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This school is now closed (a replacement school is sited nearby) and scheduled for demolition and replacement with new homes under the City of Edinburgh Council's 21st Century Homes scheme; which is another way of saying new social ie council housing. www.edinburgh.gov.uk/internet/housing/council_housing/CEC...
I LOVE the decorative panel (concrete?) on the front of the school. I will investigate how we (North Edinburgh Arts) may be able to save it and re-purpose it as (perhaps) a ground-based object in the garden of NEA which (depending on the depth of the recesses) could be used for shallow root plants? Just an idea, but we must save this relief - it is a gorgeous mid-century example of decorative art!
The first of three consecutive days of drags 5L17 Eastleigh Depot - Ilford Depot in tow today are 317723 + 710 arriving for the scheduled 10.40 - 12.09 layover.
April 8, 2010 - Press toured the new ER at Highline Medical Center in Burien, WA. The public unveiling is scheduled for Saturday, April 10 and the new ER will begin serving patients on Tuesday, April 13.
Before leaving for San Francisco to attend a scheduled event, I learned a Ross's Gull was also visiting the area. I was busy all Friday so I drove down to Half Moon Bay early Saturday morning. When I arrived at the field right next to Hwy 1, there were more than 50 birders all lined up along the road with scopes, binoculars, and cameras all pointed right at this dainty little gull. It was busy looking for worms and bugs in the shallow water, oblivious to its surrounding fans.
It was quite a surprise to see an arctic gull in California. especially considering it was alone. I came back again at 1 pm for another quick peek before moving on; I later heard that just one hour after I left, a pair of Peregrine Falcons also spotted it. :-(
Half Moon Bay, San Mateo County
Group of French prisoners photographed in the Naussbaum Ferme (Ferme du Noyer) located in La Fosse aux Raines, 55110 Gercourt-et-Drillancourt which was the headquarters of the 13 Infanterie-Division which lead several raids against the Mort-Homme and the Côte 304.
The raid was lead with pionieers equipped with flamethrowers (apparently not used - Pionier-Bataillon 7) and extended charges.
Extract from the history book of the Infanterie-Regiment 15 (translated with Google traduction) :
"Operation Minden. On January 25, 1917. (Overview Map 4, Sketch 17)
Plans for a new, larger operation were already being considered in the early days of the year, scheduled to begin towards the end of the month. The General Command considered it desirable to further expand the view from the German front behind the French side of Hill 304, which had already been captured by the Bardzahn assault, and thus improve their defensive capabilities. For this purpose, French trenches west of the Backzahn, which had been stormed on December 6, were to be occupied. The operation was more extensive than the attack on the Bardzahn and involved elements of three regiments.
The attack was divided into three parts, called Minden, Block, and Groos:
a) Operation Minden was tasked with holding the French front line from the right wing point of the Backzahn to beyond the right regimental boundary of the I.R. 15, and was carried out by two companies of the II/15 and the 11/13 adjoining it on the right.
b) Simultaneously with "Minden," Operation Block, with the same objective, took place on the border between the Hindenburg sector (I.R. 13) and the 28th Infantry Division (R.I.R. 109), staffed by elements of both regiments.
c) If Operations Minden and Block were successful, I.R. 13 would have to advance the same distance between the two sections a) and b).
Smaller operations to divert the enemy's attention were also carried out by the 2nd Infantry Division at the Avocourt Forest and the 10th Infantry Division at the Toten Mann.
The 13th Infantry Division was in unified command of the operations. Major Baron von Blomberg was entrusted with the command of Operation Minden. In order to support the companies of the II. Bafl. To reinforce the attack to 120 soldiers, they were assigned non-commissioned officers and men from the III. Battalion, along with Lt. Reinshagen, Nobbe, and Lt., d. R. Schreiber as assault troop leaders.
The section of the position to be taken was again established near the camp as a training exercise, which, given its large size and the hard frozen ground, meant a significant amount of extra work.
The execution was set for January 25th. This time, the assault troops took up their initial assault positions the evening before: in Sector A, the 8th Company under Lt. d. R. Steinmeyer, and in Sector B, the 5th Company under Lt. d. R. Thiele.
These two were to do the math this time.
In their positions, Sectors C and D, the 6th Company under Lt. d. R. Hallith and the 7th Company under Lt. d. R. Gerhusen as ordinary garrison.
The combat troops' reserves were:
1st Company in Sector A,
2nd Company in Sector B,
3rd Company in Sector C,
4th Company in the Bärentaße.
Since the commander of the attack also had the reserve companies of I.R. 55 in the Tiefe sector and a company of I.R. 103 in the honeycomb trenches at his disposal, the III. Bafl. was able to remain in the Porta forest camp, where it was ready for alert as a divisional reserve.
The organization of Operation Backzahn had proven successful, so the course of "Minden" proceeded largely as it had been then. Giel I was the foremost French trench; the companies were to capture and hold it. Giel II was the second French trench, which the assault troops had to reach and secure.
January 25 dawned as one of the many bitterly frosty days of that harsh winter. A white blanket of snow, as far as it wasn't riddled with shell craters, covered the land. The foremost trench with the listening posts had to be evacuated at dawn due to the mine fire. Only a few sentries remained standing, until they too were withdrawn at the last moment before the preparatory firing began. The crews, eagerly awaiting the events, listened with pleasure as the French artillery fired its individual shots at the usual points throughout the morning, from which one could already conclude that the Führer's soul over there was oblivious. Not a single plane flew in the blue sky. The German artillery remained silent, feigning calm and peace.
At 9:00 a.m., a message from our listening post at Point 262 seemed somewhat alarming. It had intercepted lively French conversations without being able to draw any definite conclusions from the text. Since the enemy artillery persisted in completing its harmless daily routine, the conversations must have served something other than the fear of a German attack.
This time, the preparatory firing was considerably shorter than during the Bardzahn assault. 3:20 p.m. was the moment when the thunder of fire from two German divisions (13th and 28th Rifle Division) suddenly shook the air. Not only the entire assault company, but also two M.W. companies (13th and 302nd) launched their attack at once. Thick smoke quickly covered the French lines, and earth and shrapnel swirled in the air. Engineers with extended charges sneaked into the front German trench despite the fire and, unobtrusive in the crash, blasted gaping holes in the wire barrier.
In the second trench, the assault troops waited for their moment of attack. These included primarily the shock troops, not only those from the assault companies, but also those assigned from the 9th, 10th, and 12th Companies, as well as two from the 7th Company, distributed along the long front of the attack. Behind them were the 1st and 2nd Waves, each consisting of four groups, and the 3rd Wave, consisting of the remaining companies. Two assault troops from the Hallith Company were to be kept ready, which were to connect the assault troops to the Badzahn position after the attack.
After just 30 minutes of shelling, at 3:50 p.m., the order was given after the division: Forward, brave infantry! The road is clear! The watch, on which the assault troop leader's gaze rested, was put away, and at the short, decisive word "March," his loyal men followed him. A magnificent sight, as 10 assault troops, distributed in a long line, climbed out of the German trench at the same second and disappeared like small gray snakes into the saps of the enemy trench, a picture of perfect discipline and devotion to duty. Without fear, they followed the mortar fire that advanced ahead of them. Better to burn their noses a little than to be surprised. The French had to be caught in the dugout. With hand grenades in hand, they reached the enemy trench, which in a short time had been reduced to a chaos of shell craters. They looked to the right and left, expecting a fight, but there was virtually no sign of the enemy. They jumped in front of the dugouts, and lo and behold, there they were again, completely intimidated by the overwhelming fire. Anyone who still resisted was quickly put to eternal rest with a hand grenade. Forty men were extricated from one dugout alone. Since there was virtually no resistance at Objective 1, the assault companies decided to seize the second French trench, which was the actual living trench with good dugouts. This, too, was successful. The line they reached began at Point 221 at the Backzahn position and continued via Point 40 to Point 39. The entire operation proceeded so quickly that at 3:54 a.m., Major von Blomberg was able to report the objectives had been achieved.
