Members from 2 Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group, 1st Battalion, Royal Canadian Regiment wait for air support for a MEDEVAC during Exercise MAPLE RESOLVE 22, May 13, 2022 in Wainwright, Alberta.

Please credit: Corporal Melissa Gloude, Canadian Armed Forces photo

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Des membres du 2e Groupe-brigade mécanisé du Canada, 1er Bataillon, Royal Canadian Regiment, attendent un appui aérien dans le cadre d’une évacuation sanitaire au cours de l’exercice MAPLE RESOLVE 22, le 13 mai 2022, à Wainwright, en Alberta.

Photo : Caporale Melissa Gloude, Forces armées canadiennes

Canadian Forces soldiers from 5th Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group (5CMBG) participate in an attack scenario during Exercise Maple Resolve on October 24, 2012 in Wainwright, Alberta.

Des membres du 5e Groupe-brigade mécanisé du Canada (5 GBMC) participent à une attaque simulée lors de l’exercice Maple Resolve, à Wainwright (Alberta), le 24 octobre 2012.

Photo : Cpl Tina Gillies

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After creating a path using Assault Breaching vehicles, Soldiers with Company A, 91st Engineer Battalion, 1st Brigade Combat Team, 1st Cavalry Division, cross a tank trench Oct. 29, 2014, in Hohenfels, Germany during Combined Resolve III. Combined Resolve III is a multinational training exercise designed to reinforce our nation’s commitment to ally and partner nations. (U.S. Army photo by Spc. Marcus Floyd, 7th Mobile Public Affairs Detachment)

Members from 2 Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group, 1st Battalion, The Royal Canadian Regiment occupy a defensive position as part of Exercise MAPLE RESOLVE 22 in Wainwright, Alberta, May 11, 2022.

Please credit: Corporal Melissa Gloude, Canadian Armed Forces photo

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Des membres du 2e Groupe brigade mécanisé du Canada du 1er Bataillon du Royal Canadian Regiment occupent une position défensive au cours de l’exercice MAPLE RESOLVE 22, à Wainwright, en Alberta, le 11 mai 2022.

Photo : Caporale Melissa Gloude, Forces armées canadiennes

Members of Task Force Tomahawk's medical team respond to simulated casualties during Exercise MAPLE RESOLVE, the largest and most comprehensive Canadian Army training event of the year, held in Wainwright, Alberta on May 19, 2017.

Photo: Cpl Andrew Wesley, Directorate of Army Public Affairs

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A Lithuanian soldier of 1st Company, Grand Duchess Birutė, Uhlan Battalion and a U.S. Soldier of 1st Battalion, 4th Infantry Regiment discuss enemy positions in preparation to a brigade headquarters attack scenario during exercise Combined Resolve VI at the U.S. Army’s Joint Multinational Readiness Center in Hohenfels, Germany, May 22, 2016. Exercise Combined Resolve VI is designed to exercise the U.S. Army’s regionally allocated force to the U.S. European Command area of responsibility with multinational training at all echelons. Approximately 570 participants from 5 NATO and European partner nations will participate. The exercise involves around 500 U.S. troops and 70 NATO and European partner nations. Combined Resolve VI is a preplanned exercise that does not fall under Operation Atlantic Resolve. This exercise will train participants to function together in a joint, multinational and integrated environment and train U.S. rotational forces to be more flexible, agile and to better operate alongside our NATO Allies. (U.S. Army photo by Pfc. Gage Hull/Released)

General Walter Natynczyk (retired), Chief of the Defence Staff onboard a UH-60 American Black Hawk during his visit of to Exercise Maple Resolve in Wainwright, Alberta on October 19, 2012.

Le général Walter Natynczyk (retraité), Chef d’état-major de la Défense, à bord d’un UH-60 Black Hawk américain lors de sa visite à Wainwright (Alberta), dans le cadre de l’exercice Maple Resolve, le 19 octobre 2012.

Photo : Cpl Tina Gillies

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CH-147F Chinook helicopters from 450 Tactical Helicopter Squadron sit on Airfield 21 in the Wainwright Garrison training area during Exercise MAPLE RESOLVE on May 25, 2016.

Photo by: Sgt Jean-Francois Lauzé.

Des hélicoptères CH147F Chinook du 450e Escadron tactique d’hélicoptères sont sur le terrain d’aviation 21 dans le secteur d’entraînement de la Garnison Wainwright durant l’exercice MAPLE RESOLVE le 25 mai 2016.

Photo par : Sgt Jean-Francois Lauzé.

The "Irenes Resolve" (IMO 9227273) is still showing the colours of Hamburg Süd for which it operated under the name "Cap Talbot".

It is pictured sailing on voyage nr. 11195A for NileDutch and calls on calls on Antwerp, Le Havre, Lisbon, Algeciras, Tanger Med, Pointe Noire, Luanda, Douala, Tema, Abidjan, Algeciras and back to Antwerp.

It is sailing southbound in the Kanaal dock on its way to its berth at quay nr. 246 at the ICT Terminal.

Note the barbed wire which surounds the vessel's railing to protect against raids from pirats

U.S. Soldiers of Bravo Company, 2nd Battalion, 5th Cavalry Regiment, 1st Brigade Combat Team, 1st Cavalry Division conduct a combined arms rehearsal in cooperation with French soldiers during exercise Combined Resolve II at the Joint Multinational Readiness Center in Hohenfels, Germany, May 18, 2014. Combined Resolve II is a multinational decisive action training environment exercise occurring at the Joint Multinational Training Command’s Hohenfels and Grafenwoehr Training Areas that involves more than 4,000 participants from 15 partner nations. The intent of the exercise is to train and prepare a U.S. led multinational brigade to interoperate with multiple partner nations and execute unified land operations against a complex threat while improving the combat readiness of all participants. (U.S. Army photo by Spc. Bryan Rankin)

A U.S. Army M1A2 Abrams tank and an M3 Bradley fighting vehicle of Bravo Company, 3rd Combined Arms Battalion, 69th Armor Regiment, 1st Armored Brigade Combat Team, 3rd Infantry Division scan the area for opposing forces while conducting force on force training during exercise Combined Resolve IV at the U.S. Army’s Joint Multinational Readiness Center in Hohenfels, Germany, May 27, 2015. Combined Resolve IV is an Army Europe directed exercise training a multinational brigade and enhancing interoperability with allies and partner nations. Combined Resolve trains on unified land operations against a complex threat while improving the combat readiness of all participants. The Combined Resolve series of exercises incorporates the U.S. Army’s Regionally Aligned Force with the European Activity Set to train with European Allies and partners. The 7th Army Joint Multinational Training Command is the only training command outside the continental United States, providing realistic and relevant training to U.S. Army, Joint Service, NATO, allied and multinational units, and is a regular venue for some of the largest training exercises for U.S. and European Forces. (U.S. Army photo by Sgt. Ian Schell/Released)

A CH-47F Chinook helicopter sits on the tarmac during Exercise MAPLE RESOLVE 13 (JOINTEX) at Airfield 21, Wainwright, Alberta on May 26, 2013.

Un hélicoptère Chinook CH47F repose sur l’aire de trafic de l’aérodrome 21 de Wainright (Alberta), pendant l’exercice Maple Resolve 13 (JOINTEX), le 26 mai 2013.

Photo: Corporal/Caporal Éric Girard, 3e Escadre Bagotville

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A CH-146 Griffon helicopter from 430 Tactical Helicopter Squadron heads towards Edmonton to practice landing at hospitals to prepare for the possibility of medical evacuations during Exercise MAPLE RESOLVE 21, April 30, 2021.

Photo by: Corporal Connie Valin, Canadian Armed Forces photo

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Un hélicoptère CH-146 Griffon du 430e Escadron tactique d’hélicoptères se dirige vers Edmonton afin de s’exercer à atterrir sur des sites de centres hospitaliers en préparation à d’éventuelles évacuations médicales, au cours de l’exercice MAPLE RESOLVE 21, le 30 avril 2021.

Photo : Caporal Connie Valin, Forces armées canadiennes

Esentepe (Greek: Άγιος Αμβρόσιος; Turkish: Esentepe, literally meaning “Breezing hill”) is a village located in the Girne District of Cyprus, east of Girne. It is under the de facto control Northern Cyprus.

The village got its name from Saint Ambrose where a church is dedicated to his name and had one of the largest churches of Cyprus, built in 1910. The church of Saint Ambrose has been now converted into a mosque. Saint Ambrose is numbered among the Saints of Cyprus and had come from Palestine with Saint Epictitus, who gave his name to Agios Epiktitos and other monks chased by the Saracens. Saint Epiktitos lived as an ascetic twenty-seven kilometers to the west and Saint Ambrose lived as an ascetic monk in this area. In the confusion of time instead of honouring Saint Ambrose the local ascetic who became a Saint in Cyprus, some started to honour the more widely known Doctor of the Church Saint Ambrose, bishop of Milan. In Cyprus, the replacement Cypriot Saints with other more known Saints bearing the same name is now a common phenomenon, apparently due to ignorance. Whatever the case, today the survivors of the village honour Saint Ambrose, the bishop of Milan who lived in the fourth century, who is a common Saint for both the Eastern and Western Church. However, Saint Ambrose of Milan has no direct relationship with this region or Cyprus generally and the tradition of the island does not link this Saint with the local lore, which links them with the local, Saint Ambrose of Cyprus.

The local Saint Ambrose and not Saint of Ambrose of Milan, knew Saint Demitrianos, who lived during the 9th century. At that time Saint Demitrianos was bishop of Chytroi (present day Kythrea). Saint Ambrose sent him by mule drivers hot coals in baskets, Saint Dimitrianos, in return, sent him water from Kephalovryso of Kythrea in baskets as well, which caused the surprise of the villagers.

Another local legend involving Ayios Amvrosios involves St Demitrianus. In the far horizon you can see the small rock-island in the Kyrenian sea. According to legend there was a sea-beast terrorising the villagers of Ayios Amvrosios. They asked for Ayios Demetrianos help and Ayios Demetrianos transformed the sea-beast into that rock-island. The rock-island is called "shiros" or "katsoshiros" and the area there is called also "shiros". A small seaside chapel was built in honor of St Demitrianus.

The memory of the local Saint Ambrose of Cyprus is not celebrated anymore.

Turkish Cypriot Agios Amvrosios municipality was founded in 1980.

Turkish Cypriot Esentepe Sports Club was founded in 1975, and now in Cyprus Turkish Football Association (CTFA) K-PET 1st League.

The town also has a golf course together with many shops, restaurants, bars, a Health Centre and Pharmacy. There are 5 AED defibrillators positioned along the main road.

The Esentepe Beach is currently undergoing major development which will include log cabins, restaurant and beach bar.

Agios Amvrosios is twinned with:

Turkey Kartal, Istanbul, Turkey

Northern Cyprus, officially the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC), is a de facto state that comprises the northeastern portion of the island of Cyprus. It is recognised only by Turkey, and its territory is considered by all other states to be part of the Republic of Cyprus.

Northern Cyprus extends from the tip of the Karpass Peninsula in the northeast to Morphou Bay, Cape Kormakitis and its westernmost point, the Kokkina exclave in the west. Its southernmost point is the village of Louroujina. A buffer zone under the control of the United Nations stretches between Northern Cyprus and the rest of the island and divides Nicosia, the island's largest city and capital of both sides.

A coup d'état in 1974, performed as part of an attempt to annex the island to Greece, prompted the Turkish invasion of Cyprus. This resulted in the eviction of much of the north's Greek Cypriot population, the flight of Turkish Cypriots from the south, and the partitioning of the island, leading to a unilateral declaration of independence by the north in 1983. Due to its lack of recognition, Northern Cyprus is heavily dependent on Turkey for economic, political and military support.

Attempts to reach a solution to the Cyprus dispute have been unsuccessful. The Turkish Army maintains a large force in Northern Cyprus with the support and approval of the TRNC government, while the Republic of Cyprus, the European Union as a whole, and the international community regard it as an occupation force. This military presence has been denounced in several United Nations Security Council resolutions.

Northern Cyprus is a semi-presidential, democratic republic with a cultural heritage incorporating various influences and an economy that is dominated by the services sector. The economy has seen growth through the 2000s and 2010s, with the GNP per capita more than tripling in the 2000s, but is held back by an international embargo due to the official closure of the ports in Northern Cyprus by the Republic of Cyprus. The official language is Turkish, with a distinct local dialect being spoken. The vast majority of the population consists of Sunni Muslims, while religious attitudes are mostly moderate and secular. Northern Cyprus is an observer state of ECO and OIC under the name "Turkish Cypriot State", PACE under the name "Turkish Cypriot Community", and Organization of Turkic States with its own name.

Several distinct periods of Cypriot intercommunal violence involving the two main ethnic communities, Greek Cypriots and Turkish Cypriots, marked mid-20th century Cyprus. These included the Cyprus Emergency of 1955–59 during British rule, the post-independence Cyprus crisis of 1963–64, and the Cyprus crisis of 1967. Hostilities culminated in the 1974 de facto division of the island along the Green Line following the Turkish invasion of Cyprus. The region has been relatively peaceful since then, but the Cyprus dispute has continued, with various attempts to solve it diplomatically having been generally unsuccessful.

Cyprus, an island lying in the eastern Mediterranean, hosted a population of Greeks and Turks (four-fifths and one-fifth, respectively), who lived under British rule in the late nineteenth-century and the first half of the twentieth-century. Christian Orthodox Church of Cyprus played a prominent political role among the Greek Cypriot community, a privilege that it acquired during the Ottoman Empire with the employment of the millet system, which gave the archbishop an unofficial ethnarch status.

The repeated rejections by the British of Greek Cypriot demands for enosis, union with Greece, led to armed resistance, organised by the National Organization of Cypriot Struggle, or EOKA. EOKA, led by the Greek-Cypriot commander George Grivas, systematically targeted British colonial authorities. One of the effects of EOKA's campaign was to alter the Turkish position from demanding full reincorporation into Turkey to a demand for taksim (partition). EOKA's mission and activities caused a "Cretan syndrome" (see Turkish Resistance Organisation) within the Turkish Cypriot community, as its members feared that they would be forced to leave the island in such a case as had been the case with Cretan Turks. As such, they preferred the continuation of British colonial rule and then taksim, the division of the island. Due to the Turkish Cypriots' support for the British, EOKA's leader, Georgios Grivas, declared them to be enemies. The fact that the Turks were a minority was, according to Nihat Erim, to be addressed by the transfer of thousands of Turks from mainland Turkey so that Greek Cypriots would cease to be the majority. When Erim visited Cyprus as the Turkish representative, he was advised by Field Marshal Sir John Harding, the then Governor of Cyprus, that Turkey should send educated Turks to settle in Cyprus.

Turkey actively promoted the idea that on the island of Cyprus two distinctive communities existed, and sidestepped its former claim that "the people of Cyprus were all Turkish subjects". In doing so, Turkey's aim to have self-determination of two to-be equal communities in effect led to de jure partition of the island.[citation needed] This could be justified to the international community against the will of the majority Greek population of the island. Dr. Fazil Küçük in 1954 had already proposed Cyprus be divided in two at the 35° parallel.

Lindley Dan, from Notre Dame University, spotted the roots of intercommunal violence to different visions among the two communities of Cyprus (enosis for Greek Cypriots, taksim for Turkish Cypriots). Also, Lindlay wrote that "the merging of church, schools/education, and politics in divisive and nationalistic ways" had played a crucial role in creation of havoc in Cyprus' history. Attalides Michael also pointed to the opposing nationalisms as the cause of the Cyprus problem.

By the mid-1950's, the "Cyprus is Turkish" party, movement, and slogan gained force in both Cyprus and Turkey. In a 1954 editorial, Turkish Cypriot leader Dr. Fazil Kuchuk expressed the sentiment that the Turkish youth had grown up with the idea that "as soon as Great Britain leaves the island, it will be taken over by the Turks", and that "Turkey cannot tolerate otherwise". This perspective contributed to the willingness of Turkish Cypriots to align themselves with the British, who started recruiting Turkish Cypriots into the police force that patrolled Cyprus to fight EOKA, a Greek Cypriot nationalist organisation that sought to rid the island of British rule.

EOKA targeted colonial authorities, including police, but Georgios Grivas, the leader of EOKA, did not initially wish to open up a new front by fighting Turkish Cypriots and reassured them that EOKA would not harm their people. In 1956, some Turkish Cypriot policemen were killed by EOKA members and this provoked some intercommunal violence in the spring and summer, but these attacks on policemen were not motivated by the fact that they were Turkish Cypriots.

However, in January 1957, Grivas changed his policy as his forces in the mountains became increasingly pressured by the British Crown forces. In order to divert the attention of the Crown forces, EOKA members started to target Turkish Cypriot policemen intentionally in the towns, so that Turkish Cypriots would riot against the Greek Cypriots and the security forces would have to be diverted to the towns to restore order. The killing of a Turkish Cypriot policeman on 19 January, when a power station was bombed, and the injury of three others, provoked three days of intercommunal violence in Nicosia. The two communities targeted each other in reprisals, at least one Greek Cypriot was killed and the British Army was deployed in the streets. Greek Cypriot stores were burned and their neighbourhoods attacked. Following the events, the Greek Cypriot leadership spread the propaganda that the riots had merely been an act of Turkish Cypriot aggression. Such events created chaos and drove the communities apart both in Cyprus and in Turkey.

On 22 October 1957 Sir Hugh Mackintosh Foot replaced Sir John Harding as the British Governor of Cyprus. Foot suggested five to seven years of self-government before any final decision. His plan rejected both enosis and taksim. The Turkish Cypriot response to this plan was a series of anti-British demonstrations in Nicosia on 27 and 28 January 1958 rejecting the proposed plan because the plan did not include partition. The British then withdrew the plan.

In 1957, Black Gang, a Turkish Cypriot pro-taksim paramilitary organisation, was formed to patrol a Turkish Cypriot enclave, the Tahtakale district of Nicosia, against activities of EOKA. The organisation later attempted to grow into a national scale, but failed to gain public support.

By 1958, signs of dissatisfaction with the British increased on both sides, with a group of Turkish Cypriots forming Volkan (later renamed to the Turkish Resistance Organisation) paramilitary group to promote partition and the annexation of Cyprus to Turkey as dictated by the Menderes plan. Volkan initially consisted of roughly 100 members, with the stated aim of raising awareness in Turkey of the Cyprus issue and courting military training and support for Turkish Cypriot fighters from the Turkish government.

