alleged crimes. All the murdered victims are young females

 

In 1995, Mohanand was first arrested in kidnapping case but the Police let him off without proper investigation. Now, he admits not only kidnapping but killing the girl too.

 

Murder confessions (as per the Goa Police) as follows:

 

2 as on 25/04/09 Miss Darshan Naik 22, Shroda ( ACQUITTED 1/12/10) & Miss Yogita Naik 30, Ponda

1 as on 03/05/09 Miss Vasanti Gaude19, Marcaim - CONVICTED on 30/6/11 (Sentenced to LIFE on 20/7/11 - this is the second life term for murder)

1 as on 06/05/09 Miss Kesar Naik 33, Ponchwadi AQUITTED on 13/11/10

1 as on 07/05/09 Miss Nayan Goancar 30, Panchwadi

2 as on 08/05/09 Miss Sunita Gaoncar 31, Bethora ACQUITTED (on 1/12/10) & Miss Anjani Gaoncar 30, Ponda AQUITTED on 9/10/11

(3 as on 08/05/09 as per GT Miss Sunita, Mis Anjani & Miss Nirmala Ghadi, 28, Khandola)

1 as on 11/05/09 Miss Surat Gaonkar, 30, Panchwadi (ACQUITTED)

1 as on 19/05/09 Miss Sushila Fatarpekar, 30 from Curca CONVICTED May 31,2011 and Sentenced for LIFE on 10th June 2011

2 as on 27/5/9 Miss Deepali Jotkar 22, Davorlim, Margao & Miss Bhagi Satarkar30, Ponda

2 on 28/5/09 Miss Nirmala Amonkar, 32, Rivona (ACQUITTED) & Miss Baghu Upaskar

of Satpal-Sacord (ACQUITTED)

1 on 29/5/09 he does not remember the victim's name but age 25-30 and from Bicholim, killed on 30/12/05 (ACQUITTED on 25/10/10)

1 on 30/5/09 Miss Gulabi Gaokar, 30 of Dabal on july 29, 1994 (his first murder, 2nd being 2 months later same year)

 

Total: 16 as on 30/5/09

 

5 murders in 2007, 3 in 2005, 2 each in 2008, 1994 and 1 each in, 1995, 2003, 2006 & 2009

 

However, Police are investigating for possible links to 18 (now 7?) missing girls during the period.

 

Mahanand and his wife Puja:

Where do they first met ?

Ans: In a prison or police lock-up at Savordem Both as offenders.

Wife's offence not known yet.

 

see wife Puja, Mahanand Pics etc here

www.flickr.com/photos/joegoaukextras/3527774702/

or

www.flickr.com/photos/joegoaukextras/3527774702/sizes/l/

 

Watch this space for updates

 

Watch the killer in this Clip (NDTV 1.5 mins)

www.youtube.com/watch?v=g7o5LQafHB4

 

The Killer's wife Puja seeking refuge saying the agitated villagers threatened to kill her and the baby and is now safe at an undisclosed destination. Protection given by a Goan NGO 'Bailancho Ekvott' or 'Women's Unity' 18/5/09

 

Puja says they have been married for last 11 years and that she never had a clue that her husband might involve in the alleged crimes.

He sometime used to bring in large amount of money and upon questions, he often said the money either come from borrowing from his parents or from the painting worlk he sometime says he did.

Puja works as a clerk in a central governmnet dept. at Ela, Goa.

Just befoe the arrest of her husband, she was told to leave the job and that he *husband' would look after them.

 

Leader of the BE (abv NGO), Auda Viegas says that if they find Puja's involvement in the crimes then they will withdraw the protection given to her

 

update: 25/5/09

According to the Police..

- 3 of the 10 victims skeletons discovered.

One of it was found just about 150mts from the main road at Raia and co-incidently the area is frequented by Migrants to asnwer nature call and yet it was not detected earlier.

- The goldSmitth to whom the alleged serial killer was selling the ill gotton gold is arrested

Police says the gold would worth at least 5 lakhs or at least 500g.

Police recovered Rs.10.5 lakhs worth melted stolen gold from the goldsmith. 26/5/09

Soon after the the Gold Smith Ulhas Rivonkar's arrest, a retired judge and an advocate approached the police station to bail him out

 

It also appears that besides the 3 skeletons found, the bodies of most remaining also found over the years which police termed as ‘unnatural deaths’

 

Tiatr on Mahanand releasing in August

Check it out here

www.flickr.com/photos/joegoauk-tiatr2/3780604592/

or

www.flickr.com/photos/tiatr/3550947796/

 

a tiatr trailer

www.youtube.com/watch?v=eAHM3E2h9W0

 

Goa Police charge-sheeted Mahanadn in the last week of July 2009

 

as of early Dec. 2009, total of 9 charge sheets filed.

 

Court Verdicts:

On 2nd Jan 2010,

District and Sessions Judge Desmond D’Costa ACQUITTED Mahanand in the case saying the prosecution had failed to establish that the woman went to the spot with Mahanand. “The prosecution also could not prove that she was killed and her body thrown in the bushes by the accused,” the judge said.

 

The order also expressed the doubt that the police may have been trying to fix a blame on accused to solve the unsolved mystery of the woman’s death.

Court acquited Mahanand in Surat Gaukar case.

Court could not establish his direct link to the crime

 

On 6th March 2010

Judge Mr P V Sawaiker, acquitted Mahanand Naik, who was arrested in connection with the case of murder of Bhagu Upasker from Sacordem that took place in 2007. This is the second case, after he was acquitted on January 2 this year, in the murder of Surat Gaunker from Panchwadi.

The court after examining a witness and the concerned investigating police officer in the Upasker case passed the said order.

 

on 30th March 2010

Mahanand acquitted today in the third case

Additional district and sessions court judge Desmond D’Costa acquitted 40-year-old Mahanand of the charges of killing Nirmala Amonkar, a woman in her late 20s, found dead on a plateau in Verna village

Her highly decomposed body was found at Verna on February 24. 2008

The court acquitted Mahanand from the charges as the police were not able to establish the offence against him.

 

Mahanand latest pic (Sept end 2010)

www.flickr.com/photos/joegoaukextra2/5046313905/

 

Oct. 1 2010

Convicted for Rape

Sessions court Judge Nutan Sardessai has convicted Mahanand Naik

Sentenced for 7 years and fine Rs.25K

It may be reminded that the Rape case was the first to file with the Police.

Based on it's investigation, the alleged 16 murders came to light later on.

 

Tony Dias, Tiatr Director in an advertisement in early Oct. 2010 had announced yet another

tiatr title 'MAHANAND, DEV NIDONK NA'

This was soon after Mahanand was convicted for rape.

Then again, after the first life sentence announced on 10/6/11

 

25/10/10.

Mahanand Naik was acquitted by the court for the 4th time/case.

North Goa District & Sessions Judge Nutan Sardessai acquitted Mahanad as the prosecution failed to produce concrete evidence proving his guilt under Sections 364 (kidnapping), 392 (robbery), 302 (murder) and 201 (destroying evidence) of Indian Penal Code.

The court ould find any evidence to prove the alleged Killer stragulated

Shakuntala Kavthankar 35, of Mayem.

