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This is Dr Schnitz's Zoology collection plate of "Bamboozle Worms" -Provenance: Central Africa's rainforest
Specificity: inducing positive thinking in its immediate environment.
The famous zoologist Dr. Schnitz and his colleagues organized an expedition in the rainforest of Central Africa to finally find traces of this species of lizard they had been studying. After weeks of searching in terrible conditions they had become really depressed and frustrated to not find anything conclusive and they knew their time was running out…
They were desperate, running around in the forest when they realized that there was a specific area of this forest around where they felt particularly good, physically and mentally…. Whenever they were in that area they all felt so positive all of a sudden that they started to wonder what was going on. What was it, or what was there that was having such an effect on them?
They were all feeling quite puzzled when they spotted some little creatures in the trees, looking at them… little worm like creatures in all the colors of the rainbow!
With all their high tech equipment they soon found out that these little worms were emitting a chant that, even though inaudible to the human ear, was having a cheering positive effect on humans!
These little chanting worms were tricking their bodies and minds into thinking they were the happiest, most positive thinking people on earth!
As such Dr. Schnitz and his colleagues deciding to names these creatures "Bamboozle Worms"
They collected some samples (plate pictured here) and are in the process of studying them while thinking (very positively) about possible uses for these amazing creatures abilities.
(See the PlushTeam shop for the listing of this piece: www.plushteam.etsy.com Final Frontier Challenge!
To contact Dr. Schnitz, go to www.HibouDesigns.Etsy.com)
The US Office of Naval Research Global working with Intelligence in Science (ISC) to organize a workshop at the European Parliament, on 25 January 2012. The objective of the workshop was to meet with both EU policy makers and program managers to discuss global collaboration in innovation and knowledge driven R&D in three specific areas: cyber security, power and energy, computational and cognitive neural science.
Christine Sciulli, Thomsens Ishus, 2013
A site specific projection by Christine Sciulli
Fjellerup, Denmark
Opening 8.8.13 19:00
Christine Sciulli has assembled images and stories from the Kattegat coast developed through talking with the local families who have been actively involved in fishing in the village for generations. Images gathered by the community were rephotographed by Sciulli and mixed with photos taken by her around the Ishus to propel a projection work that speaks to the past, present and future of the seaside town of Fjellerup through the virtual sublimation of walls of Thomsens Ishus.
A one night workshop was held for local tweens to experiment with drawing with light onto the projections.
Thomsens Ishus, site specific projection by Christine Sciulli is part of Fjellerup i Bund og Grund, an art project by Anna Lise Jensen with site-specific art projects in Fjellerup, supported by Norddjurs and made in collaboration with the townspeople and artists Norbert Francis Attard, Julia Whitney Barnes, Monica Carrier, Jo Q . Nelson and Christine Sciulli.
“Associated” is a site specific show in a severely damaged brownstone, currently with a Vacate Order, issued by the DOB. As you may recall, the huge fire on Nov 12th 2010 at the Associated Supermarket on 5th Avenue and 17th Street not only damaged the supermarket building including the Open Source Gallery, but also a brownstone next door. The 3 family house, the Gallery owners’ home, was also rendered uninhabitable by the blaze.
There is no exact date for the show. There will be a 2 week window when the Vacate Order will be dropped and the contractors will start their work. All participating artists are prepared to install their work any day within the next month.
opening up with the
OPEN SOURCE CARNIVAL
The Carnival involves a public celebration combining some elements of circus, performance, public fair and party. We encourage people to dress-up in costumes during the celebration and to bring a little bit of money for the future of OPEN SOURCE.
Participants
Sara Bouchard, Christian Brown, Reamonn Byrne, Wendy Chu, Ethan Crenson, Hubert Dobler, Peter Feigenbaum, Pirmin Hagen, Fumie Ishii, Der Kommissar, Stefanie Koseff, James Leonard, Loadingdock5, Katerina Marcelja, Amanda C. Mathis, Patrick May, Nolan McKew, Annelise E. Ream, Jason Reppert, Raphaela Riepl, Evan Robarts, Frank Scheiderbauer, Allison Read Smith, Miho Suzuki, Kathleen Vance, Letizia Werth, Lily White, Monika Wuhrer
“Associated” is a site specific show in a severely damaged brownstone, currently with a Vacate Order, issued by the DOB. As you may recall, the huge fire on Nov 12th 2010 at the Associated Supermarket on 5th Avenue and 17th Street not only damaged the supermarket building including the Open Source Gallery, but also a brownstone next door. The 3 family house, the Gallery owners’ home, was also rendered uninhabitable by the blaze.
There is no exact date for the show. There will be a 2 week window when the Vacate Order will be dropped and the contractors will start their work. All participating artists are prepared to install their work any day within the next month.
opening up with the
OPEN SOURCE CARNIVAL
The Carnival involves a public celebration combining some elements of circus, performance, public fair and party. We encourage people to dress-up in costumes during the celebration and to bring a little bit of money for the future of OPEN SOURCE.
Participants
Sara Bouchard, Christian Brown, Reamonn Byrne, Wendy Chu, Ethan Crenson, Hubert Dobler, Peter Feigenbaum, Pirmin Hagen, Fumie Ishii, Der Kommissar, Stefanie Koseff, James Leonard, Loadingdock5, Katerina Marcelja, Amanda C. Mathis, Patrick May, Nolan McKew, Annelise E. Ream, Jason Reppert, Raphaela Riepl, Evan Robarts, Frank Scheiderbauer, Allison Read Smith, Miho Suzuki, Kathleen Vance, Letizia Werth, Lily White, Monika Wuhrer
Would you like a take a shortcut to a specific Snowman?
01. A Partridge in a Pear Tree (Jodie Silverman) | 02. Two Turtle Doves (Megan Evans) | 03. Three French Hens (Lei-Mai Lemaow) | 04. Four Calling Birds (Jenny Leonard) | 05. Five Gold Rings (Adam Pekr) | 06. Six Geese a-Laying (Matilda Elizabeth) | 07. Seven Swans a-Swimming (Laura-Kate Chapman) | 08. Eight Maids a-Milking (Donna Newman) | 09. Nine Ladies Dancing (Lizzie Rose Chapman) | 10. Ten Lords a-Leaping (Hammo) | 11. Eleven Pipers Piping (Jess Loveday) | 12. Twelve Drummers Drumming (Jessica Perrin)
Located a specific space in an assigned area of bachelor forest. The site must inform a sculpture. The installation of the work was temporary.
As a group project, my partner and I used nylon flagging tape to drape from a "wind blown" tree. We used 2 sets of complementary neon colors at varying lengths and hung from different branches. Conceptually, our idea represents materialism taking over our nature. Although sometimes beautiful, materialism is at the same time covering up our nature's beauty. Our choice of neon colors represent the boldness of this concept. Also, we believe our piece serves as two sculptures in one. For example, when at a stand still the piece shows the different vertical layer of ribbon, however when the wind is blowing, the colors interact with each other.
Materials: 4colors of nylon neon flagging tape, rubber bands, scissors, and a ladder.
Begin your search by using the network of concrete. Find a specific builder locator. You can find by area code or by state for entrepreneurs in your area, to create new concrete driveways and remodeling the walkways.
Other ways to drive an entrepreneur:
Look at the extravagant driveways in the neighbor area and get the contacts of the builders, who install the driveways and attract you most. Ensure to ask the owners about their experiences with the builders and the service of craftsmanship. Get referrals from friends or local builder’s .Obtain the contacts of the local yellow pages.
When you return with a wide list of builders contact, ensure to ask for a samples and a list of sample projects in your locality, that you can verify them easily. Also ask them that, how long they have been in concrete driveway installing business, if they are insured or not, if they achieve any expertise certifications, and whether they provide guarantee for their job etc.
What is the price of a concrete driveway made up stamp?
Your starting cost to make stamped concrete driveway is, in a range from $ 6 per sq ft for stamped concrete base (using a single model and color) to $ 15 or more per sq ft for the development of multi-pattern decoration with effects of special color (see Cost stamped concrete driveway). Although stamped driveway is more expensive than asphalt, which will have a much better performance for your invested money. Not only a driveway will last longer and it also requires minimum maintenance than other paving or decorated materials. It can help you to increase the resale valuation of your house, by extra adding of curb appeal.
Can people get a guarantee for their concrete driveway?
Yes! Various contractors provide guarantee of their job and you might be able to get an extended guarantee (three years or more) through your state association specific programs. Contractors and driveway producers joins in the program and be committed to the installation criteria and certain quality standards and also check for the time period of the warranty issues, which arise problem because of their negligence and mistakes.
What should people do if the color is not there what they expected?
It is unrealistic to expect that, your contractor can not able to make of exact perfection of your expected color from the sample in showrooms driveway, decorative concrete driveway.
How to repair your concrete driveway
While, it comes to a need of repairing concrete driveway, which normally should be left to professionals. But whether, you are in stylish and practical challenge, it is possible for a landlord to make some repairs in driveways.
Whether, the cracks are tiny in width then, use an asphalt sealer. If they are not tiny, use the patch of asphalt, which is also required to fill the holes. Read the instructions of the concrete driveway builders very carefully, because sometimes they give different kinds of instructions. Pay a great attention to the hole, if it is partially filled with the rocks or fully filled with the patch.After that, fill the hole unless and until you achieve about one inch layer from surface and then you should have to be tamped it with a part of wood. From there, normal sense will tell, if you need more patches and tampering.
What is sealer, it just use for - sealing the surface, just like paint or varnishing on the wood surface.
For the normal cracks, the most extravagant experts recommend mainly for NP1, which is a polyurethane caulking. This is more costly than some of caulking, but it lasts very longer.
The other product, which is being recommended like a plastic foam, backing rod, which mainly used to fill big cracks before caulking. This is also very vital, that the crack has to be swept and free from dirt before applying the sealer, to get a good grip. The normal time Caulk takes as 24 hours to proper setting. But to filling the cracks, it is being properly suggested that the expansion joint owner of the seal between sections of concrete and permanent textures, have to be clear from water by seeping inside. An owner may desire to take a jobs in small plots, depending on their tolerance for concrete harm. Although, it is not always possible to obtain a perfect match, where the professionals are more expert to make it close as matching the new concrete driveway. Resurfacing or recolor or color of present concrete driveway is another choice to improve the appearance without great expense of installing new concrete driveway. Staining or recoloring concrete is a friendly approach.
Various people do not realize how hard it is to create concrete driveway. It looks charming at all. Although concrete work could be reasonable for people, it is difficult to repair a large number, that may be required for large projects, especially in a short period of time.
If you want to find the best deals in concrete driveway costs visit ConcreteDrivewayCost.com.au
The Final Day of Racing At Brands Hatch for The Superprix Weekend and After a Really Busy and Scattered Set Of Races The Previous day it was time to see which of the Drivers could Brave the Circuit One Last Time and Take Home Either a Championship Win or a Victory in their Specific Race.
Lets Get Straight to the Results.
Classic Formula Ford/Historic Formula 3 (Race 2 Result)
Classic Formula Ford and Historic Formula 3 Were up First and it was Time to see who could be The one to take the Checkered Flag First when they crossed the Line.
In First Place was (Cameron Jackson) in his Winkelmann WDF2 with a Lap Time of 1:39.257 and a Top Speed of 86.59mph. A Fantastic Victory Cameron Showing Incredible Car Control and Commitment to Win the Race.
In Second Place was (Ben Tinkler) in his Van Diemen RF80 with a Lap Time of 1:39.986 and a Top Speed of 85.77mph. A Really Great Drive from Ben to stay so close to Cameron and Keep Him on his toes the entire Time while Fighting for the Lead of the Race.
In Third Place was (Jordan Harrison) in his Lola T540E with a Lap Time of 1:39.994 and a Top Speed of 85.54mph. A Really Wonderfully Deserved Third Place for Jordan Pushing that Lola for everything it Has got to gain Third Place. Well Done.
Three Fantastically Fast Drivers all with Incredible Speed and Talent Showcasing The Best of what they Bring to Brands Hatch Every Year. An Amazing Last Race to Witness. Congratulations to The Race Winner and Keep Trying Hard Everyone Else.
HGPCA Pre 66 Grand Prix Cars (Race 20)
Next It was The Historic Grand Prix Cars and with a Massive Turn out for them it looks like Another Cracking Race to see from Start till Finish. Lets see who came out on Top.
In First Place was (Sam Wilson) in his Lotus 18 with a Lap Time of 1:39.384 and a Top Speed of 86.55mph. Amazing Work Sam Showing Colin Chapman How it Should be Done. He would have been Proud to Witness that Victory.
In Second Place was (Peter Horsman) in his Lotus 18/21 with a Lap Time of 1:41.296 and A Top Speed of 84.90mph. A Fantastic Drive by Peter to take Second Place in the Race.
In Third Place was (Miles Griffiths) in his Scarab Offenhauser with A Lap Time of 1:41.501 and A Top Speed of 84.38mph A Really Good Job there Miles Almost Matching Lap Times with Peter and Showing Some Incredible Car Control during The Race.
Another Fantastic Race for The Historic Grand Prix Cars and a Huge Congratulations to Sam for Taking Victory in the Last Race. Avery Well Done to Both Peter and Miles as well.
HSCC 70's Road Sports (Race 19)
Historic Road Sports took to the Track next and with some Legendary Cars from the Likes of Lotus Morgan and TVR it was Time to see who Had Stormed to Victory in the Last Race and Taken the Victory.
In First Place was (William Plant) in his Morgan Plus 8 with A Lap Time of 1:45.768 and A Top Speed of 70.67mph. Congratulations William on the Victory it was so Good to See a Morgan Take First Place while Watching this Exciting Race. An Amazing Drive.
In Second Place was (Jim Dean) in his Lotus Europa with A Lap Time of 1:46.411 and A Top Speed of 70.66mph. Another Incredible Drive from Jim to Take Second Place. Well Done
In Third Place was (Richard Plant) in his Morgan Plus 8 with A Lap Time of 1:47.697 and a Top Speed of 70.31mph. A Very Committed Drive from Richard and a Fantastic Third Place Finish that I'm sure the Whole Family will be Proud of.