In June 1958, the British Prime Minister, Harold Macmillan, was expected to propose a plan to resolve the Cyprus issue. In light of the new development, the Turks rioted in Nicosia to promote the idea that Greek and Turkish Cypriots could not live together and therefore any plan that did not include partition would not be viable. This violence was soon followed by bombing, Greek Cypriot deaths and looting of Greek Cypriot-owned shops and houses. Greek and Turkish Cypriots started to flee mixed population villages where they were a minority in search of safety. This was effectively the beginning of the segregation of the two communities. On 7 June 1958, a bomb exploded at the entrance of the Turkish Embassy in Cyprus. Following the bombing, Turkish Cypriots looted Greek Cypriot properties. On 26 June 1984, the Turkish Cypriot leader, Rauf Denktaş, admitted on British channel ITV that the bomb was placed by the Turks themselves in order to create tension. On 9 January 1995, Rauf Denktaş repeated his claim to the famous Turkish newspaper Milliyet in Turkey.

The crisis reached a climax on 12 June 1958, when eight Greeks, out of an armed group of thirty five arrested by soldiers of the Royal Horse Guards on suspicion of preparing an attack on the Turkish quarter of Skylloura, were killed in a suspected attack by Turkish Cypriot locals, near the village of Geunyeli, having been ordered to walk back to their village of Kondemenos.

After the EOKA campaign had begun, the British government successfully began to turn the Cyprus issue from a British colonial problem into a Greek-Turkish issue. British diplomacy exerted backstage influence on the Adnan Menderes government, with the aim of making Turkey active in Cyprus. For the British, the attempt had a twofold objective. The EOKA campaign would be silenced as quickly as possible, and Turkish Cypriots would not side with Greek Cypriots against the British colonial claims over the island, which would thus remain under the British. The Turkish Cypriot leadership visited Menderes to discuss the Cyprus issue. When asked how the Turkish Cypriots should respond to the Greek Cypriot claim of enosis, Menderes replied: "You should go to the British foreign minister and request the status quo be prolonged, Cyprus to remain as a British colony". When the Turkish Cypriots visited the British Foreign Secretary and requested for Cyprus to remain a colony, he replied: "You should not be asking for colonialism at this day and age, you should be asking for Cyprus be returned to Turkey, its former owner".

As Turkish Cypriots began to look to Turkey for protection, Greek Cypriots soon understood that enosis was extremely unlikely. The Greek Cypriot leader, Archbishop Makarios III, now set independence for the island as his objective.

Britain resolved to solve the dispute by creating an independent Cyprus. In 1959, all involved parties signed the Zurich Agreements: Britain, Turkey, Greece, and the Greek and Turkish Cypriot leaders, Makarios and Dr. Fazil Kucuk, respectively. The new constitution drew heavily on the ethnic composition of the island. The President would be a Greek Cypriot, and the Vice-President a Turkish Cypriot with an equal veto. The contribution to the public service would be set at a ratio of 70:30, and the Supreme Court would consist of an equal number of judges from both communities as well as an independent judge who was not Greek, Turkish or British. The Zurich Agreements were supplemented by a number of treaties. The Treaty of Guarantee stated that secession or union with any state was forbidden, and that Greece, Turkey and Britain would be given guarantor status to intervene if that was violated. The Treaty of Alliance allowed for two small Greek and Turkish military contingents to be stationed on the island, and the Treaty of Establishment gave Britain sovereignty over two bases in Akrotiri and Dhekelia.

On 15 August 1960, the Colony of Cyprus became fully independent as the Republic of Cyprus. The new republic remained within the Commonwealth of Nations.

The new constitution brought dissatisfaction to Greek Cypriots, who felt it to be highly unjust for them for historical, demographic and contributional reasons. Although 80% of the island's population were Greek Cypriots and these indigenous people had lived on the island for thousands of years and paid 94% of taxes, the new constitution was giving the 17% of the population that was Turkish Cypriots, who paid 6% of taxes, around 30% of government jobs and 40% of national security jobs.

Within three years tensions between the two communities in administrative affairs began to show. In particular disputes over separate municipalities and taxation created a deadlock in government. A constitutional court ruled in 1963 Makarios had failed to uphold article 173 of the constitution which called for the establishment of separate municipalities for Turkish Cypriots. Makarios subsequently declared his intention to ignore the judgement, resulting in the West German judge resigning from his position. Makarios proposed thirteen amendments to the constitution, which would have had the effect of resolving most of the issues in the Greek Cypriot favour. Under the proposals, the President and Vice-President would lose their veto, the separate municipalities as sought after by the Turkish Cypriots would be abandoned, the need for separate majorities by both communities in passing legislation would be discarded and the civil service contribution would be set at actual population ratios (82:18) instead of the slightly higher figure for Turkish Cypriots.

The intention behind the amendments has long been called into question. The Akritas plan, written in the height of the constitutional dispute by the Greek Cypriot interior minister Polycarpos Georkadjis, called for the removal of undesirable elements of the constitution so as to allow power-sharing to work. The plan envisaged a swift retaliatory attack on Turkish Cypriot strongholds should Turkish Cypriots resort to violence to resist the measures, stating "In the event of a planned or staged Turkish attack, it is imperative to overcome it by force in the shortest possible time, because if we succeed in gaining command of the situation (in one or two days), no outside, intervention would be either justified or possible." Whether Makarios's proposals were part of the Akritas plan is unclear, however it remains that sentiment towards enosis had not completely disappeared with independence. Makarios described independence as "a step on the road to enosis".[31] Preparations for conflict were not entirely absent from Turkish Cypriots either, with right wing elements still believing taksim (partition) the best safeguard against enosis.

Greek Cypriots however believe the amendments were a necessity stemming from a perceived attempt by Turkish Cypriots to frustrate the working of government. Turkish Cypriots saw it as a means to reduce their status within the state from one of co-founder to that of minority, seeing it as a first step towards enosis. The security situation deteriorated rapidly.

Main articles: Bloody Christmas (1963) and Battle of Tillyria

An armed conflict was triggered after December 21, 1963, a period remembered by Turkish Cypriots as Bloody Christmas, when a Greek Cypriot policemen that had been called to help deal with a taxi driver refusing officers already on the scene access to check the identification documents of his customers, took out his gun upon arrival and shot and killed the taxi driver and his partner. Eric Solsten summarised the events as follows: "a Greek Cypriot police patrol, ostensibly checking identification documents, stopped a Turkish Cypriot couple on the edge of the Turkish quarter. A hostile crowd gathered, shots were fired, and two Turkish Cypriots were killed."

In the morning after the shooting, crowds gathered in protest in Northern Nicosia, likely encouraged by the TMT, without incident. On the evening of the 22nd, gunfire broke out, communication lines to the Turkish neighbourhoods were cut, and the Greek Cypriot police occupied the nearby airport. On the 23rd, a ceasefire was negotiated, but did not hold. Fighting, including automatic weapons fire, between Greek and Turkish Cypriots and militias increased in Nicosia and Larnaca. A force of Greek Cypriot irregulars led by Nikos Sampson entered the Nicosia suburb of Omorphita and engaged in heavy firing on armed, as well as by some accounts unarmed, Turkish Cypriots. The Omorphita clash has been described by Turkish Cypriots as a massacre, while this view has generally not been acknowledged by Greek Cypriots.

Further ceasefires were arranged between the two sides, but also failed. By Christmas Eve, the 24th, Britain, Greece, and Turkey had joined talks, with all sides calling for a truce. On Christmas day, Turkish fighter jets overflew Nicosia in a show of support. Finally it was agreed to allow a force of 2,700 British soldiers to help enforce a ceasefire. In the next days, a "buffer zone" was created in Nicosia, and a British officer marked a line on a map with green ink, separating the two sides of the city, which was the beginning of the "Green Line". Fighting continued across the island for the next several weeks.

In total 364 Turkish Cypriots and 174 Greek Cypriots were killed during the violence. 25,000 Turkish Cypriots from 103-109 villages fled and were displaced into enclaves and thousands of Turkish Cypriot houses were ransacked or completely destroyed.

Contemporary newspapers also reported on the forceful exodus of the Turkish Cypriots from their homes. According to The Times in 1964, threats, shootings and attempts of arson were committed against the Turkish Cypriots to force them out of their homes. The Daily Express wrote that "25,000 Turks have already been forced to leave their homes". The Guardian reported a massacre of Turks at Limassol on 16 February 1964.

Turkey had by now readied its fleet and its fighter jets appeared over Nicosia. Turkey was dissuaded from direct involvement by the creation of a United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus (UNFICYP) in 1964. Despite the negotiated ceasefire in Nicosia, attacks on the Turkish Cypriot persisted, particularly in Limassol. Concerned about the possibility of a Turkish invasion, Makarios undertook the creation of a Greek Cypriot conscript-based army called the "National Guard". A general from Greece took charge of the army, whilst a further 20,000 well-equipped officers and men were smuggled from Greece into Cyprus. Turkey threatened to intervene once more, but was prevented by a strongly worded letter from the American President Lyndon B. Johnson, anxious to avoid a conflict between NATO allies Greece and Turkey at the height of the Cold War.

Turkish Cypriots had by now established an important bridgehead at Kokkina, provided with arms, volunteers and materials from Turkey and abroad. Seeing this incursion of foreign weapons and troops as a major threat, the Cypriot government invited George Grivas to return from Greece as commander of the Greek troops on the island and launch a major attack on the bridgehead. Turkey retaliated by dispatching its fighter jets to bomb Greek positions, causing Makarios to threaten an attack on every Turkish Cypriot village on the island if the bombings did not cease. The conflict had now drawn in Greece and Turkey, with both countries amassing troops on their Thracian borders. Efforts at mediation by Dean Acheson, a former U.S. Secretary of State, and UN-appointed mediator Galo Plaza had failed, all the while the division of the two communities becoming more apparent. Greek Cypriot forces were estimated at some 30,000, including the National Guard and the large contingent from Greece. Defending the Turkish Cypriot enclaves was a force of approximately 5,000 irregulars, led by a Turkish colonel, but lacking the equipment and organisation of the Greek forces.

The Secretary-General of the United Nations in 1964, U Thant, reported the damage during the conflicts:

UNFICYP carried out a detailed survey of all damage to properties throughout the island during the disturbances; it shows that in 109 villages, most of them Turkish-Cypriot or mixed villages, 527 houses have been destroyed while 2,000 others have suffered damage from looting.

The situation worsened in 1967, when a military junta overthrew the democratically elected government of Greece, and began applying pressure on Makarios to achieve enosis. Makarios, not wishing to become part of a military dictatorship or trigger a Turkish invasion, began to distance himself from the goal of enosis. This caused tensions with the junta in Greece as well as George Grivas in Cyprus. Grivas's control over the National Guard and Greek contingent was seen as a threat to Makarios's position, who now feared a possible coup.[citation needed] The National Guard and Cyprus Police began patrolling the Turkish Cypriot enclaves of Ayios Theodoros and Kophinou, and on November 15 engaged in heavy fighting with the Turkish Cypriots.

By the time of his withdrawal 26 Turkish Cypriots had been killed. Turkey replied with an ultimatum demanding that Grivas be removed from the island, that the troops smuggled from Greece in excess of the limits of the Treaty of Alliance be removed, and that the economic blockades on the Turkish Cypriot enclaves be lifted. Grivas was recalled by the Athens Junta and the 12,000 Greek troops were withdrawn. Makarios now attempted to consolidate his position by reducing the number of National Guard troops, and by creating a paramilitary force loyal to Cypriot independence. In 1968, acknowledging that enosis was now all but impossible, Makarios stated, "A solution by necessity must be sought within the limits of what is feasible which does not always coincide with the limits of what is desirable."

After 1967 tensions between the Greek and Turkish Cypriots subsided. Instead, the main source of tension on the island came from factions within the Greek Cypriot community. Although Makarios had effectively abandoned enosis in favour of an 'attainable solution', many others continued to believe that the only legitimate political aspiration for Greek Cypriots was union with Greece.

On his arrival, Grivas began by establishing a nationalist paramilitary group known as the National Organization of Cypriot Fighters (Ethniki Organosis Kyprion Agoniston B or EOKA-B), drawing comparisons with the EOKA struggle for enosis under the British colonial administration of the 1950s.

The military junta in Athens saw Makarios as an obstacle. Makarios's failure to disband the National Guard, whose officer class was dominated by mainland Greeks, had meant the junta had practical control over the Cypriot military establishment, leaving Makarios isolated and a vulnerable target.

During the first Turkish invasion, Turkish troops invaded Cyprus territory on 20 July 1974, invoking its rights under the Treaty of Guarantee. This expansion of Turkish-occupied zone violated International Law as well as the Charter of the United Nations. Turkish troops managed to capture 3% of the island which was accompanied by the burning of the Turkish Cypriot quarter, as well as the raping and killing of women and children. A temporary cease-fire followed which was mitigated by the UN Security Council. Subsequently, the Greek military Junta collapsed on July 23, 1974, and peace talks commenced in which a democratic government was installed. The Resolution 353 was broken after Turkey attacked a second time and managed to get a hold of 37% of Cyprus territory. The Island of Cyprus was appointed a Buffer Zone by the United Nations, which divided the island into two zones through the 'Green Line' and put an end to the Turkish invasion. Although Turkey announced that the occupied areas of Cyprus to be called the Federated Turkish State in 1975, it is not legitimised on a worldwide political scale. The United Nations called for the international recognition of independence for the Republic of Cyprus in the Security Council Resolution 367.

In the years after the Turkish invasion of northern Cyprus one can observe a history of failed talks between the two parties. The 1983 declaration of the independent Turkish Republic of Cyprus resulted in a rise of inter-communal tensions and made it increasingly hard to find mutual understanding. With Cyprus' interest of a possible EU membership and a new UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan in 1997 new hopes arose for a fresh start. International involvement from sides of the US and UK, wanting a solution to the Cyprus dispute prior to the EU accession led to political pressures for new talks. The believe that an accession without a solution would threaten Greek-Turkish relations and acknowledge the partition of the island would direct the coming negotiations.

Over the course of two years a concrete plan, the Annan plan was formulated. In 2004 the fifth version agreed upon from both sides and with the endorsement of Turkey, US, UK and EU then was presented to the public and was given a referendum in both Cypriot communities to assure the legitimisation of the resolution. The Turkish Cypriots voted with 65% for the plan, however the Greek Cypriots voted with a 76% majority against. The Annan plan contained multiple important topics. Firstly it established a confederation of two separate states called the United Cyprus Republic. Both communities would have autonomous states combined under one unified government. The members of parliament would be chosen according to the percentage in population numbers to ensure a just involvement from both communities. The paper proposed a demilitarisation of the island over the next years. Furthermore it agreed upon a number of 45000 Turkish settlers that could remain on the island. These settlers became a very important issue concerning peace talks. Originally the Turkish government encouraged Turks to settle in Cyprus providing transfer and property, to establish a counterpart to the Greek Cypriot population due to their 1 to 5 minority. With the economic situation many Turkish-Cypriot decided to leave the island, however their departure is made up by incoming Turkish settlers leaving the population ratio between Turkish Cypriots and Greek Cypriots stable. However all these points where criticised and as seen in the vote rejected mainly by the Greek Cypriots. These name the dissolution of the „Republic of Cyprus", economic consequences of a reunion and the remaining Turkish settlers as reason. Many claim that the plan was indeed drawing more from Turkish-Cypriot demands then Greek-Cypriot interests. Taking in consideration that the US wanted to keep Turkey as a strategic partner in future Middle Eastern conflicts.

A week after the failed referendum the Republic of Cyprus joined the EU. In multiple instances the EU tried to promote trade with Northern Cyprus but without internationally recognised ports this spiked a grand debate. Both side endure their intention of negotiations, however without the prospect of any new compromises or agreements the UN is unwilling to start the process again. Since 2004 negotiations took place in numbers but without any results, both sides are strongly holding on to their position without an agreeable solution in sight that would suit both parties.

Sgt. 1st Class Joseph Maughon, the master gunner from Fort Hood, Texas's Company C, 2nd Battalion, 12th Cavalry Regiment, 1st Brigade Combat Team, 1st Cavalry Division (right) and Staff Sgt. Scott Colson, a Company C tank commander, remote fire a tank during calibration fire at Grafenwoehr Training Area, Germany, Oct. 1. The 1st Cav Soldiers are taking part in Combined Resolve III, part of a series of training iterations designed to prepare the brigade for its role as the Army's Regionally Aligned Force supporting U.S. Army Europe. (Photo by Capt. John Farmer)

Peacefully resolving the overriding political, economic and social concerns of our time requires a multifaceted approach, including mechanisms to address the links between the natural environment and human security. UNDP, UNEP, OSCE and NATO have joined forces in the Environment and Security (ENVSEC) Initiative to offer countries their combined pool of expertise and resources towards that aim. ENVSEC assessment of environment and security linkages in the South Caucasus was completed in 2004 and presented at the Ministerial meeting of EECCA countries in Tbilisi. The assessment as well as already on-going initiatives form a basis for an ENVSEC work programme in the region.

For any form of publication, please include the link to this page:

www.grida.no/resources/7184

This photo has been graciously provided to be used in the GRID-Arendal resources library by: Jean Radvanyi

A NATO C-17 Globemaster III airdrops an M119 105mm Towed Howitzer assigned to the 173rd Infantry Brigade Combat Team in support of exercise Saber Strike 15 at the Drawsko Pomorskie Training Area in Poland, June 15, 2015. Saber Strike is a U.S. European Command-sponsored, Joint Chiefs of Staff-directed regional and multilateral command post and field exercise designed to increase interoperability between the United States and partner nations. (U.S. Army photo by Spc. Marcus Floyd/Released)

Daily weather analysis at the airfield in St. John’s Canada were essential for planning the day’s flight operations. The airborne side of the NAAMES project travels with two full-time meteorologists.

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The North Atlantic Aerosols and Marine Ecosystems Study (NAAMES) is a five year investigation to resolve key processes controlling ocean system function, their influences on atmospheric aerosols and clouds and their implications for climate.

Michael Starobin joined the NAAMES field campaign on behalf of Earth Expeditions and NASA Goddard Space Flight Center’s Office of Communications. He presented stories about the important, multi-disciplinary research being conducted by the NAAMES team, with an eye towards future missions on the NASA drawing board. This is a NAAMES photo essay put together by Starobin, a collection of 49 photographs and captions.