 

Nov. 13, 2010,

Mahanand lucky for the 5th time.

Principal Sessions Judge Nutan Sardesai in Panaji after hearing string of arguments by the prosecution ACQUITTED him in case of murder of 33 year Kesar Naik from Mapa-Panchwadi in 2007.

For want of sufficient evidence to show he killed Kesar. Also, Forsenic report said DNA could not be extracted from the bone.

 

Dec. 1. 2010

Mahanad acquitted in two more cases - 7 time lucky.

Principal Session Judge Nutan Sardessai acquitted Mahanand today in the murder cases of Darshana Naik (21) and Sunita Gaonkar (31), giving him benefit of doubt. Darshana was killed in 1994 and Sunita in 2003.

Darshana Naik (22) of Talaulim and sunita Gaonkar (31) of Betoda.

 

9 more muder cases (out of the total 16) still to come up in the court

 

Feb. 9, 2011 Judge Desmond D'Costa got suspended by Hight Court for disposing off one of the Mahnand cases in haste.

Protest meet by advocates/ clip

www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jk8tDzm6pTk

 

Feb 28/2011

Mahanand filed an appeal in the high court against the District Court oder / conviction on rape case for which he was sentenced to 7 years imprisonment

 

March 15/2011

Cutorim Police filed a chargsheet case againt Mahanand in Deepali Jotkar Murder case. This is the third Case in South Goa Court (prev. two ended in aquittals + 5 at North Goa = 7 acquittals in all)

 

May 19, 2011

Frame charges against Mahanand in Deepali’s murder, orders court

 

HERALD REPORTER

 

Frame charges against Mahanand in Deepali’s murder, orders court

HERALD REPORTER

MARGAO, MAY 19

Accused Mahanand Naik on Thursday landed in the dock when the South Goa Sessions court ordered framing of charges of murder, abduction and robbery against him in the Deepali Jotkar murder case.

Judge Bimba Thaly ordered that charges under section 302 of the IPC for murder, 364 abduction, 394 robbery and 201 for destruction of evidence be framed against the accused.

The Judge further ordered framing of charges against the jeweller Ulhas Rivonkar under section 411 of the IPC for receiving stolen property.

Adv Joe Antao, who appeared for Mahanand Naik, under the free legal aid scheme, did not argue during arguments before framing of charges.

In this case, the Maina Curtorim police had chargesheeted accused Mahanand Naik for allegedly adducting deceased Deepali Jotkar from the housing board and later allegedly murdered here at Fatorda after relieving her of the gold ornaments.

The police said both Deepali and Mahanand were last seen together near the Maruti Temple at the Rumdamol Housing board before her body was found murdered at Fatorda.

Incidentally, Mahanand was acquitted in two other murder cases reported from South Goa, including the one which kicked up a row, leading to the suspension of Additional Sessions Judge Desmond D’Costa

 

27.5.11

Charges framed against Mahanand in Deepali murder case

 

TEAM HERALD

 

teamherald@herald-goa.com

MARGAO: The South Goa Sessions Court on Friday framed charges of murder, abduction and robbery against accused Mahanand Naik in the Deepali Jotkar murder case.

The trial in the sensational case would commence in the Sessions Court on June 7.

After framing the charges, Judge Bimba Thaly posted the matter for evidence.

In this case, the Maina Curtorim Police had charged accused Mahanand Naik for allegedly adducting deceased Deepali Jotkar from the housing board and later allegedly murdered her at Fatorda after relieving her of the gold ornaments.

The police said both Deepali and Mahanand were last seen together near the Maruti temple at the Rumdamol Housing Board before her body was found murdered at Fatorda.

 

May 31, 2011

Mahanand gets first murder conviction

TEAM HERALD

teamherald@herald-goa.com

PANJIM: North Goa Principal Sessions Judge today held Goa’s infamous serial killer Mahanand Naik guilty for the murder of a 32-year-old woman at Bambolim in 2007.

Principal Judge Nutan Sardessai ruled Mahanand guilty of murdering Susheela Fatarpekar of Curca and fleeing away with her gold ornaments.

It may be recalled that the victim’s sister had filed a complaint against Mahanand at the Agassaim police station on May 19, 2009. The complainant alleged that Susheela was abducted by the accused on October 24, 2007, under the pretext of marrying her.

“Mahanand took her to an isolated spot behind Goa University library and killed her by strangulating her with her own duppata (long stole) and robbed the gold ornaments. Her body was thrown in the bushes”, the chargesheet mentioned.

The accused was booked under section 364 (kidnapping or abduction in order to murder), 302 (murder), 392 (robbery) and 201 (destruction of evidence) of the Indian Penal Code.

The prosecution led by Sarojini Sardinha examined 21 witnesses including the goldsmith Mukund Rivankar who deposed that Mahanand sold off the gold ornaments at his jewelry store in Ponda, stating he was in need of money for his daughter’s medical treatment.

During the course of investigation police recovered part of gold in the melted form weighing 20.340 grams.

This is Mahanand’s first conviction in the murder case after a string of seven murder acquittals by Sessions Court giving benefit of doubt. Mahanand, who is already convicted in a rape case, has contested the verdict before the High Court of Bombay at Goa.

Mahanand was arrested on April 21, 2009 after the lone surviving victim complained of rape against him. His spate of crimes unfolded one by one after his confession during custodial interrogation and was charged for the gruesome killings over a span of one-and-a-half decade beginning from 1994.

 

10.6.11

Serial killer Mahanand Naik has finally been sentenced for life by the Panaji Sessions Court after he was convicted for the murder of Susheela Fatarpekar of Curca at Bambolim in 2007.

youtu.be/2Cr7jPqG8pQ

PANJIM: North Goa Principal Sessions Judge on Friday awarded life sentence to Goa’s infamous serial killer Mahanand Naik in the 2007 Susheela Fatarpekar death case.

Principal Judge Nutan Sardessai awarded him life sentence on four counts, along with total fine of Rs 1.30 lakh after the prosecution pleaded stringent punishment during arguments on the quantum of sentence.

The Court, on May 30 held him guilty of strangulating the 32-year-old woman at Bambolim and fleeing with her gold ornaments.

The victim’s sister had filed a complaint at Agassaim police station on May 19, 2009 alleging that Susheela, who worked as a sweeper in a private firm, was abducted by the accused on October 24, 2007, under the pretext of marrying her.

“Mahanand took her to an isolated spot behind Goa University library and killed her by strangulating her with her own duppata (long stole) and robbed her gold ornaments. Her body was thrown in the bushes”, the police chargesheet mentioned.

He has been sentenced to life imprisonment on murder charges, five years imprisonment for robbery, three years imprisonment for kidnapping and finally five years imprisonment for destroying evidences.

 

30th June, 2011

Alleged serial killer Mahanand Naik was today convicted of a second murder. The district and sessions court found him guilty of killing Vasanti Gawade in 1995. Naik is accused of killing more than a dozen women and has been acquitted in seven murder cases. In this case, police alleged Mahanand had befriended Gawade on the pretext of marrying her.