Standing shoulder to shoulder with the 15th, the 13th company had also advanced. The captured trench continued at point 39. Its commander, Captain Bayer, had been instructed to decide whether Operation Groos should proceed depending on the success of "Block" and "Minden." Since "Block" also reported success, he gave "Groos" free rein, which was soon concluded just as successfully.
The French artillery, after recovering from the initial barrage, had begun a vigorous fire and thoroughly covered our old front trenches. Nevertheless, the assigned troops brought building materials forward so that a weak wire barrier could be constructed during the day.
Meanwhile, everything that had been gathered from the dugouts had begun its journey to captivity. One only had to point the defenders of the fatherland in the direction of the rear, and one was sure that they would conscientiously follow this order. They made no secret of their joy that the war was over for them. The discipline of the French infantry was already poor at that time.
The regiment delivered 10 officers and 205 men from the 342nd Infantry Regiment. In total, 18 officers, 523 men, and 14 machine guns were brought to Hill 304 on January 25th.
At 5:45 a.m., yellow flares indicated that the French infantry were preparing to counterattack. But with the "heroism" our companies were witnessing, it was truly beyond comprehension. The attempt was quickly halted by our insistent barrage, and very soon our front line reported, with red flares, that there was no infantry activity.
At 9:00 p.m., patrols reported that an infantry line was advancing, again in the strange manner we had already observed, constantly firing hand grenades. Caution is, after all, the better part of valor. It was not an attack, but simply the capture of the new defensive lines in front of the trenches we had stormed.
The losses on January 25 were:
III Infantry Battalion: 5 dead, 12 seriously and 24 lightly wounded,
I Infantry Battalion: 3 dead, - seriously and 14 lightly wounded,
total: 8 dead, 12 seriously and 38 lightly wounded.
They were caused almost exclusively by artillery and mine fire.
In a somewhat belated order dated February 15, His Royal Highness the Crown Prince expressed his warmest appreciation to all participating troops for their once again demonstrated, undying offensive spirit. "The laurel leaf in the wreath of heroic deeds of German Verdun fighters," to which the decree referred, had primarily been picked for our regiment by the 5th Company, Lt. d. R. Thiele, and the 8th Company. Lt. d. R. Steinmeyer-
On February 1, Major v. Bila the Knight's Cross of the House Order of Hohenzollern in recognition of the operations "Barzahn" and "Minden" conducted by his regiment.
The First Order of Merit (E.K.I.) awarded on February 16 to Lt. Thomas, Lt. d.R. Jungcourt, 3rd Infantryman Warnede (8th), 5th Infantryman Nickel (5th), 3rd Infantryman Röhrkasse (2nd), and Lt. Reinshagen were based on merit and gallantry on "Minden Day."
Field soldiers who have participated in such operations know that the day of the attack is the easier and more enjoyable part, but that defending the captured area is the worst part.
When enemy artillery fire became lively at 7:00 a.m. on January 26, they were prepared for a counterattack. The newly established French Infantryman, the Infantryman, led the attack. 80, it collapsed in front of the regimental front under our artillery and machine gun fire. Part of the 13th Infantry Division penetrated the English sap, but was quickly removed, which was made very easy because the agitated spirits, apparently divided over the duties of soldiers, began to wage war against each other.
January 27 passed without incident. The company of the 103rd Infantry Division, which was available as a reserve, was able to be released. Two French infantrymen wandered around in the forward area and were brought in by a patrol of the 8th Company, consisting of three non-commissioned officers.
As early as dawn on January 28, heavy artillery fire began again and lasted for a long time. Observers on the Tofen Mann and at the Corps long-range observatory recognized 3:00 a.m. French infantry movements, which then advanced to attack the "Hindenburg" sector and "Höhe" - Sub-Sector A BC. A barrage of artillery fire quickly crushed the movement. Small, isolated detachments approaching were repulsed with rifle fire. A second advance at 4:15 a.m. met the same fate.
During the night of January 28/29, the II. Battalion was relieved by the III. Battalion in the front line and, after difficult days, was able to enjoy a quieter life of readiness.
The French still refused to accept the new situation on Hill 304. On the afternoon of January 29, reinforcements approaching and an advance into the saps were seen. When the enemy attacked at 6:45 a.m., our barrage swept most of them back into the trenches, and the trench garrison did the rest with their fire.
After the failures of January 26, 28, and 29, the enemy finally resigned itself to the new line at Hill 304 and remained calm.
The losses of the past three days should actually be attributed to Operation Minden. They were a result of the enemy's countermeasures. Unfortunately, they resulted in a considerable number of 16 dead and 60 wounded and were again caused almost exclusively by artillery and mortars, and unfortunately also by the regiment's own artillery.
The regiment's combat report mentions the good performance of the communications equipment, which, however, did not have to overcome any major difficulties. Messenger dogs had been integrated into the system, one of which was praised for delivering a message from the front to the smoke station in 13 minutes. The carrier pigeons, for which January 25 was apparently too cold, were not satisfactory this time.
The I.R. The 13th Infantry had suffered considerable losses in its "Hindenburg" sector over time, particularly during the defensive days after January 25. To allow it some respite, it was allowed to swap positions with the 55th Infantry Division, beginning on the night of January 30, so that our right-wing neighbors were now the 55th Infantry, and our left-wing neighbors the 13th Infantry."
REF: 35-50-8
STS117-S-016 (8 June 2007) --- The Space Shuttle Atlantis and its seven-member STS-117 crew head toward Earth-orbit and a scheduled link-up with the International Space Station. Liftoff from Kennedy Space Center's launch pad 39A occurred at 7:38 p.m. (EDT) on June 8, 2007. Onboard are astronauts Rick Sturckow, commander; Lee Archambault, pilot; Jim Reilly, Patrick Forrester, John "Danny" Olivas, Steven Swanson and Clayton Anderson, all mission specialists. Anderson will join Expedition 15 in progress to serve as a flight engineer aboard the station. Atlantis will dock with the orbital outpost on Sunday, June 10, to begin a joint mission that will increase the complex's power generation capability. Using the shuttle and station robotic arms and conducting three scheduled spacewalks, the astronauts will install another set of giant solar array wings on the station and retract another array, preparing it for a future move.
[My week came up sooner than originally scheduled in the Musically Challenged group. So here goes.]
I don't watch my favorite shows. I invest in them. If you're not convinced, consider this: currently, between my DVR and videotapes recorded over the last 20+ YEARS, I have over 90 hours of "Hill Street Blues" episodes. (Naturally, there are many duplicates...)
So last year, I got hooked on the cable show "Leverage" with Timothy Hutton. Drama, comedy and action - the elements of life, the elements of a good show.
As is cool original music. In two episodes so far, a simple yet poignant song written by a member of the production crew has been featured. As I Googled frantically to try to find ANY information about the song, I learned there were hundreds of other fans of the show desperate to learn about the same song.
There is a reason for that. Using,unlike me in most posts, a minimum of words, the artist touches on life's perpetual struggle and the catalyst that keeps us struggling: hope.
I'm really glad I found this great show. But I'm especially glad I found this song. Especially as some of the clouds and darkness START to fade from some aspects of my life.
I've been living this song most of my life.
Not Sure Yet
as performed by Andy Lange on "Leverage"
I'm not sure yet
About life, about love
But in time
I'm sure I'll be fine
(Texture from cgtextures.com)
Ludlow Castle
Heritage Category: Scheduled Monument
List Entry Number: 1004778
More information can be found on the link below:-
historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1004778
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Ludlow Castle, Castle Square, Ludlow, Shropshire
Ludlow Castle the standing structural remains
Heritage Category: Listed Building
Grade: I Listed
List Entry Number: 1291698
Summary
The standing structural remains of Ludlow Castle, an enclosure castle, begun in the late C11, and converted into a tower keep castle in the early C12.
Reasons for Designation
The standing structural remains of Ludlow Castle are listed at Grade I for the following principal reasons:
Historical: as one of England's finest castle sites, clearly showing its development from an enclosure castle into a tower keep castle in the C12; the castle played an important historical role particularly as seat of the President of the Council of the Marches; Architectural: the castle remains illustrate significant phases of development between the C11 and the C16; Survival: the buildings are in a ruinous condition, but nonetheless represent a remarkably complete multi-phase complex.