Fantastic Racing from the 70's Road Sports to Finish the Days Racing for them Congratulations to William, Jim and Richard. Hope to see you Three Battling it out Again Soon.
Aurora Trophy With Geoff Lees Trophy
The Arora Trophy Roared onto the Grand Prix Circuit Next with Powerful V8 Engines thease Racing Cars could make the Ground Shake as they Thunder their way around the Race Track. Lets see who Managed to take that All Important Victory for their Final Race.
In First Place was (Martin Stretton) in his March 712 with a Lap Time of 1:25.976 and A Top Speed of 101mph. A Very Brave and Committed drive from Martin to Take Victory, Really Pushing the March to its Limits and hanging onto the Lead thought the Race.
In Second Place was (Mathew Wrigley) in his March 782 with a Lap Time of 1:25.127 and A Top Speed of 100.96mph. Another Incredible Driver Taking his Machinery to New heights and Keeping the March Name Alive in Historic Racing. Amazing Work Mathew.
In Third Place was (Samuel Harrison) in his Dallara 389 with A Lap Time of 1:29.552 and A Top Speed of 95.04mph. Amazing work Sam showing Insane Car Control even when Racing so Fast and for such A Long Time. Congratulations.
Another Amazing Race to Keep the Day going and showing the Amazing work that Each Team Does to ensure that their Driver and His Car are Ready to go. Well Done to all of the Teams and to the First Second and Third Place Winners as well. Looking Forward To seeing more Action this Year from the Aurora Trophy.
Guards Trophy (Race 21)
Next Up Guards Trophy with Another Range of Racing Machines from the Likes of Brabham Chevron and Lotus Lets see what will Happen and Who will be able to Drive their way to Victory in This Race.
In First Place was (Andy Newall) in his Chevron B6 with A Lap Time of 1:38.258 and A Top Speed of 83.84mph. Very Well Driven and Raced by Andy Showcasing the Power of the Chevron and taking it too its Limits in terms of Raw Speed and Performance.
In Second Place was the Duo of (Jackson S and Jackson C) in their Lenham P70 with A Lap Time of 1:38.008 and A Top Speed of 83.45mph. Fantastic Work to The Two Jacks who Really showed what Working Together Can Achieve during A Race. Well Done
In Third Place was the Duo of (Mitchell W and Mitchell B) in their Chevron B8 with A Lap Time of 1:38.368 and A Top Speed of 82.49mph. Another Amazing Duo who Have Taken Third Place and Kept the Fight Alive in their Respective Championship. Amazing work.
A Fantastic Race for the Guards Trophy Showing the Power of Each Race Car and what they Are Capable of When put into The Hands of the Right Drivers. Congratulations to Andy Mitchell W and Mitchell B as well as Jackson S and Jackson C for putting on One Hell of a Race. Keep up the Good Work Everyone Else and Never Stop Fighting for your Own Victories.
Historic Formula Ford (Race 16)
Next Up was Historic Formula Ford and some very Twitchy and Tricky Cars to be Driven Round the Circuit at Hight Speed. With Light Weight Chassis and Small Cockpits this was going to be a Very Exciting Race to Watch. Lets see who Came out Best of the Rest.
In First Place was (Cameron Jackson) in his Winkelmann WDF2 with A Lap Time of 1:38.596 and A Top Speed of 87.95mph. Another Incredible Drive From Cameron to Take Victory and show what A Truly Committed and Self Determined Driver is. He is an Inspiration to All Up Coming Formula Ford Racers.
In Second Place was (Tom Macarthur) in his Titan MK3 with A Lap Time of 1:38.484 and A Top Speed of 87.94mph. Another Really Brave and Heroic Driver Pushing His Formula Ford to its Limits and Keeping his Eye's on the Race Track. Amazing Work Tom.
In Third Place was (Horatio Fitzsimon) in his Merlin MK20A with A Lap Time of 1:38.513 And A Top Speed of 87.90mph. Very Well Done Horatio Fantastic Driving and A Well Deserved Third Place.
An Amazing Final Heat Race for the Formula Fords with Everyone Pushing As Hard as they Could for Victory. Keep Working Hard Everyone and Congratulations to Cameron Tom and Horatio.
Historic Road Sports (Race 17)
Historic Road Sports Next and it was Time to see what Each Driver could do in their Respective Race Car. Lets see how things Stacked up and who Came out on Top in the Race.
In First Place was (Kevin Kivlochan) in his AC Cobra with a Lap Time of 1:46.891 and A Top Speed of 72.19mph. What A Drive From Kevin to Take Victory Keeping that Cobra Far Ahead of the Rest of the Pack and Taking A Dominant Victory. Carol Shelby would have Loved to See That.
In Second Place was (John Davidson) in his Lotus Elan S1 with A Lap Time of 1:46.052 And A Top Speed of 72.16mph. Amazing Work John Keeping that Lotus on the Tarmac and Putting on One Hell of a Race for Everyone. Amazing Job.
In Third Place was (Rupert Ashdown) in his Lotus Elan S1 with A Lap Time of 1:47.481and A Top Speed of 71.61mph. Another Incredible Drive by Rupert Taking Third Place Very Well Deserved.
Historic Road Sports putting on Another Superb Race for the Season and Congratulations to Kevin John and Rupert on their Victories. Hope to see More of that This Year and Good Luck to Everyone Else Racing too.
Historic Touring Cars (Race 22)
The Final Race of The Day was Here and The Historic Touring Car Club did not Disappoint with Lotus Cortina's Mini Cooper S's and Ford Mustangs This was going to be a Final Battle of Titans. Lets See Who Managed to Take that Last Checkered Flag of the Day.
In First Place was (Steve Soper) in his Ford Mustang with A Lap Time of 1.47.084 and A Top Speed of 71.51mph. Awesome Drive Steve Fantastic to see that He Still has it in him After all The Years of Racing.
In Second Place was (Rob Fen) in his Ford Mustang with A Lap Time of 1:49.031 and A Top Speed of 70.93mph. Amazing Work Rob Pushing that Mustang Far and Wide to Hang onto that Second Place. Excellent Drive.
In Third Place was (Mark Martin in his Ford Lotus Cortina with A Lap Time of 1:49.905 and A Top Speed of 70.70mph. Very Well Done Mark Great Driving and Even a Wheel in the Air on Some Occasions Heading onto the Grand Prix Loop. What A Sight that Was to See.
And With that The Days Events came to an End for another year of Superprix Racing at Brands Hatch Amazing work to all of the Organisers and Race Drivers who took Part and Congratulations once again to all of the Race Winners. Keep Fighting Keep Wining and I'm Sure we will do it All Again Next Year.
site-specific gecomponeerde totaalcollage
Nest heeft Wineke Gartz gevraagd een presentatie te maken binnen de Nestarchyserie die de afgelopen jaren is ontstaan en waarbinnen kunstenaars de complete tentoonstellingsruimte van Nest ter beschikking krijgen om mee aan de slag te gaan. Sinds Wineke Gartz in 1998 afstudeerde aan de Rijksakademie heeft ze een consistente carrière opgebouwd met installaties vol overlappende beelden, architectonische ingrepen, materialen en projecties.
Wineke Gartz heeft voor de kust van Scheveningen videomateriaal geschoten. Dat materiaal zal vermengd worden met materiaal van de kust van China waar ze enige tijd verbleef, en met filmfoto’s van Hollywoodsterren (de HotFreaks uit de titel), daklozen, bezinningscursussen, zelfportretten en performances uit Los Angeles. Het valt te verwachten dat het geheel een grote bewegende collage zal worden waarin alle oorspronkelijke ingrediënten hun oorsprong grotendeels verliezen en verworden tot een typische Wineke Gartz hallucinatie die de bezoeker een totaalervaring biedt en kan leiden tot een staat van trance. Tegelijkertijd worden esoterische clichés vermeden en doet het hedendaagse dagelijks leven volop mee.
Wineke Gartz exhibits in the Netherlands and in various countries worldwide. Her site-specific installations consist of complex overlays of imagery and media, often with the use of music and multiple video and slides projections and with the integral use of the architectural space. Her parallel realities include mixing the ordinary with the heroic, creating an almost hallucinatory experience. Her subjects relate to psychology, beauty, death, illusions and perception, nature versus urban life, art and mass media. Gartz is interested in the combination of spirituality, art and science. Currently she is developing video lectures about her work and started to collaborate with musicians.
A set that transports the audience to another era - but no specific era, just that of the "generic past." But, in lieu of actual people moving about in the corridor upstairs, we have fleeting images that look as if from a multimedia projector - tying past to present.
Want Gory Details? Check out Director's Notes @
The SL Shakespeare Company Twelfth Night Blog
Posted by Second Life Resident Ina Centaur. Visit Shakespeare.
Europa: Pasajes de Invierno, una instalación site specific de Florentino Díaz comisariada por Carlota Álvarez Basso para el programa de intervenciones Abierto x Obras, en la antigua cámara frigorífica de lo que fue el matadero municipal. La pieza se inscribe además en la programación de PhotoEspaña 2015.
La pieza conformada a partir de materiales de derribo, representa un barracón sobre el que no cesa de caer la lluvia. En su interior, pantallas de video nos muestran las imágenes de vidas anónimas del siglo XX, recogidas de álbumes encontrados en mercadillos, con el Winterreise (Viaje de invierno) de Schubert sonando de fondo. Según la comisaria Carlota Álvarez Basso, son “historias que hablan de los momentos de felicidad ajena que han caído en el olvido, de la fragilidad de nuestra existencia y de la inconsistencia de la memoria, tanto de la individual como de la colectiva”.
“El espectador debe recorrer estos pasajes de invierno a través de estos videos en los que, paradójicamente, no cabe imaginar el trágico destino que aguarda a sus protagonistas, y que nos hacen pensar en el incierto destino que nos espera” señala Florentino Díaz. Respecto al título, Díaz se inspira en El Libro de los Pasajes, el gran proyecto inacabado de Walter Benjamin, fallecido en 1940, que “cuestiona el desarrollo de una historia que hasta ese momento no había cumplido las expectativas de liberación humana, y que en sus ruinas mostraba la imposibilidad de alcanzar sus metas últimas”, explica el artista.
Las obras de Florentino Díaz (Cáceres - 1954) se caracterizan, desde los años 1990, por el uso de materiales e imágenes recuperadas, elementos aparentemente sencillos pero cargados de sentido y de connotación emocional. Desde hace muchos años Florentino Díaz ha ido guardando pequeños tesoros encontrados en el Rastro de Madrid o de las ciudades que visitaba en sus viajes. Objetos, libros, fotografías que a veces nos desvelan y otras se guardan los secretos de vidas e historias de otro tiempo. El artista es además un referente cuyo trabajo ha girado siempre en torno al concepto de lo doméstico, de la casa, concebida como un espacio cada vez más difícil de habitar. Sus instalaciones se han expuesto en centros nacionales e internacionales, como el CAB DE Burgos, MEIAC de Badajoz, Museo Barjola de Gijón, Casal Solleriç Espai 4 de Mallorca, Museo de Cáceres, Salón de los 16, Kunstamt Kreuzberg-Bethanien de Berlín, y en ferias como Art Cologne, MACO-MEXICO, Liste The Young Art Fair de Basel, Art Chicago, Busan Bienal de Corea. Y forma parte de colecciones privadas, museos e instituciones como CGAC de A Coruña, Colección La Caixa, Fundación Coca-Cola España, Colección Banco de España, Museo de Cáceres, entre otras.
Abierto x Obras
Abierto x Obras, en Matadero Madrid, es un programa de intervenciones site specific que incentiva el carácter experimental de la creación contemporánea a través de planteamientos que exploran la relación entre el arte y el lugar que lo acoge, la antigua cámara frigorífica del Matadero. Desde 2007 Abierto x Obras ha acogido las intervenciones de artistas como Daniel Canogar, Jannis Kounnellis, Román Signer, Carlos Garaicoa, Fernando Sánchez Castillo, Jordi Colomer, Los Carpinteros, Cristina Lucas, o Eugenio Ampudia, entre otros. Próximamente se podrá disfrutar del trabajo del artista británico Haroon Mirza.
ROMA ARCHEOLOGICA & RESTAURO ARCHITETTURA 2022. ITALIA / USA - Aggiornare: 'Petrolio - Ladri di bellezza 2018/2022'; Gli studiosi italiani: "Musei negli USA - Restituisci quello che hai rubato!"; in: RAI 1 HD / VIDEO (2018) & Senatrice & Archeologa Margherita Corrado / Fb (08/2022) = "Il Getty Museum di Los Angeles restituirà all’Italia un antico gruppo scultoreo"; in: ARTRIBUNE & LOS ANGELES TIMES, USA (11/08/2022) [Italiano & English]. wp.me/pbMWvy-337
Foto: “Petrolio Ladri di bellezza”; in: RAI 1 HD (08/12/2018); s.v., Margherita Corrado / FB (11/08/2022).
www.flickr.com/photos/imperial_fora_of_rome/52280154274
** Nota: tutte le fotografie qui sono dal video – “Petrolio Ladri di bellezza”; in: RAI 1 HD (08/12/2018) / Foto & Video [1:26]; o specificato ed elencato come un’altra fonte citata. **
Foto: “Petrolio Ladri di bellezza”; in: RAI 1 HD (08/12/2018).
www.flickr.com/photos/imperial_fora_of_rome/52279888651
1). ITALIA / USA - "Petrolio Ladri di bellezza"; in: RAI 1 HD (08/12/2018) / Foto & Video [1:26].
Foto: “Petrolio Ladri di bellezza”; in: RAI 1 HD (08/12/2018).
www.flickr.com/photos/imperial_fora_of_rome/52280154079
Alla luce degli ultimi risvolti giudiziari e dopo aver acceso i riflettori sulla vicenda dell'Atleta di Fano di Lisippo, la statua in bronzo datata tra il IV e il Il secolo a.C., il capolavoro trafugato nell'Adriatico e venduto illegalmente al Getty Museum quarant'anni fa, "Petrolio - Ladri di bellezza" torna ad occuparsi del traffico di reperti archeologici, ricostruendo la rete capillare di contatti, rapporti, scambi di denaro che ha generato il quarto mercato illecito del mondo.