July 20, 2011

The North Goa Sessions Court on Wednesday sentenced serial killer Mahanand Naik to life imprisonment for the murder of 19-year-old Vasanti Gawade from Vadalwada, Madkai in 1995. This is the second case Mahanand has been convicted for life, the first being for the 2007 murder of Susheela Fatarpekar of Curca in Bambolim, sentenced on 10.6.11

 

6 murder charges (of the total 16) still to come up in the court

of the 10 murder cases that came up in court.. (update; Aug. 2011)

8 ACQUITTED

2 CONVICTED (Sentenced for life in both) - updated 10/8/11

 

Mahanand..Tiatr part II is back

Mahanand II is back

www.flickr.com/photos/joegoauktiatr8/5969332038/

See prev. pics and Trailer - links within

Part II released on 7th Aug. 2011. Name changed from Mahanand to Manand

 

August 9, 2011

North Goa District & Sessions Court, The Principal Sessions Judge Nutan Sardessa, acquitted alleged serial killer Mahanand Naik in the 2005 Anjani Gaonkar murder case on benefit of doubt and lack of evidence.

 

more updates here

joegoauk-pointofview.blogspot.com/2011/08/mahanand-serial...

  

Rotmilan ( Milvus milvus - auch Roter Milan - Gabelweihe oder Königsweihe - Klasse Vögel Aves - Ordnung Greifvögel Accipitriformes - Familie Habichtartige Accipitridae - Raubvogel Vogel Bird Oiseau Uccello - Tierwelt Vogelwelt Fauna ) über dem Belpmoos im Kanton Bern der Schweiz

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Rotmilan ( Milvus milvus )

 

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S y s t e m a t i k

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- Klasse : Vögel ( Aves )

 

- Ordnung : Greifvögel ( Falconiformes )

 

- Familie : Habichtartige ( Accipitridae )

 

- Gattung : Milane ( Milvus )

 

- Art : Rotmilan

 

- Wissenschaftlicher Name : Milvus milvus - Linnaeus – 1.7.5.8

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Der Rotmilan ( Milvus milvus ), auch Roter Milan, Gabelweihe oder Königsweihe genannt, ist eine

etwa mäusebussardgroße Greifvogelart aus der Familie der Habichtartigen ( Accipitridae ).

 

Im Gegensatz zum nahe verwandten, geringfügig kleineren S.chwarzmilan, ist seine Verbreitung

im Wesentlichen auf Europa beschränkt.

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Äußere Merkmale

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Der Rotmilan ist eine gut bestimmbare Greifvogelart. Verwechselt werden könnte er am ehesten mit

dem S.chwarzmilan, doch sind auch zu dieser nahe verwandten Milanart gute Unterscheidungsmerk-

male gegeben.

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Der Rotmilan ist größer als ein M.äusebussard und etwas größer als der S.chwarzmilan; er ist aus-

gesprochen langflügelig und langschwänzig. Der sitzende Vogel wirkt rötlichbraun, wobei eine deutlich

hellere, meist ockerfarbene Federsäumung vor allem der Deckfedern des Oberflügels und des Rücken-

gefieders einen kontrastreichen Gesamteindruck vermittelt.

 

Das Kopf-, Nacken- und Kehlgefieder erwachsener Rotmilane ist sehr hell, fast weiß, und weist auf-

fallende schwarze Federnschäfte auf, die diese Körperpartien schwarz gestrichelt erscheinen lassen.

 

Der ziemlich kräftige Schnabel ist an der Basis gelb, am Schnabelhaken dunkelgrau oder schwarz.

 

Die kurzen Beine sind gelb, die Krallen ziemlich schwarz.

 

Die Iris erwachsener Vögel ist blassgelb. Das deutlich schwarz längsgestrichelte Bauchgefieder ist

etwas heller und leuchtender rötlichbraun als das Rückengefieder; ebenso gefärbt sind die Unter-

flügeldeckfedern. Die Arm- und Handschwingen sind an ihren Enden sehr dunkel, fast schwarz.

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Im Flug fallen vor allem die langen, relativ schmalen Flügel und der tief gegabelte, rostrote Schwanz

auf, der immer in Bewegung ist und auch voll gefächert eine erkennbare Kerbung aufweist.

 

In der Oberansicht kontrastieren die schwarzen Arm- und Handschwingen stark mit dem übrigen,

rötlichbraunen Gefieder. Noch kontrastreicher ist das Flugbild von unten, da die Basen der Hand-

schwingen weiß sind und so ein ausgedehntes weißes Flügelfeld bilden und im Flügelbug meist ein

schwarzes Abzeichen zu erkennen ist.

 

Die äußersten, tief gefingerten Handschwingen sind in ihrem letzten Drittel schwarz. Im Segelflug

sind die Armschwingen leicht über die Horizontale angehoben, die Handschwingen jedoch gerade

oder leicht gesenkt, was ein erkennbar geknicktes Flügelprofil ergibt.

 

Die Flügel sind in fast jeder Flugposition im Carpalgelenk deutlich gewinkelt.

 

Die Geschlechter unterscheiden sich in der Färbung nicht, auch das Jugendgefieder ähnelt stark

dem Erwachsenenkleid. Bestes, und bei sehr gutem Licht auch feldornithologisch brauchbares

Bestimmungsmerkmal juveniler Individuen, ist der mehr sandfarbene, nicht hellgrauweiße Kopf und

das eher gesprenkelt ( nicht längsgestrichelt ) wirkende, mehr blass rötlichbraune Bauchgefieder.

Bei ganz jungen flüggen Rotmilanen kann der Schwanz am äußersten Rand noch eine Rundung

aufweisen, da die äußersten Steuerfedern noch nicht ihre volle Länge erreicht haben.

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Größe und Körpermasse

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Der reverse Geschlechtsdimorphismus ist beim Rotmilan ähnlich wie beim S.chwarzmilan in Bezug

auf die Körpergröße nicht sehr deutlich, etwas ausgeprägter jedoch in Bezug auf das Körpergewicht.

 

Die schwersten M.ännchen haben ein Gewicht von 1,1 Kilogramm; im Durchschnitt liegt das Gewicht

etwas unter einem Kilogramm. Die schwersten W.eibchen wiegen 1,4 Kilogramm, das Mittel liegt bei

1,2 Kilogramm. Die Körperlänge variiert zwischen 60 und 73 Zentimeter, wovon zwischen 31 und 39

Zentimeter auf den Schwanz entfallen. Die Spannweite beträgt 150 bis 171 Zentimeter.

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Laute

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Rotmilane sind akustisch weniger auffällig als S.chwarzmilane. Vor allem außerhalb der Balzzeit und

in weiterer Entfernung vom H.orst verhalten sie sich weitgehend stumm, sieht man von Nahrungs-

streitigkeiten mit anderen Vögeln wie K.rähen, B.ussarden oder M.ilanen ab, die meist sehr lautstark

ausgetragen werden.

 

Auffälligster Ruf ist ein hohes, in der Tonfärbung stark variierendes Wiiieeh, das in verschiedensten

Situationen meist gereiht, nur selten als gedehnter Einzelruf, vorgetragen wird.

 

Das erste Element ist langgezogen, die nachfolgenden schließen sich wellenförmig und kürzer

werdend an dieses an. In Aggressionssituationen ist dieser Ruf höher, spitzer und kürzer.