History
An enclosure castle is a defended residence or stronghold, built mainly of stone, in which the principal or sole defence comprises the walls and mural towers bounding the site. Enclosure castles, found in urban and in rural areas, were the strongly defended residence of the king or lord, sited for offensive or defensive operations, and often forming an administrative centre. Although such sites first appeared following the Norman Conquest, they really developed in the C12, incorporating defensive experience of the period, including that gained during the Crusades. Many enclosure castles were built in the C13, with a few dating from the C14, and Ludlow Castle is not alone in having begun as an enclosure castle and developed into a tower keep castle. At Ludlow, the large existing gate tower was converted into a tower keep in the early C12, providing more domestic accommodation, as well as defence.
Ludlow Castle occupies a commanding position at the steep-sided western end of a flat-topped ridge overlooking the valleys of the River Teme and the River Corve. The adjacent town of Ludlow, which was established by the mid-C12, lies to the south and east of the castle. The defences surrounding the medieval town are designated separately. The castle was probably founded by Walter de Lacy in about 1075 and served as the ‘caput' (the principal residence, military base and administrative centre) of the de Lacy estates in south Shropshire until the mid-C13. During the Anarchy of King Stephen's reign the castle was for Matilda until 1139, when it was besieged and captured by Stephen. The de Lacy family recovered the castle in the C12 and retained it, apart from occasional confiscations, until the death of Walter de Lacy in 1241. Ludlow Castle features in an ‘ancestral romance’ called ‘The Romance of Fulk FitzWarren', written in the late C13 about the adventures of a C13 knight. Other documentary sources indicate that when the castle was in royal control it was used for important meetings, such as that held in 1224 when Henry III made a treaty with the Welsh prince, Llewellyn. Following the death of Walter de Lacy in 1241 the castle came into the possession of the de Genevilles, and in the early C14, the castle passed through marriage to Roger Mortimer. Between 1327 and 1330 Roger Mortimer ruled England as Regent, with Edward II's widowed queen, Isabella. Mortimer had himself made Earl of March in 1328. In 1425 the Mortimer inheritance passed to Richard Plantagenet, Duke of York, who made Ludlow a favoured residence. His eldest son, who assumed the title of Earl of March, claimed the crown as Edward IV in 1461. Edward IV's son Edward was created Prince of Wales in 1471, and in 1473 was sent to Ludlow, where the administration of the principality known as the Council in the Marches was established. Both Edward and the Council remained at Ludlow until Edward IV's death in 1483. Ludlow Castle continued as an important royal residence and in 1493 the Council was re-established at Ludlow with Henry VII's son and heir, Prince Arthur as Prince of Wales. In 1501 Arthur was installed at Ludlow with his bride, Katherine of Aragon, and it was at Ludlow that Arthur died in 1502. In 1534 the Council in the Marches received statutory powers both to hear suits and to supervise and intervene in judicial proceedings in Wales and the Marches, and from that time until 1641, and again from 1660 to 1689, Ludlow's principal role was as the headquarters for the Council and, as such, the administrative capital of Wales and the border region. Milton’s mask, ‘Comus’, was first performed here in 1634 before John Egerton, 1st Earl of Bridgewater, in celebration of the earl’s new appointment as Lord President of Wales. On the dissolution of the Council the castle was abandoned and left to decay. Lead, window glass and panelling were soon removed for reuse in the town. In 1771, when the castle was leased to the Earl of Powis, many of the buildings were in ruins.
Since the late C18, the buildings have undergone repair and restoration at various times, as well as some further deterioration, with some rebuilding and replacement of stonework. Extensive archaeological excavations were undertaken by William St John Hope between 1903 and 1907. The castle is now open to the public.
Details
The standing structural remains of Ludlow Castle, an enclosure castle, begun in the late C11, and converted into a tower keep castle in the early C12.
MATERIALS: the castle is constructed of a variety of local stones; it appears that the greenish-grey flaggy calcerous siltstones that underlies the castle was used in its initial phase, with local sandstones being used thereafter.
PLAN: the castle consists of an elliptical INNER BAILEY, in the north-west corner of the site, representing the earliest area of development, with the OUTER BAILEY, created in the second half of the C12, to the south and east.
BUILDINGS:
The curtain wall of the inner bailey incorporates four mural towers and the former gatehouse, all thought to have been constructed by 1115. Three of the four towers are open at the back and would originally have contained wooden scaffolding supporting look-out and fighting platforms. The fourth tower, known as the POSTERN TOWER, on the western side of the enclosure, has small ground-floor postern doorways on its north and east sides. The former gatehouse, situated at the south-eastern part of the enclosure, is rectangular in plan and was originally three storeys in height. Remaining in the ground-floor of the building is part of a wall arcade, thought to be late-C11, with ornamented capitals. In the early C12 a fourth storey was added to provide more domestic accommodation, thus converting the gatehouse into a tower keep, known as the GREAT TOWER. In the later C12 the original gatehouse entrance passage was blocked (the location of the former arch remains visible on the south elevation) and an archway was cut through the adjacent part of the curtain wall to the north-east, reached by a stone bridge. This archway was partially infilled and a smaller arch constructed in the C14. Access to the upper floors of the tower is by a spiral stair to the east, reached by an ornamented doorcase, the Tudor arch having a trefoiled lintel flanked by cusped panelling and trefoiled lintel, which also gives access to rooms in the Judges’ Lodgings (see below). On the first floor is the hall, with a chamber and garderobe to the west. In the second half of the C15 the north wall of the Great Tower was rebuilt and internal floors added to create new rooms lit by enlarged windows. Adjoining the Great Tower, in the south-west section of the inner bailey, is the INMOST BAILEY, a walled enclosure constructed in the C12 and C13 to provide greater security and privacy to those living in the Great Tower. There is a well within this enclosure surrounded by a low stone wall.
Located in the north-eastern sector of the elliptical enclosure of the inner bailey are the remains of the CHAPEL OF ST MARY MAGDALENE. This was built in the first half of the C12, probably by Gilbert de Lacy, and was remodelled in the C16, probably in two phases. In the first phase, thought to have been undertaken circa 1502 for the installation of Arthur, Prince of Wales, a first floor was inserted in the circular nave, together with additional openings, including a first-floor doorway which gave access to a passage linking the chapel with the Great Chamber Block to the north. In the second phase, during the presidency of the Council in the Marches of Sir Henry Sidney (1560-86), the original presbytery and chancel were taken down and a new chancel, or chapel, built, stretching as far as the curtain wall. The crenellated circular nave, which measures 8.3m in diameter internally, survives to its full height as a roofless shell, and contains much original carving to the round-headed order arches of the door openings, with chevron and billet mouldings, and to the internal blind arcade with a variety of capitals and moulded arches.
Since the late C12, the castle site has been entered through the two-storeyed GATEHOUSE within the eastern part of the curtain wall of the outer bailey. The wall originally had two adjoining rectangular mural towers of which the one to the north of the gatehouse survives as a standing structure; this, together with the adjacent section of the curtain wall form part of the CASTLE HOUSE built in the C18 (listed separately at Grade I). Protruding from the curtain wall defining the western side of the outer bailey are the remains of a semi-circular tower known as MORTIMER'S TOWER, possibly built in the early C13; this originally consisted of a ground-floor entrance passage, with two floors above, and was used as the postern entrance to the outer bailey until the C15. In the south-west corner of the outer bailey are the remains of ST PETER’S CHAPEL, originally a free-standing rectangular structure, founded by Roger Mortimer to celebrate his escape from the Tower of London in 1324, following his rebellion against Edward II. The chapel served as the Court House and offices of the Council in the Marches, for which an adjacent building to the west was constructed. The south-east corner of the chapel is now attached to a wall which completes the enclosure of the outer bailey’s south-west corner. In the north wall of the chapel is a blocked two-light window, enlarged at the bottom when a floor was inserted for the court house; a second original window towards the eastern end now contains a first-floor blocked doorway.