Foto: “Petrolio Ladri di bellezza”; in: RAI 1 HD (08/12/2018).
www.flickr.com/photos/imperial_fora_of_rome/52279888726
Grazie al lavoro di inchiesta durato un anno attraverso fonti esclusive e testimonianze uniche di magistrati, carabinieri, uomini dell'FBI, esperti ed archeologi, "Petrolio", documenta i legami tra organizzazioni malavitose, mondo del collezionismo e i più importanti musei del mondo. Duilio Giammaria va negli Stati Uniti sulle tracce del traffico miliardario di reperti archeologici. In California intervista in esclusiva Timothy Potts, direttore del Getty Museum, in merito alla questione del bronzo di Lisippo. Un viaggio che prosegue a Ginevra, luogo di transito di molti dei reperti trafugati e a Cambridge dove l'archeologo forense Christos Tsirogiannis spiega il ruolo delle case d'asta in questo commercio illecito. Ospiti di Petrolio il critico d'arte Vittorio Sgarbi, lo storico dell'arte Tomaso Montanari e il tenente colonnello Nicola Candido, comandante del reparto operativo dei carabinieri per la Tutela del Patrimonio Culturale.
Fonte / source: Video & foto:
--- RAI 1 HD (08/12/2018) / Foto & Video [1:26].
www.raiplay.it/video/2018/11/Petrolio-2e271483-c1ca-4e3c-...
Foto: Senatrice & Archeologa Margherita Corrado / FB (11/08/2022).
www.flickr.com/photos/imperial_fora_of_rome/52279888541
2). ITALIA / USA - SE E' VERO, BISOGNA FESTEGGIARE!!!!!! Ricordate l'interrogazione 3-01243 di novembre 2019 dedicata proprio ad Orfeo e le Sirene? Fonte: Senatrice & Archeologa Margherita Corrado / FB (11/08/2022).
Foto: Senatrice & Archeologa Margherita Corrado et al., in: Senato della Repubblica / Legislatura 18 Atto di Sindacato Ispettivo n° 3-01243; Atto n. 3-01243 (in Commissione). Pubblicato il 20 novembre 2019, nella seduta n. 167; Svolto nella seduta n. 181 della 7ª Commissione (05/08/2020).
www.flickr.com/photos/imperial_fora_of_rome/52280370960
Chi volesse rinfrescarsi la memoria, può aprire questo link:
--- Senatrice & Archeologa Margherita Corrado et al., Senato della Repubblica / Legislatura 18 Atto di Sindacato Ispettivo n° 3-01243; Atto n. 3-01243 (in Commissione). Pubblicato il 20 novembre 2019, nella seduta n. 167; Svolto nella seduta n. 181 della 7ª Commissione (05/08/2020).
Fonte / source:
--- Senatrice & Archeologa Margherita Corrado / Fb (11/08/2022);
www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100058012031617
--- Anche: Senato della Repubblica / Legislatura 18 Atto di Sindacato Ispettivo n° 3-01243; Atto n. 3-01243 (in Commissione) [11/08/2022].
www.senato.it/japp/bgt/showdoc/18/Sindisp/0/1128243/index...
Foto: Senatrice & Archeologa Margherita Corrado / FB (11/08/2022); s.v., Foto: “Petrolio Ladri di bellezza”; in: RAI 1 HD (08/12/2018).
www.flickr.com/photos/imperial_fora_of_rome/52280154054
2.1). ITALIA / USA - ADELANTE, PEDRO, CUM JUICIO, SI PUEDES...
Eccola qui la prova del delitto (fotogramma tratto dal filmato trasmesso dalla trasmissione "Petrolio") ma il 2 luglio 2020 il (futuro) MinC mi rispondeva come leggete... Fonte: Senatrice & Archeologa Margherita Corrado / FB (11/08/2022).
Fonte / source:
--- Senatrice & Archeologa Margherita Corrado / Fb (11/08/2022);
www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100058012031617
Foto: ARTIBUNE (11/08/2022).
www.flickr.com/photos/imperial_fora_of_rome/52278904772
3). ITALIA / USA - Il Getty Museum di Los Angeles restituirà all’Italia un antico gruppo scultoreo. ARTIBUNE (11/08/2022).
COME PREVISTO DALLA POLICY DEL GRANDE MUSEO LOSANGELINO, CHE OBBLIGA AL RIMPATRIO DELLE OPERE SOTTRATTE ILLEGALMENTE, ORFEO E LE SIRENE TORNERANNO A SETTEMBRE 2022 A ROMA, SEGUITI DA ALTRI MANUFATTI IN UN SECONDO MOMENTO.
Foto: “Petrolio Ladri di bellezza”; in: RAI 1 HD (08/12/2018).
www.flickr.com/photos/imperial_fora_of_rome/52278904902
Un momento storico per le restituzioni, e per l’Italia. Il J. Paul Getty Museum di Los Angeles ha annunciato oggi che restituirà al Paese il Gruppo scultoreo di un Poeta Seduto e Sirene, un gruppo di figure in terracotta a grandezza naturale della seconda metà del IV secolo a.C. proveniente dalla colonia magnogreca di Taranto, noto anche come Orfeo e le Sirene. Il museo statunitense starebbe inoltre collaborando con il Ministero della Cultura per organizzare la restituzione di altri quattro manufatti, a data da destinarsi. Il gigantesco museo a capo dell’omonimo centro per le arti ha già rimosso i manufatti dal percorso di visita in preparazione per il trasporto a Roma a settembre (peraltro molto difficile, vista la fragilità delle sculture), dove saranno affidati al Ministero della Cultura.
Foto: ARTIBUNE (11/08/2022).
www.flickr.com/photos/imperial_fora_of_rome/52280154144
IL GRUPPO SCULTOREO ORFEO E LE SIRENE
La restituzione non è per l’Italia una vera e propria sorpresa, dato che già all’inizio del 2006 l’opera compariva in un elenco di manufatti di cui si rivendicava il possesso e si chiedeva la restituzione. Stando alla commissione permanente in Senato su Istruzione pubblica, beni culturali, ricerca scientifica, spettacolo e sport riunitasi nell’agosto 2020, “il bene, databile secondo la maggior parte degli studiosi nell’ambito della seconda metà del IV secolo a.C., si compone di tre statue, originariamente policrome: due figure femminili stanti (140 per 55 centimetri circa), riconoscibili come sirene in base alla conformazione ornitomorfa della parte inferiore del corpo, e una figura maschile seduta, vestita del solo mantello, variamente identificata come poeta, come Orfeo o semplicemente come un defunto del quale poteva costituire parte del monumento sepolcrale.
Foto: “Petrolio Ladri di bellezza”; in: RAI 1 HD (08/12/2018).
www.flickr.com/photos/imperial_fora_of_rome/52280154234
La figura maschile impugna con la mano destra un oggetto allungato, probabilmente il manico di un plektron, secondo l’interpretazione di Bottini e Guzzo, che ipotizzano nell’altra mano l’originaria presenza di uno strumento a corda. L’opera è riconducibile con certezza al patrimonio culturale italiano e proviene probabilmente dal territorio tarantino”. Lo stesso Getty Trust, si legge ancora nel verbale del Senato, aveva sottoscritto nel 2007 una convenzione con l’allora Ministero per i beni e le attività culturali che aveva permesso il rientro in Italia di molti beni preziosi e che stabiliva l’impegno del Ministero a “interpellare previamente il Getty Trust prima di procedere al recupero di beni archeologici dei quali sia acquisita la prova della provenienza da scavo clandestino e/o oggetto di esportazione illegittima dall’Italia di beni archeologici presenti nelle collezioni del Getty Trust
Foto: “Petrolio Ladri di bellezza”; in: RAI 1 HD (08/12/2018).
www.flickr.com/photos/imperial_fora_of_rome/52278904892
“. Sono passati un po’ di anni, certo, ma la collaborazione si può ora dire fruttuosa, nonostante i trascorsi anche burrascosi (vedasi la condanna del tribunale di Pesaro di qualche anno fa).
Foto: “Petrolio Ladri di bellezza”; in: RAI 1 HD (08/12/2018).
www.flickr.com/photos/imperial_fora_of_rome/52280154259
LA POLICY DI RESTITUZIONE DEL GETTY MUSEUM DEI MANUFATTI SOTTRATTI ILLECITAMENTE
Il Getty – un’istituzione di livello globale con una enorme collezione che va dalle opere greche alle fotografie del Novecento – ha adempiuto così alla propria policy di restituzione dei manufatti al Paese d’origine, obbligatoria nel caso in cui vi siano informazioni affidabili a indicare che siano stati rubati o scavati illegalmente. “Grazie alle informazioni fornite da Matthew Bogdanos e dall’Unità per il traffico di antichità dell’ufficio del procuratore distrettuale di Manhattan che indicano lo scavo illegale di Orfeo e delle sirene, abbiamo deciso che questi oggetti dovrebbero essere restituiti”, hanno dichiarato i direttori Timothy Potts, Maria Hummer-Tuttle e Robert Tuttle.
Foto: “Petrolio Ladri di bellezza”; in: RAI 1 HD (08/12/2018).
www.flickr.com/photos/imperial_fora_of_rome/52280154264
Ma non finisce qui: secondo ricercatori dell’istituzione e studiosi indipendenti, bisognerà restituire anche una colossale testa in marmo di una divinità del II secolo d.C.; uno stampo in pietra del II secolo d.C. per la fusione di pendenti; un dipinto a olio intitolato Oracolo a Delfi (1881) di Camillo Miola; e un thymiaterion in bronzo etrusco del IV secolo a.C. I primi tre di questi oggetti furono acquisiti dal fondatore J. Paul Getty e dal Getty Museum negli anni ’70, il quarto nel 1996, e nessuno di loro è più stato esposto al pubblico negli ultimi anni. “Apprezziamo il nostro forte e fruttuoso rapporto con il Ministero della Cultura italiano e con i nostri numerosi colleghi archeologi, conservatori, curatoriali e altri studiosi in tutta Italia, con i quali condividiamo la missione di promuovere la conservazione del patrimonio culturale antico“, ha affermato il direttore Potts.
Fonte / source, foto:
--- ARTIBUNE (11/08/2022).
www.artribune.com/arti-visive/archeologia-arte-antica/202...
Foto: The Los Angele Times, USA (11 Aug., 2022).
www.flickr.com/photos/imperial_fora_of_rome/52280378020
4). ITALIA / USA - Getty to return illegally excavated Orpheus sculptures, some great antiquities, to Italy. The Los Angele Times, USA (11 Aug., 2022).
The J. Paul Getty Museum is returning its Orpheus group of sculptures — a culturally significant group of nearly life-size terra-cotta figures known as “Orpheus and the Sirens,” some of the museum’s greatest antiquities — to Italy. The objects, which have been determined to have been illegally excavated and exported, will be sent to Rome in September. The institution is coordinating with Italy’s Ministry of Culture to send four other objects back as well at a future date.
Foto: The Los Angele Times, USA (11 Aug., 2022).
www.flickr.com/photos/imperial_fora_of_rome/52278904817
“The Getty is not in a position to comment on information that led to the return of the Orpheus,” spokesperson Julie Jaskol said. “The information was supplied by Matthew Bogdanos of the Antiquities Trafficking Unit of the Manhattan district attorney’s office, who developed the evidence in an investigation unrelated to the Getty. The evidence persuaded us that the statues had been illegally excavated and it was appropriate to return them in accordance with Getty policy.”
Foto: The Los Angele Times, USA (11 Aug., 2022).
www.flickr.com/photos/imperial_fora_of_rome/52278904822
Bogdanos was not able to comment given that the investigation is still in progress, a spokesperson for the Manhattan district attorney’s office said.
Foto: “Petrolio Ladri di bellezza”; in: RAI 1 HD (08/12/2018).
www.flickr.com/photos/imperial_fora_of_rome/52279888581
“This piece is being returned pursuant to an ongoing and active criminal investigation,” the spokesperson said in an email, “which uncovered the antiquity was illegally trafficked.”
Foto: “Petrolio Ladri di bellezza”; in: RAI 1 HD (08/12/2018).
www.flickr.com/photos/imperial_fora_of_rome/52280154109
“Orpheus and the Sirens” is extremely fragile, and the museum says it is working on “specially tailored equipment and procedures” regarding its transfer.
Foto: “Petrolio Ladri di bellezza”; in: RAI 1 HD (08/12/2018).
www.flickr.com/photos/imperial_fora_of_rome/52279906673
J. Paul Getty purchased the Orpheus sculptures in the spring of 1976. It was among his final acquisitions prior to his June 6 death.
Foto: “Petrolio Ladri di bellezza”; in: RAI 1 HD (08/12/2018).
www.flickr.com/photos/imperial_fora_of_rome/52278904762
In his diary, which is part of the Getty’s archives, an entry from Saturday, March 6, 1976, notes that he “bought the following objects” including “a group of 3 Greek statues made in Tarentum at the end of the 4th C.B.C.
Foto: “Petrolio Ladri di bellezza”; in: RAI 1 HD (08/12/2018).
www.flickr.com/photos/imperial_fora_of_rome/52279906703
They represent a singer Orpheus seated and 2 standing sirens. $550,000 from Bank Leu. All of these naturally were on [Czech American archaeologist Jiří Frel’s] recommendation.” Frel was the Getty’s antiquities curator from 1973 to 1986.
Foto: “Petrolio Ladri di bellezza”; in: RAI 1 HD (08/12/2018).
www.flickr.com/photos/imperial_fora_of_rome/52280154284
The $550,000 Getty paid in 1976 is equivalent to around $3 million today, according to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics’ CPI Inflation Calculator.
Foto: “Petrolio Ladri di bellezza”; in: RAI 1 HD (08/12/2018).
www.flickr.com/photos/imperial_fora_of_rome/52280371120
The Orpheus group of sculptures is an incredibly important work to the Getty. It has been on view, in a ground floor gallery at the Getty Villa, since it was acquired more than four decades ago.