Photo and Caption Credit: Michael Starobin

NASA image use policy

NASA Goddard Space Flight Center enables NASA’s mission through four scientific endeavors: Earth Science, Heliophysics, Solar System Exploration, and Astrophysics. Goddard plays a leading role in NASA’s accomplishments by contributing compelling scientific knowledge to advance the Agency’s mission.

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47769 "Resolve" & 47831 "Bolton Wanderer" at Saltley on 05/08/00.

Scanned from a Kodak Royal Gold 100 colour negative

U.S. and Canadian soldiers prepare to ambush while playing the enemy during exercise Combined Resolve III at the Hohenfels Training Area, Nov. 6, 2014. Combined Resolve III is a U.S. Army Europe-directed multinational exercise at the Grafenwoehr and Hohenfels Training Areas, including more than 4,000 participants from NATO and partner nations. Combined Resolve III is designed to provide a complex training scenario that focuses on multinational unified land operations and reinforces the U.S. commitment to NATO and Europe. The exercise features the U.S. Army’s Regionally Aligned Force for Europe -- the 1st Brigade Combat Team, 1st Cavalry Division -- which supports the U.S. European Command during Operation Atlantic Resolve. For more photos, videos and stories from Combined Resolve III, go to www.eur.army.mil/jmtc/CombinedResolveIII.html. (U.S. Army photo by Markus Rauchenberger)

A U.S. Army M1A2 Abrams tank of 2nd Battalion, 12th Cavalry Regiment, 1st Brigade Combat Team, 1st Cavalry Division, maneuvers towards the objective while conducting a company attack lane during exercise Combined Resolve III at the Joint Multinational Readiness Center in Hohenfels, Germany, Oct. 24, 2014. Combined Resolve III is a multinational exercise, which includes more than 4,000 participants from NATO and partner nations, and is designed to provide a complex training scenario that focuses on multinational unified land operations and reinforces the U.S. commitment to NATO and Europe. (U.S. Army photo by Pfc. Lloyd Villanueva)

Cpt. Sasa Maksimowic, 4th Land Forces Brigade, Serbian Army and Maj. Davit Aleksanyan, Armenian Peacekeeping Brigade, review their actions after a dismounted situational training exercise at the Hohenfels Training Area during exercise Combined Resolve III, Oct. 28, 2014. Details at www.army.mil/article/137657.

Combined Resolve III is a U.S. Army Europe-directed multinational exercise at the Grafenwoehr and Hohenfels Training Areas, including more than 4,000 participants from NATO and partner nations. For more, go to www.eur.army/jmtc/CombinedResolveIII.html. (U.S. Army photo by Sgt. Michael Broughey, 65th Public Affairs Operations Center)

A member of the 2-116 Calvary Regiment USA works as the Primary Training Audience (PTA) to provide a safe cordon around the Combat Supply Drop zone at Saville farms at Canadian Forces Base Wainwright, Alberta during Exercise Maple Resolve on October 16, 2012.

Un membre du 2-116 Calvary Regiment des États-Unis agit à titre de groupe-cible principal de l’instruction (GCPI) afin d’assurer un périmètre de sécurité autour de la zone de largage d’approvisionnements de combat, à la ferme Saville de la Base des Forces canadiennes Wainwright (Alberta), lors de l’exercice Maple Resolve, le 16 octobre 2012.

Photo : Cpl Tina Gillies

WT2012-0173-011

A Canadian Armed Forces Medium Range Radar sits on a hill at the start of Exercise MAPLE RESOLVE 21, May 1, 2021, at the 3rd Canadian Division Support Base Detachment Wainwright.

Photo: Corporal Djalma Vuong-De Ramos, Canadian Armed Forces photo

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Un radar à moyenne portée des Forces armées canadiennes est installé sur une colline au début de l’exercice MAPLE RESOLVE 21, le 1er mai 2021, à la Base de soutien de la 3e Division du Canada, détachement Wainwright.

Photo : Caporal Djalma Vuong-De Ramos, Forces armées canadiennes

Detail of the Swedish windows, located in the area immediately to the left of the great tapestry by the stairwell leading to the undercroft. They were the gift of the people of Sweden and made in the country by artist Einar Forseth (who also designed the mosaic floor of the Chapel of Unity).

The theme of the windows is the work of British missionaries in bringing the faith to Scandinavia, represented in the first three figurative windows, whilst the remaining two feature national and Christian symbols. The bright colouring and style set them apart from the other, more painterly windows in the Cathedral.

Coventry's Cathedral is a unique synthesis of old a new, born of wartime suffering and forged in the spirit of postwar optimism, famous for it's history and for being the most radically modern of Anglican cathedrals. Two cathedral's stand side by side, the ruins of the medieval building, destroyed by incendiary bombs in 1940 and the bold new building designed by Basil Spence and opened in 1962.

It is a common misconception that Coventry lost it's first cathedral in the wartime blitz, but the bombs actually destroyed it's second; the original medieval cathedral was the monastic St Mary's, a large cruciform building believed to have been similar in appearance to Lichfield Cathedral (whose diocese it shared). Tragically it became the only English cathedral to be destroyed during the Reformation, after which it was quickly quarried away, leaving only scant fragments, but enough evidence survives to indicate it's rich decoration (some pieces were displayed nearby in the Priory Visitors Centre, sadly since closed). Foundations of it's apse were found during the building of the new cathedral in the 1950s, thus technically three cathedrals share the same site.

The mainly 15th century St Michael's parish church became the seat of the new diocese of Coventry in 1918, and being one of the largest parish churches in the country it was upgraded to cathedral status without structural changes (unlike most 'parish church' cathedrals created in the early 20th century). It lasted in this role a mere 22 years before being burned to the ground in the 1940 Coventry Blitz, leaving only the outer walls and the magnificent tapering tower and spire (the extensive arcades and clerestoreys collapsed completely in the fire, precipitated by the roof reinforcement girders, installed in the Victorian restoration, that buckled in the intense heat).

The determination to rebuild the cathedral in some form was born on the day of the bombing, however it wasn't until the mid 1950s that a competition was held and Sir Basil Spence's design was chosen. Spence had been so moved by experiencing the ruined church he resolved to retain it entirely to serve as a forecourt to the new church. He envisaged the two being linked by a glass screen wall so that the old church would be visible from within the new.

Built between 1957-62 at a right-angle to the ruins, the new cathedral attracted controversy for it's modern form, and yet some modernists argued that it didn't go far enough, after all there are echoes of the Gothic style in the great stone-mullioned windows of the nave and the net vaulting (actually a free-standing canopy) within. What is exceptional is the way art has been used as such an integral part of the building, a watershed moment, revolutionising the concept of religious art in Britain.

Spence employed some of the biggest names in contemporary art to contribute their vision to his; the exterior is adorned with Jacob Epstein's triumphant bronze figures of Archangel Michael (patron of the cathedral) vanquishing the Devil. At the entrance is the remarkable glass wall, engraved by John Hutton with strikingly stylised figures of saints and angels, and allowing the interior of the new to communicate with the ruin. Inside, the great tapestry of Christ in majesty surrounded by the evangelistic creatures, draws the eye beyond the high altar; it was designed by Graham Sutherland and was the largest tapestry ever made.

However one of the greatest features of Coventry is it's wealth of modern stained glass, something Spence resolved to include having witnessed the bleakness of Chartres Cathedral in wartime, all it's stained glass having been removed. The first window encountered on entering is the enormous 'chess-board' baptistry window filled with stunning abstract glass by John Piper & Patrick Reyntiens, a symphony of glowing colour. The staggered nave walls are illuminated by ten narrow floor to ceiling windows filled with semi-abstract symbolic designs arranged in pairs of dominant colours (green, red, multi-coloured, purple/blue and gold) representing the souls journey to maturity, and revealed gradually as one approaches the altar. This amazing project was the work of three designers lead by master glass artist Lawrence Lee of the Royal College of Art along with Keith New and Geoffrey Clarke (each artist designed three of the windows individually and all collaborated on the last).

The cathedral still dazzles the visitor with the boldness of it's vision, but alas, half a century on, it was not a vision to be repeated and few of the churches and cathedrals built since can claim to have embraced the synthesis of art and architecture in the way Basil Spence did at Coventry.

The cathedral is generally open to visitors most days. For more see below:-

www.coventrycathedral.org.uk/

The crew of an M1126 Stryker from Commanche Troop, 1st Squadron, 2nd Cavalry Regiment, stand-by to roll out to their next react to ambush lane with Estonian Soldiers at a training area near Tapa, Estonia, Oct. 28, 2014. These lanes are conducted to help both the Estonian Conscripted Soldiers and U.S. Soldiers hone their skills. These activities are part of the U.S. Army Europe-led Operation Atlantic Resolve land force assurance training taking place across Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland to enhance multinational interoperability, strengthen relationships among allied militaries, contribute to regional stability and demonstrate US commitment to NATO. (U.S. Army National Guard Photo by 1st Lt. Jeffrey Rivard)

Verlegung von Black Hawk und Chinook Helicopter von Bremerhaven nach Nordholz zwecks auftanken

Soldiers from the 16th Sustainment Brigade practice evacuating casualties under fire during exercise Combined Resolve III, Oct. 28, 2014. Combined Resolve III is a U.S. Army Europe-directed multinational exercise at the Grafenwoehr and Hohenfels Training Areas, including more than 4,000 participants from NATO and partner nations. Combined Resolve III is designed to provide a complex training scenario that focuses on multinational unified land operations and reinforces the U.S. commitment to NATO and Europe. The exercise features the U.S. Army’s Regionally Aligned Forces for Europe-the 1st Brigade Combat Team, 1st Cavalry Division-which supports the U.S. European Command during Operation Atlantic Resolve. For more photos, videos, and stories from Combined Resolve III, go to www.eur.army/jmtc/CombinedResolveIII.html. (U.S. Army photo by 1st Lt. Henry Chan, 16th Sustainment Brigade Public Affairs, 21st Theater Sustainment Command)

A member of The 2nd Battalion, The Royal Canadian Regiment provides cover for his section during a simulated attack as part of Exercise MAPLE RESOLVE in Wainwright, Alberta on May 21, 2022.

Photo by Cpl Aimee Rintjema, Canadian Armed Forces Photo

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Un membre du 2e Bataillon, The Royal Canadian Regiment, assure la couverture de sa section lors d’une attaque simulée dans le cadre de l’exercice MAPLE RESOLVE, à Wainwright, en Alberta, le 21 mai 2022.

Photo : Cpl Aimee Rintjema, Forces armées canadiennes

A column of M2A3 Bradley Fighting Vehicles and M1126 Strykers from 2nd Battalion, 8th Cavalry Regiment, 1st Brigade Combat Team, 1st Cavalry Division and 1st Squadron (Stryker), 2nd Cavalry Regiment, prepare to move after a short rest halt at the conclusion of a react to ambush exercise with Estonian Soldiers, Oct. 28, 2014, near Tapa, Estonia. These activities are part of the U.S. Army Europe-led Operation Atlantic Resolve land force assurance training taking place across Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland to enhance multinational interoperability, strengthen relationships among allied militaries, contribute to regional stability and demonstrate US commitment to NATO. (U.S. Army National Guard Photo by 1st Lt. Jeffrey Rivard)

It is a long, long time ago that we were last here. I did manage to take about a dozen shots that day.

You'll be glad to know I took more this time.

Sheppy is other-worldly. It is an island, but now there are two bridges onto it, the last being a dual carriageway, getting you to the delights of Sheerness and Queensborough doubly quickly.

Away from the western end, the island barely rises above the waters of the Thames and Swale that surround it, except at one place; Minster, where a monastery was built to look down on the fenland all around.

As we were nearby in Iwade, it was a ten minute drive to get to Minster, find our way up the hill and a vacant parking space. The museum in the gatehouse was open, but we pass by that to the church and mister beyond, with its wide and squat tower rising from the graveyard.

I pushed the door of the church, and it swung open, revealing a huge space; once two churches, but now full of details worthy of investigating.

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The large, almost square, medieval gatehouse to the west of the church tells the visitor that here is no ordinary parish church. For nearly a thousand years this was both Minster Abbey and Minster parish church. Today it is one building, but formerly the present south aisle formed the parish church, whilst the north aisle belonged to the nuns and was part of the monastic enclosure. The parish church side has a distinct nineteenth-century feel to it, the result of a much-needed restoration of 1879 by Ewan Christian to which Queen Victoria contributed. It contains some notable old monuments; especially interesting is that to Sir Robert de Shurland (d. 1310) which is an effigy of a knight under a wall recess. Between the nuns' aisle and the parish church is the Cheyne tomb, commemorating Sir Thomas Cheyne (d. 1559). This imposing marble and alabaster table tomb shows him wearing his Order of the Garter. The north aisle - or nuns' church - has altogether more atmosphere with substantial remains of the original church built by St Sexburga, widow of King Erconbert of Kent in AD 670. The arched heads of two Saxon windows survive in the southern wall, and the 'chancel' of the nuns' church has had its plaster removed to show the early rubble construction. It is separated from the rest of the church by a fine oak screen of about 1400. The whole church has a well-cared-for atmosphere and should be near the top of all visitors' lists.

www.kentchurches.info/church.asp?p=Minster+in+Sheppey

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Minster Abbey or, to give it its full title, The Abbey Church of the Blessed Virgin Mary and Saint Sexburgha, occupies the highest hilltop position on the otherwise flat Isle of Sheppey in Kent and has been a place of worship for over 1,400 years.

Founded as a nunnery by the widowed Queen Sexburgha in 664AD it was endowed with land given by her son Ercombert, King of Kent. With no stone on the island the building material was hewn at Boughton Monchelsea and brought down the River Medway and the Swale. Examples of early Saxon stone and Roman tiles, (from an earlier Roman outpost of the garrison at Reculver which earlier occupied this hilltop,) can also be found in the walls of the St Sexburgha chapel. Three still functioning wells from the priory are located by the Gatehouse, under a shop in Minster High Street and in the garden of a house in the adjacent Falcon Gardens.

The priory was badly damaged, but not destroyed, by Danish Vikings in the ninth century and was further damaged in the 11th century.

Following the Norman invasion of 1066, King William the Conqueror partly rebuilt the church and priory and allowed nuns from Newington to take up residence. It remained impoverished, though, until Archbishop de Corbeuil rebuilt it between 1123 and 1139. He is credited with the unusual arrangement of two adjacent 'churches' with the northern church for the nuns and the southern for the parishioners. It is thought curtains were originally hung to cover the arches which separate the two churches. The stone for the Norman part of the church was imported from Caen from the same quarry that provided the stone for Canterbury Cathedral

During the Dissolution of the Monasteries by Henry VIII the two adjacent churches led directly to the saving of the Abbey church. Because the two churches shared a common wall and were linked by arches in the wall, the Abbey church was spared the destruction wrought on the rest of the Abbey

Following the Dissolution, the abbey came into the ownership of Sir Thomas Cheyne (or Cheney) and he was first buried in the now lost chapel of Saint Katherine on this site in 1559. Most of the Abbey was eventually demolished except for the church and the adjacent Abbey Gatehouse. The gatehouse survived because it was used as a private residence and now contains an interesting local history museum.

Repairs to the church were neglected in the mid 19th century, but Rev William Bramston restored the church in 1881 and the Abbey is now a Grade 1 listed building which provides protection but also limits the modernisation work which can be done (e.g. the installation of a disabled toilet)

Internally there is no chancel arch in the southern aisle while the northern aisle retains both chancel arch and a carved timber screen. At the eastern end of the southern aisle there is a niche which has traces of a medieval wall painting of St. Nicholas.

The north-east Sexburgha chapel (also known as the Nuns' chapel) is separated from North aisle by a 12th century oak screen

The church has an interesting array of monuments displaying English armour from the 14th to the 16th centuries. The earliest is Baron Robert de Shurland [died 1327] who reclines on an altar tomb on the southside. At his feet is the head of his horse, Grey Dolphin. According to local legend, Sir Robert killed a monk and resolved to ask the King for a pardon. In 1326 he rode to where the King's ship was anchored, off the Isle of Sheppey, and rode out through the water to gain forgiveness from the King. Returning, he met a witch who said that de Shurland's horse, Grey Dolphin, which had borne him so bravely to the ship, would be the death of him. Sir Robert immediately killed the horse and cut off its head. A year later Sir Robert was walking along the shore when a shard of the horse's bone pierced his foot. Blood poisoning set in and Sir Robert died, killed by his horse as predicted by the witch.

In the arches between the two churches is the final resting place of Sir Thomas Cheyne KG [1485-1558]. As Sherriff of Kent from 1516 and Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports from 1536 until his death, (a position he held through the reigns of all five of the Tudor monarchs), he became one of the most powerful men in the South-East of England. For many years he served as Treasurer of the Household for Henry VIII and remarkably retained this post under Mary 1.

In the north-east corner of the northern aisle there is the effigy of a man dressed in high Gothic armour from the late 15th century. Some sources suggest it might be Sir Hugh de Badlesemere, a Yorkist soldier who fought in the War of the Roses. However others say that it might be George, 1st Duke of Clarence, as George was constable of nearby Queenborough Castle. Supposedly executed at the Tower of London by drowning in a Butt of Malmsley, there is evidence, though, that George was buried with his wife in Tewksbury. The effigy is of very high quality and clearly reflects wealth, but all the shields and heraldry have been hacked off, which might suggest Tudor vandalism of a supposed Yorkist tomb. This could support the 'Clarence' theory, but the effigy also rests with his feet on a curly haired ram and not a bull - the bull badge being traditionally associated with George, Duke of Clarence.

Another effigy of early 15th century date was dug up in the churchyard in 1833 and this lies against the north wall. Some sources suggest this is General Geronimo who appears in the Register as being buried in December 1591. He was captured in a Spanish galleon by Sir Edward Hoby in 1588 and held hostage in Queenborough Castle. The ransom was never paid and he died in captivity. He clasps a small egg shaped image in his hands which is said to represent his soul

Other rough hewn tombs recovered at this time are thought to be tombs of abbesses of the Abbey.

www.minsterabbey.org.uk/3.html

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MINSTER

IS the principal parish in the Island of Shepey. It lies on high ground near the middle of the north side of it.

The parish takes its name from the monastery founded very early within it, Minstre in the Saxon language signifying a monastery or religious house.

The manor of Newington claims over a small part of this parish, but the paramount manor over the whole of it is that of Milton.

THE PARISH of Minster is by far the largest of any in the island. The village is situated on high ground near the middle of it, with the church, and ruins of the monastery close on the northern side of it; of the latter there is little more than the gate-house remaining.