At the end of the C13 or in the early C14 an extensive building programme was initiated, replacing existing structures within the inner bailey with a grand new range of domestic buildings, built along the inside of the north section of the Norman curtain wall. The construction of these new buildings indicates the changing role of Ludlow Castle from military stronghold to a more comfortable residence and a seat of political power, reflecting the more peaceful conditions in the region following the conquest of Wales by Edward I. The first buildings to be completed were the GREAT HALL and the adjoining SOLAR BLOCK (private apartments). The Great Hall, which was used for ceremonial and public occasions, consisted of a first floor over a large undercroft, reached through a moulded pointed arch in the south elevation. The Hall was lit on both south and north sides by three pointed-arched windows with sunk chamfers and ‘Y’ tracery formed of paired cusped trefoil-headed lights, under hoodmoulds; these originally had seats, now partially surviving. The central south window was converted to a fireplace, replacing the louver which formerly covered the open fire towards the east of the Hall, its position indicated by elaborate corbels. At the west end, a series of openings lead into the Solar Block, only one of these (that to the north) being of the primary phase. Within the Hall, at the western end, is a timber viewing platform, which is not of special interest.* The Solar Block is thought to have been begun as a two-storey building, and raised to three storeys shortly afterwards, at which time the adjacent NORTH-WEST TOWER was raised, with the new CLOSET TOWER being built in the angle between the two. Each of the three floors of the Solar Block extended into the North-West Tower, with each being linked to a room in the Closet Tower. All three floors of the Solar were heated, the ground floor having a fireplace which originally had a stone hood; the first-floor room has hooded fireplace, on nearly triangular-sectioned jambs; the room above has a plainer hooded fireplace. The windows include original openings with ‘Y’ tracery and trefoil-headed lights, similar to those in the Hall, and a ground-floor mullioned window probably dating from the late C16.
In the early C14 two additional buildings containing more private apartments were constructed by Richard Mortimer. The three-storeyed GREAT CHAMBER BLOCK was built in about 1320 next to the Great Hall to balance the Solar Block to the west of the Hall. The connecting four-storeyed GARDEROBE TOWER, which projects from the curtain wall of the inner bailey, was also probably built about the same time. As in the Hall and Solar blocks, the floors are now lost but features in the walls remain to indicate layout and function. The main entrance to this block is through a recessed doorway in the south-west corner, with a pointed two-light window above. The undercroft was heated, and is lit by two two-light windows with stone side seats in the south wall. The tracery of the eastern of these windows has been lost. The first-floor main room, or ‘Great Chamber’, contains a grand hooded fireplace carried on a fourfold series of corbels; to either side of the fireplace are large head corbels with leafwork. The Tudor transomed and mullioned window probably replaced an earlier window. The upper room also has a large hooded fireplace, and was lit principally by a large trefoil-headed window with head-stopped hoodmould in the southern wall.
Following the establishment of the headquarters for the Council in the Marches at Ludlow, new buildings were constructed and many existing buildings changed their use. Within the inner bailey the main room in the Great Chamber Block became the council chamber, with additional chambers above. A new adjoining residential block, now called the TUDOR LODGINGS, was built to the east, replacing earlier structures. The block consisted of two sets of lodgings both being of three storeys with attic rooms above. The south wall of this block cuts across openings in the east wall of the Great Chamber Block. Between the lodgings, projecting from the south wall, is a circular stair tower, entered through an ogee-headed arch. The windows in the south elevation are mullioned; several have been blocked. In the north wall of the western lodging, at ground-floor level, is an opening with double trefoil head, having a divided light above. Otherwise, the features of this range are plain, with pointed door openings, and straight lintels to fireplaces.
As the power of the Council grew, further domestic accommodation was needed. To the east of the entrance within the inner bailey, a three-storeyed range, known as the JUDGES LODGINGS, was completed in 1581. On the south side, this building extends the curtain wall upwards, with two gables, and piercing for fenestration, the earlier arched entrance to the inner bailey becoming visually part of the newer building, with rooms above; stone arms set immediately over the archway dated 1581 commemorate the Presidency of the Council of Sir Henry Sidney. Rooms set above the arch leave a gate-passage leading through a second archway to the inner bailey, and giving access to both the Great Keep and the Judges’ Lodgings. The rooms above the gate-passage appear to have been accessed by the embellished Tudor-arched doorway in the Keep at the north end of the passage. The north side of the Judges’ Lodgings, within the inner bailey, has a polygonal stair turret (which originally had a pyramidal roof), with mullioned and transomed eight-light windows set regularly to either side. Within, some indication is given of the arrangement and appearance of the rooms by the survival of numerous fireplaces of red sandstone backed by brick set in herringbone pattern. The adjoining building to the east, originally two-storeyed, is thought to date from the C17.
Other developments during the C16 included changes to the south-west corner tower, enclosed within the inmost bailey, with the installation of a large oven at ground-floor level, with residential rooms above; the tower became known as the OVEN TOWER. In 1522 the PORTER'S LODGE was built in the outer bailey to the south of the gatehouse. The shell of this building now contains the castle shop; the modern structure and fittings of the shop are not of special interest.* Also dating from 1522 is the PRISON, adjoining to the south, which retains square-headed windows with moulded frames and hoodmoulds, and the stable block, completed in 1597, with mullioned windows. Like the porter's lodge, these buildings remain as incomplete shells.
*Pursuant to s.1 (5A) of the Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1990 ('the Act'), it is declared that these aforementioned features are not of special architectural or historic interest.
Sources
Books and journals
Cathcart-King, D J, Castellarium Anglicanum, (1983)
Goodall, J, The English Castle, 1066-1650, (2011)
H M Colvin, D R Ransome, The History of the KIng's Works, vol 3, (1975)
Kenyon, J, Castles in Wales and the Marches Essays in honour of DJ Cathcart King, (1987), 55-74
Pevsner, N, Newman, J, The Buildings of England: Shropshire, (2006)
R Allen Brown, H M Colvin, The History of the King's Works, vol 2, (1963)
Shoesmith, R, Johnson, A (eds), Ludlow Castle. Its History and Buildings, (2000)
'' in Archaeological Investigations Ltd, Hereford archaeology series, (1991)
W. H. St John Hope, , 'Archaeologia' in The Castle of Ludlow, (1908)
Other
Pastscape Monument No. 111057,
Shropshire HER 01176,
historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1291698
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Ludlow Castle, Castle Square, Ludlow, Shropshire
Construction of Ludlow Castle began in the late 11th century by the de Lacy's and held by them until the 13th century. In the 14th century it was enlarged by the Mortimers. In the 15th century ownership transferred between the House of York and Lancashire during the War of the Roses. In Elizabethan times the castle was further extended by Sir Henry Sidney. After the civil war the castle declined. It is now owned by the Earl of Powys for the crown.
Grade I listed.
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Welcome to Ludlow Castle, one of the finest medieval ruins in England. Set in the glorious Shropshire countryside at the heart of the superb, bustling black & white market town of Ludlow. Walk through the Castle grounds and see the ancient houses of kings, queens, princes, judges and the nobility – a glimpse into the lifestyle of medieval society
The Castle, firstly a Norman Fortress and extended over the centuries to become a fortified Royal Palace, has ensured Ludlow’s place in English history – originally built to hold back unconquered Welsh, passing through generations of the de Lacy and Mortimer families to Richard Plantagenet, Duke of York. It became Crown property in 1461 and remained a royal castle for the next 350 years, during which time the Council of the Marches was formed with responsibility for the Government of Wales and the border counties. Abandoned in 1689 the castle quickly fell into ruin, described as ‘the very perfection of decay’ by Daniel Defoe
Since 1811 the castle has been owned by the Earls of Powis, who have arrested further decline, and allowed this magnificent historical monument to be open to the public. Today the Castle is the home to Ludlow’s major festivals throughout the year and open for all to enjoy.
www.ludlowcastle.com/the-castle/
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See also:-
www.britainirelandcastles.com/England/Shropshire/Ludlow-C...
Highway To Hell 5
The Classic Grand- Glasgow
As in previous years, after the main finalists have finished their scheduled sets, the audience are treated to an OYR (Off Yer Rocka Records) Secret Session and this was given to one of the hardest working young bands I know, The Amorettes. Hailing from Edinburgh, the trio have been busy building a solid reputation through their recorded output and live gigs as well as building a fan base since they formed in late 2010. Their debut album, 'Haulin Ass' was released in 2011, which set them out the rock and roll highway.