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Verbreitung

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Überwinternde Rotmilane können weiträumig in Südwesteuropa, vereinzelter auch in Süd -und

Südosteuropa, in Ausnahmefällen auch in K.leinasien, angetroffen werden.Das Verbreitungsgebiet

des Rotmilans ist heute im Wesentlichen auf Zentral-, West- und Südwesteuropa beschränkt.

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Lebensraum

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Der Rotmilan ist ein Greifvogel offener, mit kleinen Gehölzen durchsetzter Landschaften. Er ist be-

deutend weniger wassergebunden als die Nominatform des S.chwarzmilans, mit dem er jedoch

häufig in enger Nachbarschaft brütet.

 

Bevorzugte Lebensräume sind A.grarlandschaften mit F.eldgehölzen, oft auch P.arklandschaften,

seltener H.eide- und M.oorgebiete, solange B.äume als N.iststandorte zur Verfügung stehen. Häufig

nutzt er die günstigen Aufwindverhältnisse in engeren F.lusstälern oder an B.erghängen.

 

Zum Jagen braucht er offenes K.ulturland, G.rasland und V.iehweiden, daneben können auch Feucht-

gebiete als Nahrungsreviere dienen. Abgeerntete oder gerade umgepflügte Getreidefelder werden

ebenso in die Nahrungssuche eingeschlossen wie A.utobahnen und M.ülldeponien, letztere aber

nicht in dem Ausmaß wie vom S.chwarzmilan.

 

Sein Verbreitungsgebiet stimmt im Wesentlichen mit den Braunerdegebieten Mittel- und Osteuropas

sowie den mediterranen Braunerde- und Terra-Rossa-Gebieten überein und liegt schwerpunktmäßig

in den Intensivzonen der mitteleuropäischen Landwirtschaft.

 

Im Allgemeinen ist der Rotmilan ein Bewohner der Niederungen und der Hügellandgebiete etwa bis

800 m ü. NN. Im Schweizer J.ura liegen einzelne Brutplätze bei fast 1200 Meter über NN; in den

P.yrenäen sind Vorkommen in der subalpinen Stufe bekannt. Historische Brutplätze im K.aukasus

und im H.ohen A.tlas lagen in Höhen von fast 2500 Metern.

 

Im M.ittelalter scheint der Rotmilan auch in einigen europäischen S.tädten, so etwa in L.ondon,

gebrütet zu haben. Er dürfte dort eine ähnliche Rolle als A.bfallvertilger gespielt haben, wie sie

heute einige Unterarten des S.chwarzmilans ( M. migrans parasitus und M. m. govinda ) in A.frika

beziehungsweise S.üd- und S.üdostasien einnehmen.

 

In günstigen Nahrungshabitaten können Rotmilane in sehr hohen Siedlungsdichten vorkommen.

Besonders dicht besiedelt war der H.akel, ein etwa 13 km² großes W.aldgebiet in der M.agdeburger

B.örde, wo 1.9.7.9 136 Rotmilanpaare brüteten. Seither gingen die Bestandszahlen dort jedoch

kontinuierlich zurück. Solche Konzentrationen von bis zu zehn Brutpaaren innerhalb eines Quadrat-

kilometers sind Ausnahmen, doch auch in der Baar sowie im E.ichsfeld kommen Rotmilane in hohen Bestandsdichten vor.

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Nahrung

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Wie der S.chwarzmilan ist auch der Rotmilan weitgehend Nahrungsgeneralist. Im Gegensatz zu

diesem ist er aber ein leistungsfähigerer, aktiver J.äger. F.isch nimmt nur ausnahmsweise eine

so dominierende Stellung ein wie bei der Nominatform des S.chwarzmilans.

 

Auch A.as und A.bfälle werden zwar regelmäßig, aber seltener als vom S.chwarzmilan aufge-

nommen. Individuell sind die Nahrungs- und Jagdgewohnheiten recht verschieden.

 

Während der B.rutzeit besteht die Hauptnahrung aus kleinen S.äugetieren und V.ögeln. Mengen-

mäßig und gewichtsmäßig überwiegen bei den S.äugetieren F.eldmäuse ( M.icrotus s.p.) und

M.aulwürfe ( T.alpidae ), bei den V.ögeln sehr auffällig der S.tar.

 

Auch verschiedene T.auben ( C.olumbidae ), R.abenvögel ( Corvidae ) und größere D.rosseln

( T.urdidae ), so etwa A.mseln ( T.urdus m.erula ), W.acholder- ( T.urdus p.ilaris ) und M.istel-

d.rosseln ( T.urdus v.iscivorus ) werden relativ häufig geschlagen.

 

Dort, wo der F.eldhamster ( C.ricetus c.ricetus ) noch vergleichsweise häufig vorkommt, zum

Beispiel in O.stpolen, kann dieser zur H.auptbeute werden. Oft handelt es sich bei geschlagenen

V.ögeln um verletzte beziehungsweise kranke Individuen oder um J.ungtiere.

 

In w.asserreichen Gebieten können F.ische, unter ihnen vor allem W.eißfische wie die P.lötze

( R.utilus r.utilus ) und der B.rachsen ( A.bramis b.rama ), gewichtsmäßig dominieren. Erbeutet

werden sowohl lebende, als auch tote oder sterbend an der Wasseroberfläche treibende oder

an den U.fersaum gespülte Fische.

 

Nicht unbeträchtlich ist die Menge an W.irbellosen, die der Rotmilan sowohl im Flug als auch auf

dem B.oden aufnimmt. Vor allem im Frühjahr können verschiedene K.äfer ( C.oleoptera ) sowie

R.egenwürmer ( L.umbricidae ) wichtige Nahrungsbestandteile sein.

 

Der Anteil an R.eptilien und A.mphibien am Gesamtnahrungsaufkommen ist regional sehr unter-

schiedlich, in südlichen Populationen in der Regel etwas größer als in Mittel- oder N.ordeuropa.

 

An A.as ist der Rotmilan etwas weniger häufig zu finden als der S.chwarzmilan, doch nutzt er

totgefahrene oder verendete Tiere ebenso wie dieser. Er ist an g.roßen K.adavern ebenso anzu-

treffen wie an den R.esten von K.leintieren. Auch an M.ülldeponien oder dort, wo große Mengen

tierischen Abfalles anfallen, wie zum Beispiel bei S.chlachthäusern oder T.ierverwertungsanlagen,

finden sich Rotmilane ein.

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Nahrungserwerb

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Der Rotmilan ist ein Suchflugjäger offener Landschaften, der große Gebiete seines Nahrungsreviers

in einem relativ niedrigen und langsamen Gleit- und Segelflug systematisch nach Beute absucht.

 

Er ist Überraschungsjäger, der bei erfolglosem Angriff in der Regel abstreicht und das verfehlte Beute-

tier nicht weiter verfolgt. Nicht selten ist er auch schreitend auf dem Boden zu sehen, wo er vor allem

nach I.nsekten und R.egenwürmern sucht.

 

Erspähte Beutetiere nimmt der Rotmilan im Darüberfliegen vom Boden auf, ohne dabei zu landen.

Auch F.ische werden nach S.eeadlerart von der W.asseroberfläche weggegriffen und davongetragen.