THE VILLE of Sheerness is situated at the western bounds, as well of this parish as of the whole island, a further account of which will be given hereafter. It was formerly accounted as part of this parish, but it has long since been made a ville of itself, and as to its civil jurisdiction, entirely separate from this parish.

The cliffs on the northern side of this island, are likewise the northern boundaries of this parish; Queenborough and Sheerness bound it towards the west, and the Swale and the island of Elmley southward.

In June 1756, a monstrous fish, thought to be a young whale, was driven on shore at this place. It measured thirty-six feet and upwards in length, twentytwo feet in circumserence, and eight feet from the eyes to the tip of the nose. It was supposed to yield twenty hogsheads of oil.

King Edward III. in his 17th year, granted a fair to be held here on Palm Monday, which is still continued for toys and such like merchandize.

SEXBURGA, one of the daughters of Annas, king of East Anglia, and widow of Ercombert, king of Kent, between the years 664 and 673, having obtained lands in this parish of her son king Egbert, founded A MONASTERY here, which she finished and got well endowed for seventy-seven nuns, whom she placed in it, king Egbert himself adding several lands to it, and she became herself the first abbess. Soon after which, about the year 675, she resigned her government of it to her daughter Ermenilda, who became the second abbess, and then retired, in the year 699, to the Isle of Ely, to the monastery there, over which her sister Etheldred presided. (fn. 1)

During the times of the Danish invasions, the religious of this monastery were subject to continual instances of cruelty and oppression, and at last their house was in a great measure destroyed by them, and the nuns dispersed. In which situation it seems nearly to have remained till the reign of the Conqueror, who, on the prioress of the nunnery of Newington near Sittingborne having been strangled in her bed, consiscated their possessions, and removed the few remaining nuns to this ruinated monastery, which continued but in a very mean condition till the year 1130, when it was reedified and replenished with Benedictine nuns, by archbishop Corboil, and dedicated to St. Mary and St. Sexburg.

In the 8th year of king Richard II. anno 1384, the temporalities of this monastery were valued at 66 l. 8s. and the spiritualities at 73l. 6s. 8d. Total 139l. 14s. 8d.

¶In the 27th year of king Henry VIII. an act having passed for the suppression of all religious houses, whose revenues did not amount to the clear yearly value of two hundred pounds, this monastery, whose revenues amounted to no more than 129l. 7s. 10½d. annual re venue, or 122l. 14s. 6d. clear yearly income, being then ten pounds less than they were near two hundred years before, was surrendered up to the king, at which time it was in so indigent a state, that there were but a prioress and ten nuns in it. To the former, Alicia Crane, the king granted a pension of fourteen pounds for her life, towards her proper support and maintenance.

MINSTER is within the ECCLESIASTICAL JURISDICTION of the diocese of Canterbury, and deanry of Sittingborne.

The church, which is dedicated to St. Mary and St. Sexburg, (as was the monastery) is supposed by some to have been the very church of it, but by others, that it only adjoined to it; at present it consists of two isles and two chancels. The steeple is at the west end, being a large square tower, with a turret at the top, in which there is a clock, and a ring of five bells. It was formerly higher than it is at present, as appears by the remains. There was formerly a building adjoining to the east end of the north chancel, as appears by a doorcase and some ornaments on the outside of it. In the north chancel, on the south side, is the tomb of Sir Thomas Cheney, knight of the garter, &c. who was buried with great state, in a chapel which had been the conventual church, adjoining to the north east part of this parish; but his son Henry, lord Cheney, having in 1581, anno 24 Elizabeth, obtained a licence to remove the coffins and bones of his father and ancestors from thence, he having sold the materials of the chapel to Sir Humphry Gilbert, and placed them in this parish church, the coffin of his father was, among others removed, and deposited in this chancel. On the north side, under an arch in the wall, on a grey marble, lies the figure of a man, habited in armour. In the south, or high chancel, against the south wall, is an antient tomb, with the effigies of a man lying at length crosslegged, and in armour; on his right side is the figure of a horse's head, carved alike in alabaster, and fixed to the tomb, concerning which many idle reports are current. (fn. 10) On a stone in the middle of the chancel, are the figures in brass of a man and woman; his in armour, cross-legged, with large spurs, his sword by his side, and this coat of arms, Ermine, a pale, engrailed, (perhaps it might have been originally a cross, the rest of it having been rubbed out); on her mantle, Three bars, wavy; under his feet a lion, under her's a talbot; the inscription underneath is gone, except the word Hic at the beginning of it. At the upper end of the north isle is a small stone, seemingly very antient, with a cross bottony on it.

In the year 1489, there was a chapel, dedicated to St. John Baptist, Situated within the cemetery of Minster, in Shepey.

The church of Minster seems to have been part of the endowment of the monastery at the first foundation of it.

¶This church was not many years afterwards appropriated to it, (fn. 11) the cure of it being esteemed as a donative, in which state it continued at the time of the dissolution of the monastery, when it came, together with the rest of the possessions of it, into the king's hands, where it remained till the king granted the rectory of Minster, with its rights, members, and appurtenances, and the advowson of the church there, to Sir Thomas Cheney, knight of the garter, &c. to hold in capite by knight's service, whose son Henry, lord Cheney, of Tuddington, alienated this rectory, with the advowson, to Robert Levesey, esq. in whose descendants it continued sometime afterwards, till at length it was sold to Gore, and William Gore, esq. of Boxley, died possessed of the rectory impropriate, with the advowson, in 1768. He died s.p. and by his will devised it to his relation Robert Mitchell, esq. who dying likewise. s.p. in 1779, gave his estates to his three nephews, Robert, Christopher, and Thomas, sons of his brother Thomas, the eldest of whom, Robert Mitchell, esq. became afterwards the sole proprietor of them.

The parsonage at present consists of a house, barns, &c. and one hundred and eighty-eight acres of arable, meadow, and pasture belonging to it, together with all the great and small tithes of the parish, of all kinds whatsoever.

The ecclesiastical jurisdiction of this parish extends over the ville of Sheerness, the populousness of which adds greatly to the burials in it, insomuch that in some years of late, they have amounted to between two and three hundred.

The church of Queenborough was formerly esteemed as a chapel to this church, but it has long since been independent of it. The cure of it is still esteemed as a donative, the yearly stipend of the curate being 16l. 13s. 4d. In 1578 the communicants were three hundred and eight.

In 1640 the stipend of the curate was 16l. 13s. 4d. Communicants two hundred and sixty-five. It is not in charge in the king's books.

Roger, abbot of St. Augustine's, in 1188 let to Agnes, prioress, and the convent of St. Sexburg, certain tithes within this parish, to hold in perpetual ferme at fourteen shillings yearly rent, &c. These tithes were those of Westlande; being those of Sir Adam de Shurlande, and of Adam Rusin (fn. 12)

www.british-history.ac.uk/survey-kent/vol6/pp216-229

U.S. Army Brig. Gen. Christopher Cavoli, Commanding General, Joint Multinational Training Command, oberves maneuvering during a distinguished visitor tour during Combined Resolve III, Oct. 24, 2014, at the Hohenfels Training Area with Lt. Gen. Aleksander Zivkovic, Commanding, Serbian Army. Combined Resolve III is a U.S Army Europe-directed multinational exercise at the Grafenwoehr and Hohenfels Training Areas, including more than 4,000 participants from NATO and partner nations. Combined Resolve III is designed to provide a complex training scenario that focuses on multinational unified land operations and reinforces the U.S commitment to NATO and Europe. The exercises features the U.S. Army’s Regionally Aligned Force for Europe-the 1st Brigade Combat Team, 1st Cavalry Division-which supports the U.S. European Command during Operation Atlantic Resolve. For more photos, videos, and stories from Combined Resolve III, go to www.eur.army.mil/jmtc/CombinedResolveIII.html. .(U.S. Army photo by Sarah Tate, JMTC PAO).

A member of the 2nd Battalion Royal Canadian Regiment (2RCR) checks around the corner before advancing on the next building in the Urban training area of Wainwright, Alberta during Exercise MAPLE RESOLVE, on May 21, 2022.

Please Credit: Master Sailor Dan Bard, Canadian Forces Combat Camera, Canadian Armed Forces Photo

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Un membre du 2e Bataillon, The Royal Canadian Regiment (2RCR), vérifie les alentours avant de s’avancer vers le prochain bâtiment, dans le secteur d’entraînement aux opérations en milieu urbain de Wainwright, en Alberta, au cours de l’exercice MAPLE RESOLVE, le 21 mai 2022.

Photo : Matelot-chef Dan Bard, Caméra de combat des Forces canadiennes, Forces armées canadiennes

A member of the 2nd Battalion Royal Canadian Regiment (2RCR) watches from inside a building as other members of the 2RCR take control of the building in the Urban training area of Wainwright Alberta during Exercise MAPLE RESOLVE on May 21, 2022.

Please Credit Master Sailor Dan Bard Canadian Forces Combat Camera.

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Un membre du 2e Bataillon, The Royal Canadian Regiment (2RCR), se trouvant à l’intérieur d’un bâtiment, observe les autres membres du 2RCR prendre le contrôle du bâtiment, dans le secteur d’entraînement aux opérations en milieu urbain de Wainwright, en Alberta, au cours de l’exercice MAPLE RESOLVE, le 21 mai 2022.

Photo : Matelot-chef Dan Bard, Caméra de combat des Forces canadiennes, Forces armées canadiennes

A member of the 2nd Battalion Royal Canadian Regiment (2RCR) calls out targets, as a sniper from A Company, The Royal Welsh Regiment, engages targets in the Urban training area of Wainwright, Alberta during Exercise MAPLE RESOLVE, on May 21, 2022.

Please Credit: Master Sailor Dan Bard, Canadian Forces Combat Camera, Canadian Armed Forces Photo

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Un tireur d’élite de la Compagnie A, The Royal Welsh Regiment, vise les cibles que lui désigne un membre du 2e Bataillon, The Royal Canadian Regiment (2RCR), dans le secteur d’entraînement aux opérations en milieu urbain de Wainwright, en Alberta, au cours de l’exercice MAPLE RESOLVE, le 21 mai 2022.

Photo : Matelot-chef Dan Bard, Caméra de combat des Forces canadiennes, Forces armées canadiennes

Spc. Jacob Smith from the 1st Brigade Combat Team, 1st Cavalry Division, ground guides tracked vehicles in preparation for training during Exercise Combined Resolve III at Grafenwoehr, Germany, Oct. 6. The equipment is part of the European Activity Set), a battalion-sized set of equipment pre-positioned on the Grafenwoehr Training Area to outfit and support U.S. Army forces rotating to Europe for training and contingency missions. The 1st Cav currently serves as the Army's Regionally Aligned Force in support of the U.S. European Command. Combined Resolve III is a U.S. Army Europe-led, multinational exercise at the Joint Multinational Training Command's Hohenfels and Grafenwoehr Training Areas focused on maintaining and enhancing interoperability during unified land operations in a decisive action training environment. (Photo by Gertrud Zach)

www.learningdslrvideo.com/generic-disk-setup/

Turpinot ASV operāciju “Atlantic Resolve”, šodien starptautiskajā lidostā “Rīga” ieradušies helikopteri UH-60 “Black Hawk”, lai stiprinātu reģionālo drošību un demonstrētu ASV klātbūtni reģionā.

Tāpat operācijas “Atlantic Resolve” ietvaros Latvijā ieradušies vairāk nekā 60 karavīru no ASV 1. gaisa kavalērijas brigādes 227. aviācijas pulka 3. bataljona, kas ar piecu helikopteru UH-60 “Black Hawk” atbalstu pildīs dienesta pienākumus Gaisa spēku aviācijas bāzē Lielvārdē, nomainot 10. Aviācijas brigādes 3. Vispārējā atbalsta aviācijas bataljona vienības ”Fēnikss” karavīrus, kas Latvijā bija izvietoti kopš marta.

227. aviācijas pulka 3. bataljona karavīri trenēsies kopā ar Nacionālo bruņoto spēku un NATO paplašinātās klātbūtnes kaujas grupas karavīriem, kā arī piedalīsies starptautiskajās militārajās mācībās, un plānots, ka šī rotācija Latvijā uzturēsies deviņus mēnešus.

Pēc Krievijas veiktās Krimas aneksijas 2014. gada pavasarī un agresijas Ukrainas austrumos ASV sāka mācību operāciju "Atlantic Resolve". Operācijas mērķis ir apliecināt ASV nepārtraukto ieguldījumu NATO dalībvalstu kolektīvajā drošībā, veicinot mieru un stabilitāti Baltijas valstīs un Polijā. Operācija ir izvērsta arī Rumānijā un Bulgārijā.

Foto: Normunds Mežiņš (Jaunsardzes un informācijas centrs)

1st Brigade Combat Team, 1st Cavalry Division Soldiers review the attack plan with Moldovan Soldiers before a situational training exercise at the Hohenfels Training Area, as part of exercise Combined Resolve III, Oct. 26, 2014. Combined Resolve III is a U.S Army Europe-directed multinational exercise at the Grafenwoehr and Hohenfels Training Areas, including more than 4,000 participants from NATO and partner nations. Combined Resolve III is designed to provide a complex training scenario that focuses on multinational unified land operations and reinforces the U.S commitment to NATO and Europe. The exercises features the U.S. Army’s Regionally Aligned Force for Europe-the 1st Brigade Combat Team, 1st Cavalry Division-which supports the U.S. European Command during Operation Atlantic Resolve. For more photos, videos, and stories from Combined Resolve III, go to www.eur.army.mil/jmtc/CombinedResolveIII.html. .(U.S. Army photo by SGT Michael Broughey )

Stykers from Lightning Troop, 3rd Squadron, 2d Cavalry Regiment arrive in Lithuania, 13 Jan., 2015. The Troop will and train with the Lithuanian Land Force as part of 2d Cavalry Regiment's involvement in Operation Atlantic Resolve. (U.S. Army photo-released)

First full assembly without tail support and test size of decals in place. Engines will be mounted in coming weeks and final strength issues and connection problems will also be resolved in coming weeks.

By T. W. Windeatt. (Read at Torquay, July, 1893.)

The little town and ancient borough of Totnes has during its lengthened history been the birthplace of men, not a few of whom have made their mark in the world, and not the least of these is one born in the present century – Wills, the Australian explorer – whose name deserves to be enshrined in the Transactions of this Association.

William John Wills was born in Totnes on the 5th January, 1834, being the son of William Wills, a surgeon then practising in Totnes, and Sarah, youngest daughter of William Galley, an old and respected inhabitant.* They both spent the latter part of their lives in and died at Torquay. As a boy Wills seems to have early developed an enquiring and thoughtful mind. His father says he was never a child in the common acceptation of the term, as he gave early indication of diligence and discretion scarcely compatible with the helplessness and simplicity of such tender years. He was educated at the Ashburton Grammar School, where he went as a boarder when eleven years of age, and of which school Mr. Paige, who still survives, was then the head master. A deep cutting in one of the benches in the old chapel of St Lawrence, then and now the schoolhouse, “W. J. WILLS” is still to be seen and records his sojourn there. Mr. Fabyan Amery, one of his schoolfellows, speaks of him as having always been a very scientific boy, and very observant of natural phenomena, which he always tried to get some scientific reason for. There appears to have been nothing remarkable in his progress at school, though his master commended his steady diligence and uniform propriety of conduct Mr. Paige remarked on one occasion to his father, “It vexes me that John does not take a top prize, for I see by his countenance that he understands as much, if not more, than any boy in my school; yet from want of readiness in answering he allows very inferior lads to win the tickets from him.”

* Henry Le Visconte, who was first lieutenant in the Erebus, and perished in the Franklin Expedition, was first cousin to Mrs. Wills.

He left school when sixteen and commenced to study medicine in his father’s surgery. In 1852 he studied practical chemistry under Dr. John Stenhouse at St. Bartholomew’s Hospital, who spoke of him as one of his most promising pupils, and ventured the assurance that in two years he would be second to none in England in practical chemistry.

In 1852 Dr. Wills determined to join the exodus then pouring out from England to Australia, engaged as medical attendant on board the Ballaarat, and arranged to take out the subject of my sketch, and a younger brother Tom with him. A few days after this arrangement was made Wills came to his father, and with that expression in his countenance so peculiarly his own, said, “My dear father, I have a favour to ask of you. I see my mother is grieving, although she says nothing, at our all leaving her together. Let Tom and me go alone. I will pledge myself to take care of him.” After a consultation this new plan was agreed upon. Dr. Wills released himself from his engagement with Messrs. Simpkins and Marshall for the Ballaarat, and secured two berths for the boys in one of Mr. W. S. Lindsay’s ships, which at that time were conveying living freights to Melbourne, their Channel port of departure being Dartmouth.

Wills’s love of knowledge in its details is evidenced by a story told by his father of him at this time. “I found,” he said, “that William had shortly before sailing expended some money on a quantity of stuff rolled up like balls of black rope-yarn, and exclaimed with astonishment, ‘In the name of goodness, are you going to chew or smoke all the way to Australia?'” for the commodity was the good old pigtail tobacco. He said smiling, “This is to make friends with the sailors. I intend to learn something about a ship by the time we reach our destination.” His mode of proceeding, as he told his father, was first to secure the good graces of the crew through the persuasive medium of the pigtail; then to learn the name and use of every rope, and of every part of the ship’s tackle from stem to stern. He thus soon acquired the art of splicing and reefing, and was amongst the first to go aloft in a storm, and to lend a hand in taking in topsails.

On arriving in Australia the two lads obtained situations as shepherds at Deniliquin, about 200 miles from Melbourne, at £30 a year and their rations. In August, 1853, Dr. Wills reached Melbourne, but it was some two months after landing before he ascertained his sons’ location, and joined them at their sheep station. William subsequently removed to Ballarat with his father, where he remained twelve months attending to patients in his father’s absence, and opening a gold office, where he perfected a plan of his own for weighing specimens containing quartz and gold in water, so as to find the quantity of each component. His thoughts and conversation were, however, constantly reverting to the interior of the great continent, and to the hope that he would some day undertake the journey to the Gulf of Carpentaria. In 1856 Wills obtained an appointment under Mr. F. Byerly, a gentleman in the Survey Department, and under him he commenced to learn surveying. A letter of advice as to the study of science written to his youngest brother at Totnes while he was engaged on a survey at an out station (St. Arnaud) evidenced his earnest love of science, and the following paragraph in it, referring to the study of astronomy, which I venture to think worth quoting, shows he had no difficulty in reconciling science and religion:

“As the great object of the science is the correction of error and the investigation of truth, it necessarily leads all those that feel an interest in it to a higher appreciation and desire for truth; and you will easily perceive that a man having a knowledge of all these vast worlds, so much more extensive than our own, must be capable of forming a far higher estimate of that Almighty Being who created all these wonders than one who knows nothing more than the comparatively trifling things that surround us on earth.”