With a recent performance at Bloodstock Festival under their belts and three gigs in as many days just gone, there is no doubt that the band arrived at the Classic Grand well rehearsed, and what they gave was one of the best performances I've ever seen them do. With a full hour of stage time, the band pulled no punches with a good helping of material from their debut album. 'Boxticker', 'Too Much Is Never Enough' and my favourite from the album, 'Whoot Woo', were greeted like old friends by the audience and the band looked like a well oiled machine as they jumped from song to song.
highway to hell 5
Drummer Hannah McKay, almost hidden at the back behind a veil of dry ice, doesn't miss a beat as she powers away throughout the bands set with hardly a pause. The other part of the engine room in this power trio is her sister Heather on bass guitar. When she's not got her foot on the monitor at the front of the stage (ala Iron Maiden's Steve Harris), she's head banging away furiously whilst still managing the keep the bass rhythms solid and tight. The final piece in the puzzle is vocalist/guitarist Gillian Montgomery who keeps the crowd entertained with her between song banter as she jokes with the crowd but let's not forget that she's such a great vocalist too.
With the planning already started for their second album we're treated to some as yet unreleased material. 'Get What's Comin', 'Rock Me Roll Me' and 'Grab The Bull By The Horns' go down well even though some of the audience may be unfamiliar with them. With a gig diary filling up nicely over the next few months, including a gig supporting Pat McManus, some more festival appearances and their first ever headline gig at King Tut's Wah Wah Hut in Glasgow, not to mention the release of their second album, the future looks very bright (and busy) for the trio.
Expedition 55 Soyuz Commander Oleg Artemyev of Roscosmos answers a question during a press conference, Tuesday, March 20, 2018 a the Cosmonaut Hotel in Baikonur, Kazakhstan. Artemyev, flight engineer Ricky Arnold and flight engineer Drew Feustal of NASA are scheduled to launch to the International Space Station aboard the Soyuz MS-08 spacecraft on Wednesday, March, 21. Photo Credit: (NASA/Joel Kowsky)
A3 Pacific Nº 60103 Flying Scotsman descends Hemerdon Bank into Plympton with a steam special. Having climbed both Dainton and Rattery Banks unaided it passes Hemerdon 9 minutes ahead of schedule. Sunday 30th April 2023, 12:28 BST
After traveling to Montreal in 2014 for Eurokracy, I’ve always wanted to return. But due to a busy schedule last year and some last minute plans changing, it didn’t happen. For 2016 though, it all came together and I was amazed at how the event has evolved in just two years to be the amazing weekend that it is now! Click here for the full Eurokracy 2016 article by Sam Dobbins
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POSTOJNA, Slovenia - Slovenia hosted Albanian and British Soldiers for situational training exercises as part of the multi-national exercise Immediate Response 15 near Postojna, Slovenia September 13, 2015. Immediate Response 15 is a multinational, brigade-level exercise utilizing computer-assisted simulations and field training exercises spanning two countries. The exercises and simulations are built upon a scenario designed to enhance regional stability, strengthen partner capacity and improve interoperability between partner nations. Immediate Response is an annual exercise, and the fifth iteration is scheduled to run Sept. 9-22, 2015. (U.S. Army photo by Sgt. 1st Class Walter E. van Ochten)
With an unbelievably intense schedule this past week, I barely was able to do any partying or dancing out on the grid. Planning a birthday party in 3 days was not my cup of tea! LOL!
For those of us in Second Life who are busier than hell, we need quick parties and some dj's understand that very clearly.
DJ Particle aka Emi Halcali who usually can be found at Organica or Dementia Radio is one who has created what she calls "The 30 Minute Rave." It's for the raver on the go and boy, does she understand how busy a lot of us are here in Second Life.
No building of momentum, just a blast of high energy raver music cutting out the superfulous and getting right to the point. I love these little breaks. I can be building or preparing to go out to the ballroom (that's why I'm all dressed up...) and still get a little high energy psy before I totally fry out on whatever project I was working on. I can count on Emi to bring it.
Zap Hax at Electro Smog is another dj I listen to when I need these breaks. I never know what he is going to spin. From new to old, his catalogue must be enormous. I always enjoy myself there, and the people that are there are Zap's fans. I just love hanging out here.
Speaking of DJ Zap, he sent a tp over to me the other morning to come to New Berlin for an opening of their Alexa at Streetlife. The sims are well done with areas for newbies and SL resources. An open party was happening in the mall area and Zap was spinning.
I saw founder, January Lightfoot there dressed in a nice black suit watching over the event. I hung out here for more time than I had planned (it's hard to leave when Zap is spinning) and stayed for a couple hours.
Two beautiful pieces of art graced the area; one a large female figure w/ a ribbon-like texture and a large exterior wall piece of graphic color. Stop by and visit the New Berlin sims!
U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Scheduling Deputy Director Toby Osherson had the opportunity with other USDA employees to discuss the roles they play within the Department at a Brown Bag Lunch held with Agriculture Secretary Tom Vilsack in Washington, D.C. on Wednesday, Sept. 26, 2012. Secretary Vilsack holds the occasional Brown Bag Lunches to gain information and knowledge to assist in the administration of the affairs and programs of the Department, and to thank the employees for their diligent work to the Department and as public servants. USDA photo by Bob Nichols.
Schedule your little princess a surprise visit from her favorite character(s). Frozen Elsa and Anna inspiration Our character visits are low as $75. Call Today 404.453.4596
We took a picture of the schedule for each day in case we lost our printout.
Day #2: Took our time coming back, so we saw Christi and then went to Quizno's and then the only class we made it to was the Poly For Non-Primaries class taught by Finn. Definitely a relevant class with Clint in his first long-term poly relationship. Then we went to the Femdom meetup. After the Femdom meetup, we went to the Swinger/Poly mixer. Clint ended up getting bingo. We saw Rachel & Z. Then after the Swinger/Poly mixer, we spent the rest of the evening wandering and playing. We also went to the vendors and met the patent-owner of the Tazapper. $40 for Tazappers is a good deal compared to the $54 online price, so we later bought a second one.
calendar, classes, program, schedule, sex.
Washington Court Hotel, Washington D.C.
February 17, 2017.
... Read my blog at ClintJCL at wordpress.com
BACKSTORY: Since we went to Summer Camp in 2016, we realized we can be more open about our kinks and not have to limit ourselves to hiding in the bedroom or in the outskirts. So we decided to go to all the east coast Dark Odyssey events in 2017, starting with Winterfire.
A continuing adventure in the original Cass Technical High School yeilds some interesting images.
Cass Technical High School, formerly known as Cass Union School, was founded in 1861. Cass Union School was established to provide training in woodworking and metal trades for young men. The school was built on land given to the City of Detroit by former Secretary of State and Michigan Governor Lewis Cass. The donated land formed a triangle at Second Avenue, Grand River Avenue, and High Street West. That land had a pickle factory on it, but they transformed it into a school building. In 1918, Cass Technical High School lent its space to Ford Motor Company outside of regular school hours to allow their employees access to the industrial training facilities within the building. During the 1920s Cass held classes in chemistry, bacteriology, biology, and dietetics for local nurses in addition to printing classes. In 1970, concern over the condition of the school building surfaced. It was feared that the building would be allowed to deteriorate beyond repair and that the school and its curriculum would be eliminated. Modernization of the school began in 1981 and was completed in 1985. The addition was designed by Albert Kahn Associates. The new wing included a gymnasium, various music rooms, a recital hall, and a practice room. The new wing provided an enclosed lunchroom on the second floor that held approximately 700 students. Classes in the business wing were also renovated. The school was closed in 2005 and students were transfered to the new Cass Technical High School right next door. The building has been abandoned and vacant since and is currently scheduled to be torn down in January 2010.