 

Vögel vermag er gelegentlich im Flug oder auf Ä.sten zu überraschen und zu schlagen, meistens

jedoch erbeutet er sie auf dem Boden. Die B.eutetiere werden in der Regel nicht mit den Krallen,

sondern durch kräftige Schnabelhiebe getötet.

 

Rotmilane parasitieren auch bei anderen Vögeln, vor allem bei S.chwarzmilanen, K.rähen und

M.öwen. Sie jagen ihnen die B.eute ab oder belästigen sie so lange, bis sie bereits verschluckte

Nahrung wieder auswürgen.

 

Insgesamt ist der Rotmilan in seinen Nahrungserwerbsstrategien sehr flexibel. Besonders attraktiv

sind M.äharbeiten, da diese für ihn zuvor unzugängliche Beute freilegen. Bis zu ihrem Umbruch

bieten auch abgeerntete F.elder gute Nahrungsressourcen, auf die sich Rotmilane sehr schnell

einstellen können.

 

Bei ausreichendem Nahrungsangebot und außerhalb der B.rutzeit beginnt der Rotmilan erst einige

Zeit nach S.onnenaufgang mit den ersten Beuteflügen und kann seine Jagdflüge bereits einige

Stunden vor S.onnenuntergang beenden. Während des Tages legt er, meist in Horstnähe, längere

Ruhepausen ein, die auch zur intensiven G.efiederpflege genutzt werden.

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Verhalten

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Die Aktivitätszeit ist bei gutem Beutetierangebot auffallend kurz, kann aber, insbesondere während

der B.rutzeit, schon in der frühen M.orgendämmerung beginnen und erst mit Einbruch der

D.unkelheit enden. Immer werden aber zwischen den Beuteflügen ausgiebige Ruhepausen

eingestreut, auch dann, wenn die N.estlinge in unmittelbarer Nähe energisch betteln.

 

Außerhalb der B.rutzeit ist der Rotmilan sehr gesellig und zeigt kein territoriales Verhalten. Die

Art nächtigt fast immer in größeren Schlafgesellschaften, auch die Jagdflüge erfolgen gemein-

schaftlich.

 

Diese Schlafgesellschaften können mehrere hundert Individuen umfassen. Häufig kann in diesen

Milanansammlungen „spielerisches“ Verhalten wie gegenseitiges Necken sowie synchrone Flug-

spiele einiger Vögel beobachtet werden. Gelegentlich brechen Rotmilane im Flug Koniferenzapfen

ab, um sie einfach nur fallen zu lassen.

 

Auch während der B.rutzeit ist territoriales Verhalten nicht sehr ausgeprägt, doch wird die weitere Umgebung des Horstes ( etwa 100 Meter ) und der darüberliegende Luftraum gegenüber Artge-

nossen und artfremden Eindringlingen von beiden Partnern verteidigt.

 

Dabei steigen die Milane hoch auf und attackieren den Eindringling ziemlich energisch von oben.

Meist wird er auch, vor allem vom M.ännchen, eine gewisse Zeit verfolgt, während das W.eibchen

recht schnell zum H.orst zurückkehrt.

 

Ein Nahrungsrevier beansprucht der Rotmilan in der Regel nicht, nur bei sehr geringer Nahrungsver-

fügbarkeit zeigen einzelbrütende P.aare auch diesbezüglich territoriales Verhalten. Gelegentlich

wurde auch bei sehr großen Populationsdichten, wie sie zum Beispiel im H.akel bestanden oder

in einigen Gegenden W.ales bestehen, territoriale Verhaltensweisen bezüglich der Jagdflächen

festgestellt.

 

Rot- und S.chwarzmilane können sehr nahe beieinander brüten. Bei Streitigkeiten um einen

günstigen N.istplatz oder einen bereits errichteten H.orst ist in der Regel der Rotmilan der

Unterlegene.

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Wanderungen

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Die Zugstrategien dieser Art sind uneinheitlich. Insgesamt wird in den letzten beiden Jahrzehnten

eine Verkürzung der Z.ugwege und ein vermehrtes Ausharren der Art in zuvor winters geräumten

B.rutgebieten festgestellt. Schneeärmere W.inter, sowie ein größeres, allzeit verfügbares Nahrungs-

angebot auf M.üllkippen und entlang stark frequentierter S.traßen, ermöglichen es auch vielen

mittel- und einigen n.ordeuropäischen Populationen während des W.inters im Brutgebiet auszu-

harren.

 

Die größten W.interbestände gibt es in Mittel- und Nordeuropa im nördlichen Harzvorland, in der

Schweiz ( zum Beispiel bei N.eerach ), in B.aden – W.ürttemberg sowie in S.üdschweden. In

einigen Ü.berwinterungsgebieten in der Schweiz und in S.üdschweden wurden ( und werden )

die Überwinterer durch Zufütterungen unterstützt. In B.aden – W.ürttemberg ging die Anzahl der

überwinternden Rotmilane mit der Schließung einiger M.ülldeponien kontinuierlich zurück.

 

Die Mehrheit der nord- und mitteleuropäischen Rotmilane verlässt im H.erbst das Brutgebiet und

zieht nach S.üdwesten, insbesondere nach S.panien. Brutvögel des südwestlichen Mitteleuropas,

I.taliens, F.rankreichs und S.paniens, sowie die wenigen Rotmilane Südosteuropas und N.ordafrikas

sind mehrheitlich Standvögel mit unterschiedlich weiträumigen Nahrungsflügen innerhalb ihres

Ü.berwinterungsgebietes. In S.panien decken sich die Überwinterungsregionen mit den Brutgebieten

der dort residenten Rotmilane. Sie liegen vor allem in der N.ord- und S.üdmeseta, im E.brobecken,

in der E.xtremadura, sowie in Teilen S.üdandalusiens.

 

Rotmilane ziehen bei Tag und meistens einzeln oder in kleinen Trupps. Auf dem Wegzug sind die

Zuggemeinschaften in der Regel individuenstärker als auf dem Heimzug. Auf Grund der relativ

kurzen Zugdistanzen verlassen Rotmilane erst spät das Brutgebiet, selten vor M.itte S.eptember,

die meisten aber erst in der ersten O.ktoberhälfte. Die Weibchen ziehen etwa eine bis zwei Wochen

vor den Männchen fort. Sehr früh erfolgt der H.eimzug. Schon in der Februarmitte erscheinen die

ersten ziehenden Rotmilane wieder im Brutgebiet, die Mehrheit folgt Ende F.ebruar und in der ersten

M.ärzdekade. Ein Großteil der einjährigen und viele zweijährige Rotmilane ziehen auf ihren ersten

Heimzügen nicht ins Brutgebiet zurück, sondern verbringen den Sommer entweder im Überwinter-

ungsgebiet oder vagabundieren in kleineren Gesellschaften in S.üd- und M.ittelfrankreich, zum Teil

auch in der Schweiz.

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Brutbiologie

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Rotmilane werden in Ausnahmefällen bereits in ihrem ersten Lebensjahr fortpflanzungsfähig, brüten

aber meist erst im dritten Lebensjahr zum ersten Mal.

 

Die Art und Dauer der Paarbindung ist unterschiedlich. Weitgehend monogame Brutsaisonehen

sind die Regel, doch wurden mehrjährige Dauerehen ebenso beobachtet wie Partnerwechsel

während der B.rutzeit.