Another paragraph at the end of this letter speaks for itself, and gives us the key to the man:

“One other piece of advice I must give you before I shut up; that is, never try to show off your knowledge, especially in scientific matters. It is a sin that certain persons we know have been guilty of. The first step is to learn your own ignorance, and if ever you feel inclined to make a display, you may be sure you have as yet learned nothing.”

In 1860 an expedition was organized by the colony of Victoria for the exploration of Australia, and to ascertain the nature of the interior of the great continent, which was then a sealed book; for up to that time the efforts towards exploration had been confined to lonely wanderings through the outer boundaries of the unknown continent, and opinions varied as to whether the interior was a vast inland sea, as Oxley and the first of the explorers believed, or whether it was a stony desert unfit for man and beast, as Sturt concluded.

Mr. Ambrose Kyte, whose name was, however, concealed from the public at the time, offered £1,000 as an inducement to the Government and others to come forward and raise funds for the exploration. Parliament voted £6,000, and subscriptions from the public raised the fund to £9,000. A Committee of the Royal Society undertook the superintendence of the arrangements. Twenty-four camels were imported from India with native drivers, and provisions and stores for twelve months were provided. After considerable delay the choice of a leader fell upon Robert O’Hara Burke. He was forty years of age, an Irishman from county Galway. When quite a youth he served in an Austrian cavalry regiment, and subsequently in the Irish Constabulary and the Police Force of Victoria; possessing bravery and dauntless courage, he had no special aptitude or scientific training to lead such an Expedition. He was enthusiastic and impulsive but was unfortunately without the indispensable experience of a seasoned bushman.

The appointment of second in command fell upon Mr. G. I. Landells, who owed his preferment to the circumstance of his having been employed to bring the camels from India, an appointment, however, which, as the sequel shows, was a most unfortunate one. Wills, who by this time was a seasoned bushman, with great powers of endurance, tendered his services as astronomer and guide without thinking of any distinct post of command, his object being exclusively scientific. Dr. Ludwick Becker was appointed naturalist and artist, Dr. Herman Beckler as botanist and medical adviser. Ten white men, among whom was John King (a private soldier) and three sepoys, were appointed to accompany the Expedition.

The explorers left Melbourne on the 20th August, 1860, amid considerable enthusiasm; nearly the whole population suspending ordinary business, and turning out to witness the start. The mayor of Melbourne publicly addressed them, and wished them God-speed, and through the settled districts their progress, which was slow, was a kind of triumphal march. The route marked out for them was to strike the river Darling, then the lower Barcoo (Cooper’s Creek), and from that point to go northwards to the Gulf of Carpentaria.

Swan Hill, on the Murray, which, properly speaking, was the northern boundary of the colony of Victoria, was reached on September 8th. At Balranald, beyond the Murray, Burke found it impossible to get on any longer with his foreman (Ferguson) and discharged him. He had, however, no sooner rid himself of this troublesome man than Mr. Landells, his second in command, began to sow dissension, and to exhibit insubordination in an unmistakable manner. This reached a crisis by the time they came to Menindie, on the Darling, and after a violent scene Landells resigned, returning to Melbourne full of violent complaints against Burke, and Dr. Beckler was foolish enough to follow Landells’ example of resigning, on the alleged ground that he did not like the way Burke spoke to Landells. Fortunately for Burke’s reputation a very full account of all that took place was written at the time by Wills to Professor Neumayer, and the committee expressed their entire approbation of Burke’s conduct, an opinion shared in by the general public, as evidenced by the newspapers of that date. Burke, on the resignation of Mr. Landells, immediately promoted Wills to the post he had vacated, which appointment the committee confirmed. Here there was perfect union and reciprocal understanding. Neither had petty jealousies or reserved views. The success of the expedition was their object, not personal glory their aim. The leader had every confidence in his second, and the second was proud of his leader. But Mr. Burke committed an error in the selection of Mr. Wright for the third position in command, without any previous knowledge or experience of his capabilities. In this he acted from his impulsive nature, and the consequences bore heavily on his own and Wills’ fate.

Burke then made his second mistake by dividing his party, and on 19th October left Menindie, where he had formed a depot, with about one half of his number, leaving the others behind, and made a rush to the Barcoo. He reached Torowota on 29th October, and from that encampment forwarded a despatch, and an exhaustive surveying report from Wills, to the secretary of the expedition. In his own despatch Burke said:

“I consider myself very fortunate in having Mr, Wills as my second in command. He is a capital officer, zealous and untiring in the performance of his duties, and I trust he will remain my second as long as I am in charge of the expedition.”

Burke sent Wright back to Menindie with instructions to follow him up with the remainder of the camels to Cooper’s Creek, and Wright himself admitted he gave Burke his word to take the remainder of the party out as soon as he arrived at Menindie. This, however, he omitted to do, and unaccountably delayed making any start until the 26th January, 1861, and to this criminal delay may be attributed the whole of the crushing disaster which subsequently overtook the expedition.

Cooper’s Creek, where a camp was formed, was reached on the 11th November. In a letter to one of his sisters from there Wills describes the place as follows:–

“To give you an idea of Cooper’s Creek, fancy extensive flat, sandy plains, covered with herbs dried like hay, and imagine a creek or river, somewhat similar in appearance and size to the Dart above the Weir, winding its way through these flats, having its banks densely clothed with gum trees and other evergreens. So far there appears to be a considerable resemblance, but now for the difference. The water of Cooper’s Creek is only a number of waterholes. In some places it entirely disappears, the water in flood-time spreading all over the flats, and forming no regular channel.”

While awaiting the arrival of the tardy Wright, short explorations of the adjoining country were made, chiefly by Wills, with the view of examining two or three promising routes to the Gulf of Carpentaria. On the last of these trips Wills penetrated eighty miles, and would have gone further, but the men in charge of the camels fell asleep and let them escape, and the return had to be done on foot in a broiling sun of 146 degrees, no shade, and very little water.

Impatient at Wright’s delay, and irritated almost to madness in waiting for him, and seeing the time slipping by, Burke and Wills determined to make a dash for the Gulf of Carpentaria while the opportunity still remained to them.

Burke again divided his small party, and taking Wills, King, and Grey, one horse, six camels, and three months’ provisions, started on Sunday, the 16th December, for a dash across the continent. Four men – Brahe, Patten, McDonnough, and Dost Mahomet – with six camels and twelve horses, were left at the camp at Cooper’s Creek, which was made a depot, and Brahe placed in charge until the arrival of Wright or some other person duly appointed by the committee to take command of the remainder of the expedition at Menindie. A surveyor was expected to be sent on to assist Wills, and plenty of work was laid out for all until the return of Burke and Wills – Brahe receiving the most positive orders to remain at Cooper’s Creek until this took place, three or four months being named as the possible time of absence.

Wills strongly advised a direct course northward for the exploring party, but Burke hesitated to adopt it unless he could feel confident of a supply of water. The more westerly course was therefore adopted at the commencement of the journey; but after a day or two they turned to the east, and scarcely deviated throughout from the 141st degree of east longitude.

Wills kept a diary giving a full account of the journey to the Gulf from the start to February, 1861, which contains very interesting details of each day’s progress. The first point the explorers made for was Eyre’s Creek, and on their first day’s journey they came upon a large tribe of blacks, who, Wills says, came pestering them to go to their camp and have a dance, and nothing but a threat to shoot them would keep them away. They were fine-looking men, but decidedly not of a warlike nature. The explorers crossed Sturt’s supposed “stony desert”, and did not find it the melancholy waste or bad travelling they were led to expect.

On 20th December they came upon a large camp of not less that forty or fifty blacks, who brought them presents of fish, for which they gave them beads and matches. On Christmas-eve they reached Gray’s Creek, and took a day’s rest to celebrate the festival. Their camp was really an agreeable place, an oasis in the desert; for there they had all the advantage of food and water attendant on the position of a large creek or river, free from the annoyance of the ants, flies, and mosquitoes invariably met with amongst timber or heavy scrub. The following day they struck a magnificent creek coming from the N.N.W., and this they followed until the 30th, by which time it had tended considerably to the N.E. This stream has since received the name of “Burke’s Creek”. The country adjacent they found an alternation of sand ridges and grassy plains. On 8th January they came into green and luxuriant country, improving at every step. Flocks of pigeons rose and flew, and fresh plants and rich vegetation met the eye on every side. On the 10th, passing over fine open plains, they came to the main creek in those flats, “Patten’s Creek”, flowing along the foot of a stony range. From here they pushed on over fairly good country, coming repeatedly upon blacks in their way, some of whom, being surprised by the explorers coming suddenly upon them, fled, dreadfully frightened. On the 30th January, 1861, having got to within a comparatively short distance of the shores of Carpentaria, Burke and Wills determined to leave Gray and King in charge of the camels, one of whom, having got logged in the creek, had already been left behind, and to proceed onwards on foot, leading the horse. The river or creek down which they passed, and which was quite salt, is named in the journal the Cloncurry. The channel making a sudden turn. Wills remarked that it might be a new river. “If it should prove so,” said Burke, “we will call it after my old friend Lord Cloncurry.”

In crossing Billy’s Creek the horse got bogged in a quicksand, and was with difficulty rescued. They came again on blacks, who shuffled off, and near their fire was a fine hut, the best they had ever seen, built on the same principle as those at Cooper’s Creek, but much larger and more complete. Hundreds of wild geese, plovers, and pelicans were enjoying themselves in the watercourses on the marshes, the water of which was too brackish to be drunk. They then soon came to a channel through which the sea-water entered. Here they passed three blacks, who pointed out unasked the best way down. Next morning they started at daybreak for the sea, leaving the horse behind short hobbled. Here Wills’ diary, from which I have been quoting, abruptly ends, and was not resumed until the 19th February, when they had already started on their fatal homeward journey. Burke did not keep any regular journal, but in his notes, under date of the 28th March, 1861, he says: “At the conclusion of the report it would be as well to say that we reached the sea, but could not obtain a view of the open ocean, although we made every endeavour to do so.” There is no doubt whatever that the two explorers reached the verge of the northern ocean.*

* In the account of McKinlay’s Expedition from Adelaide, in August, 1861, it is mentioned that when he, in the following February, found himself on the Gulf of Carpentaria, dense walls of mangrove barred his way to the shore, and there can he little doubt that it was the same obstacle which prevented Burke and Wills from viewing the open sea.

Having thus accomplished the grand object of their expedition Burke and Wills rejoined Gray and King, where they had left them with the camels, and the four proceeded together on the return journey on the 13th February. Wills’ notes on their scamper back to Cooper’s Creek are brief but powerful. An incessant rainfall made the country boggy, and added to their troubles. On the 2nd March, at Salt-bush Camp, they found Golah, the camel which they had been obliged to leave behind on the outward journey. It was thin and miserable, and had fretted at finding itself left behind, but began to eat as soon as it saw the other camels.

On 5th March Burke became ill from eating part of a large snake which they had killed, and poor Golah, being completely done up, and unable to come on, even when pack and saddle were taken off, had to be finally left behind. On 13th March it rained so heavily that Wills had to put his watch and field-book in the pack to keep them dry. All the creeks became flooded, and the poor travellers had to seek shelter under some fallen rocks. Their journey was now slow, as they had to keep on the stony ridge instead of following the flats, which were very boggy owing to the rain. On the 20th they commenced to lighten the loads of the camels by leaving 60 lbs. weight of things behind. Rain continued to fall in torrents, and the ground they passed over was at times either full of water or covered with slimy mud. The names given to some of their camps by Wills – viz., “Humid Camp”, “Muddy Camp”, “Mosquito Camp”, show some of the trials they had to encounter. Gray, who had been complaining of dysentery, stole some of the flour, and was punished by Burke. Five days after this (March 30th) the camel Boocha was killed for food at a place which by gentle irony they called “Boocha’s Rest”; and on the 10th April the horse, which was reduced and knocked up from want of food, was killed also. Down to the 17th nothing very noteworthy is recorded.

On that day – the beginning of the end – Wills records the death of Gray, whom the others had thought to be shamming. The survivors sorrowfully buried him in the lonely bush: they were so weak that it was with difficulty they could dig a grave sufficiently deep to lay him in. After a day’s delay to rest their wearied limbs they pushed on, but in a most exhausted state, straining every nerve to reach the goal of their arduous labours, their legs almost paralysed, so that it was a trying task to walk a few yards. Four days afterwards they were cheered by the sight of the familiar landmarks of their old camp at Cooper’s Creek. King describes in vivid language the delight of Burke when he thought he saw the depot camp. “There they are!” he shouted. “I see them.” But, alas! the wish was father to the thought. There was no one there. Lost and bewildered in amazement, he appeared like one stupefied when the horrible truth that the camp had been deserted burst upon him. He was quite overwhelmed, and flung himself on the ground broken-hearted. Wills looked about him in all directions, and presently turning to King said, “They are gone”, and pointing a short way off added, “There are the things they have left.” Calm and quiet as ever, he never once, as King testified, showed the slightest anger or loss of command of himself.

On a tree was marked “Dig 21st April”, and from under it a box was extracted containing provisions, and a bottle with a note from Brahe conveying the mortifying intelligence that he had only seven hours before abandoned the depot, and was encamped fourteen miles away, that he had remained four months at Cooper’s Creek, and that Wright had not turned up with the supplies. The explorers felt that, exhausted as they were, it was useless to attempt to overtake Brahe. They rested for two days, and on the morning of Thursday, April 23rd, Burke, Wills, and King, strengthened by the provisions they had found, resumed their journey. Wills and King were desirous of following their track out from Menindie, but unfortunately Burke preferred striking for the South Australian stations, having heard it positively stated at a meeting of the Royal Society that there were settlers within 100 miles of Cooper’s Creek. Wills deferred to his leader, and so they went to their destruction, making for Adelaide via Mount Hopeless (ominous name). There was, in fact, nothing to commend this route, while everything was in favour of that by the Darling. The one road they knew nothing of, the other was familiar to them, and as a matter of fact the nearest police station on the Adelaide line of march was distant between four and five hundred miles. Before starting Wills’ journals were buried in the cache, with the following note from Burke:

“Depot No. 2, Cooper’s Creek Camp, 65.

“The return party from Carpentaria, consisting of myself, Wills, and King (Grey dead), arrived here last night and found that the depot party had only started on the same day. We proceed on to-morrow, slowly down the creek towards Adelaide by Mount Hopeless, and shall endeavour to follow Gregory’s track; but we are very weak. The two camels are done up, and we shall not be able to travel faster than four or five miles a day. Grey died on the road from exhaustion and fatigue. We have all suffered much from hunger. The provisions left here will, I think, restore our strength. We have discovered a practicable route to Carpentaria, the chief position of which lies in the 140° of east longitude. There is some good country between this and the Stony Desert. From thence to the tropics the land is dry and stony. Between the Carpentaria a considerable portion is rangy, but well watered and richly grassed. We reached the shores of Carpentaria on the 11th of February, 1861. Greatly disappointed at finding the party here gone.

“(Signed) Robert O’Hara Burke, Leader.

“April 22nd, 1861.

“P.S. – The camels cannot travel, and we cannot walk, or we should follow the other party. We shall move very slowly down the creek.”

By slow stages the doomed explorers moved on day by day through what was little better than a desert. The second and third days they came upon some friendly blacks, who gave them fish. On 28th April one of the two remaining camels got bogged by the side of a water hole, and it being impossible to get him out, he was shot the next day, his flesh providing them with food. On May 7th the remaining camel would not rise even without any load on its back, and after making every attempt to get him up they had to leave him to himself. Burke and Wills then went down the creek to reconnoitre, and fortunately fell in with some blacks fishing, who gave them food and took them to their camp, where they passed two nights. Some days after, being pressed for food, several excursions were made to find the blacks again, but without success. On May 17th, however, King unexpectedly came upon the nardoo plant, the seed of which is powdered by the natives and baked into a cake. This discovery raised their spirits, as they considered that with this food they would be able to support themselves, even if they had to remain on the creek and wait for assistance from town. On 27th May Wills started alone to the depot at Cooper’s Creek to see if any relief had arrived.

Brahe – who, it will be remembered, deserted his post at the depot only seven hours before the wearied explorers returned there – fell in with Wright’s party at Balloo on his way to the Darling on the 28th or 29th April, and on the 3rd May Wright started with him for the depot, which they actually reached on the 9th. It seemed fated, however, that blunder should succeed blunder, for here they remained but a quarter of an hour, and casting but a hurried glance around came to the conclusion that the depot had not been visited in the interval, and with fatal and criminal neglect never even opened the cache. Had they done so the papers and letters deposited would have been found, and all would yet have been well. Wills, who had met natives on the way, and been given food by them, arrived at Cooper’s Creek on this return visit on the 30th May, and naturally enough failed to discover it had been re-visited by Wright and Brahe, who had left no record behind them. He opened the cache, buried the remainder of his journal and letters, with the following touching note:–

“Depot Camp, May 30th.

“We have been unable to leave the creek. Both camels are dead, and our provisions are exhausted. Mr. Burke and King are down the lower part of the creek. I am about to return to them, when we shall probably come up this way. We are trying to live the best way we can, like the blacks, but find it hard work. Our clothes are going to pieces fast. Send provisions and clothes as soon as possible.

“W. J. Wills.”

“The depot party having left contrary to instructions, has put us in this fix. I have deposited some of my journals here for fear of accident. “W. J. W.”

Wills then started to rejoin Burke and King. He received kindly assistance on the way from the blacks, and rejoined his companions on 6th June. His diary which he continued to keep was brief but expressive. They had little but nardoo to live upon, and though it allayed the pangs of hunger, it contained little nourishment; the poor fellows were literally starving to death. In his diary under date of 21st June Wills says:–

“I feel much weaker than ever, and can scarcely crawl out of the mia-mia. Unless relief comes in some form or other I cannot possibly last more than a fortnight. It is a great consolation at least, in this position of ours, to know that we have done all we could, and that our deaths were rather be the result of the mismanagement of others than of any rash act of our own. Had we come to grief elsewhere, we could only have blamed ourselves; but here we are returned to Cooper’s Creek, where we had every reason to look for provisions and clothing, and yet have to die of starvation, in spite of the explicit instructions given by Mr. Burke, that the depot party should await our return, and the strong recommendation by the Committee ‘that we should be followed up by a party from Menindie.'”