How to schedule appointments and to-do tasks in a Linux terminal
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201003310010hq (31 March 2010) --- A Russian security officer stands guard as the Soyuz TMA-18 spacecraft is rolled out by train to the launch pad at the Baikonur Cosmodrome, Kazakhstan, March 31, 2010. The launch of the Soyuz spacecraft with Russian cosmonauts Alexander Skvortsov, Soyuz commander and Expedition 23 flight engineer, and Mikhail Kornienko, flight engineer; along with NASA astronaut Tracy Caldwell Dyson, flight engineer, is scheduled for 10:04 a.m., April 2, 2010 (Kazakhstan time). Photo credit: NASA/Bill Ingalls
An example of the type of thing I do for my day job at the Fort Erie Race Track. A "strip Ad" is what we call the small ads we design to fill in the bottom of the pages in our race program. The program is full of statistics and all sorts of information about the horses & jockies competting that day. There are usually gaps at the bottom of the page benith the info, we use that space to promote all types of offerings at the track from events to to gift certificate & food specials to wagering options.
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Cayce Tiesler, project specialist at U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Nashville District’s Cheatham Power Plant, walks through the machinery house on the spillways Nov. 13, 2012. All electrical wiring and the outer housing have been replaced and the machinery covers and decking have been cleaned and painted since the May 2010 flood. (USACE photo by Fred Tucker)
Put your schedule on the inside of your locker door. Highlight the places where you CAN go to your locker between classes. Make other marks to show when you have time to visit the bathroom, and when you have less leeway than usual to travel between classes. You may already know this about your schedule, but writing it down helps cement it in your thinking.
AirAsia Berhad is a Malaysian low-cost airline headquartered near Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. AirAsia group operates scheduled domestic and international flights to 100 destinations spanning 22 countries. Its main hub is the klia2 at Kuala Lumpur International Airport. Source: en.wikipedia.org
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KLIA2 is the low-cost carrier terminal at KLIA. The terminal is located 2 kilometres away from the Main Terminal Building (MTB). KLIA2 is built to cater for the explosive growth in low cost travel in the region and has replaced the former Low-Cost Carrier Terminal (LCCT). KLIA2 started operations on 2 May 2014 and all flight operations at LCCT were moved to KLIA2 by 9 May 2014.
Built at a cost of approximately RM4 billion (US$1.3 billion), klia2 is the world's largest purpose-built terminal dedicated to low-cost carriers and it is designed to cater for 45 million passengers a year with future capacity expansion capability. The terminal is served by a dedicated 4 km runway (KLIA's Runway 3) and a 141.3m air traffic control (ATC) tower, making it the world's tallest ATC tower. Source: en.wikipedia.org
Getting scheduled maintenance for your home’s electrical system is important to make sure that your home is always working right and properly, and so that you don’t end up sitting in the dark or with key parts of your home not workingRead more
Bradford Odeon is the name applied to two different cinemas in central Bradford, West Yorkshire, England. One, in Godwin Street, was built in 1930 and survives; the other, in Manchester Road, was built in 1938 and demolished in 1969.
Godwin Street building
The cinema, originally built as a 3,318 seat cine-variety theatre, was the largest outside London, and the third largest in England. It was completed in 1930 as the New Victoria. It is on the site of William Whittaker's brewery and malting, which had closed in 1928. It is a Renaissance Revival building designed by the architect William Illingworth, with copper-covered cupolas on two corners complementing those on the neighbouring Bradford Alhambra theatre. The New Victoria combined a 3,318-seat auditorium, 450 square feet (42 m2) ballroom and 200-seat restaurant. The auditorium was primarily a cinema, but also a concert and ballet venue with a stage, orchestra pit, Wurlitzer organ and excellent acoustics.
As a cinema it was the third largest in Britain when it opened, with only the Trocadero at Elephant & Castle and Davis Theatre at Croydon being larger. By 1930 cinemas had converted to screen sound pictures, which had been introduced in 1927, but the New Victoria was the first cinema in Britain to be purpose-built for "talkies". It was built at a cost of £250,000 for Provincial Cinematograph Theatres, backed by the Gaumont British Picture Corporation. In 1950 the complex was renamed the Gaumont, by this time both the Odeon and Gaumont circuits were controlled by Circuits Management Association Ltd., a subsidiary of the Rank Organisation. With the city's Odeon scheduled for re-development by Bradford Corporation, Rank decided to redevelop the Gaumont as a twin cinema and bingo club and on 30 November 1968 it closed for nine months. By the time that the building was ready to re-open, the original Odeon had been closed for five months and the new complex opened on 21 August 1969 with the Odeon name.
The Gaumont as the Odeon
The Rank Organisation converted the Gaumont into a complex with the former circle divided into two film auditoria, one of 1,200 and the other of 467 seats. The former stalls were converted into a 1,000 seat Top Rank bingo hall, replacing the company's bingo operation in the former Majestic cinema in Morley Street. The "Odeon" name was transferred to the new two-screen cinema, which opened in August 1969. The bingo hall opened later in the year.
The Gaumont (formerly New Victoria) ballroom had also closed in 1968, and it remained unused for 20 years. In 1988 Rank had it converted into a 244-seat auditorium and reopened that June as a third screen of the cinema.
In 1991 Rank had plans prepared to convert the bingo hall into three film auditoria and the former restaurant into retail units. In 1994 it had plans prepared to divide the 1,200-seat auditorium into three auditoria and the 467-seat auditorium into two. Neither plan was implemented.
In the 1990s the Gallagher Group planned to redevelop a site at Thornbury on the eastern edge of Bradford into a leisure park that would include a 13-screen multiplex. The cinema chain originally contracted to operate it withdrew, so Odeon (Rank had sold the cinema chain to Cinven in February 2000) took its place and in July 2000 opened the new cinema as the Odeon Leeds-Bradford. It closed the Bradford Odeon in June 2000 and the Odeon Cinema Leeds in 2001.
Live music
The New Victoria / Gaumont was a distinguished venue for live music. Big bands played for dancers in its ballroom, and its season included charity balls hosted by the Grand Order of Water Rats and the National Union of Journalists. The main auditorium was the largest concert venue in the north of England. The London Symphony Orchestra (LSO) played at its opening gala in 1930, and a subsequent LSO concert was conducted by Leopold Stokowski. Further classical music performances included the London Festival Ballet in 1952 and the Italian tenor Beniamino Gigli in 1954.
The Gaumont's main auditorium continued to host stage performances. In 1950 it hosted an ice show, Babes in the Wood on Ice.
UK tours of the most successful popular music acts included concerts at the Gaumont, including Billy Daniels (1953), Frankie Laine (1953), Bill Haley & His Comets (1957), Buddy Holly (1958), Paul Anka, Count Basie and the Peruvian soprano Yma Sumac. In 1960 the Gaumont hosted Gene Vincent and Eddie Cochran's first ever British concert, and Vince Eager was the supporting act.
1963 was a notable year at the Gaumont. In February Helen Shapiro headlined a concert there, with supporting performances by Danny Williams and Kenny Lynch. At the bottom of the bill was a new band called The Beatles, who were about to release their first LP record Please Please Me. In October The Everly Brothers headlined a concert with supporting acts by Bo Diddley and another new British band, The Rolling Stones. In December The Beatles returned, headlining a concert playing to two packed houses with supporting performances from The Barron Knights, Tommy Quickly, Billy J. Kramer, Cilla Black and Rolf Harris.
The Rolling Stones returned in 1965, this time heading the bill. Tom Jones sang at the Gaumont in 1968.
Redevelopment proposals
Since 2000, asbestos has been removed from the former New Victoria / Gaumont building but it has remained unused. In 2003 the regional development agency Yorkshire Forward bought it for £3 million and proposed to redevelop the site. Public opposition quickly formed the Bradford Odeon Rescue Group (BORG), whose campaign included a "Hug the Odeon" event in July 2007 in which an estimated 1,000 people encircled the building in a human chain. BORG's supporters include Richard Attenborough, George Clarke and Jonathan Foyle.
In 2009 an open public campaign began which included several websites, Twitter accounts and Facebook groups created by members of the public. As part of the public 'Save The Odeon' campaign, a series of demonstrations around the building were organised by members of the public, such as an alternative Christmas lights switch-on, projections onto the towers of the building during the opening of City Park, and pinning 'get well soon' cards and flowers to the building during maintenance works. The public campaign gathered the support of David Hockney, Terry Jones, Terry Gilliam, Jenny Agutter, Michael Winner and Imelda Staunton.