Foto: “Petrolio Ladri di bellezza”; in: RAI 1 HD (08/12/2018).
www.flickr.com/photos/imperial_fora_of_rome/52278904857
“It is a very important work. I’d even say one of the most important in the [Getty Museum’s] collection,” Getty Museum director Timothy Potts said in an interview. “So it will be a loss as to what we can represent about the art of the ancient classical world, in this case southern Italy in the late fourth century B.C.”
Foto: “Petrolio Ladri di bellezza”; in: RAI 1 HD (08/12/2018).
www.flickr.com/photos/imperial_fora_of_rome/52279888676
Potts said the work is especially unique because of its scale, quality and subject matter — it suggests the mythical story of Jason and the Argonauts, which would make the sculpture’s seated man, who plays a harp-like instrument, Orpheus.
Foto: “Petrolio Ladri di bellezza”; in: RAI 1 HD (08/12/2018).
www.flickr.com/photos/imperial_fora_of_rome/52278904867
“It’s just extremely rare and there’s nothing similar in our collection, or closely similar in any collection,” Potts said. “It does leave a hole in our gallery but with this evidence that came forth, there was no question that it needed to be sent back to Italy.”
Foto: “Petrolio Ladri di bellezza”; in: RAI 1 HD (08/12/2018).
www.flickr.com/photos/imperial_fora_of_rome/52280154224
“We value our strong and fruitful relationship with the Italian Ministry of Culture and with our many archaeological, conservation, curatorial, and other scholarly colleagues throughout Italy, with whom we share a mission to advance the preservation of ancient cultural heritage,” Potts said in a statement.
Foto: “Petrolio Ladri di bellezza”; in: RAI 1 HD (08/12/2018).
www.flickr.com/photos/imperial_fora_of_rome/52280154229
The other pieces being returned to Italy — none of which have been exhibited in recent years — are a colossal marble head of a divinity and a limestone mold for casting pendants, both from the second century A.D., along with a 19th century oil painting by Camillo Miola, “The Oracle,” and an Etruscan bronze thymiaterion, a ceremonial incense burner, from the fourth century B.C. The latter was acquired by the Getty in 1996 while the other three objects were acquired in the 1970s.
Foto: “Petrolio Ladri di bellezza”; in: RAI 1 HD (08/12/2018).
www.flickr.com/photos/imperial_fora_of_rome/52280371150
Fonte / source, foto:
--- The Los Angele Times, USA (11 Aug., 2022).
www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/story/2022-08-11/getty...
Beware of pickpockets, targeting old age pensioners, using big breasted fairies as a distraction. It happens.
In a site-specific installation, Artistic Bokeh presents a collaboration with Georgios Papadopoulos (GR) and Société Réaliste (FR) thematizing the symbolic value of artistic production and its subordination by the valuation of markets.
"There is never enough money, especially for cultural production; but also too much since money and market tend to impose their interpretation of artistic and cultural value. The system of prices organizes an order of meaning, where taste, subjectivity and community are reconfigured according to the mandates and the geopolitics of the market. In this hostile environment, the artist needs to create new possibilities of independence at the same time as she has to survive and thrive, despite the exploitative conditions of employment that more often than not define artistic work. Too Much Money is not the solution. but a tiny a reminder of the poverty of the artist in a system that celebrates (and profits from) the value of art."
(Text: G.Papadopoulos)
A lecture-performance of C.Lisecki / G.Papadopoulos will mark the opening on Thursday, February 27, accompanied by the film screening of "Art Accounts Deutsche Bank (2013)" by Carsten Lisecki.
“Associated” is a site specific show in a severely damaged brownstone, currently with a Vacate Order, issued by the DOB. As you may recall, the huge fire on Nov 12th 2010 at the Associated Supermarket on 5th Avenue and 17th Street not only damaged the supermarket building including the Open Source Gallery, but also a brownstone next door. The 3 family house, the Gallery owners’ home, was also rendered uninhabitable by the blaze.
There is no exact date for the show. There will be a 2 week window when the Vacate Order will be dropped and the contractors will start their work. All participating artists are prepared to install their work any day within the next month.
opening up with the
OPEN SOURCE CARNIVAL
The Carnival involves a public celebration combining some elements of circus, performance, public fair and party. We encourage people to dress-up in costumes during the celebration and to bring a little bit of money for the future of OPEN SOURCE.
Participants
Sara Bouchard, Christian Brown, Reamonn Byrne, Wendy Chu, Ethan Crenson, Hubert Dobler, Peter Feigenbaum, Pirmin Hagen, Fumie Ishii, Der Kommissar, Stefanie Koseff, James Leonard, Loadingdock5, Katerina Marcelja, Amanda C. Mathis, Patrick May, Nolan McKew, Annelise E. Ream, Jason Reppert, Raphaela Riepl, Evan Robarts, Frank Scheiderbauer, Allison Read Smith, Miho Suzuki, Kathleen Vance, Letizia Werth, Lily White, Monika Wuhrer
This product specific Anhydrous Ammonia Training included in-class instruction regarding product characteristics, rail safety, regulatory compliance, and post incident debriefing. Practical hands-on training consisted of donning and doffing of personal protective equipment, hook up of transfer lines, flaring and sparging, and decontamination. Mock ups of challenging real life scenarios provided Itech’s emergency response personnel with the opportunity to reinforce skills and best practices throughout the day.
In the last couple of years or so, Surrey CC have gone for stop specific timetables, which is fair enough as it's the way things are going industry-wide.
Personally, I'm not a fan - as stop specific gives less information, and I can read a bus timetable.
New timetables have now gone up for the 32 ready for the changes from 1st September 2015. Here's one at Dorking station. Quite how you're supposed to know which buses serve Emlyn Road in Redhill and which do not, I don't know.
The bigger problem however is the lack of notice that on schooldays, the 1500 departure zooms off normal line of route at Reigate and misses out all of the route around Meadvale, Earlswood station and Earlswood to Redhill (instead running via St Bede's School)!!
Similarly, the Guildford-bound timetable doesn't identify the journey via Holmbury St Mary (reduced to one journey each way from 01/09/15, currently two evening journeys do it Guildford-bound).
Station Approach, Dorking railway station, Dorking, Surrey.
Ambling out of Jaisalmer train station in late morning, we were immediately accosted by the throngs of drivers – mostly working for specific hotels – who were trying to pick us up. Since I’d booked a room at the Roop Mahal, this wasn’t an issue. It took a minute to find the guy, but he was there to drive us the whole 1-2 km to the hotel, which was at the base of the fort on the west side.
The biggest reason to come to Jaisalmer, the Golden City (since most places are primarily built of sandstone) is to see the fort, which is on a bit of a hill overlooking an otherwise flat desert. As it’s in the desert, the temperatures in the day, even in late September, were close to 40 degrees Celsius (a little over 100F).
According to Lonely Planet India, the fort was built in 1156 by the Rajput ruler Jaisal and reinforced by subsequent rulers. It “was the focus of a number of battles between the Bhatis, the Mughals of Delhi and the Rathores of Jodhpur.”
Nowadays, it’s a living fort. Jaisalmer Fort has plenty of residents, restaurants, souvenir stands, havelis (old-style housing with ornate architecture: carved stone doorways, lattice screens, balconies, and turrets). The havelis are often hotels now, and almost every hotel here has a rooftop restaurant to enjoy the surrounding view. Our hotel, the Roop Mahal, also had a rooftop restaurant where I ate a few times. The food was…not great, but certainly not bad.
In addition to the havelis, there are also quite a few temples. Specifically, there are seven Jain temples (that you can tour for 150 rupees/15 RMB/$2.50USD). These temples were visually quite attractive inside – some more than others – and also had plenty of worshippers coming in and out. I was impressed by the intricacy of the details and sandstone carving, the intimacy of the art, and the way natural light was used in the temples. I don’t believe tripods were allowed inside the temple, which made a lot of shooting quite difficult, but not impossible. The only other rule is that you have to take your shoes off outside and pay someone (usually about 100 rupee) to “watch” your shoes.
After having a meal in the fort (and, excitedly, finding a spice shop where I bought the first of many Indian spices to bring back to China with me), my travel partner arranged for us to go out to the desert and ride camels. (The hotelier also offered something similar, but was a bit expensive.)
Later in the day, around 5:00, if I recall correctly, a guy came to pick us up at the hotel in a jeep and four of us – me, my travel partner, and two Israeli women – started our drive out to Sam, about 50 km west of Jaisalmer (and less than 100 km – maybe less than 50 – from the Pakistani border to the west).
En route, we had to make a few required stops (per our drivers). The first place was so forgettable that I can’t even recall the name of it or what it was. The second place was just to see a small village (really, two buildings) and a whole lot of kids running up to you begging for money in exchange for pictures.
After that, we finally made it out to the desert, where we rode camels for about half an hour and then stopped at a rather random place where we were eventually given a home-cooked Indian meal, vegetarian, that consisted of dal, naan, and a few curries. It was delicious, and had to be eaten completely in Indian style (no utensils of any kind).
While watching the sunset and the subsequent moonrise, we eventually bade our Israeli friends farewell (as they were spending the night in the desert) and headed back to town. Along the way, I caught a glimpse of a late night cricket match, and it was the only time during this trip I’d see that. When we got back to the hotel, we just needed to wait there for an hour or two before they were kind enough to drive us to the train station around 11:00 p.m. so we could catch our midnight train to Jodhpur…the Blue City.
Be specific! :-)
I'd been watching the Swallowtails fly all around the zoo yesterday, but they weren't landing. I was photographing the flowers (and Skippers, who were cooperating) when I started wishing one of the Swallowtails would land on the lantana.
Lo and behold, about a minute later, one landed to the far side of me. I twisted around and managed to get this shot before he was off into the sky again.
So, the next time I wish for a landing, it's going to be directly in front of me and last for more than five seconds, lol!
I'm so grateful for this one, though - didn't know until I saw it on my computer if I'd gotten it.
"PASSAGEM" - obra site specific realizada a partir de pesquisas de campo, imersões e coletas de material vegetal pertencentes à paisagem do lugar. A instalação possui 18 metros de comprimento e estabelece uma relação de escala com o corpo do observador que adentra seu espaço interno, ativando a estrutura física do lugar e resignificando nossa própria percepção do espaço e daquilo que se constrói enquanto paisagem.
PASSAGEM - Site Specific - SESC de Presidente Prudente - 2016
Galhos secos, cimento, terra e grama, 3 x 5 x 18 metros.
Márcio Diegues
===General information=== Robinia pseudoacacia, commonly known in its native territory as black locust, is a medium-sized deciduous tree native to the southeastern United States. It has been widely planted and naturalised elsewhere in temperate North America, Europe, Southern Africa and Asia and is considered an invasive species in some areas. Another common name is false acacia a literal translation of the specific name (pseudo meaning fake or false and acacia referring to the genus of plants with the same name.) It was introduced into Britain in 1636. The name 'locust' is said to have been given to Robinia by Jesuit missionaries, who fancied that this was the tree that supported St. John in the wilderness, but it is native only to North America. The locust tree of Spain (Ceratonia siliqua or carob tree), which is also native to Syria and the entire Mediterranean basin, is supposed to be the true locust of the New Testament. Robinia is now a North American genus, but traces of it are found in the Eocene and Miocene rocks of Europe. Black locust reaches a typical height of 40–100 feet (12–30 m) with a diameter of 2–4 feet (0.61–1.22 m).[12] Exceptionally, it may grow up to 52 metres (171 ft) tall[13] and 1.6 metres (5.2 ft) diameter in very old trees. It is a very upright tree with a straight trunk and narrow crown which grows scraggly with age.[5] The dark blue-green compound leaves with a contrasting lighter underside give this tree a beautiful appearance in the wind and contribute to its grace. Black locust is a shade intolerant species and therefore is typical of young woodlands and disturbed areas where sunlight is plentiful and the soil is dry. In this sense, black locust can often grow as a weed tree. It also often spreads by underground shoots or suckers which contribute to the weedy character of this species. Young trees are often spiny, however, mature trees often lack spines. In the early summer black locust flowers; the flowers are large and appear in large, intensely fragrant (reminiscent of orange blossoms), clusters. The leaflets fold together in wet weather and at night (nyctinasty) as some change of position at night is a habit of the entire leguminous family. Black locust produces both sexually via flowers, and asexually via root suckers. The flowers are pollinated by insects, primarily by Hymenopteran insects. The physical construction of the flower separates the male and female parts so that self-pollination will not typically occur. The seedlings grow rapidly but they have a thick seed coat which means that not all seeds will germinate. The seed coat can be weakened via hot water, sulfuric acid, or be mechanically scarified and this will allow a greater quantity of the seeds to grow. The seeds are produced in good crops every year or every-other year. Root suckers are an important method of local reproduction of this tree. The roots may grow suckers after damage (by being hit with a lawn mower or otherwise damaged) or after no damage at all. The suckers are stems which grow from the roots, directly into the air and may grow into full trees. The main trunk also has the capability to grow sprouts and will do so after being cut down. This makes removal of black locust difficult as the suckers need to be continually removed from both the trunk and roots or the tree will regrow. This is considered an asexual form or reproduction. The suckers allow black locust to grow into colonies which often exclude other species. These colonies may form dense thickets which shade out competition The bark, leaves, and wood are toxic to both humans and livestock. Important constituents of the plant are the toxalbumin robin, which loses its toxicity when heated, and robinin, a nontoxic glucoside Horses that consume the plant show signs of anorexia, depression, incontinence, colic, weakness, and cardiac arrhythmia. Symptoms usually occur about 1 hour following consumption, and immediate veterinary attention is required. In Romania the flowers are sometimes used to produce a sweet and perfumed jam. This means manual harvesting of flowers, eliminating the seeds and boiling the petals with sugar, in certain proportions, to obtain a light sweet and delicate perfume jam. ===Common names=== false acacia locust tree ===*Useful websites=== ift.tt/1XlSwFF ift.tt/2LN9TNR ift.tt/2JBYKCJ ift.tt/2HOIx7J ===Scientific classification=== Kingdom: Plantae (unranked): Angiosperms (unranked): Eudicots (unranked): Rosids Order: Fabales Family: Fabaceae Subfamily: Faboideae Tribe: Robinieae Genus: Robinia Species: R. pseudoacacia *Information sourced from the above websites
Haleakala Crater hike on Haleakala Crater Hike on 7/9/2019
I caught the first Hawaiian Airlines flight to Maui from Oahu which left at 5:05 am, arrival at 5:44 am.