 

Bei Standvögeln scheint die Paarbindung stabiler zu sein als bei Zugvögeln, bei denen auch die

durch das Zuggeschehen höheren Ausfallraten zu häufigerem Partnerwechsel zwingen. Die Art ist

sehr brutortstreu.

 

Auch geschlechtsreife Jungvögel versuchen sich meist in der näheren Umgebung ihres Geburts-

ortes anzusiedeln, auch dann, wenn in weiterem Umkreis geeignete Brutplätze zur Verfügung

stünden. Das führt nach Walz in dichtbesiedelten Rotmilanhabitaten mangels geeigneter Brut-

plätze zu einer Erhöhung des Bruteintrittsalters.

 

Bei in M.ittel- und O.steuropa überwinternden Vögeln wurde Balzverhalten während der gesamten

Ü.berwinterungszeit festgestellt. M.ännchen und W.eibchen können bis zu zwölf Tage ( in Aus-

nahmefällen bis zu vier Wochen ) zeitlich versetzt im Brutgebiet ankommen. Sowohl das W.eibchen

als auch das M.ännchen kann zuerst eintreffen. Ebenso treffen aber einige bereits lose verpaart im

Brutgebiet ein. Dort beginnen die Standvögel bereits Mitte bis Ende F.ebruar mit der Hauptbalz, die

Zugvögel im Durchschnitt etwa zwei bis drei Wochen später.

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Horstbau und Balz

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Die Balz des Rotmilans ist nicht sehr auffällig. Im Wesentlichen besteht sie aus Horstbau, gemein-

samen Flügen über dem H.orststandort und häufigen K.opulationen, die bis in die Nestlingszeit

hinein anhalten.

 

Zur Kopulation fordert das W.eibchen mit leisen Trillerrufen, waagrecht geduckter Körperhaltung

und gesenktem Kopf auf. Meist fliegt daraufhin das Männchen seine Partnerin direkt an und landet

auf ihrem Rücken.

 

Ob die spektakulären Steilabstürze über dem Horstrevier zum Balzritual gehören, oder nicht doch

eher der Feindabwehr zuzuordnen sind, ist ungeklärt. Bereits in der Nestbauphase stellt das

W.eibchen eigene Nahrungsflüge weitgehend ein und wird ab dieser Zeit vom M.ännchen versorgt,

bis es sich etwa zwei bis drei Wochen nach dem S.chlupf selbst wieder an der Nahrungsbeschaffung

beteiligt.

 

Der Horstbau oder die Instandsetzung eines alten Horstes beginnt sofort nach Ankunft der Partner

im Brutrevier. Horststandorte und Horstbäume sind sehr unterschiedlich, in Mitteleuropa handelt es

sich aber hauptsächlich um E.ichen, B.uchen oder K.iefern.

 

Felsbruten kommen bei den Populationen auf den B.alearen und den nordafrikanischen Rotmilanen

vor. Ganz selten wurden auch Horststandorte auf G.ittermasten festgestellt. Meist liegen die Horste

relativ hoch und in starken Bäumen, doch wurden auch sehr niedrig gelegene Nester in schwachen

Bäumen festgestellt.

 

Gerne wählen Rotmilane Nistbäume entlang steiler Abhänge oder über Felsklippen, bevorzugt in

Randlagen, oder in stark aufgelichteten Beständen. Nistunterlage ist meistens eine starke Stamm-

gabelung, seltener eine Gabelung in einem starken Seitenast.

 

Am Horstbau beteiligen sich beide Partner. Das Grundgerüst besteht aus starken Zweigen, die

vom Boden aufgelesen oder mit dem Schnabel oder den Fängen von Bäumen abgerissen werden.

Die Auspolsterung erfolgt mit unterschiedlichem, weichem, organischem Material, aber auch mit

Kulturabfällen wie F.olien, P.lastiktüten oder B.indegarn.

 

Letzteres führt nicht selten zur Strangulation eines Nestlings. Plastikmaterialien verhindern eine

ausgeglichene Luftzirkulation und können zur Durchnässung und Unterkühlung der Jungen

führen.

 

Die Größe der Rotmilanhorste ist sehr variabel. Sie können auffallend klein und recht liederlich

zusammengefügt sein mit Durchmessern zwischen nur 45 bis 60 Zentimetern. Mehrjährig benutzte

Nester sind jedoch massive Konstruktionen mit einem Durchmesser von einem Meter und mehr,

bei einer Höhe von über 40 Zentimetern.

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Gelege und Brut

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Das Gelege besteht meist aus drei E.iern, seltener aus einem, zwei oder vier E.iern. Es wurden

auch schon Gelege mit fünf E.iern gefunden. Die E.ier wiegen etwa 60 Gramm und messen im

Mittel 57 x 45 Millimeter.

 

Sie entsprechen in Größe und Form einem mittelgroßen H.ühnerei. Auf trübweißem Grund weisen

sie unterschiedlich stark ausgeprägte, rötlichbraune Flecken, sowie schwärzliche Girlanden auf.

Legebeginn in Mitteleuropa ist frühestens Ende M.ärz, in der Regel aber erst Anfang bis Mitte

A.pril. Bis in den M.ai hinein können frische Gelege gefunden werden. In Südeuropa ist der Lege-

beginn etwa zwei Wochen früher, in den nördlichsten Verbreitungsgebieten nicht vor Ende A.pril,

Anfang M.ai. Rotmilane brüten nur einmal im Jahr, nur bei frühem Gelegeverlust kommt es zu einem

Nachgelege, meistens in einem anderen Horst.

 

Die Eier werden etwa 32 bis 33 Tage fast ausschließlich vom W.eibchen bereits nach dem ersten

E.i fest bebrütet, so dass die J.ungen mit deutlichen Entwicklungsunterschieden aufgezogen werden.

Nur für kurze Zeit übernimmt das M.ännchen das Brutgeschäft. In den ersten zwei bis drei Wochen

bleibt das W.eibchen fast ständig am H.orst, hudert und beschattet die Nestlinge und verfüttert die

vom M.ännchen herbeigebrachte Nahrung, die vor allem aus K.leinsäugern und V.ögeln besteht.

 

Die Nestlingszeit beträgt, abhängig von Witterung und Nahrungsangebot zwischen 48 und 54 Tagen.

In Extremfällen kann das Ausfliegen erst nach 70 Tagen erfolgen. Die Führungszeit ist im Gegensatz

zu der junger S.chwarzmilane recht kurz und beträgt selten mehr als drei Wochen. Danach ver-

streichen die J.ungvögel, meist verlassen auch die A.ltvögel die unmittelbare H.orstumgebung.

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Mischbruten

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In freier Natur wurden gelegentlich Mischbruten zwischen Rot- und S.chwarzmilan festgestellt. Der

S.chwarzmilan war meist der w.eibliche Vogel. Auch erfolgreiche Bruten zwischen einem Schwarz-

milanmännchen und einem H.ybridweibchen wurden bekannt.

 

In Gefangenschaft kommen solche Mischbruten häufiger vor. Im N.aturpark A.ukrug in M.ittelholstein

brütete ein Mischpaar 6 Jahre hindurch erfolgreich. Nach Ausbleiben des Rotmilans trat offenbar

eine H.ybride aus einer vorangegangenen Brut an seine Stelle.