Yorkshire Forward contracted a commercial property development company, Langtree Group, to demolish the building and redevelop the site. However, in March 2012 Yorkshire Forward was abolished as a result of HM Treasury's 2010 Spending Review, and in September 2012 ownership of the building passed to the Homes and Communities Agency (HCA).
In late 2013 the HCA sold the building to Bradford City Council for a nominal £1 on condition that the latter invest £1.32 million in its maintenance and repair. The city council has invited bids to redevelop the building, retaining as much as possible of its original fabric.
After a gap of 45 years, live music is foremost in current proposals to restore and reopen the New Victoria / Gaumont. Two parties, Bradford Live and Bradford One, have each proposed to remove the partitions and false walls inserted in 1968–69 and restore the original auditorium as a single performance space. Bradford One says the restored auditorium would provide part-standing capacity for 3107 people, or for 2,487 people all seated. Bradford Live says redevelopment would cost £20 million and claims it could increase capacity from the original 3,318 seats to between 3,500 and 4,000.
As of January 2019 Bradford Live and NEC Group International working together have secured £4 million funding and aim to start construction in summer 2019. As of 29 January 2020 expected opening was in 2021. The redevelopment of the Bradford Odeon into Bradford Live suffered numerous setbacks and delays due to the COVID-19 pandemic and parts of the existing building needing to be fully replaced rather than simply refurbished, pushing the completion of the new venue to 2024.
In popular culture
The Godwin Street building, under the name New Victoria, was the subject of an episode entitled The Palace of Dreams in the UK TV series Portillo's Hidden History of Britain, broadcast 30 November 2018 on Channel 5.
Bradford is a city in West Yorkshire, England. It became a municipal borough in 1847, received a city charter in 1897 and, since the 1974 reform, the city status has belonged to the larger City of Bradford metropolitan borough. It had a population of 349,561 at the 2011 census; the second-largest subdivision of the West Yorkshire Built-up Area after Leeds, which is approximately 9 miles (14 km) to the east. The borough had a population of 546,976, making it the 9th most populous district in England.
Historically part of the West Riding of Yorkshire, the city grew in the 19th century as an international centre of textile manufacture, particularly wool. It was a boomtown of the Industrial Revolution, and amongst the earliest industrialised settlements, rapidly becoming the "wool capital of the world"; this in turn gave rise to the nicknames "Woolopolis" and "Wool City". Lying in the eastern foothills of the Pennines, the area's access to supplies of coal, iron ore and soft water facilitated the growth of a manufacturing base, which, as textile manufacture grew, led to an explosion in population and was a stimulus to civic investment. There is a large amount of listed Victorian architecture in the city including the grand Italianate city hall.
From the mid-20th century, deindustrialisation caused the city's textile sector and industrial base to decline and, since then, it has faced similar economic and social challenges to the rest of post-industrial Northern England, including poverty, unemployment and social unrest. It is the third-largest economy within the Yorkshire and the Humber region at around £10 billion, which is mostly provided by financial and manufacturing industries. It is also a tourist destination, the first UNESCO City of Film and it has the National Science and Media Museum, a city park, the Alhambra theatre and Cartwright Hall. The city is the UK City of Culture for 2025 having won the designation on 31 May 2022.
History
The name Bradford is derived from the Old English brad and ford the broad ford which referred to a crossing of the Bradford Beck at Church Bank below the site of Bradford Cathedral, around which a settlement grew in Anglo-Saxon times. It was recorded as "Bradeford" in 1086.
Early history
After an uprising in 1070, during William the Conqueror's Harrying of the North, the manor of Bradford was laid waste, and is described as such in the Domesday Book of 1086. It then became part of the Honour of Pontefract given to Ilbert de Lacy for service to the Conqueror, in whose family the manor remained until 1311. There is evidence of a castle in the time of the Lacys. The manor then passed to the Earl of Lincoln, John of Gaunt, The Crown and, ultimately, private ownership in 1620.
By the middle ages Bradford, had become a small town centred on Kirkgate, Westgate and Ivegate. In 1316 there is mention of a fulling mill, a soke mill where all the manor corn was milled and a market. During the Wars of the Roses the inhabitants sided with House of Lancaster. Edward IV granted the right to hold two annual fairs and from this time the town began to prosper. In the reign of Henry VIII Bradford exceeded Leeds as a manufacturing centre. Bradford grew slowly over the next two-hundred years as the woollen trade gained in prominence.
During the Civil War the town was garrisoned for the Parliamentarians and in 1642 was unsuccessfully attacked by Royalist forces from Leeds. Sir Thomas Fairfax took the command of the garrison and marched to meet the Duke of Newcastle but was defeated. The Parliamentarians retreated to Bradford and the Royalists set up headquarters at Bolling Hall from where the town was besieged leading to its surrender. The Civil War caused a decline in industry but after the accession of William III and Mary II in 1689 prosperity began to return. The launch of manufacturing in the early 18th century marked the start of the town's development while new canal and turnpike road links encouraged trade.
Industrial Revolution
In 1801, Bradford was a rural market town of 6,393 people, where wool spinning and cloth weaving were carried out in local cottages and farms. Bradford was thus not much bigger than nearby Keighley (5,745) and was significantly smaller than Halifax (8,866) and Huddersfield (7,268). This small town acted as a hub for three nearby townships – Manningham, Bowling and Great and Little Horton, which were separated from the town by countryside.
Blast furnaces were established in about 1788 by Hird, Dawson Hardy at Low Moor and iron was worked by the Bowling Iron Company until about 1900. Yorkshire iron was used for shackles, hooks and piston rods for locomotives, colliery cages and other mining appliances where toughness was required. The Low Moor Company also made pig iron and the company employed 1,500 men in 1929. when the municipal borough of Bradford was created in 1847 there were 46 coal mines within its boundaries. Coal output continued to expand, reaching a peak in 1868 when Bradford contributed a quarter of all the coal and iron produced in Yorkshire.
The population of the township in 1841 was 34,560.
In 1825 the wool-combers union called a strike that lasted five-months but workers were forced to return to work through hardship leading to the introduction of machine-combing. This Industrial Revolution led to rapid growth, with wool imported in vast quantities for the manufacture of worsted cloth in which Bradford specialised, and the town soon became known as the wool capital of the world.
A permanent military presence was established in the city with the completion of Bradford Moor Barracks in 1844.
Bradford became a municipal borough in 1847, and a county borough in 1888, making it administratively independent of the West Riding County Council. It was honoured with city status on the occasion of Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee in 1897, with Kingston upon Hull and Nottingham. The three had been the largest county boroughs outside the London area without city status. The borough's boundaries were extended to absorb Clayton in 1930, and parts of Rawdon, Shipley, Wharfedale and Yeadon urban districts in 1937.
Bradford had ample supplies of locally mined coal to provide the power that the industry needed. Local sandstone was an excellent resource for building the mills, and with a population of 182,000 by 1850, the town grew rapidly as workers were attracted by jobs in the textile mills. A desperate shortage of water in Bradford Dale was a serious limitation on industrial expansion and improvement in urban sanitary conditions. In 1854 Bradford Corporation bought the Bradford Water Company and embarked on a huge engineering programme to bring supplies of soft water from Airedale, Wharfedale and Nidderdale. By 1882 water supply had radically improved. Meanwhile, urban expansion took place along the routes out of the city towards the Hortons and Bowling and the townships had become part of a continuous urban area by the late 19th century.
A major employer was Titus Salt who in 1833 took over the running of his father's woollen business specialising in fabrics combining alpaca, mohair, cotton and silk. By 1850 he had five mills. However, because of the polluted environment and squalid conditions for his workers Salt left Bradford and transferred his business to Salts Mill in Saltaire in 1850, where in 1853 he began to build the workers' village which has become a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Henry Ripley was a younger contemporary of Titus Salt. He was managing partner of Edward Ripley & Son Ltd, which owned the Bowling Dye Works. In 1880 the dye works employed over 1000 people and was said to be the biggest dye works in Europe. Like Salt he was a councillor, JP and Bradford MP who was deeply concerned to improve working class housing conditions. He built the industrial Model village of Ripley Ville on a site in Broomfields, East Bowling close to the dye works.