I took a carry-on duffel bag and a photo backpack ( no checked bags )
Picked up my rental car from Alamo and first stopped at 7-Eleven for water, food and snacks.
Maui Airport has changed. All the car rental companies moved to one central location reachable by tram. Additionally a specific Airport Access road was constructed and in use by this trip.
7:40 am left 7-Eleven for Haleakala.
7:30 am arrived at park entrance. $25 entrance fee by credit card only.
8:00 am arrived at Halemau'u trail head parking lot. Filled my CamelBak bladder with 3L of water, redistributed my equipment and used the bathroom to add a thermal underwear layer for the cold.
8:40 am left the parking lot and went to the Hitchhiking spot to wait for a ride. I was picked up by the 3rd car to come along. A single young male on vacation by himself. As I was grabbing my things to get into his car a mother and young son came up and asked to share the ride. I only waited maybe 5 minutes to catch a ride.
9:00 am arrived at the Summit Visitor Center parking lot. The driver had never been up to Haleakala even after visiting Maui a couple of times before, and he was considering doing a short hike while up there. I would be passed by him and the other hitch hiker about a mile down the trail later.
9:15 am after a short look around at the lookout and tightening up my boot laces, I started on Keonehe'ehe'e ( Sliding Sands Trail )
11:51 am I would get to the bottom of the crater and the trail for Holua cabins or Kapaloa, Paliku cabins. Ate lunch of one Spam musube.
12:06 pm I would start on the trial to Holua Cabin
12:59 pm top of the ascent to "Ka Moa o Pele"
1:24 pm trail juncture on the left of "Halali'i"
2:14 pm Silver Sword loop begin ( did not take the loop )
2:22 pm Silver Sword loop end
3:05 pm Holua Cabin - rested
3:32 pm left Holua Cabin and headed out on Halemau'u trail and the crater rim.
4:13 pm arrived at base of crater rim and the start of the switchbacks up the crater wall. rested and stretched.
4:27 pm started up the crater rim switch backs.
6:56 pm I would reach the flat narrow spot I consider the end of the switchbacks.
7:00 pm the temperature would be 56 degrees and dropping down to 52 degrees ( not including windchill )
7:10 pm Sunset, and I was hiking in dark shadow. Too dark to take meaningful pictures or pics of my watch.
8:00 pm I would reach the Halemau'u parking lot and my car.
8:30 pm I would finish unloading and repacking bags for going to my hotel and possibly doing some astro-photography.
8:45 pm arrive at Kalahaku overlook to check out the possibility of astro-photography. The 50% moon washed out the Milky way too much, stars were visible and I was starting to yawn. So I didn't, and I left at 9:05 pm for Kahului and a shower.
I used up all my water, when I got to my hotel and check, the hydration bladder was flat. Possibly one or two sips left in the tube. This was the 2nd time hiking this trail. Both times I brought a collapsible water bag w/filter to refill water at Holua and did not. If I do this again I really, REALLY need to refill water at Holua cabin.
The weather reports for the previous week were about the possibility of hurricane Barbara hitting the islands the day before my trip. Fortunately Barbara down graded and by the time of my trip and predictions for the summit were somewhat cloudy with occasional showers. While hiking I only encountered a few light drizzle/drops from the clouds that didn't require me to break out any of the rain gear I brought or to stow my cameras from rain.
The weather at the summit was cloudy and approximately 65 degrees with windchill. Along the hike until the ascent up the crater rim at the end, the temperature would not seem as cold as I expected or remember from my previous hike a couple of years ago. Possibly due to my wearing thermal underwear, hiking pants, a medium thick long sleeve athletic shirt beneath a button long sleeve hiking shirt and my broad brimmed hat of course. While moving I felt cool and relatively comfortable temperature wise, while raising a slight glistening sweat. At least it wasn't dripping into my eyes.
Keeping to my expected and normal average hiking pace of around 1 mph or less going down hill and across the flats, I would take pictures about every 1-2 hundred feet of the trail. Boring, but I like to document the trail condition. In addition to any interesting views, scenery or recording the weather.
I kept one of my watches attached to my sleeve so it would not be in skin contact and would mostly dangle in my body shade. This would give me a way of tracking my elevation and mostly the temperature.
There were many more day hikers actually crossing the crater along the same route I was going. Most notable was the mother and son that caught a ride with me. They met up with her husband and other son who caught another ride a bit later.
Probably all the hikers that were crossing the crater caught up to me and passed me, and they all started later than I did. The only people who caught up but didn't pass me were 3 female park rangers on their way to Holua Cabin and pretty much started doing their park ranger stuff in the area where they caught up to me and didn't catch up again.
I was constantly annoyed by the hikers I would see taking short cuts along the trail. I had to remind myself to not get pissy with them. I'm tempted to think the only other hikers on the trail that did not take short cuts were the park rangers I met.
Personally, I started the hike with a kinda sharp lower back pain, which had been ongoing since the previous week. But since this hike was already book and paid for I wasn't going to cancel. All thru the hike my back would be in constant pain and I would continually think I might have to give up hiking if my back doesn't get better. It was most painful going down hill, while the flats and going up weren't as bad.
I was hoping the strain and constant back movement would loosen up my lower back and aleviate my pain. Surprisingly, while getting on my stomach with all my gear still on me, when I got up my lower back was better. The pain would come and go, but could now be aleviated for short periods of time by taking off all my gear and bending over to stretch my back. When I would get home, my lower back pain issues would return to "normal"
Evidently, the dry cold air and constant breeze caused my face and lips to chap, which showed up a day after I got home.
Once again I brought chapstic but didn't use it.
-----------------------------------
CamelBak Octane 16X Hydration Pack (3L Hydration bladder)
3 liters of water = 6.6 pounds
1x Nikon D700 w/battery grip - Nikon 28-300mm
1x Nikon D700 w/out grip - Rokinon 12mm f2.8 fisheye
Tokina 16-28mm f2.8
Camera & lens weight = 12 pounds
I brought both cameras to reduce the amount of time spent changing lenses and the possibility of getting grit on the camera sensors. Turns out I never changed to the 16-28 so never removed any lens. Yay, no spots in my pictures, Bo, lugged another heavy lens around for nothing. At least I left the 100mm macro in the car already.
In specific, Holy Week is the week just before Easter that extends from Palm Sunday until Holy Saturday and marks the last week of Lent. It has earned the name 'Holy', according to the Orthodox Church, due to the significant events that take place for Christianity in regard to the sufferings of Jesus Christ.
Saturday evening is filled with the anticipation of celebrating Easter Sunday. In some areas, people begin to gather in the churches and squares in cities, towns and villages by 11pm for the Easter liturgies. A few minutes before midnight, all the lights are turned off and the priest exits the altar holding candles lit by the Holy Light, which is distributed to everyone inside and outside the church. At midnight, the priest exits the church and announces the resurrection of Jesus. Many people carry large white candles called lambada, and the church bells toll as the priests announce “Christ is Risen!” at midnight. Each person in the crowd replies with a similarly joyous response.
in all of my favorite songs there is usually one specific lyric that will make me
*sigh* and say quietly to myself "one of the best sentences ever sang".
i'm not a huge fan of the Killers, although Hot Fuss was an amazingly listenable album
which gave us one of the most "iconic" modern day lyrics of all time. you heard
it and you didn't know whether to bask and bathe in the warm brillance of
"i've got soul, but i'm not a soldier" or to shield your brain cells from the
awful alliterative punnery.
the Killers are just about as good a band as any, but what sets them apart
is they have perfected the art of creating
hugeness inside a song without tipping the scales and flooding over into a bottomless
sea of inescapable epicness that practically drowns the listener (ahem...like Muse).
the other thing about the killers is that their music gives off colours. you can't hear a
killers song and not see it's colour. at least i can't.
"somebody told me" is a flashing red siren.
"jenny was a friend of mine" is a suffocating midnight blue
"human" is black sky littered with a billion little shooting sparks.
"spaceman" is an uldulating silver thread leading to a world in a far away galaxy.
"when you were young" is the colour of rows and rows of pink roses blooming and fading in unison
"smile like you mean it" is the primary colours of red, yellow, and blue darkened by an overhead thunderstorm.
"mr. brightside" is like staring into a strobelight at close range.
but my favorite killers song has always reminded me of autum.
soft yellows, reds, browns, oranges - dry and fragile,
but inescapably beautiful when layered.
the sound is the satisfying crunch (3:13-3:35) of stepping across
a resplendant carpeting of leaves and finding yourself in that
specific moment where you reach down and scoop up
a handful and toss them in the air
watching them swirl delicately around your head before
moving on.
(and the video agrees at 2:22.)
and the matching lryic is:
"i don't mind, if you don't mind
cause i don't shine if you don't shine."
(/it's funny how you just break down...
waiting on some sign...
i pull up to the front of your drive way...)
/having said all that,
there is absolutely no excuse for this.
if that had a colour, it would be: fifty shades of suck.
MAQUETTE FOR THE END OF TIME
Detail: Front view of the figure Not Even Death Attended
No specific event in the history of mankind has so
concerned Robert Cremean as that memorialized in
MAQUETTE FOR THE END OF TIME. It is not only a
continuing analysis of 8/6/45, the dropping of the bomb on
Hiroshima from which date he has declared “All the
metaphors have changed.” It is a summation of that event
previously portrayed and analyzed in numerous completed
sculptures, studio sections, books and lectures including:
STUDIO SECTION 1981-1983—Terminus; THE SEVENTH
LECTURE—Terminus: Notes to the Music of Johann Sebastian
Bach On His Birthday, 1985; THE PROCRUSTES TRILOGY,
1992-2002; THE TENTH ARCH—A SEQUEL TO VATICAN
CORRIDOR, A Non-Specific Autobiography, 1996; STUDIO
SECTION 1998-2002—Dialogues of the True Cross—A Polemic
in the Form of a Triptych and The Winter Notebooks; STUDIO
SECTION 2002-2005—Marsyas/Myself; STUDIO SECTION
2006-2007; and in STUDIO SECTION 2008-2009. All of these
are fully documented and the writings transcribed within
the photographic record both preceding and following this recording
on Flickr.com. But the event is most succinctly
described in the beginning of the Blue Triangle that descends
the jotting wall of Procrustes In Situ, the first part of THE
PROCRUSTES TRILOGY:
“We live in an age of miracles...August 6th, 1945. Born
in a searing flash of light, god himself signed his
magnificent demise with the most enormous phallic
plume the world had ever seen. Terminus.... Fifty years
have passed since the death of god...fifty years of the
most miraculous discoveries, inventions and
accomplishments—and fifty years of denial and deceit.
We live in an age of miracles and refuse to accept the
authorship of, hence responsibility for, the miracles
themselves. We persist in denying our resplendency
and responsibilities within the concept of a new
age—a new age with a new concept of time, finite and
creative. An Age of Miracles. Thousands upon thousands
of men, women and children were consumed in
this cataclysmic change of metaphors. God, like an
ancient ruler incarnate, adorned his death with
innocents, and their blood colors this new age. How
old he was! As old as human fear. And though fear still
holds us enthralled, we are no longer free to worship
it. God is dead and, with him, men in His image.
Patriarchy’s grave lies in the blood and rubble of
Hiroshima, beneath a poisoned cock of smoke.”
"Space Thang" by Jori Sackin and Pat Vamos is a site specific movie-going experience for an adult movie theater on Troost in Kansas City, MO. A wild success, their one-night-only event played to a sold out audience. On top of Vamos and Sackin's found footage and original animation collages, the show included "Mary Fortune" as the live opening band and MK12's "Follow the Sun" as a trailer.
I wrote more about this whole Kansas City trip on our blog...
Would you like a take a shortcut to a specific Snowman?
01. A Partridge in a Pear Tree (Donna Newman) | 02. Two Turtle Doves (Laura-Kate Chapman) | 03. Three French Hens (Jessica Perrin) | 04. Four Calling Birds (Mik Richardson) | 05. Five Gold Rings (Adam Pekr) | 06. Six Geese a Laying (Donna Newman) | 07. Seven Swans Swimming (RP Roberts) | 08. Eight Maids Milking (Megan Heather Evans) | 09. Nine Ladies Dancing (Jenny Leonard) | 10. Lords Leaping (Sally Adams) | 11. Eleven Pipers Piping (Amanda Quellin) | 12. Twelve Drummers Drumming (Sue Guthrie)
Ambling out of Jaisalmer train station in late morning, we were immediately accosted by the throngs of drivers – mostly working for specific hotels – who were trying to pick us up. Since I’d booked a room at the Roop Mahal, this wasn’t an issue. It took a minute to find the guy, but he was there to drive us the whole 1-2 km to the hotel, which was at the base of the fort on the west side.
The biggest reason to come to Jaisalmer, the Golden City (since most places are primarily built of sandstone) is to see the fort, which is on a bit of a hill overlooking an otherwise flat desert. As it’s in the desert, the temperatures in the day, even in late September, were close to 40 degrees Celsius (a little over 100F).
According to Lonely Planet India, the fort was built in 1156 by the Rajput ruler Jaisal and reinforced by subsequent rulers. It “was the focus of a number of battles between the Bhatis, the Mughals of Delhi and the Rathores of Jodhpur.”
Nowadays, it’s a living fort. Jaisalmer Fort has plenty of residents, restaurants, souvenir stands, havelis (old-style housing with ornate architecture: carved stone doorways, lattice screens, balconies, and turrets). The havelis are often hotels now, and almost every hotel here has a rooftop restaurant to enjoy the surrounding view. Our hotel, the Roop Mahal, also had a rooftop restaurant where I ate a few times. The food was…not great, but certainly not bad.