 

Regelmäßig kommt es auf den K.apverden zu Mischbruten zwischen dem heimischen K.apverde-

milan und den vor etwa hundert Jahren eingewanderten S.chwarzmilanen. Der K.apverdemilan

wird entweder als Unterart des Rotmilans ( Milvus milvus f.asciicauda ) oder als eigenständige

Art ( Milvus f.asciicauda ) aufgefasst. Aus diesen Mischbruten entstehen fruchtbare Nachkommen,

die sich weiterverpaaren. Daher ist es fraglich, ob reinerbige K.apverdemilane überhaupt noch

existieren.

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Bestand und Gefährdung

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Der europäische Bestand wird auf 19.000 bis 25.000 Paare geschätzt.

 

Gründe für die Bestandsrückgänge liegen vor allem in der Intensivierung, beziehungsweise Um-

stellung der L.andwirtschaft, sowie im großräumigen Verschwinden des H.amsters, der in einigen

Regionen Hauptbeutetier des Milans war.

 

Besonders negativ wirkte sich diese Entwicklung nach der Wende auf die Rotmilanbestände im Osten Deutschlands aus, wo regional Bestandseinbußen um 50 Prozent und mehr und ein deutliches Absinken der Reproduktionszahlen zu verzeichnen sind. Neben der Verschlechterung der Nahrungsverfügbarkeit durch Umstellung der Mahdtermine, Rückgang der Rinderhaltung und damit verbundener Reduzierung des Grünfutteranbaus mit regelmäßiger Mahd, spielen direkte Verfolgung durch Abschuss oder Vergiftung sowie Unfallverluste an Hochspannungsleitungen und Windkraftanlagen eine stark negative Rolle. Auch das frühzeitigere Schließen von Mülldeponien sowie vermehrte Freizeitaktivitäten in Brutgebieten der Art wirken sich bestandslimitierend aus. Ob sich die zunehmenden Schwarzmilanbestände negativ auf den in direkter Konkurrenz unterlegenen Rotmilan auswirken, ist nicht restlos geklärt.

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Lebenserwartung

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Rotmilane können sehr alt werden. Ein in Freiheit aufgefundener Rotmilan war fast dreißig Jahre alt.

Die tatsächliche Lebenserwartung freilebender Vögel ist jedoch bedeutend geringer.

 

Besonders der erste Wegzug endet für viele Rotmilane tödlich. Am Ende des ersten Lebensjahres

leben von einem Geburtsjahrgang etwa 60 – 65 Prozent. Mit wachsender Erfahrung verlangsamt

sich die Ausfallsrate, sodass nach drei Jahren noch ungefähr 35 – 45 Prozent eines Jahrganges am

Leben ist und zur Brut schreiten kann.

 

Diese Zahlen sind jedoch von vielen Faktoren abhängig, sodass sie nur als Annäherungswerte zu

sehen sind. A.bschuss, K.ollisionen mit H.indernissen und S.tromleitungen sowie Vergiftungen sind

die häufigsten Todesursachen.

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( BeschriebRotmilan AlbumRotmilan AlbumGreifvögelderSchweiz Schweiz Suisse Switzerland

Svizzera Suissa Swiss Sveitsi Sviss スイス Zwitserland Sveits Szwajcaria Suíça Suiza )

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F.lugp.latzf.est B.elpm.oost.age 2011 auf dem F.lugp.latz Bern B.elpm.oos am Sonntag den 19. Juni 2011

 

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Hurni110619 AlbumZZZZ110619B.elpm.oostage KantonBern

 

E - Mail : chrigu.hurni@bluemail.ch

 

******************************************************************************************************************

Letzte Aktualisierung - Ergänzung des Textes : 070223

******************************************************************************************************************

 

NIF

The term rear naked choke likely originated from the technique in Jujutsu and Judo known as the "Hadaka Jime", or "Naked Strangle." The word "naked" in this context suggests that, unlike other strangulation techniques found in Jujutsu/Judo, this hold does not require the use of a keikogi ("gi") or training uniform.

The choke has two variations: in one version, the attacker's arm encircles the opponent's neck and then grabs his own biceps on the other arm, in the second version, the attacker clasps his hands together instead after encircling the opponent's neck.

qwikLoadr™ Videos...

Peugeot | Exalt Paul Mignot • Vimeo™

Julio Trilogy | Pieces of [8] gwennie2006! • YouTube™

ABC | Boston EMS Save the Last Dance [scene]! • Vimeo™

Boston EMS | Roundtrip [Black Lights] [4.3.17] gwennie2006!

EastMountainSouth | So Are You To Me Tyler Scott Film! • Vimeo™

  EMS

 

Chapter 8 | the Two Migrations...

www.al-islam.org/khadijatul-kubra-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy...

blogger gwennie2006 | Can't Stop [Concrete Angel 2]...

gwennie2006.blogspot.com/2016/05/cant-stop-concrete-angel...

 

Soulstice discussion...

www.flickr.com/groups/GrfxDziner/discuss/72157650585796835/

 

Tenuous Link: bokeh lights

 

April Fool's 2014. Two years earlier!

The papers showed up in the Somerville News, April 1, 2014 [april Fool's Day] and the year Katherine and the Mayor and District Attorney Ryan make a HUGE mistake with the dates during their news conference, and the year the Strangulation scuplture appeared at the Rever Beach sandcastles, go. figure. oH! and this on flickr for April Fools, also 2014...

www.flickr.com/photos/bloggerhelper/13591622264

I even commented in PicMonkey about it [thread] where Brenda used to Admin, remember?

 

Edited in PicMonkey, color tweaks.

The Postcard

 

A postcard that was published by Marken & Bielfeld Inc. of Frederick, Maryland. On the back of the card they have printed:

 

'Anthodites, Skyline Caverns,

Front Royal, Virginia.

Anthodites - The Orchid of the Mineral

Kingdom - These exquisite flower-like

formations, the rarest calcite formations

known to caverns science, are to be

seen only in Virginia's Skyline Caverns

at Front Royal, Virginia.'

 

The card was posted in Front Royal on Monday the 8th. May 1950 to:

 

Mr. & Mrs. Fred H. Lutz,

214, Plymouth Street,

Holbrook,

Massachusetts.

 

The message on the divided back of the card was as follows:

 

"Hi!

Nice trip so far.

Am anxious to hear

about your trips.

Love,

Roland, Edna, Jean & Jack."

 

Skyline Caverns

 

Skyline Caverns are a series of caves and a tourist attraction located in Warren County, Virginia, one mile (1.6 km) south of Front Royal.

 

The caverns were discovered by Walter S. Amos, a retired geologist and mineralogist from Winchester, Virginia, on the 17th. December 1937.

 

Skyline Caverns are open year-round, offering guided tours through the caverns.

 

History of Skyline Caverns

 

Walter S. Amos was contracted by several private and government agencies to search for caves and caverns to open in conjunction with Skyline Drive.

 

During his search, he came across a sinkhole that was located approximately where the parking lot is currently situated.

 

Normally, sinkholes are created by the collapsing of a cavern roof, which takes the ground above with it. When he saw there was no water in the sinkhole, he believed he had discovered a cavern.