Other major employers were Samuel Lister and his brother who were worsted spinners and manufacturers at Lister's Mill (Manningham Mills). Lister epitomised Victorian enterprise but it has been suggested that his capitalist attitude made trade unions necessary. Unprecedented growth created problems with over 200 factory chimneys continually churning out black, sulphurous smoke, Bradford gained the reputation of being the most polluted town in England. There were frequent outbreaks of cholera and typhoid, and only 30% of children born to textile workers reached the age of fifteen. This extreme level of infant and youth mortality contributed to a life expectancy for Bradford residents of just over eighteen years, which was one of the lowest in the country.
Like many major cities Bradford has been a destination for immigrants. In the 1840s Bradford's population was significantly increased by migrants from Ireland, particularly rural County Mayo and County Sligo, and by 1851 about 10% of the population were born in Ireland, the largest proportion in Yorkshire. Around the middle decades of the 19th century the Irish were concentrated in eight densely settled areas situated near the town centre. One of these was the Bedford Street area of Broomfields, which in 1861 contained 1,162 persons of Irish birth—19% of all Irish born persons in the Borough.
During the 1820s and 1830s, there was immigration from Germany. Many were Jewish merchants and they became active in the life of the town. The Jewish community mostly living in the Manningham area of the town, numbered about 100 families but was influential in the development of Bradford as a major exporter of woollen goods from their textile export houses predominately based in Little Germany and the civic life of Bradford. Charles Semon (1814–1877) was a textile merchant and philanthropist who developed a productive textile export house in the town, he became the first foreign and Jewish mayor of Bradford in 1864. Jacob Behrens (1806–1889) was the first foreign textile merchant to export woollen goods from the town, his company developed into an international multimillion-pound business. Behrens was a philanthropist, he also helped to establish the Bradford chamber of commerce in 1851. Jacob Moser (1839–1922) was a textile merchant who was a partner in the firm Edelstein, Moser and Co, which developed into a successful Bradford textile export house. Moser was a philanthropist, he founded the Bradford Charity Organisation Society and the City Guild of Help. In 1910 Moser became the first Jewish Lord Mayor of Bradford.
Jowett Cars Eight badge
To support the textile mills, a large manufacturing base grew up in the town providing textile machinery, and this led to diversification with different industries thriving side by side. The Jowett Motor Company founded in the early 20th century by Benjamin and William Jowett and Arthur V Lamb, manufactured cars and vans in Bradford for 50 years. The Scott Motorcycle Company was a well known producer of motorcycles and light engines for industry. Founded by Alfred Angas Scott in 1908 as the Scott Engineering Company in Bradford, Scott motorcycles were produced until 1978.
Independent Labour Party
The city played an important part in the early history of the Labour Party. A mural on the back of the Bradford Playhouse in Little Germany commemorates the centenary of the founding of the Independent Labour Party in Bradford in 1893.
Regimental colours
The Bradford Pals were three First World War Pals battalions of Kitchener's Army raised in the city. When the three battalions were taken over by the British Army they were officially named the 16th (1st Bradford), 18th (2nd Bradford), and 20th (Reserve) Battalions, The Prince of Wales's Own (West Yorkshire Regiment).
On the morning of 1 July 1916, the 16th and 18th Battalions left their trenches in Northern France to advance across no man's land. It was the first hour of the first day of the Battle of the Somme. Of the estimated 1,394 men from Bradford and District in the two battalions, 1,060 were either killed or injured during the ill-fated attack on the village of Serre-lès-Puisieux.
Other Bradford Battalions of The Prince of Wales's Own (West Yorkshire Regiment) involved in the Battle of the Somme were the 1st/6th Battalion (the former Bradford Rifle Volunteers), part of the Territorial Force, based at Belle Vue Barracks in Manningham, and the 10th Battalion (another Kitchener battalion). The 1/6th Battalion first saw action in 1915 at the Battle of Aubers Ridge before moving north to the Yser Canal near Ypres. On the first day of the Somme they took heavy casualties while trying to support the 36th (Ulster) Division. The 10th Battalion was involved in the attack on Fricourt, where it suffered the highest casualty rate of any battalion on the Somme on 1 July and perhaps the highest battalion casualty list for a single day during the entire war. Nearly 60% of the battalion's casualties were deaths.
The 1/2nd and 2/2nd West Riding Brigades, Royal Field Artillery (TF), had their headquarters at Valley Parade in Manningham, with batteries at Bradford, Halifax and Heckmondwike. The 1/2nd Brigade crossed to France with the 1/6th Battalion West Yorks in April 1915. These Territorial Force units were to remain close to each other throughout the war, serving in the 49th (West Riding) Division. They were joined in 1917 by the 2/6th Battalion, West Yorks, and 2/2nd West Riding Brigade, RFA, serving in the 62nd (2nd West Riding) Division.
Recent history
Bradford's Telegraph and Argus newspaper was involved in spearheading the news of the 1936 Abdication Crisis, after the Bishop of Bradford publicly expressed doubts about Edward VIII's religious beliefs (see: Telegraph & Argus#1936 Abdication Crisis).
After the Second World War migrants came from Poland and Ukraine and since the 1950s from Bangladesh, India and particularly Pakistan.
The textile industry has been in decline throughout the latter part of the 20th century. A culture of innovation had been fundamental to Bradford's dominance, with new textile technologies being invented in the city; a prime example being the work of Samuel Lister. This innovation culture continues today throughout Bradford's economy, from automotive (Kahn Design) to electronics (Pace Micro Technology). Wm Morrison Supermarkets was founded by William Morrison in 1899, initially as an egg and butter merchant in Rawson Market, operating under the name of Wm Morrison (Provisions) Limited.
The grandest of the mills no longer used for textile production is Lister Mills, the chimney of which can be seen from most places in Bradford. It has become a beacon of regeneration after a £100 million conversion to apartment blocks by property developer Urban Splash.
In 1989, copies of Salman Rushdie's The Satanic Verses were burnt in the city, and a section of the Muslim community led a campaign against the book. In July 2001, ethnic tensions led to rioting, and a report described Bradford as fragmented and a city of segregated ethnic communities.
The Yorkshire Building Society opened its new headquarters in the city in 1992.
In 2006 Wm Morrison Supermarkets opened its new headquarters in the city, the firm employs more than 5,000 people in Bradford.
In June 2009 Bradford became the world's first UNESCO City of Film and became part of the Creative Cities Network since then. The city has a long history of producing both films and the technology that produces moving film which includes the invention of the Cieroscope, which took place in Manningham in 1896.
In 2010 Provident Financial opened its new headquarters in the city. The company has been based in the city since 1880.
In 2012 the British Wool Marketing Board opened its new headquarters in the city. Also in 2012 Bradford City Park opened, the park which cost £24.5 million to construct is a public space in the city centre which features numerous fountains and a mirror pool surrounded by benches and a walk way.
In 2015 The Broadway opened, the shopping and leisure complex in the centre of Bradford cost £260 million to build and is owned by Meyer Bergman.
In 2022, Bradford was named the UK City of Culture 2025, beating Southampton, Wrexham and Durham. The UK City of Culture bid, as of 2023, was expected to majorly stimulate the local economy and culture as well as attracting tourism to the city. By 2025, the UK City of Culture bid is expected to support potential economic growth of £389 million to the city of Bradford as well as to the surrounding local areas, creating over 7,000 jobs, attracting a significant amount of tourists to the city and providing thousands of performance opportunities for local artists.
Members of the Northern Ireland Fire Service take part in a training session on The River Faughan at Drumahoe in Derry/Londonderry - The training, as well as new equipment, will allow firemen, who previously were only able to offer assistance from dry land using lifelines, to enter the water for rescue and assistance operations. The Derry/Londonderry unit, based at Crescent Link Fire Station, goes live at the start of April and will liase with the local Foyle Search and Rescue in operations as well as providing rescue in flood and water rescues across Northern Ireland, A press launch has been scheduled for Ebrington Square and River Foyle on 19th April - Pic James Whorriskey.