In addition to the havelis, there are also quite a few temples. Specifically, there are seven Jain temples (that you can tour for 150 rupees/15 RMB/$2.50USD). These temples were visually quite attractive inside – some more than others – and also had plenty of worshippers coming in and out. I was impressed by the intricacy of the details and sandstone carving, the intimacy of the art, and the way natural light was used in the temples. I don’t believe tripods were allowed inside the temple, which made a lot of shooting quite difficult, but not impossible. The only other rule is that you have to take your shoes off outside and pay someone (usually about 100 rupee) to “watch” your shoes.
After having a meal in the fort (and, excitedly, finding a spice shop where I bought the first of many Indian spices to bring back to China with me), my travel partner arranged for us to go out to the desert and ride camels. (The hotelier also offered something similar, but was a bit expensive.)
Later in the day, around 5:00, if I recall correctly, a guy came to pick us up at the hotel in a jeep and four of us – me, my travel partner, and two Israeli women – started our drive out to Sam, about 50 km west of Jaisalmer (and less than 100 km – maybe less than 50 – from the Pakistani border to the west).
En route, we had to make a few required stops (per our drivers). The first place was so forgettable that I can’t even recall the name of it or what it was. The second place was just to see a small village (really, two buildings) and a whole lot of kids running up to you begging for money in exchange for pictures.
After that, we finally made it out to the desert, where we rode camels for about half an hour and then stopped at a rather random place where we were eventually given a home-cooked Indian meal, vegetarian, that consisted of dal, naan, and a few curries. It was delicious, and had to be eaten completely in Indian style (no utensils of any kind).
While watching the sunset and the subsequent moonrise, we eventually bade our Israeli friends farewell (as they were spending the night in the desert) and headed back to town. Along the way, I caught a glimpse of a late night cricket match, and it was the only time during this trip I’d see that. When we got back to the hotel, we just needed to wait there for an hour or two before they were kind enough to drive us to the train station around 11:00 p.m. so we could catch our midnight train to Jodhpur…the Blue City.
Dr Bruce Philip and Sharon Bishop of the SPECIFIC project testing out the hot tile in the demonstrator room at the Active Classroom, which generates, stores and releases its own energy
The hot tile works by providing large area heating through the application of conductive coating layers on a steel substrate.
The coating functions according to the long established principle of resistive electrical heating, where an electrical current is passed through a resistive element thereby converting electrical energy to heat energy.
specific.eu.com/
#21CSteel
Do you love someone and want to spend your whole life with that person then you should read to dua to get married to the person you want. This dua can help you to bring the person closer to you. Maybe the person you want has no hint about this, then dua to get married to a specific person can help you to send him a signal.
If you want to know about this dua you can read this article about dua for getting married to the person you love lovebackduas.com/dua-to-get-married-to-the-person-you-want/
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In monotheism, God is conceived of as the Supreme Being and principal object of faith.[3] The concept of God as described by most theologians includes the attributes of omniscience (infinite knowledge), omnipotence (unlimited power), omnipresence (present everywhere), divine simplicity, and as having an eternal and necessary existence. Many theologians also describe God as being omnibenevolent (perfectly good), and all loving.
God is most often held to be non-corporeal,[3] and to be without any human biological sex,[4][5] yet the concept of God actively creating the universe (as opposed to passively)[6] has caused many religions to describe God using masculine terminology, using such terms as "Him" or "Father". Furthermore, some religions (such as Judaism) attribute only a purely grammatical "gender" to God.[7]
In theism, God is the creator and sustainer of the universe, while in deism, God is the creator, but not the sustainer, of the universe. In pantheism, God is the universe itself. In atheism, God is not believed to exist, while God is deemed unknown or unknowable within the context of agnosticism. God has also been conceived as being incorporeal (immaterial), a personal being, the source of all moral obligation, and the "greatest conceivable existent".[3] Many notable philosophers have developed arguments for and against the existence of God.[8]
There are many names for God, and different names are attached to different cultural ideas about God's identity and attributes. In the ancient Egyptian era of Atenism, possibly the earliest recorded monotheistic religion, this deity was called Aten,[9] premised on being the one "true" Supreme Being and Creator of the Universe.[10] In the Hebrew Bible and Judaism, "He Who Is", "I Am that I Am", and the tetragrammaton YHWH (Hebrew: יהוה, which means: "I am who I am"; "He Who Exists") are used as names of God, while Yahweh and Jehovah are sometimes used in Christianity as vocalizations of YHWH. In the Christian doctrine of the Trinity, God, consubstantial in three persons, is called the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit. In Judaism, it is common to refer to God by the titular names Elohim or Adonai, the latter of which is believed by some scholars to descend from the Egyptian Aten.[11][12][13][14][15] In Islam, the name Allah, "Al-El", or "Al-Elah" ("the God") is used, while Muslims also have a multitude of titular names for God. In Hinduism, Brahman is often considered a monistic deity.[16] Other religions have names for God, for instance, Baha in the Bahá'í Faith,[17] Waheguru in Sikhism,[18] and Ahura Mazda in Zoroastrianism.[19]
The many different conceptions of God, and competing claims as to God's characteristics, aims, and actions, have led to the development of ideas of omnitheism, pandeism,[20][21] or a perennial philosophy, which postulates that there is one underlying theological truth, of which all religions express a partial understanding, and as to which "the devout in the various great world religions are in fact worshipping that one God, but through different, overlapping concepts or mental images of Him."[22]
Contents [hide]
1Etymology and usage
2General conceptions
2.1Oneness
2.2Theism, deism and pantheism
2.3Other concepts
3Non-theistic views
3.1Agnosticism and atheism
3.2Anthropomorphism
4Existence
5Specific attributes
5.1Names
5.2Gender
5.3Relationship with creation
6Depiction
6.1Zoroastrianism
6.2Islam
6.3Judaism
6.4Christianity
7Theological approaches
8Distribution of belief
9See also
9.1In specific religions
10References
11Further reading
12External links
Etymology and usage
The Mesha Stele bears the earliest known reference (840 BCE) to the Israelite God Yahweh.
Main article: God (word)
The earliest written form of the Germanic word God (always, in this usage, capitalized[23]) comes from the 6th-century Christian Codex Argenteus. The English word itself is derived from the Proto-Germanic * ǥuđan. The reconstructed Proto-Indo-European form * ǵhu-tó-m was likely based on the root * ǵhau(ə)-, which meant either "to call" or "to invoke".[24] The Germanic words for God were originally neuter—applying to both genders—but during the process of the Christianization of the Germanic peoples from their indigenous Germanic paganism, the words became a masculine syntactic form.[25]
The word 'Allah' in Arabic calligraphy
In the English language, the capitalized form of God continues to represent a distinction between monotheistic "God" and "gods" in polytheism.[26][27] The English word God and its counterparts in other languages are normally used for any and all conceptions and, in spite of significant differences between religions, the term remains an English translation common to all. The same holds for Hebrew El, but in Judaism, God is also given a proper name, the tetragrammaton YHWH, in origin possibly the name of an Edomite or Midianite deity, Yahweh. In many translations of the Bible, when the word LORD is in all capitals, it signifies that the word represents the tetragrammaton.[28]
Allāh (Arabic: الله) is the Arabic term with no plural used by Muslims and Arabic speaking Christians and Jews meaning "The God" (with a capital G), while "ʾilāh" (Arabic: إله) is the term used for a deity or a god in general.[29][30][31] God may also be given a proper name in monotheistic currents of Hinduism which emphasize the personal nature of God, with early references to his name as Krishna-Vasudeva in Bhagavata or later Vishnu and Hari.[32]
Ahura Mazda is the name for God used in Zoroastrianism. "Mazda", or rather the Avestan stem-form Mazdā-, nominative Mazdå, reflects Proto-Iranian *Mazdāh (female). It is generally taken to be the proper name of the spirit, and like its Sanskrit cognate medhā, means "intelligence" or "wisdom". Both the Avestan and Sanskrit words reflect Proto-Indo-Iranian *mazdhā-, from Proto-Indo-European mn̩sdʰeh1, literally meaning "placing (dʰeh1) one's mind (*mn̩-s)", hence "wise".[33]
Waheguru (Punjabi: vāhigurū) is a term most often used in Sikhism to refer to God. It means "Wonderful Teacher" in the Punjabi language. Vāhi (a Middle Persian borrowing) means "wonderful" and guru (Sanskrit: guru) is a term denoting "teacher". Waheguru is also described by some as an experience of ecstasy which is beyond all descriptions. The most common usage of the word "Waheguru" is in the greeting Sikhs use with each other:
Waheguru Ji Ka Khalsa, Waheguru Ji Ki Fateh
Wonderful Lord's Khalsa, Victory is to the Wonderful Lord.
Baha, the "greatest" name for God in the Baha'i faith, is Arabic for "All-Glorious".
General conceptions
Main article: Conceptions of God
There is no clear consensus on the nature or even the existence of God.[34] The Abrahamic conceptions of God include the monotheistic definition of God in Judaism, the trinitarian view of Christians, and the Islamic concept of God. The dharmic religions differ in their view of the divine: views of God in Hinduism vary by region, sect, and caste, ranging from monotheistic to polytheistic. Divinity was recognized by the historical Buddha, particularly Śakra and Brahma. However, other sentient beings, including gods, can at best only play a supportive role in one's personal path to salvation. Conceptions of God in the latter developments of the Mahayana tradition give a more prominent place to notions of the divine.[citation needed]
Oneness
Main articles: Monotheism and Henotheism
The Trinity is the belief that God is composed of The Father, The Son (embodied metaphysically in the physical realm by Jesus), and The Holy Spirit.
Monotheists hold that there is only one god, and may claim that the one true god is worshiped in different religions under different names. The view that all theists actually worship the same god, whether they know it or not, is especially emphasized in Hinduism[35] and Sikhism.[36] In Christianity, the doctrine of the Trinity describes God as one God in three persons. The Trinity comprises The Father, The Son (embodied metaphysically by Jesus), and The Holy Spirit.[37] Islam's most fundamental concept is tawhid (meaning "oneness" or "uniqueness"). God is described in the Quran as: "Say: He is Allah, the One and Only; Allah, the Eternal, Absolute; He begetteth not, nor is He begotten; And there is none like unto Him."[38][39] Muslims repudiate the Christian doctrine of the Trinity and the divinity of Jesus, comparing it to polytheism. In Islam, God is beyond all comprehension or equal and does not resemble any of his creations in any way. Thus, Muslims are not iconodules, and are not expected to visualize God.[40]
Henotheism is the belief and worship of a single god while accepting the existence or possible existence of other deities.[41]
Theism, deism and pantheism
Main articles: Theism, Deism, and Pantheism
Theism generally holds that God exists realistically, objectively, and independently of human thought; that God created and sustains everything; that God is omnipotent and eternal; and that God is personal and interacting with the universe through, for example, religious experience and the prayers of humans.[42] Theism holds that God is both transcendent and immanent; thus, God is simultaneously infinite and in some way present in the affairs of the world.[43] Not all theists subscribe to all of these propositions, but each usually subscribes to some of them (see, by way of comparison, family resemblance).[42] Catholic theology holds that God is infinitely simple and is not involuntarily subject to time. Most theists hold that God is omnipotent, omniscient, and benevolent, although this belief raises questions about God's responsibility for evil and suffering in the world. Some theists ascribe to God a self-conscious or purposeful limiting of omnipotence, omniscience, or benevolence. Open Theism, by contrast, asserts that, due to the nature of time, God's omniscience does not mean the deity can predict the future. Theism is sometimes used to refer in general to any belief in a god or gods, i.e., monotheism or polytheism.[44][45]
"God blessing the seventh day", a watercolor painting depicting God, by William Blake (1757 – 1827)
Deism holds that God is wholly transcendent: God exists, but does not intervene in the world beyond what was necessary to create it.[43] In this view, God is not anthropomorphic, and neither answers prayers nor produces miracles. Common in Deism is a belief that God has no interest in humanity and may not even be aware of humanity. Pandeism and Panendeism, respectively, combine Deism with the Pantheistic or Panentheistic beliefs.[21][46][47] Pandeism is proposed to explain as to Deism why God would create a universe and then abandon it,[48] and as to Pantheism, the origin and purpose of the universe.[48][49]
Pantheism holds that God is the universe and the universe is God, whereas Panentheism holds that God contains, but is not identical to, the Universe.[50] It is also the view of the Liberal Catholic Church; Theosophy; some views of Hinduism except Vaishnavism, which believes in panentheism; Sikhism; some divisions of Neopaganism and Taoism, along with many varying denominations and individuals within denominations. Kabbalah, Jewish mysticism, paints a pantheistic/panentheistic view of God—which has wide acceptance in Hasidic Judaism, particularly from their founder The Baal Shem Tov—but only as an addition to the Jewish view of a personal god, not in the original pantheistic sense that denies or limits persona to God.[citation needed]
Other concepts
Dystheism, which is related to theodicy, is a form of theism which holds that God is either not wholly good or is fully malevolent as a consequence of the problem of evil. One such example comes from Dostoevsky's The Brothers Karamazov, in which Ivan Karamazov rejects God on the grounds that he allows children to suffer.[51]
In modern times, some more abstract concepts have been developed, such as process theology and open theism. The contemporaneous French philosopher Michel Henry has however proposed a phenomenological approach and definition of God as phenomenological essence of Life.[52]
God has also been conceived as being incorporeal (immaterial), a personal being, the source of all moral obligation, and the "greatest conceivable existent".[3] These attributes were all supported to varying degrees by the early Jewish, Christian and Muslim theologian philosophers, including Maimonides,[53] Augustine of Hippo,[53] and Al-Ghazali,[8] respectively.