He suffered much from cold, his clothing was reduced to a wide awake, a merino shirt, a regatta shirt without sleeves, the remains of a pair of flannel trousers, two pairs of socks in rags, and a waistcoat. Wills finding his weakness increasing, it was resolved that Burke and King, as the only chance of saving the party, should go in search of natives, and having collected and pounded sufficient nardoo seed to last Wills for eight days, they constructed a rude shelter of boughs for him, placed water and firewood within his reach, and took a sorrowful farewell of him, Wills giving Burke a letter and his watch for his father, and telling King if he survived Burke to carry out his last wishes. In a postscript to this letter Wills says, “I think to live about four or five days. My spirits are excellent.” On the 29th June Wills made his last entry in his diary, shewing that he maintained his calmness of spirit and resignation to the last.

“Friday, 29th June, 1861. — Clear, cold night; slight breeze from the east; day beautifully warm and pleasant. Mr. Burke suffers greatly from the cold, and is getting extremely weak. He and King start to-morrow up the creek to look for the blacks; it is the only chance we have of being saved from starvation. I am weaker than ever, although I have a good appetite, and relish the nardoo much; but it seems to give us no nutriment, and the birds here are so shy as not to be got at. Even if we got a good supply of fish, I doubt whether we could do much work on them and the nardoo alone. Nothing now but the greatest good luck can save any of us; and as for myself I may live four or five days if the weather continues warm. My pulse is at forty-eighty and very weak, and my legs and arms are nearly skin and bone. I can only look out, like Mr. Micawber, ‘for something to turn up.’ Starvation on nardoo is by no means very unpleasant, but for the weakness one feels, and the utter inability to move one’s self; for as far as the appetite is concerned it gives the greatest satisfaction. Certainly fat and sugar would be more to one’s taste; in fact, those seem to me to be the great stand-by for one in this extraordinary continent – not that I mean to depreciate the farinaceous food, but the want of sugar and fat in all substances obtainable here is so great that they become almost valueless to us as articles of food without the addition of something else.

(Signed) “W. J. Wills.”

We are now, alas ! nearing the end of this ill-fated expedition. Burke and King had not travelled many miles when, on the second day from leaving Wills, Burke gave in from sheer weakness, and died early the next morning. King remained two days to recover strength, and then returned to where they had left Wills, taking back with him three crows he had shot, and nardoo he had discovered, and was shocked to find Wills lying dead in his gunwah, where he would appear to have sunk quietly to rest, but in utter loneliness, a few hours after Burke and King had left him. King buried the corpse with sand, and remained there some days prostrated at the death of his companions, and at being left alone in the vast wilderness. The nardoo running short, and being unable to gather it, he tracked some of the natives by their footprints in the sand, and eventually fell in with a number of them, who were kindly disposed, and so was preserved from the fate of his companions.

The Exploration Committee at Melbourne seem by their supineness to have helped on the final catastrophe. Although informed of the criminal delay of Wright at Menindie, they took no steps to urge his departure from there. Dr. Wills, our hero’s father, unable to bear the suspense in the month of June, walked with a small pack on his shoulders, and a stick in his hand, from Ballarat to Melbourne, a distance of seventy-five miles, and his energetic appeals led to a search party, under Mr. A. W. Howitt, being sent out.

Two of the three camels lost on one of the excursions at Cooper’s Creek on the way out were discovered in South Australia and brought to Adelaide. News of this reaching Melbourne excited the interest of the public, and doubtless contributed to the awakened energy of the Committee. In connection with this Mr. Fabyan Amery has contributed a strange and interesting story. He tells me that a Mr. James Wills, who had been a servant at the Ashburton Grammar School, in special attendance upon the boarders, whilst Wills was a pupil there, was, in 1861, residing with his wife, whom he had married in the Colony, on the banks of the Murray river; and one morning Mrs. Wills, casting her eyes around the horizon, spied in the far distance two animals, which with quick feminine decision she declared to be camels. This she mentioned to her husband, who ridiculed the idea, as no camels were ever known in Australia. She persisted in her opinion, and started towards them to satisfy her curiosity. Sure enough they proved to be two camels, undoubtedly two of those who had escaped from the ill-fated expedition, and which, with the wonderful instinct of their species, had sniffed the water at a great distance, and in an almost exhausted state were making for the river. Mrs. Wills went up to them, when the youngest came and ate out of her hand. Her husband immediately gave information to the police, which he understood was forwarded to the Governor of Victoria, and which he always believed led to the despatch of the Relief Expedition. Howitt started early in July, 1861, taking Brahe with him, who had come down with Wright’s despatches, and made all speed to Cooper’s Creek. On 13th September he arrived at the fatal depot, and on the 15th King was discovered sitting in a hut which the natives had made for him. He presented a melancholy appearance, wasted to a shadow, and only distinguishable as a civilized being by the remnants of clothes upon him. As soon as King was well enough to accompany them the relief party proceeded down to the place where Wills died. The remains were found, carefully collected, and interred where they lay, Howitt reading that sublime chapter – 1 Corinthians xi. – and cutting the following inscription on a tree close by to mark the spot:

W. J. WILLS

XLV Yds

W.N.W.

A. H.

Burke’s remains were subsequently discovered and buried, wrapped in a Union Jack. Howitt then returned to Melbourne, taking King with him. He subsequently went back again, disinterred the remains of Burke and Wills, and brought them to Melbourne, where, after lying solemnly in state, they were accorded a public funeral, and so –

“After life’s fitful fever they sleep well.”

No one who has read the simple records of this great expedition, with all its blunders – so successful as far as its great object was concerned, but so fatal as regards the precious lives of the explorers – but must admire the character, actions, and quiet heroism of Wills. None of the blunders which led to the disaster which befell the Expedition are traceable to him. Throughout the toilsome journey he maintained his quiet, equable temperament. Loyal to his leader he deferred to his wishes, never complained of or reflected on others, continued and carefully recorded his scientific observations to the last, and laid himself down to die in utter loneliness in the vast wilderness with perfect resignation and calmness, as if he were but falling asleep in his father’s arms; and “his works do follow him”; for they opened up the way to the march of civilization, and have been rich in results. The greater part of the country he explored is now in a state of cultivation, with homesteads containing prosperous settlers in all directions, and so early as 1867 a stage coach was running not many miles from where he and Burke laid down their lives. The testimony of the colonists to Wills was on all sides that of admiration for his devoted heroism, appreciation of the scientific results achieved by him, and deep regret at the sacrifice of his young and promising life.

Sir Henry Barkly, the Governor of Victoria, in a letter to his mother, said of Wills: “You may rely upon it that the name of William John Wills will go down to posterity, both at home and in this colony, amongst the brightest of those who have sacrificed their lives for the advancement of scientific knowledge and the good of their fellow-creatures.” Dr. Mueller, of the Melbourne Botanical Gardens, who as a tribute to his memory named a new plant in the Australian Flora Eremophila Willsii, “to record by botany the glory never to be forgotten of the intrepid and talented but most unfortunate Wills”, maintained that it was only by his skilful guidance and scientific talents that the great geographic success of the expedition was achieved.

A portion of the city was directed to be thereafter named Wills Street by order of the Governor. A massive obelisk was erected to the memory of the two martyrs in the cemetery where they were buried; and on April 21st, 1866, a monument raised to them by the Victorian Legislature at a cost of £4,000, consisting of a statue of each of these two distinguished explorers, was unveiled by the Governor in Collins Street, one of the principal thoroughfares of Melbourne. The day chosen for the ceremony was the fourth anniversary of the return of Burke and Wills to Cooper’s Creek, and their surviving companion King was present on the occasion, which to him must have been one of mingled sorrow and pleasure.

Wills was not forgotten in his native town. The inhabitants, aided by the contributions of Devonshire men in Australia, erected a granite obelisk on the plains containing this inscription:Inscription on obelisk to W. J. Wills in Totnes

And though more than thirty years have passed since his death Wills is not forgotten in the colony; for only last year one of the colonists from Devon, Mr. Angel, who returned from South Australia on a visit to Totnes, and to his native parish of Littlehempstone, finding the inscription on the memorial becoming obliterated had it renewed on a tablet of white marble let into the granite,* that the coming race may not be unmindful of the patient and courageous life and heroic death of this Devonshire hero, the martyred Wills.

* Since this paper was written Mr. F. Horn, marble mason, of Totnes, has executed a successful medallion of Wills, which has been let into the obelisk above the tablet."

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Sapper Josh Yeomans acts as sentry in a Light Armoured Vehicle during Exercise MAPLE RESOLVE in Wainwright, Alberta on May 31, 2016.

Photo: Cpl Andrew Wesley, Directorate of Army Public Affairs

Le sapeur Josh Yeomans fait la sentinelle à bord d’un véhicule blindé léger durant l’exercice MAPLE RESOLVE 16, à Wainwright (Alberta) le 31 mai 2016.

Photo : Cpl Andrew Wesley, Direction des Affaires publiques de l’Armée

Opening geheel nieuw gebouwde mode-winkel van G. Meddens op de hoek van de Heerestraat op 19-8-1856. Groninger Courant van 20-08-1856: resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010771998:mpeg21:p003

hdl.handle.net/21.12105/700c8765-05bd-5c60-e0ed-fc2d8f5a31e1

Op deze locatie stond in 1832 het pand van Johannes Meuge, koperslager, gehuwd met Geertruida Sluiter.

Joannes Stephanus Meuge, ged. Groningen 26-12-1788, overleed in Groningen op 6-2-1875, oud 86 jaar, zoon van Gerardus Meuge, koperslager, en Joanna Egbers, gehuwd geweest met Geertruida Henrica Sluijter, ged. Groningen 21-1-1789, dochter van Joannes Sluijter, vleeshouwer, en Margareta Krijns:

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Boven Meuge zat per 1-5-1845 C. van der Nap, die zijn Fabrijk en Affaire in de Oude Boteringestraat had overgedragen aan J. Fischer. Groninger Courant 16-5-1845: resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010771022:mpeg21:a0007

Volgens Monumentenzorg zou het pand Herestraat 1 in 1865 zijn gebouwd: cultureelerfgoed.nl/monumenten/485759

Opening nieuw gebouwde winkel van G. Meddens op 25-4-1850:

www.flickr.com/photos/148859204@N07/42903680782/in/datepo...

Groninger Courant van 23-4-1850: resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010771526:mpeg21:a0011

Op 24-3-1862 vond de aanbesteding plaats van de bouw van een Suikerraffinaderij W.A. Scholten, onder architectuur van (latere huisarchitect) Jan Maris (1825-1899), op een terrein ten oosten van het Loopende Diep (kad. Sectie G 562). De bouwvergunning werd op 14-4-1862 aangevraagd door aannemer B.H. Trooster:

Zie voor architect Jan Maris de documentatie bij de foto's:

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Provinciale Drentsche en Asser Courant van 1-3-1862:

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www.staatingroningen.nl/236/tuinkoepel-hereweg

Naast het pand van Meuge stonden in 1832 de panden van zilversmid Jelle de Vries, ovl. Groningen 14-9-1868, en van koopman Johannes Cornelis Rikkers, ged. Groningen 27-7-1779:

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Op 13-1-1913 vroeg Th. Zuhorn vergunning voor het gedeeltelijk vernieuwen van de panden Tussen beide Markten 4 en 6 (Kad. I 2211):

www.groningerarchieven.nl/zoeken/mais/archief/?mivast=5&a...

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Nieuwsblad van het Noorden van 14-6-1913:

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Nieuwsblad van het Noorden van 16-6-1913:

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Nieuwsblad van het Noorden van 12-1-1914:

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Op 18-3-1912 vond de aanbesteding plaats van de verbouw van het Winkelhuis met woning en bakkerij Tussen beide Markten 3, o.l.v. het Architectenbureau K.H. & T. Holthuis K.Hzn., Brugstraat 31a in Groningen.

Nieuwsblad van het Noorden van 13-3-1912: resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010666415:mpeg21:a0078

www.staatingroningen.nl/bedrijf/409/holthuis-kh

www.staatingroningen.nl/2826/kiosk-regulateurshuis

Geschiedenis van de locatie Grote Markt 51:

www.flickr.com/photos/148859204@N07/34824937932/

hdl.handle.net/21.12105/0e82dd9d-d7ea-8673-0072-689deff1a259

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www.groningerarchieven.nl/zoeken/mais/archief/?mivast=5&a...

"Gele steentjes gaan in de binnenstad nu ook de lucht in", door Menno Hoexum, Nieuwsblad van het Noorden van 12-2-2000:

www.dekrantvantoen.nl/vw/article.do?v2=true&id=NVHN-2...

"Herstel van Bakker Bart krijgt vorm", Nieuwsblad van het Noorden van 4-4-2000:

www.dekrantvantoen.nl/vw/article.do?v2=true&id=NVHN-2...

"Bakker Bart wordt venster van de stad", Nieuwsblad van het Noorden van 22-6-2000:

www.dekrantvantoen.nl/vw/article.do?v2=true&id=NVHN-2...

"Nedentig foto's uit de oude doos in nieuw boekje", Nieuwsblad van het Noorden van 27-11-1999:

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"Herbouw of een woontoren om te lachen", Nieuwsblad van het Noorden van 2-9-1999:

www.dekrantvantoen.nl/vw/article.do?v2=true&id=NVHN-1...

"Stad in 2010: Hoog Sammy, kijk omhoog Sammy?", Nieuwsblad van het Noorden van 18-11-1995:

www.dekrantvantoen.nl/vw/article.do?v2=true&id=NVHN-1...

"Croissanterie op wereldlocatie" (met foto), door Henk Kuipers in het Nieuwsblad van het Noorden van 13-10-1992:

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"Rottinghuis wordt DIDI. Oer-Gronings bedrijf na 73 jaar opgeheven" (met foto). Nieuwsblad van het Noorden van 25-1-1985:

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In 1827 was koopman Jan Waldi c.s. eigenaar van het pand op de hoek van de Vismarkt (ook Kremerrijp en Kremer Ryp) en de Guldenstraat (perceel K 1, art 2575), tegenover het pand "In de Clock", Tussen beide Markten 6, hoek Vismarkt. Jan de Charro, Collecteur, verkocht in dat o.a. Porceleyn. Opregte Groninger Courant van 21-9-1756 en 1-10-1762:

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www.hisgis.nl

Tot eind 1793 zat hier de Koekkenbakken en Porcelein Negotie van Roelf Swart en de wed. Elisabeth Swart-Verver. Groninger Courant van 21-1-1794:

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Groninger Courant van 4-11-1783 en 15-9-1789:

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Koopman R. Swart bood een Huis en Pakschuur met twee Koren Solders staande aan de Westkant van der A, te Huur of te Koop aan. Opregte Groninger Courant van 30-3-1770:

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Roelof Swart bood op 8-9-1760 ten Huyze van Monsr. R. Hars, naast het Provinciale Collecthuys, een Huis aan de Westkant van der A te koop aan, waarin een Negotie in Porceleyn, Coffy & Thee.

Opregte Groninger Courant van 29-8-1760:

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Roelof Hars werd op 21-6-1762 begraven. Zijn huis naast het Provinciale Collecthuys, was een Wynhuys en Koffiehuys. Opregte Groninger Courant van 17-8-1762: resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010259874:mpeg21:a0005

Het Collecthuys is het Goudkantoor op de Grote Markt:

hdl.handle.net/21.12105/15c45e60-6ec8-7dbb-77db-43fe30c6d21a

Roelof Swart, begr. Groningen 3-8-1793, tr. Groningen 14-1-1776 Elisabeth Verver, zus van Conraad Verver:

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Overlijdensbericht wed. Elisabeth Verver, Groningen 24-11-1798, oud 64 jaar en 3 maanden.

Ommelander Courant van 27-11-1798:

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In 1795 was het pand op de hoek van de Gulden Straat en de Kremer Ryp in de Star eigendom van de Kooplieden Italiaansche Schoorsteenvegers. De heer Morelli in Comp, uitvinder van een wonderbaarlyke Elixter of Tinctuur tegen Tandpynen, Scheurbuik, Verzweeringe, Zwarte Tanden en zelfs Kanker, verkocht hier zijn waar. Groninger Courant van 10-4-1795:

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Schoorsteenvegers Solaro & Balli vestigden zich in de Zwane-straat C 157 Groninger Courant van 4-4-1823:

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Meyer uit Rotterdam stond met zijn kraam met bijzondere mode-artikelen tijdens de Kermis aan de Kremer Ryp bij de Gulden Straat. Groninger Courant van 27-9-1805:

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Vismarkt NZ bij de Guldenstraat 1813: hdl.handle.net/21.12105/4b27278d-6579-b70c-31cf-b21f28385740

Jan (ook Jozeph) Waldi bood in 1827 een "nieuw en sterk gemaakte Winkel, met Schuifraams, Toonbank en een beste Eiken Kistkabinet" te koop aan. Groninger Courant van 11-9-1827: resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010773974:mpeg21:a0015

Joseph Waldi, marskramer, geb. 29-2-1764:

www.groningerarchieven.nl/zoeken/mais/archief/?mivast=5&a...

Jan Antoni Waldi, marskramer, geb. 29-2-1764:

www.groningerarchieven.nl/zoeken/mais/archief/?mivast=5&a...

In 1831 zat J. Waldi & Comp. op de hoek van de Guldenstraat en de Kremerrijp. Groninger Courant van 14-1-1831:

resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010774098:mpeg21:a0030

Jan Waldi & Comp. verkocht een middel tegen sproeten. Leeuwarder Courant van 29-5-1829: resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010581629:mpeg21:a0010

Engelsch Tandmiddel te koop bij J. Waldi & Comp. in Groningen. Opregte Haarlemsche Courant van 4-11-1837, 22-12-1838 en 1-1-1839:

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resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010514794:mpeg21:a0008

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Verkoop Koopmans Winkel en Toonbank aan de Kremer Ryp aan de Vismerkt, alwaar Amsterdam uithangt. Groninger Courant van 15-11-1776: resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010106541:mpeg21:a0005

Koopman R. Swart en de Wed. R. Swart op de hoek van de Kremer Ryp en de Gulden Straat te Groningen, met een Koekkenbakken en Porcelein Negotie. Hij is Roelf Swart, begr. 3-8-1793, gehuwd op 30-1-1776 met Elisabeth Verver. Groninger Courant van 4-11-1783, 15-9-1789, 11-10-1791, 21-1-1794, 25-4-1794:

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L.W. Ebbinge heeft de Laken en Zyde Winkel van de Juffrouwen G. en A. Lieftink in de Gulden Straat overgenomen. Groninger Courant van 10-5-1805:

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Antoni Sormani aan de Kremer Ryp, waar de Groene Bril uithangt. Groninger Courant van 1-6-1787:

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Koopman A. Sormany gewoont hebbende aan de Kremer Ryp, is verhuist tusschen de beide Markten het tweede Huis van de Gulden Straat, verkoopt alle soorten van Witte en Zwarte Kanten, Gazen, Kamerdoek, Neteldoek en Batist.....