 

Knowing this, Amos began to search the edges for some opening to the possible cave system below. He found this opening on the lip of the sinkhole by noticing a small colony of camel crickets (which only live in damp, dark areas by nature) under a small ledge.

 

Upon digging out the first "room" of the caverns, he came into a large system of connected rooms, most of which were navigable and cleared from all obstructions.

 

Ninety percent of the caverns were naturally accessible and other than the entrance area, only ten percent needed to be dug out. However, the cavern floor was lined with approximately 14 inches (360 mm) of mud and clay, which had to be cleared before the caverns could be opened to the public on April 13, 1939.

 

The caverns are estimated to be approximately 50 to 60 million years old.

 

Anthodites

 

During the clearing of the mud and clay, Amos and his men discovered another area in the caverns that had been blocked for many years. Upon clearing the newly discovered area, the geologist discovered anthodites.

 

Anthodites are an unusual form of crystal - they are perfect six-sided crystalline structures made of pure calcite. These crystals are now protected by Virginia State Law, and are kept behind closed doors that a tour guide must open for the public to view them.

 

Skyline Caverns Tours and Other Attractions

 

Today, guided tours (as opposed to self-guided tours) are given year-round, including on Christmas Day. Tours depart every 15 to 20 minutes, lasting approximately one hour, and cover about 1+1⁄8 miles (1.8 km) of walking, and reaching a depth of 260 feet (79 m) below ground.

 

Tours cover only about twenty percent of the caverns; the remaining eighty percent is inaccessible to tourists.

 

Cavern formations visible on the tour include stalactites, stalagmites, columns, "flow-stone", anthodites, and aragonites. Skyline Caverns also features five flowing streams, three of which are visible on the tour.

 

Additional attractions include a miniature train ride and mirror maze.

 

Dean Acheson

 

So what else happened on the day that the card was posted?

 

Well, on the 8th. May 1950, U.S. Secretary of State Dean Acheson announced an agreement with France and the State of Vietnam to provide ten million dollars of military assistance.

 

This was the first of what became three billion dollars of American money spent to fight Communism in Indochina over the next 25 years.

 

Tollund Man

 

Also on that day, Tollund Man was discovered.

 

The Tollund Man, who died circa 405–380 BC, is a naturally mummified corpse of a man who lived during the 5th. century BC, during the period characterised in Scandinavia as the Pre-Roman Iron Age.

 

He was preserved as a bog body, near Silkeborg on the Jutland peninsula in Denmark. The man's physical features were so well preserved that he was initially mistaken for a recent murder victim.

 

Twelve years before his discovery, another bog body, Elling Woman, was found in the same bog.

 

The cause of death was by hanging. Scholars believe that the man was a human sacrifice, rather than an executed criminal, because of the arranged position of his body, and his eyes and mouth being closed.

 

Discovery of Tollund Man

 

On the 8th. May 1950, peat cutters Viggo and Emil Hojgaard discovered a corpse in the peat layer of the Bjældskovdal peat bog, 12 km (7.5 mi) west of Silkeborg, Denmark, which was so well preserved that they at first believed they had discovered a recent murder victim.

 

The Tollund Man lay 60 m (200 ft) away from firm ground, buried under 2.5 m (8 ft 2 in) of peat, his body arranged in a foetal position. He wore a pointed skin cap of sheepskin and wool, fastened under his chin by a hide thong, and a smooth hide belt around his waist.

 

Additionally, a noose made of plaited animal hide was drawn tight around his neck and trailed down his back. Other than these, the body was naked. His hair was cropped so short as to be almost entirely hidden by his cap.

 

There was short stubble (1 mm (0.039 in) in length) on his chin and upper lip, suggesting that he was usually clean-shaven, but had not shaved on the day of his death. The Tollund Man was approximately 40 years old. The Tollund Man's last meal consisted of a porridge with barley, flax, wild weed seeds, and some fish.

 

Scientific Examination and Conclusions

 

Radiocarbon dating of Tollund Man indicated that he died circa 405–380 BC. The preserved tender soft tissues of his body are the consequence of the acid in the peat, along with the lack of oxygen underneath the surface and the cold climate of the Nordic countries.

 

The acid in the peat is caused by a bryophyte named Sphagnum which fights against degradation due to resistant phenolic compounds contained in its cell walls. Due to the acidity of peat, bones are typically dissolved rather than preserved.

 

Scientists conducted an isotope analysis to get an accurate idea of where he may have traveled before his death. They took samples from his femur and hair to compare. They were only able to measure up to a year because of his hairs being so short.

 

The results contained only small differences in strontium isotope proportions, suggesting that he spent his final year in Denmark, and that he may have moved at least 30 kilometres (20 mi) in his last six months.

 

Examinations and X-rays showed that the man's head was undamaged, and his heart, lungs and liver were well preserved. The Silkeborg Museum estimated his age as approximately 40 years and his height at 1.61 m (5 ft 3 in), a relatively short stature even for the time. It is likely that the body had shrunk in the bog.

 

On the initial autopsy report in 1950, doctors concluded that Tollund Man died by hanging rather than strangulation. The rope left visible furrows in the skin beneath his chin and at the sides of his neck. There was no mark, however, at the back of the neck where the knot of the noose would have been located.

 

After a re-examination in 2002, forensic scientists found further evidence to support these initial findings. Although the cervical vertebrae were undamaged (these vertebrae are often damaged as a result of hanging), radiography showed that the tongue was distended - an indication of death by hanging.

 

The stomach and intestines were examined, and tests carried out on their contents. Scientists identified the man's last meal as porridge or gruel made from grains and seeds, both cultivated and wild. Approximately 40 kinds of seeds were identified, but the porridge was primarily composed of four types: barley, flax, false flax (Camelina sativa), and knotgrass.

 

From the stage of digestion it was concluded that the man had eaten 12 to 24 hours prior to his death. Because neither meat nor fresh fruit was found in the last meal, it is suggested that the meal was eaten in winter or early spring, when these items were not available.

 

Both feet and the right thumb, being well conserved by the peat, were also preserved in formalin for later examination. In 1976, the Danish police made a fingerprint analysis, making Tollund Man's thumbprint one of the oldest prints on record.

 

Display of Tollund Man

 

The body is displayed at the Silkeborg Museum in Denmark, although only the head is original. Because conservation techniques for organic material were insufficiently advanced in the early 1950's for the entire body to be preserved, the forensic examiners suggested the head be severed and the rest of the body remain unpreserved.

 

Subsequently, the body was desiccated and the tissue disappeared. In 1987, the Silkeborg Museum reconstructed the body. As displayed today, the original head is attached to a replica of the body.

 

Other Bog Bodies

 

In Denmark, more than 500 bog bodies and skeletal remains dating to the Iron Age have been recovered. Specimens from Jutland include the relatively well-preserved Borremose bodies, Huldremose Woman, Grauballe Man on display at Moesgaard Museum near Aarhus, and the similarly conserved Haraldskær Woman.

 

Approximately 30 of these bog bodies are housed in Danish museums for continued research.

Lower East Side façade (Ludlow Street between Stanton & Rivington): art by WK Interact (New York)

 

This photo is also part of a NYC set