Non-theistic views
See also: Evolutionary origin of religions and Evolutionary psychology of religion
Non-theist views about God also vary. Some non-theists avoid the concept of God, whilst accepting that it is significant to many; other non-theists understand God as a symbol of human values and aspirations. The nineteenth-century English atheist Charles Bradlaugh declared that he refused to say "There is no God", because "the word 'God' is to me a sound conveying no clear or distinct affirmation";[54] he said more specifically that he disbelieved in the Christian god. Stephen Jay Gould proposed an approach dividing the world of philosophy into what he called "non-overlapping magisteria" (NOMA). In this view, questions of the supernatural, such as those relating to the existence and nature of God, are non-empirical and are the proper domain of theology. The methods of science should then be used to answer any empirical question about the natural world, and theology should be used to answer questions about ultimate meaning and moral value. In this view, the perceived lack of any empirical footprint from the magisterium of the supernatural onto natural events makes science the sole player in the natural world.[55]
Another view, advanced by Richard Dawkins, is that the existence of God is an empirical question, on the grounds that "a universe with a god would be a completely different kind of universe from one without, and it would be a scientific difference."[56] Carl Sagan argued that the doctrine of a Creator of the Universe was difficult to prove or disprove and that the only conceivable scientific discovery that could disprove the existence of a Creator (not necessarily a God) would be the discovery that the universe is infinitely old.[57]
Stephen Hawking and co-author Leonard Mlodinow state in their book, The Grand Design, that it is reasonable to ask who or what created the universe, but if the answer is God, then the question has merely been deflected to that of who created God. Both authors claim however, that it is possible to answer these questions purely within the realm of science, and without invoking any divine beings.[58] Neuroscientist Michael Nikoletseas has proposed that questions of the existence of God are no different from questions of natural sciences. Following a biological comparative approach, he concludes that it is highly probable that God exists, and, although not visible, it is possible that we know some of his attributes.[59]
Agnosticism and atheism
Agnosticism is the view that, the truth values of certain claims – especially metaphysical and religious claims such as whether God, the divine or the supernatural exist – are unknown and perhaps unknowable.[60][61][62]
Atheism is, in a broad sense, the rejection of belief in the existence of deities, or a God.[63][64] In a narrower sense, atheism is specifically the position that there are no deities.[65]
Anthropomorphism
Main article: Anthropomorphism
Pascal Boyer argues that while there is a wide array of supernatural concepts found around the world, in general, supernatural beings tend to behave much like people. The construction of gods and spirits like persons is one of the best known traits of religion. He cites examples from Greek mythology, which is, in his opinion, more like a modern soap opera than other religious systems.[66] Bertrand du Castel and Timothy Jurgensen demonstrate through formalization that Boyer's explanatory model matches physics' epistemology in positing not directly observable entities as intermediaries.[67] Anthropologist Stewart Guthrie contends that people project human features onto non-human aspects of the world because it makes those aspects more familiar. Sigmund Freud also suggested that god concepts are projections of one's father.[68]
Likewise, Émile Durkheim was one of the earliest to suggest that gods represent an extension of human social life to include supernatural beings. In line with this reasoning, psychologist Matt Rossano contends that when humans began living in larger groups, they may have created gods as a means of enforcing morality. In small groups, morality can be enforced by social forces such as gossip or reputation. However, it is much harder to enforce morality using social forces in much larger groups. Rossano indicates that by including ever-watchful gods and spirits, humans discovered an effective strategy for restraining selfishness and building more cooperative groups.[69]
Existence
Main article: Existence of God
St. Thomas Aquinas summed up five main arguments as proofs for God's existence.
Isaac Newton saw the existence of a Creator necessary in the movement of astronomical objects.
Arguments about the existence of God typically include empirical, deductive, and inductive types. Different views include that: "God does not exist" (strong atheism); "God almost certainly does not exist" (de facto atheism); "no one knows whether God exists" (agnosticism[70]);"God exists, but this cannot be proven or disproven" (de facto theism); and that "God exists and this can be proven" (strong theism).[55]
Countless arguments have been proposed to prove the existence of God.[71] Some of the most notable arguments are the Five Ways of Aquinas, the Argument from Desire proposed by C.S. Lewis, and the Ontological Argument formulated both by St. Anselm and René Descartes.[72]
St. Anselm's approach was to define God as, "that than which nothing greater can be conceived". Famed pantheist philosopher Baruch Spinoza would later carry this idea to its extreme: "By God I understand a being absolutely infinite, i.e., a substance consisting of infinite attributes, of which each one expresses an eternal and infinite essence." For Spinoza, the whole of the natural universe is made of one substance, God, or its equivalent, Nature.[73] His proof for the existence of God was a variation of the Ontological argument.[74]
Scientist Isaac Newton saw God as the masterful creator whose existence could not be denied in the face of the grandeur of all creation.[75] Nevertheless, he rejected polymath Leibniz' thesis that God would necessarily make a perfect world which requires no intervention from the creator. In Query 31 of the Opticks, Newton simultaneously made an argument from design and for the necessity of intervention:
For while comets move in very eccentric orbs in all manner of positions, blind fate could never make all the planets move one and the same way in orbs concentric, some inconsiderable irregularities excepted which may have arisen from the mutual actions of comets and planets on one another, and which will be apt to increase, till this system wants a reformation.[76]
St. Thomas believed that the existence of God is self-evident in itself, but not to us. "Therefore I say that this proposition, "God exists", of itself is self-evident, for the predicate is the same as the subject.... Now because we do not know the essence of God, the proposition is not self-evident to us; but needs to be demonstrated by things that are more known to us, though less known in their nature—namely, by effects."[77] St. Thomas believed that the existence of God can be demonstrated. Briefly in the Summa theologiae and more extensively in the Summa contra Gentiles, he considered in great detail five arguments for the existence of God, widely known as the quinque viae (Five Ways).
For the original text of the five proofs, see quinque viae
Motion: Some things undoubtedly move, though cannot cause their own motion. Since there can be no infinite chain of causes of motion, there must be a First Mover not moved by anything else, and this is what everyone understands by God.
Causation: As in the case of motion, nothing can cause itself, and an infinite chain of causation is impossible, so there must be a First Cause, called God.
Existence of necessary and the unnecessary: Our experience includes things certainly existing but apparently unnecessary. Not everything can be unnecessary, for then once there was nothing and there would still be nothing. Therefore, we are compelled to suppose something that exists necessarily, having this necessity only from itself; in fact itself the cause for other things to exist.
Gradation: If we can notice a gradation in things in the sense that some things are more hot, good, etc., there must be a superlative that is the truest and noblest thing, and so most fully existing. This then, we call God (Note: Thomas does not ascribe actual qualities to God Himself).
Ordered tendencies of nature: A direction of actions to an end is noticed in all bodies following natural laws. Anything without awareness tends to a goal under the guidance of one who is aware. This we call God (Note that even when we guide objects, in Thomas's view, the source of all our knowledge comes from God as well).[78]
Alister McGrath, a formerly atheistic scientist and theologian who has been highly critical of Richard Dawkins' version of atheism
Some theologians, such as the scientist and theologian A.E. McGrath, argue that the existence of God is not a question that can be answered using the scientific method.[79][80] Agnostic Stephen Jay Gould argues that science and religion are not in conflict and do not overlap.[81]
Some findings in the fields of cosmology, evolutionary biology and neuroscience are interpreted by some atheists (including Lawrence M. Krauss and Sam Harris) as evidence that God is an imaginary entity only, with no basis in reality.[82][83][84] These atheists claim that a single, omniscient God who is imagined to have created the universe and is particularly attentive to the lives of humans has been imagined, embellished and promulgated in a trans-generational manner.[85] Richard Dawkins interprets such findings not only as a lack of evidence for the material existence of such a God, but as extensive evidence to the contrary.[55] However, his views are opposed by some theologians and scientists including Alister McGrath, who argues that existence of God is compatible with science.[86]
Neuroscientist Michael Nikoletseas has proposed that questions of the existence of God are no different from questions of natural sciences. Following a biological comparative approach, he concludes that it is highly probable that God exists, and, although not visible, it is possible that we know some of his attributes.[59]
Specific attributes
Different religious traditions assign differing (though often similar) attributes and characteristics to God, including expansive powers and abilities, psychological characteristics, gender characteristics, and preferred nomenclature. The assignment of these attributes often differs according to the conceptions of God in the culture from which they arise. For example, attributes of God in Christianity, attributes of God in Islam, and the Thirteen Attributes of Mercy in Judaism share certain similarities arising from their common roots.
Names
Main article: Names of God
99 names of Allah, in Chinese Sini (script)
The word God is "one of the most complex and difficult in the English language." In the Judeo-Christian tradition, "the Bible has been the principal source of the conceptions of God". That the Bible "includes many different images, concepts, and ways of thinking about" God has resulted in perpetual "disagreements about how God is to be conceived and understood".[87]
Throughout the Hebrew and Christian Bibles there are many names for God. One of them is Elohim. Another one is El Shaddai, meaning "God Almighty".[88] A third notable name is El Elyon, which means "The Most High God".[89]
God is described and referred in the Quran and hadith by certain names or attributes, the most common being Al-Rahman, meaning "Most Compassionate" and Al-Rahim, meaning "Most Merciful" (See Names of God in Islam).[90]
Supreme soul
The Brahma Kumaris use the term "Supreme Soul" to refer to God. They see God as incorporeal and eternal, and regard him as a point of living light like human souls, but without a physical body, as he does not enter the cycle of birth, death and rebirth. God is seen as the perfect and constant embodiment of all virtues, powers and values and that He is the unconditionally loving Father of all souls, irrespective of their religion, gender, or culture.[91]
Vaishnavism, a tradition in Hinduism, has list of titles and names of Krishna.
Gender
Main article: Gender of God
The gender of God may be viewed as either a literal or an allegorical aspect of a deity who, in classical western philosophy, transcends bodily form.[92][93] Polytheistic religions commonly attribute to each of the gods a gender, allowing each to interact with any of the others, and perhaps with humans, sexually. In most monotheistic religions, God has no counterpart with which to relate sexually. Thus, in classical western philosophy the gender of this one-and-only deity is most likely to be an analogical statement of how humans and God address, and relate to, each other. Namely, God is seen as begetter of the world and revelation which corresponds to the active (as opposed to the receptive) role in sexual intercourse.[6]
Biblical sources usually refer to God using male words, except Genesis 1:26-27,[94][95] Psalm 123:2-3, and Luke 15:8-10 (female); Hosea 11:3-4, Deuteronomy 32:18, Isaiah 66:13, Isaiah 49:15, Isaiah 42:14, Psalm 131:2 (a mother); Deuteronomy 32:11-12 (a mother eagle); and Matthew 23:37 and Luke 13:34 (a mother hen).
Relationship with creation
See also: Creator deity, Prayer, and Worship
And Elohim Created Adam by William Blake, c.1795
Prayer plays a significant role among many believers. Muslims believe that the purpose of existence is to worship God.[96][97] He is viewed as a personal God and there are no intermediaries, such as clergy, to contact God. Prayer often also includes supplication and asking forgiveness. God is often believed to be forgiving. For example, a hadith states God would replace a sinless people with one who sinned but still asked repentance.[98] Christian theologian Alister McGrath writes that there are good reasons to suggest that a "personal god" is integral to the Christian outlook, but that one has to understand it is an analogy. "To say that God is like a person is to affirm the divine ability and willingness to relate to others. This does not imply that God is human, or located at a specific point in the universe."[99]
Adherents of different religions generally disagree as to how to best worship God and what is God's plan for mankind, if there is one. There are different approaches to reconciling the contradictory claims of monotheistic religions. One view is taken by exclusivists, who believe they are the chosen people or have exclusive access to absolute truth, generally through revelation or encounter with the Divine, which adherents of other religions do not. Another view is religious pluralism. A pluralist typically believes that his religion is the right one, but does not deny the partial truth of other religions. An example of a pluralist view in Christianity is supersessionism, i.e., the belief that one's religion is the fulfillment of previous religions. A third approach is relativistic inclusivism, where everybody is seen as equally right; an example being universalism: the doctrine that salvation is eventually available for everyone. A fourth approach is syncretism, mixing different elements from different religions. An example of syncretism is the New Age movement.
Jews and Christians believe that humans are created in the likeness of God, and are the center, crown and key to God's creation, stewards for God, supreme over everything else God had made (Gen 1:26); for this reason, humans are in Christianity called the "Children of God".[100]
Depiction
God is defined as incorporeal,[3] and invisible from direct sight, and thus cannot be portrayed in a literal visual image.
The respective principles of religions may or may not permit them to use images (which are entirely symbolic) to represent God in art or in worship .
Zoroastrianism
Ahura Mazda (depiction is on the right, with high crown) presents Ardashir I (left) with the ring of kingship. (Relief at Naqsh-e Rustam, 3rd century CE)
During the early Parthian Empire, Ahura Mazda was visually represented for worship. This practice ended during the beginning of the Sassanid empire. Zoroastrian iconoclasm, which can be traced to the end of the Parthian period and the beginning of the Sassanid, eventually put an end to the use of all images of Ahura Mazda in worship. However, Ahura Mazda continued to be symbolized by a dignified male figure, standing or on horseback which is found in Sassanian investiture.[101]
Islam
Further information: God in Islam
Muslims believe that God (Allah) is beyond all comprehension or equal and does not resemble any of His creations in any way. Thus, Muslims are not iconodules, are not expected to visualize God.[40]
Judaism
At least some Jews do not use any image for God, since God is the unimageable Being who cannot be represented in material forms.[102] In some samples of Jewish Art, however, sometimes God, or at least His Intervention, is indicated by a Hand Of God symbol, which represents the bath Kol (literally "daughter of a voice") or Voice of God;[103] this use of the Hand Of God is carried over to Christian Art.
Christianity
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Early Christians believed that the words of the Gospel of John 1:18: "No man has seen God at any time" and numerous other statements were meant to apply not only to God, but to all attempts at the depiction of God.[104]
Use of the symbolic Hand of God in the Ascension from the Drogo Sacramentary, c. 850
However, later on the Hand of God symbol is found several times in the only ancient synagogue with a large surviving decorative scheme, the Dura Europos Synagogue of the mid-3rd century, and was probably adopted into Early Christian art from Jewish art. It was common in Late Antique art in both East and West, and remained the main way of symbolizing the actions or approval of God the Father in the West until about the end of the Romanesque period. It also represents the bath Kol (literally "daughter of a voice") or voice of God,[103] just like in Jewish Art.