Ommelander Courant van 7-6-1793:

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Familie Sormani: www.flickr.com/photos/148859204@N07/34620647630/

Zie ook Josephus Sanoni, schoorsteenveger, geb. Begniascko/Bignasco (Zwitserland), ovl. Groningen 12-5-1820, 35 jaar oud, zoon van Antoni Sanoni, landbouwer, en Margrita Waldi.

Jozeph Waldi overleed op 13-2-1848 in Cavergno (bij Bignasco), oud 76 jaar. De overlijdensadvertentie werd geplaatst door zijn zoon J.F. Waldi. Groninger Courant van 29-2-1848:

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Joseph Waldi en Gertrudes Pagani waren op 14-5-1810 in Groningen getuigen bij de doop van Josephina Voster, dochter van Jacobus Voster, barbier, geb. Groningen, ovl. Groningen 26-7-1822, oud 58 jaar, en van Elizabeth van Cours (ook Koers).

Solaro & Balli, J.J. Balli en J. Waldi. Groninger Courant van

11-2-1823 en 8-4-1823:

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Ommelander Courant van 31-1-1809:

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Joannes Willem Balli, verwer, geb. Cavergno, Zwitsersland

12-10-1826, zoon van Joannes Josephus Balli, verwer, en Joanna Maria Tonini, tr. Groningen 10-8-1854 Josephina Rosina de Cornillon, geb. Groningen 31-8-1826, dochter van

Julius Philippus Pierret de Cornillon, stafmuzijkant, en Joanna Petronella Delcourt.

Solari & Balli jr. Groninger Courant van 4-4-1823:

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Leeuwarder Courant van 12-4-1825:

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Afbeeldingen Tussen beide Markten, Vismarkt, Guldenstraat:

hdl.handle.net/21.12105/959d95e8-8fbf-2939-8a57-28eff72a0a58

hdl.handle.net/21.12105/918dcf35-0350-3482-33b2-64815a68f7e6

hdl.handle.net/21.12105/0cf4b297-8cff-2082-3eab-86a29d26fef8

De Vischmarkt. De noordzijde van de Vismarkt werd de Kremerriep genoemd. Nieuwsblad van het Noorden van 4-6-1938: resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010676626:mpeg21:p029

Afbeelding Vismarkt-Guldenstraat 1830-1850 met lakenwinkel J.G. Bakker op de hoek van de Vismarkt en de Guldenstraat. Dit pand was eerder van J. Waldi: hdl.handle.net/21.12105/35b839e5-ccd4-166c-2331-3c7bd4a59ce0

hdl.handle.net/21.12105/dc7d1ee3-659b-d086-3c56-f6f139312545

Vooraan op de afbeelding de winkel in parasols en parapluies van de Gebr. Lestrade en Comp. Groninger Courant van 6-8-1850: resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010771556:mpeg21:a0008

Algemeen Handelsblad van 12-5-1845: resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010972533:mpeg21:a0026

Op 15-8-1860 vroegen de Gebrs. Lestrade vergunning voor het wegbreken van een potkast, etc. op adres Tussen beide Markten A 264:

www.groningerarchieven.nl/zoeken/mais/archief/?mivast=5&a...

Op 28-3-1861 vroegen Meijer en Lestrade (aanvrager J.G. Kamphuis) vergunning voor het vertimmeren van de behuizing op adres Tussen beide Markten:

www.groningerarchieven.nl/zoeken/mais/archief/?mivast=5&a...

Op deze locatie is het Waagstraatcomplex gebouwd:

www.flickr.com/photos/148859204@N07/41398769375/in/datepo...

Aan de overkant van Lestrade stond het huis van koopman Ebbe Ebbens van Giffen, ovl. Groningen 9-6-1860, oud 76 jaar, zoon van koopman Lambertus van Giffen en Grietje Ebbens (Perceel G 1255, art. 781):

www.flickr.com/photos/148859204@N07/27435653857/in/datepo...

Zijn buurman aan de Vismarkt (perceel K 298, art. 384) was hoedenmaker Bernardus Buissink. De volgende buren waren Leonardus Huigius Bronsema, wolkammer (perceel K 297, art. 347), Nicolaas Wilhelmus Crone, goudsmit (Perceel 296, art. 469), Jakob van der Aa, blikslager (perceel K 295, art. 1), steeg, Margaretha Auwerda, koopvrouw (perceel 292, art. 52), Frederik Rudolf Schattenberg, koopman (perceel 291, art. 2090), Hinderikus Filippus Klapdoorn, koopman (perceel K 289 en 290, art. 1290), Johannes Bronsema, rentenier (perceel K 288, art. 346), Jan Schuiling, leedaanzegger (perceel K 287, art. 2142) en Wed. Theodorus Albertus School, hoedenmaker (perceel K 286, art. 2133, Vismarkt, hoek Stoeldraaierstraat).

Vismarkt NZ bij de Guldenstraat 1813: hdl.handle.net/21.12105/4b27278d-6579-b70c-31cf-b21f28385740

Vismarkt 11 (K 239) met Meddens in 1890:

hdl.handle.net/21.12105/f30e472f-6f36-ce50-c2f4-b86996780ffd

Vismarkt 1890-1900: hdl.handle.net/21.12105/154ffbf6-a970-d472-a5f6-3161441e74e4

Vismarkt 1890: hdl.handle.net/21.12105/1b163110-7e84-e353-f132-8d1dc75dba3d

Vismarkt 1901: hdl.handle.net/21.12105/5128acf0-63e8-abad-5707-01a7aefebe1e

Vismarkt 1903: hdl.handle.net/21.12105/df735db1-8a7b-6f75-dad9-4cb138af8240

Vismarkt 1910-1920: hdl.handle.net/21.12105/9554e29d-78e0-cb0e-c458-a7d90e34971d

hdl.handle.net/21.12105/fa590e92-b9be-adb9-a8dc-9eefccf257b7

Vismarkt 1913: hdl.handle.net/21.12105/063efa24-640f-cd30-1233-30b0e1b46a7b

Vismarkt 1915: hdl.handle.net/21.12105/8c51029c-e1a2-cf2d-5869-84a68829031e

Vismarkt 1926/27: hdl.handle.net/21.12105/488fc4e5-8791-f8ce-3954-88aaa045650b

hdl.handle.net/21.12105/8a19bd3e-40db-d0ac-ce60-6c68efa1c0aa

Vismarkt-Guldenstraat 1935-1945: hdl.handle.net/21.12105/1b15173a-6385-1dc1-41c3-fad310bf8a8c

hdl.handle.net/21.12105/65c75e65-bde0-ef48-5e7e-a5b12998c6ab

hdl.handle.net/21.12105/04c8b5d9-2a71-7501-23af-8a8a1a875247

Vismarkt-Guldenstraat 1955:

hdl.handle.net/21.12105/791730ea-60c7-dd30-09d0-8bdec1daa237

Vismarkt 1959: hdl.handle.net/21.12105/6bbfe183-5a7c-d1f1-ec75-41bd3ce5b840

Zijn buurman in de Guldenstraat (perceel K 2, art. 617) was koopman Lammert Wichers Ebbinge, lakenkoper, geb. Wilsum, ovl. Groningen 15-1-1864, oud 83 jaar, zoon van predikant Lambertus Ebbinge.

De volgende buren zijn Arend Scholtens, bakker (perceel K 3 en K 4, art. 2116), Pieter Bakker, koekebakker (perceel K 5, art. 1678), Wed. Johannes Gerhardus Brand, apotheker (perceel K 6, art. 315), Erven Wed. Theresia Franciska Asbeek van der Schuuren, renteniersche (perceel K 7, art. 42), Roomsch Cathelijke kerk (perceel K 8, art. 884), Wed. Antonius Otto Hermanus Tellingen (Perceel K 9, art. 2389), Wed. Bernardus Hendericus Poppe (perceel K 10, art. 1892), Ento Lugies Eling, kastelein (perceel K 11, art. 644), Willem de Sitter (perceel K 12, art. 2207, Guldenstraat hoek Zwanestraat).

Tegenover de Roomsch Cathelijke kerk (perceel K 8, art. 884), stond het pand van tingieter Wobbenius Rienewerf, perceel G 1243, art. 2005:

www.hisgis.nl

Zie voor de familie De Sitter, de Drews en van Swinderen:

www.parlement.com/id/vg09llwlzczu/w_de_sitter

www.flickr.com/photos/148859204@N07/37938774786/

Afbeeldingen Guldenstraat:

hdl.handle.net/21.12105/856728cb-f2fc-d471-56a6-c88eb4894669

hdl.handle.net/21.12105/2f6292bb-c222-3d6e-bf64-2e40e0fbd0c5

hdl.handle.net/21.12105/99d0185c-00e1-c4c0-6675-a0d34b63abfd

hdl.handle.net/21.12105/b1af8541-3334-35ef-c35e-46d86e9eb95e

hdl.handle.net/21.12105/84c65e3e-84ca-d3a4-8ad8-dc971cc62969

Pand van de Wed. Johannes Gerhardus Brand, apotheker (perceel K 6, art. 315), is in 1886 ontworpen door architect W. van der Heide: hdl.handle.net/21.12105/4dee7810-ee57-3e2b-dbca-d7cd91ce9578

hdl.handle.net/21.12105/06e5258b-d42b-7321-3c28-c0cbca7c92f7

In 1843 vestigde lakenkoper J.G. Bakker zich op de hoek van de Vismarkt en de Guldenstraat. Het pand werd voor het laatst bewoond door J. Waldi & Co.

Groninger Courant van 14-11-1843 en 29-8-1848:

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J.B. Meddens woonde in de Guldenstraat K 3 en verhuisde naar de Vismarkt, 8e huis vanaf de Guldenstraat.

Groninger Courant van 18-8-1835:

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www.flickr.com/photos/148859204@N07/34825996332/

Later zat de firma Inden in de Guldenstraat 3:

hdl.handle.net/21.12105/3686ce33-24e7-cf07-ac4c-133d43c4f22f

www.flickr.com/photos/148859204@N07/33223387010/

Op 12-9-1865 vroeg J. ten Hoorn vergunning voor herstel stoep en schoorsteen op adres Vismarkt K 1:

www.groningerarchieven.nl/zoeken/mais/archief/?mivast=5&a...

Op 31-5-1870 vroeg lakenhandelaar J. ten Hoorn vergunning voor het wegnemen van de potkasten en het leggen van een stoep op adres Vismarkt K1/Guldenstraat:

www.groningerarchieven.nl/zoeken/mais/archief/?mivast=5&a...

Op 2-1-1880 vroeg J. Groen vergunning voor het bouwen van potkasten op adres Vismarkt/ Guldenstraat en op 22-2-1886 voor de verbouw van de bovenwoning: www.groningerarchieven.nl/zoeken/mais/archief/?mivast=5&a...

www.groningerarchieven.nl/zoeken/mais/archief/?mivast=5&a...

Wegens verkoop van het huis. Finale uitverkoop J. Groen jr. Nieuwsblad van het Noorden van 30-8-1896 en 11-9-1896:

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"Bavaria" in Groningen. Algemeen Handelsblad van 17-4-1884:

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Emrich Schaêr, de zestien jarige zoon van de eigenaar van "Bavaria", fiets in drie dagen van Mittweida bij Dresden naar Groningen. Leeuwarder Courant van 26-7-1884:

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A. Schaer vroeg op 2-4-1884 vergunning voor het verhogen van de stoep en het plaatsen van hekken op adres Guldenstraat A 252:

www.groningerarchieven.nl/zoeken/mais/archief/?mivast=5&a...

"Bavaria" in de Guldenstraat 252 van F. Marahrens verkoopt Märzen-Bier van de Markgräflicher Hofbrauhaus Ansbach (Bayern), filiaal Amsterdam. Hij is vermoedelijk Friedrich Heinrich Conrad Wilhelm Marahrens, kelner, geb. Bersforf 12-5-1857.

Algemeen Handelsblad van 22-10-1887:

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"Bavaria" in de Guldenstraat van J. van Deun verkoopt Salvator bier uit de Zacheribräu, voorheen Gebr. Schmederer in München. Algemeen Handelsblad van 17-3-1891:

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In 1891 zat de winkel van de Wed. A.J. Grummels naast "Bavaria".

Verkoop inventaris wegens overdracht van de zaak "Bavaria" in de Guldenstraat. Nieuwsblad van het Noorden van 3-2-1895:

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Ter overname aangeboden, het van ouds bekende Bier en Wijn Restaurant "Bavaria" in de Guldenstraat. Inlichtingen bij de bewoner W. Wolff. Het nieuws van den dag : kleine courant van 15-9-1896: resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010092508:mpeg21:a0004

Op 3-11-1896 vroeg W. Wolff vergunning voor het vernieuwen van de winkelpui op adres Vismarkt K 1, hoek Guldenstraat:

www.groningerarchieven.nl/zoeken/mais/archief/?mivast=5&a...

De heer H.W. Freisenbruch bood het "voor enige jaren nieuw gebouwde" hoekpand te koop aan, waarin gevestigd de Bierhalle en Restaurant "Bavaria" van W. Wolff, voorheen manufacturenzaak van J. Groen. Het nieuws van den dag: kleine courant van 21-6-1897:

Het nieuws van den dag: kleine courant van 21-6-1897:

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Café-Restaurant "Bavaria" van W. Wolff. Provinciale Drentsche en Asser Courant van 16-5-1898:

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"Ville de Paris", Vismarkt, hoek Guldenstraat in 1902. Nieuwsblad van het Noorden van 10-12-1902:

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Op 2-4-1930 vroeg M. Cohen vergunning voor het vernieuwen van een gedeelte van het pand op adres Vismarkt /Guldenstraat (Kadastraal: K 1, K 298):

www.groningerarchieven.nl/zoeken/mais/archief/?mivast=5&a...

"Ville de Paris" in 1930: hdl.handle.net/21.12105/5d4d9b61-9417-2755-e2d8-6e6817a18d7b

"Ville de Paris" in 1955: hdl.handle.net/21.12105/791730ea-60c7-dd30-09d0-8bdec1daa237

In memoriam Mozes Cohen Fzn, oud-directeur van "Ville de Paris", geb. Vlagtwedde, ovl. Groningen 4-3-1950, oud 73 jaar, zoon van Frederik Cohen en Caroliena Elekan. Nieuwsblad van het Noorden van 6-3-1950:

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Nieuwsblad van het Noorden van 21-4-1951:

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Nieuwbouw "Ville de Paris", Vismarkt 1, hoek Guldenstraat, onder architectuur van Hermanus Johannes (Herman) van Wissen (1910-2000), vader van leraar en dichter Henricus Cornelis (Driek) van Wissen (1943-2010), zoon van architect Adrianus Leonardus van Wissen (1878-1955):

Nieuwsblad van het Noorden van 13-12-1955:

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hdl.handle.net/21.12105/0e394b84-b742-eac7-3924-1a794b68e8da

Opheffingsuitverkoop "Ville de Paris". Nieuwsblad van het Noorden van 14-8-1959: resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010677491:mpeg21:a0071

Etalage van de Firma Gerzon op de hoek van de Vismarkt en de Guldenstraat:

hdl.handle.net/21.12105/20065d27-a39f-86c9-7f40-b23aa6bc5f5f

hdl.handle.net/21.12105/6bbfe183-5a7c-d1f1-ec75-41bd3ce5b840

Vismarkt, hoek Guldenstraat in 1930:

hdl.handle.net/21.12105/797c94ad-22aa-1db8-2cb6-9fa82542b648

www.dezwartehond.nl/projecten/vismarkt-1

www.dezwartehond.nl/

www.staatingroningen.nl/bedrijf/273/de-zwarte-hond

Canadian Forces soldiers from 5th Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group (5CMBG) participate in an attack scenario during Exercise Maple Resolve on October 24, 2012 in Wainwright, Alberta.

Des membres du 5e Groupe-brigade mécanisé du Canada (5 GBMC) participent à une attaque simulée lors de l’exercice Maple Resolve, à Wainwright (Alberta), le 24 octobre 2012.

Photo : Cpl Tina Gillies

WT2012-0183-009

The Honourable Anita Anand, Minister of National Defence, Canadian Chief of the Defence Staff, General Wayne Eyre and Associate Deputy Minister of National Defence Stefanie Beck meet with members of the Canadian Armed Forces in the training area at Canadian Forces Base Wainwright, during Exercise MAPLE RESOLVE on May 12, 2022.

Please credit: Master Sailor Dan Bard, Canadian Forces Combat Camera, Canadian Armed Forces photo

~

L’honorable Anita Anand, ministre de la Défense nationale, le général Wayne Eyre, chef d’état major de la Défense du Canada, et la sous-ministre déléguée de la Défense nationale Stefanie Beck rencontrent des membres des Forces armées canadiennes dans le secteur d’entraînement de la Base des Forces canadiennes Wainwright, au cours de l’exercice MAPLE RESOLVE, le 12 mai 2022.

Photo : Matelot chef Dan Bard, Caméra de combat des Forces canadiennes, Forces armées canadiennes

Dr. J.G.H. (Sjeng) Tans: www.parlement.com/id/vg09lla2k0x8/j_g_h_sjeng_tans

Caius Spronken: rkd.nl/explore/artists/74458

caiusspronken.com/74-2/

"Commissie Tans adviseert minister naast medische faculteit nog te stichten: Wis- en natuurkunde, Biologie, Menswetenschappen, Theologie, Sociologie. Achtste in 1974 open". Limburgsch Dagblad van 24-9-1970: resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010541402:mpeg21:a0195

"Achtste Medische faculteit nadert enige beslissende stadia" (met foto van Tans). NRC Handelsblad van 13-8-1973: resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=KBNRC01:000032816:mpeg21:a0068

"MFM koopt klooster". Limburgsch Dagblad van 15-8-1973: resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010561021:mpeg21:a0188

Bijeenkomst van Burgemeester en Wethouders Maastricht, Gedeputeerde Staten en de voorbereidingscommissie Dr. J. Tans. Aan de rechterzijde gouverneur Dr. Ch.J.M.A. van Rooy met deputés. Aan het einde burgemeester Mr. A.M.I.H. Baeten, wethouders R. de Vries en Ing. F.J.H. Huntjens, adjunct gemeentesecretaris H.J. Hameleers, Hr. Matti griffier van gedeputeerde staten, Hr. Ensinck, Hr. v.d. Woude, Hr. Lebens en Hr. van Rooy. Onderwerp: terreinkeuze van de Universiteit. Jaarboek 1972; blz. 8-10:

rhclimburgpubliek.hosting.deventit.net/detail.php?nav_id=...