In situations, such as the Baptism of Christ, where a specific representation of God the Father was indicated, the Hand of God was used, with increasing freedom from the Carolingian period until the end of the Romanesque. This motif now, since the discovery of the 3rd century Dura Europos synagogue, seems to have been borrowed from Jewish art, and is found in Christian art almost from its beginnings.
The use of religious images in general continued to increase up to the end of the 7th century, to the point that in 695, upon assuming the throne, Byzantine emperor Justinian II put an image of Christ on the obverse side of his gold coins, resulting in a rift which ended the use of Byzantine coin types in the Islamic world.[105] However, the increase in religious imagery did not include depictions of God the Father. For instance, while the eighty second canon of the Council of Trullo in 692 did not specifically condemn images of The Father, it suggested that icons of Christ were preferred over Old Testament shadows and figures.[106]
The beginning of the 8th century witnessed the suppression and destruction of religious icons as the period of Byzantine iconoclasm (literally image-breaking) started. Emperor Leo III (717–741), suppressed the use of icons by imperial edict of the Byzantine Empire, presumably due to a military loss which he attributed to the undue veneration of icons.[107] The edict (which was issued without consulting the Church) forbade the veneration of religious images but did not apply to other forms of art, including the image of the emperor, or religious symbols such as the cross.[108] Theological arguments against icons then began to appear with iconoclasts arguing that icons could not represent both the divine and the human natures of Jesus at the same time. In this atmosphere, no public depictions of God the Father were even attempted and such depictions only began to appear two centuries later.
The Second Council of Nicaea in 787 effectively ended the first period of Byzantine iconoclasm and restored the honouring of icons and holy images in general.[109] However, this did not immediately translate into large scale depictions of God the Father. Even supporters of the use of icons in the 8th century, such as Saint John of Damascus, drew a distinction between images of God the Father and those of Christ.
In his treatise On the Divine Images John of Damascus wrote: "In former times, God who is without form or body, could never be depicted. But now when God is seen in the flesh conversing with men, I make an image of the God whom I see".[110] The implication here is that insofar as God the Father or the Spirit did not become man, visible and tangible, images and portrait icons can not be depicted. So what was true for the whole Trinity before Christ remains true for the Father and the Spirit but not for the Word. John of Damascus wrote:[111]
"If we attempt to make an image of the invisible God, this would be sinful indeed. It is impossible to portray one who is without body:invisible, uncircumscribed and without form."
Around 790 Charlemagne ordered a set of four books that became known as the Libri Carolini (i.e. "Charles' books") to refute what his court mistakenly understood to be the iconoclast decrees of the Byzantine Second Council of Nicaea regarding sacred images. Although not well known during the Middle Ages, these books describe the key elements of the Catholic theological position on sacred images. To the Western Church, images were just objects made by craftsmen, to be utilized for stimulating the senses of the faithful, and to be respected for the sake of the subject represented, not in themselves. The Council of Constantinople (869) (considered ecumenical by the Western Church, but not the Eastern Church) reaffirmed the decisions of the Second Council of Nicaea and helped stamp out any remaining coals of iconoclasm. Specifically, its third canon required the image of Christ to have veneration equal with that of a Gospel book:[112]
We decree that the sacred image of our Lord Jesus Christ, the liberator and Savior of all people, must be venerated with the same honor as is given the book of the holy Gospels. For as through the language of the words contained in this book all can reach salvation, so, due to the action which these images exercise by their colors, all wise and simple alike, can derive profit from them.
But images of God the Father were not directly addressed in Constantinople in 869. A list of permitted icons was enumerated at this Council, but symbols of God the Father were not among them.[113] However, the general acceptance of icons and holy images began to create an atmosphere in which God the Father could be symbolized.
Prior to the 10th century no attempt was made to use a human to symbolize God the Father in Western art.[104] Yet, Western art eventually required some way to illustrate the presence of the Father, so through successive representations a set of artistic styles for symbolizing the Father using a man gradually emerged around the 10th century AD. A rationale for the use of a human is the belief that God created the soul of Man in the image of His own (thus allowing Human to transcend the other animals).
It appears that when early artists designed to represent God the Father, fear and awe restrained them from a usage of the whole human figure. Typically only a small part would be used as the image, usually the hand, or sometimes the face, but rarely a whole human. In many images, the figure of the Son supplants the Father, so a smaller portion of the person of the Father is depicted.[114]
By the 12th century depictions of God the Father had started to appear in French illuminated manuscripts, which as a less public form could often be more adventurous in their iconography, and in stained glass church windows in England. Initially the head or bust was usually shown in some form of frame of clouds in the top of the picture space, where the Hand of God had formerly appeared; the Baptism of Christ on the famous baptismal font in Liège of Rainer of Huy is an example from 1118 (a Hand of God is used in another scene). Gradually the amount of the human symbol shown can increase to a half-length figure, then a full-length, usually enthroned, as in Giotto's fresco of c. 1305 in Padua.[115] In the 14th century the Naples Bible carried a depiction of God the Father in the Burning bush. By the early 15th century, the Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry has a considerable number of symbols, including an elderly but tall and elegant full-length figure walking in the Garden of Eden, which show a considerable diversity of apparent ages and dress. The "Gates of Paradise" of the Florence Baptistry by Lorenzo Ghiberti, begun in 1425 use a similar tall full-length symbol for the Father. The Rohan Book of Hours of about 1430 also included depictions of God the Father in half-length human form, which were now becoming standard, and the Hand of God becoming rarer. At the same period other works, like the large Genesis altarpiece by the Hamburg painter Meister Bertram, continued to use the old depiction of Christ as Logos in Genesis scenes. In the 15th century there was a brief fashion for depicting all three persons of the Trinity as similar or identical figures with the usual appearance of Christ.
In an early Venetian school Coronation of the Virgin by Giovanni d'Alemagna and Antonio Vivarini, (c. 1443) The Father is depicted using the symbol consistently used by other artists later, namely a patriarch, with benign, yet powerful countenance and with long white hair and a beard, a depiction largely derived from, and justified by, the near-physical, but still figurative, description of the Ancient of Days.[116]
. ...the Ancient of Days did sit, whose garment was white as snow, and the hair of his head like the pure wool: his throne was like the fiery flame, and his wheels as burning fire. (Daniel 7:9)
Usage of two Hands of God"(relatively unusual) and the Holy Spirit as a dove in Baptism of Christ, by Verrocchio, 1472
In the Annunciation by Benvenuto di Giovanni in 1470, God the Father is portrayed in the red robe and a hat that resembles that of a Cardinal. However, even in the later part of the 15th century, the symbolic representation of the Father and the Holy Spirit as "hands and dove" continued, e.g. in Verrocchio's Baptism of Christ in 1472.[117]
God the Father with His Right Hand Raised in Blessing, with a triangular halo representing the Trinity, Girolamo dai Libri c. 1555
In Renaissance paintings of the adoration of the Trinity, God may be depicted in two ways, either with emphasis on The Father, or the three elements of the Trinity. The most usual depiction of the Trinity in Renaissance art depicts God the Father using an old man, usually with a long beard and patriarchal in appearance, sometimes with a triangular halo (as a reference to the Trinity), or with a papal crown, specially in Northern Renaissance painting. In these depictions The Father may hold a globe or book (to symbolize God's knowledge and as a reference to how knowledge is deemed divine). He is behind and above Christ on the Cross in the Throne of Mercy iconography. A dove, the symbol of the Holy Spirit may hover above. Various people from different classes of society, e.g. kings, popes or martyrs may be present in the picture. In a Trinitarian Pietà, God the Father is often symbolized using a man wearing a papal dress and a papal crown, supporting the dead Christ in his arms. They are depicted as floating in heaven with angels who carry the instruments of the Passion.[118]
Representations of God the Father and the Trinity were attacked both by Protestants and within Catholicism, by the Jansenist and Baianist movements as well as more orthodox theologians. As with other attacks on Catholic imagery, this had the effect both of reducing Church support for the less central depictions, and strengthening it for the core ones. In the Western Church, the pressure to restrain religious imagery resulted in the highly influential decrees of the final session of the Council of Trent in 1563. The Council of Trent decrees confirmed the traditional Catholic doctrine that images only represented the person depicted, and that veneration to them was paid to the person, not the image.[119]
Artistic depictions of God the Father were uncontroversial in Catholic art thereafter, but less common depictions of the Trinity were condemned. In 1745 Pope Benedict XIV explicitly supported the Throne of Mercy depiction, referring to the "Ancient of Days", but in 1786 it was still necessary for Pope Pius VI to issue a papal bull condemning the decision of an Italian church council to remove all images of the Trinity from churches.[120]
The famous The Creation of Adam by Michelangelo, c.1512
God the Father is symbolized in several Genesis scenes in Michelangelo's Sistine Chapel ceiling, most famously The Creation of Adam (whose image of near touching hands of God and Adam is iconic of humanity, being a reminder that Man is created in the Image and Likeness of God (Gen 1:26)).God the Father is depicted as a powerful figure, floating in the clouds in Titian's Assumption of the Virgin in the Frari of Venice, long admired as a masterpiece of High Renaissance art.[121] The Church of the Gesù in Rome includes a number of 16th century depictions of God the Father. In some of these paintings the Trinity is still alluded to in terms of three angels, but Giovanni Battista Fiammeri also depicted God the Father as a man riding on a cloud, above the scenes.[122]
In both the Last Judgment and the Coronation of the Virgin paintings by Rubens he depicted God the Father using the image that by then had become widely accepted, a bearded patriarchal figure above the fray. In the 17th century, the two Spanish artists Velázquez (whose father-in-law Francisco Pacheco was in charge of the approval of new images for the Inquisition) and Murillo both depicted God the Father using a patriarchal figure with a white beard in a purple robe.
The Ancient of Days (1794) Watercolor etching by William Blake
While representations of God the Father were growing in Italy, Spain, Germany and the Low Countries, there was resistance elsewhere in Europe, even during the 17th century. In 1632 most members of the Star Chamber court in England (except the Archbishop of York) condemned the use of the images of the Trinity in church windows, and some considered them illegal.[123] Later in the 17th century Sir Thomas Browne wrote that he considered the representation of God the Father using an old man "a dangerous act" that might lead to Egyptian symbolism.[124] In 1847, Charles Winston was still critical of such images as a "Romish trend" (a term used to refer to Roman Catholics) that he considered best avoided in England.[125]
In 1667 the 43rd chapter of the Great Moscow Council specifically included a ban on a number of symbolic depictions of God the Father and the Holy Spirit, which then also resulted in a whole range of other icons being placed on the forbidden list,[126][127] mostly affecting Western-style depictions which had been gaining ground in Orthodox icons. The Council also declared that the person of the Trinity who was the "Ancient of Days" was Christ, as Logos, not God the Father. However some icons continued to be produced in Russia, as well as Greece, Romania, and other Orthodox countries.
Theological approaches
Theologians and philosophers have attributed to God such characteristics as omniscience, omnipotence, omnipresence, perfect goodness, divine simplicity, and eternal and necessary existence. God has been described as incorporeal, a personal being, the source of all moral obligation, and the greatest conceivable being existent.[3] These attributes were all claimed to varying degrees by the early Jewish, Christian and Muslim scholars, including Maimonides,[53] St Augustine,[53] and Al-Ghazali.[128]
Many philosophers developed arguments for the existence of God,[8] while attempting to comprehend the precise implications of God's attributes. Reconciling some of those attributes generated important philosophical problems and debates. For example, God's omniscience may seem to imply that God knows how free agents will choose to act. If God does know this, their ostensible free will might be illusory, or foreknowledge does not imply predestination, and if God does not know it, God may not be omniscient.[129]
However, if by its essential nature, free will is not predetermined, then the effect of its will can never be perfectly predicted by anyone, regardless of intelligence and knowledge. Although knowledge of the options presented to that will, combined with perfectly infinite intelligence, could be said to provide God with omniscience if omniscience is defined as knowledge or understanding of all that is.
The last centuries of philosophy have seen vigorous questions regarding the arguments for God's existence raised by such philosophers as Immanuel Kant, David Hume and Antony Flew, although Kant held that the argument from morality was valid. The theist response has been either to contend, as does Alvin Plantinga, that faith is "properly basic", or to take, as does Richard Swinburne, the evidentialist position.[130] Some theists agree that only some of the arguments for God's existence are compelling, but argue that faith is not a product of reason, but requires risk. There would be no risk, they say, if the arguments for God's existence were as solid as the laws of logic, a position summed up by Pascal as "the heart has reasons of which reason does not know."[131] A recent theory using concepts from physics and neurophysiology proposes that God can be conceptualized within the theory of integrative level.[132]
Many religious believers allow for the existence of other, less powerful spiritual beings such as angels, saints, jinn, demons, and devas.[133][134][135][136][137]
Distribution of belief
beat.wave - a site-specific entrance
J. MAYER H. Architects
project team: Juergen Mayer H., Jonathan Busse
Project: 5th - 9th December 2007
Client: PULSE Contemporary Art Fair, Miami
Location: Soho Studios in the Wynwood District, 2136 NW 1st Ave, Miami
Courtesy of PULSE, magnus müller and the artist
beat.wave, is an entry gate to PULSE Miami with an undulating arch that is
about 11 feet high. Cantilevering, split and sliced, this ambivalent
structure offers seating areas as a meeting point and a place for
contemplation.
The architect, designer and artist Jürgen Mayer H. focuses on works at the
intersection of architecture, communication and new technology. From urban
planning schemes and buildings to installation work and objects with new
materials, the relationship between the human body,
technology and nature form the background for a new production of space. In
his art work, Mayer strategically chooses to bypass architecture and to use
art as an operative platform. In close interaction with our built
environment his work highlights the
relationship between the human body and the architectural space.
Site Specific Series
Bird Feeder
-Mortise and tenon joinery
-Slopped roof
-Gravity fed
-Refillable
-Grate floor to allow light and food to fall for ground feeders
-Inner feeding room for protection from predators
-Made from FlatCor - 100% recycled and formaldehyde-free material
-Weatherproofed with non-toxic and non-hazardous sealant
Intended for:
Black-Capped Chickadee
Song Sparrow
White-Throated Sparrow
House Sparrow
American Golfinch
And many others...