Installatie van de Commissie Tans: rhclimburgpubliek.hosting.deventit.net/detail.php?nav_id=...

rhclimburgpubliek.hosting.deventit.net/detail.php?nav_id=...

"Terrein universiteit Limburg gekozen". De Volkskrant van

15-2-1967: resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ABCDDD:010847943:mpeg21:a0230

"Commissie-Tans meent: Maastricht kan in 1974 starten met faculteit". De Tijd van 10-10-1970: resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:110612245:mpeg21:a0152

De Volkskrant van 10-10-1970: resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ABCDDD:010848548:mpeg21:a0242

"Medische studie Maastricht. Faculteit kan in 74 werken". De Volkskrant van 10-10-1970: resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ABCDDD:010848548:mpeg21:a0242

resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ABCDDD:010848548:mpeg21:p007

Minister de Braauw komt zich orienteren. Jezuïetenklooster in 1972 ter beschikking „achtste". Limburgsch Dagblad van 7-8-1971: resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010555962:mpeg21:a0386

Problemen rond vertraging universiteit. Achtste in of buiten de stad?, door Dick A. van Ruler. Limburgsch Dagblad van 28-5-1970: resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010541177:mpeg21:a0197

"Achtste in centrum Maastricht?", door Dick A. van Ruler, Limburgsch Dagblad van 29-5-1970: resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010541178:mpeg21:a0259

"Problemen rond de vestiging van Limburgs Universiteit (III). Let op de projectontwikkelaars", door Dick A. van Ruler. Limburgsch Dagblad van 30-5-1970: resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010541179:mpeg21:a0434

"Alternatief plan voor universiteit Maastricht". De Volkskrant

2-6-1970: resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ABCDDD:010848462:mpeg21:a0137

SWOL ongerust over onzekerheid regeringsbeleid rond 'Achtste'. Limburgsch Dagblad van 30-7-1971: resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010556009:mpeg21:a0200

"Commissie Tans: Faculteit centrum gezondheidszorg in Limburg. Achtste kan in 1974 van start". Limburgsch Dagblad van 20-6-1970: resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010541148:mpeg21:a0451

"Voor Universiteit Limburg. Sloop Jezuïetenkerk wekt protesten. Kloostertuin blijft dicht voor publiek". De Volkskrant van 22-1-1976: resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ABCDDD:010880846:mpeg21:a0217

Foto van de aanbieding eindverslag commissie van voorbereiding medische faculteit aan staatssecretaris Dr. G. Klein van onderwijs en wetenschappen. Van links naar rechts: Dr. G. Klein, Dr. J. Tans; voorzitter CV/MFM, Dr. Tan; medewerker, Dr. A. Rottier; plv. voorzitter CV/MFM, Ir. C.A. Doets; lid CV/MFM sinds 30-03-1972, Burgemeester Mr. A. Baeten en J. Sondag; lid CV/MFM sinds 08-08-1973:

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De schilder Hans Truijen met een portret van Dr. J. Tans: rhclimburgpubliek.hosting.deventit.net/detail.php?nav_id=...

Hans Truijen: rkd.nl/explore/artists/78325

"Monument aangeboden ter herinnering aan Dr. Sjeng Tans.

Op vrijdag 2 september 2016 is op het plein voor Maastricht University School of Business and Economics, de plaats waar de Universiteit Maastricht ooit begon, een monument onthuld ter herinnering aan Dr. Sjeng Tans. Het monument is gemaakt op initiatief van het Comité Dr. J. Tans 2016 en gerealiseerd door beeldend kunstenaar Caius Spronken.

De universiteit is vergroeid met het straatbeeld van Maastricht en Dr. Sjeng Tans verdient mede daarom in Maastricht een blijvende en waardige plek die herinnert aan zijn betekenis voor Maastricht en de regio. Om die reden is het Comité Dr. J. Tans een actie gestart om een monument voor hem op te richten, daar waar het allemaal begon, in het hart van de stad. Het monument is een geschenk aan de stad Maastricht en haar burgers. Dit initiatief heeft belangrijke steun ontvangen van de gemeente Maastricht, de provincie Limburg, het Academisch Ziekenhuis Maastricht, de Universiteit Maastricht, de stichting Elisabeth Strouven, de stichting Kanunnik Salden/Nieuwenhof en het Universiteitsfonds Limburg/SWOL.

Het College van Bestuur van de Universiteit Maastricht dankt de initiatiefnemers voor het feit dat zij juist in het jubileumjaar van de universiteit deze bijzondere actie hebben ondernomen.

Na zijn politieke loopbaan in de Tweede Kamer, gemeenteraad en Provinciale Staten was Tans voorzitter van de Commissie Voorbereiding Medische Faculteit Maastricht, die de oprichting van de Universiteit Maastricht voorbereidde. In 1977 werd hij voorzitter van het eerste college van bestuur van die universiteit. Als oprichter wordt hij op de Universiteit Maastricht nog geëerd in de jaarlijkse Tanslezing, de Tanspenning (penning voor belangrijke verdiensten voor de universiteit) en de dr. Tanslaan en het dr. Tans-gebouw van het azM in Randwijck":

www.maastrichtuniversity.nl/nl/nieuws/monument-aangeboden...

“Een kruistocht voor het Socialisme; Sjeng Tans en de doorbraak-verkiezingen van 1956”, dr. Annemieke Klijn, opgenomen in het “Jaarboek 1996” van het “Documentatiecentrum Nederlandse Politieke Partijen” in Groningen.

“Onze man uit Maastricht”, biografie van dr. J.G.H. Tans, door dr. Annemieke Klijn; Rijksuniversiteit Maastricht; uitgeverij SUN, 2001.

Citaat uit “Honderd jaar over de rooien; de sociaal-democratie in Limburg van 1889 tot 1989”, door Jan Reerink, Piet Wetzels en dr. Annemieke Klijn; Sittard 1989:

"Het werk moest trouwens gedaan worden door enkelen. Velen uit die tijd herinneren zich de secretaris van het gewest, Johan van der Woude, als iemand die voortdurend op zijn motorfiets door heel Limburg rijdend zijn aktiviteiten ontplooide, als opbouwwerker avant-la-lettre kwam hij nieuwe afdelingen oprichten".

www.flickr.com/photos/hans_r_van_der_woude/33565068916/

www.kerkgebouwen-in-limburg.nl/kerken/maastricht/canisian...

www.kec-um.nl/uploads/files/meer_over/Tongersestraat%2053...

cultureelerfgoed.nl/monumenten/27665

Omstreeks 1870 is op deze locatie een klooster gebouwd voor de Jezuïten, ontworpen door de Jezuïtenpater architect Albert Slootmaekers, geb. Breda 15-6-1814, ovl. Sittard 4-4-1875, zoon van Aegidius Slootmaekers, winkelier, en Eleonora Elsen: www.jezuieten.org/person/albert-slootmaekers-sj/

Inschrijving Bevolkingsregister Maastricht: www.archieven.nl/mi/1540/?mivast=1540&miadt=38&mi...

zoeken.hetnieuweinstituut.nl/nl/personen/detail/918412b0-...

Afbeeldingen klooster:

Tongersestraat 53. Sloop dragonderkazerne, bouw klooster paters Jezuïeten:

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In 1882 is het klooster uitgebreid onder architectuur van Jezuïtenpater architect Antonius Dijkmans, geb. 1851, ovl. Katwijk a/d Rijn 17-6-1922.

Hij was in 1901 de architect van de Kathedraal van Jakarta, in samenwerking met architect Marius Jan Hulswit, geb. Amsterdam 2-1-1862, ovl. Batavia 10-1-1921.

Overlijdensbericht Pater A. Dijkmans S.J. De Maasbode van

18-6-1922: resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMKB04:000192059:mpeg21:a0048

Architect Marius Jan Hulswit: zoeken.hetnieuweinstituut.nl/nl/personen/detail/b81adace-...

Antonius Dijkmans vertrok in 1888 vanuit Rotterdam naar Batavia. Bataviaasch Nieuwsblad van

19-3-1888: resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:110617330:mpeg21:a0051

"Kerkwijding te Batavia". De Tijd van 25-5-1901: resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010407953:mpeg21:a0084

"De inwijding der nieuwe Roomsch-Katholieke Kerk te Batavia op den 21sten April 1901". Dijkmans was al voor de inwijding naar Holland teruggekeerd wegens ziekte. De Locomotief: Samarangsch handels- en advertentie-blad van 25-4-1901:https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010298501:mpeg21:a0122

De Maasbode van 26-5-1901: resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMKB04:000181357:mpeg21:a0046

De Sumatra Post van 24-6-1904: resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010321330:mpeg21:a0031

"Het nieuwe Jesuietencollege te Maastricht. Plechtige eerste steenlegging". De Maasbode van 25-6-1938: resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMKB04:000193128:mpeg21:a0079

Aanbesteding. Limburger Koerier van 19-1-1938: resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010985840:mpeg21:a0116

"Het St. Bonifacius-Studiehuis te Maastricht". Limburger Koerier van 28-1-1938: resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010985848:mpeg21:a0129

Foto van het Studiehuis in aanbouw. De Maasbode van 28-9-1938: resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMKB04:000190620:mpeg21:a0114

Architect ir. A.H.J. Swinkels (1900-1971):

www.kerkgebouwen-in-limburg.nl/architecten/swinkels

www.architectenaandemaas.com/nl/bureau/erfgoed-architecte...

"Het St. Bonifacius-Studiehuis te Maastricht. Door een gelukkige omstandigheid bleef dit wetenschappelijke centrum voor de stad behouden. Mooi bouwwerk met architectonische vondsten". Limburger Koerier van 28-1-1938: resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010985848:mpeg21:a0126

"Theologicum der Paters Jesuiten. Geslaagde reconstructie van 18e eeuwsche poort".

Limburgsch Dagblad van 8-11-1939: resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010948490:mpeg21:a0050

"Grondwerker door instorting bedolven en gedood". Zaans Volksblad: sociaal-democratisch dagblad van 20-12-1939: resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010944518:mpeg21:a0072

"Voor het nieuwe ziekenhuis te Maastricht. Een detailleering van de plannen". De architect was Jos Cuypers (1861-1949), zoon van de beroemde architect Pierre Cuypers (1827-1921). Limburger Koerier van 13-3-1935 en 14-3-1935: resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:011025470:mpeg21:a0139

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Plan van Ed Cuypers (1859-1927) en A.H.J. Swinkels voor een nieuw ziekenhuis in Maastricht. Limburger Koerier van 9-3-1935: resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:011025467:mpeg21:a0078

Maastricht den 4 Januari. Gisteren is op order van de magistraat gepubliceert, dat alle burgers en ingezetenen, die ietsten lasten van de Fransche bezetting te eisschen hebben, hunne pretensien den 6, 7 en 8 dezer moeten opgeven aan den heer de Lorme, groot-major van deze stad, met verbod om verder iets aan de Fransche troupen te borgen, enz.

Hollandsche Historische Courant van 9-1-1749: resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010965025:mpeg21:a0007

Gisteren is van wegens zyn Doorluchtige Hoogheyd de Heere Prince Erf-Stadhouder en de Prins Bisschop van Luyk onze Magistraat aldus verandert:

Tot Burgemeesteren

Luykse Heeren: Licentiaat Olislagers

Brabantse Heeren: Mr. Godart van Slijpe

Tot Schepenen

Luykse Heeren:

Licentiaat Guill. de Reguile President

Munnix Dieudonné Huberte Membrede Joppen

Kamps

Brabantse Heeren:

Mr. Hendrik Pesters President

Mr. L. Ghysen

Mr. R.W.D. Pillera

Mr. Cornelis Rosa van der Haar

F. van der Craght

Mr. W. Brull

Mr. Q. Reininck junior

Gezwoore-Raaden

Luykse Heeren:

Licentiaat Roosen

Joés Crutz

De Matthys

Vliex

Brabantse Heeren:

Mr. J.W. Heidevier

Mr. J.H. Reininck senior

N. Poppelaar

Dr. Pellerin

Paaymeesters

Luykse Heeren:

Licentiaat van Aken

Brabantse Heeren:

Johannes Bogaart

Oprechte Haerlemsche Courant van 6-5-1749: resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:011224099:mpeg21:a0002

Willem IV (1711-1751), Karel Hendrik Friso, prins van Oranje, vorst van Nassau-Dietz, de eerste erfstadhouder van de Republiek der Verenigde Provinciën, gehuwd met Anna van Hannover:

resources.huygens.knaw.nl/vrouwenlexicon/lemmata/data/Ann...

www.absolutefacts.nl/royalty/data/willem4oranjenassau1711...

Dr. Pellerin is Adrianus (Adrien) Pellerin (ook Pelerin), Med. Dr. en Anatomie Professor te Maastricht. Oprechte Haerlemsche Courant van 19-9-1771: resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010799925:mpeg21:a0008

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Adrianus Pelerin (1698-1771) werd in 1738 benoemd als eerste professor in de anatomie en chirurgie in Maastricht. Hij stond aan de wieg van het medisch onderwijs in Maastricht. De bedoeling van zijn anatomische lessen was om de medische zorg in het militair hospitaal van de garnizoenstad Maastricht te verbeteren.

Pelerin was verbonden aan de Illustere School in Maastricht, een instelling die studenten voorbereidde op een verdere universitaire studie. Een Maastrichtse bachelor opleiding avant la lettre. Tijdens zijn opleiding heeft Pelerin onderzoek verricht naar het toen endemische ziektebeeld van pokken. Hij promoveerde in 1719 in Leiden op het proefschrift “de Variolis”. Dit proefschrift heeft waarschijnlijk bijgedragen aan de vroegtijdige invoering van de pokkenvaccinatie in Maastricht.

Sinds 1996 kent de Pelerin Stichting de Pelerin wetenschapsprijs toe aan het beste onderzoek verricht door een assistent in het MUMC+. De Pelerin Stichting wil daardoor de kwaliteit en de continuïteit van academische patiëntenzorg bevorderen. Daarmee volgt de Stichting de voetsporen van haar naamgever professor Adrianus Pelerin:

Bron: pelerinsymposium.nl/geschiedenis.php

Adrien Pelerin werd op 22 juni 1698 geboren te Leiden, als zoon van de brouwer Adrien Pelerin uit Saint Quentin en Marie Chrouët uit Olne, vlakbij Luik. De familie Chrouët was een gerenommeerd artsengeslacht in de regio rondom Luik. Pelerin gebruikte later in publicaties de naam Pelerin Chrouët, mogelijk om zijn verbondenheid met de familie te benadrukken...…………..

Op 8 juni 1736 wordt Pelerin door de Raad van State benoemd tot doctor medicinae van het Militair Hospitaal in Maastricht. De reden waarom Pelerin Leiden verliet en voor de benoeming in Maastricht koos, is niet bekend. Mogelijk speelde de familie Chrouët een rol, zijn artsenfamilie van moederszijde afkomstig uit Olne nabij Maastricht...……………

Pelerin woonde in het centrum van de stad aan het Vrijthof, op loopafstand van het stadhuis waar hij vele jaren actief was als schepen en gezworene in het stadsbestuur. Dat stadsbestuur had destijds wel een bijzondere signatuur. Maastricht werd ‘tweeherig’, dat wil zeggen gezamenlijk bestuurd door de katholieke prins-bisschop uit Luik en de gereformeerde hertog van Brabant. Het stadsbestuur was daarom paritair samengesteld uit Luikse en Brabantse – lees katholieke en gereformeerde – leden. Om de broederlijke samenwerking te benadrukken werd het stadsbestuur ondeelbaar betiteld als de ‘Indivieze Raad’. Behalve voor het stadsbestuur had deze tweeherigheid ook consequenties voor het onderwijs; een katholieke en een gereformeerde Latijnse school bestonden naast elkaar. Pelerin was lid van de gereformeerde Waalse Gemeente, en regent van het gereformeerde weeshuis. Hij had als vooraanstaand burger dan ook zitting in het stadsbestuur namens de ‘Brabantse kant’:

www.ntvg.nl/artikelen/eerste-hoogleraar-geneeskunde-maast...

"De IIlustre School te Maastricht en haar Hoogleraren (1683-1794)", door Ferd. Sassen.

N.V. Noord-Hollandsche Uitgevers Maatschappij Amsterdam, London 1972.

Mededelingen der Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen. Afd. Letterkunde. Nieuwe Reeks, Deel 25, no. 1.

Adrien Pelerin-Chrouet (1698-1771): dictionnaire-journalistes.gazettes18e.fr/journaliste/626a...

Familie Pelerin te Maastricht, 18e eeuw:

www.archieven.nl/mi/1540/?mivast=1540&mizig=210&m...

Adrien Pelerin's zoon Adrien Louis Pelerin, geb. Maastricht 10-1-1738, ovl. Houthem (buitengoed Ravensbosch) 5-5-1804, tr. Maastricht (Waalse kerk) 15-9- 1765 Anne Elisabeth Collard, geb. Maastricht 28-10-1736, ovl. Maastricht 15-3-1809. Uit dit huwelijk zijn zeven kinderen in Maastricht geboren en aldaar Waals gedoopt.

Haar broers mr. Alexander Quirinus Collard (1735-1808) en mr. Isaac Collard (1738-1823), bezetten belangrijke posten in de Brabantse magistraat.

Verkoop van een gedeelte van de bibliotheek van wylen de Wel. Ed. Heer A. Pellerin, Med. Dr. en Anatomie Professor te Maastricht. Oprechte Haerlemsche Courant van 19-9-1771: resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010799925:mpeg21:a0008

Troops depart their main base of operations for the training area on May 9, 2023, as Ex MAPLE RESOLVE kicks off. Combat arms and support vehicles left in convoys as defined by the order of battle.

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Les troupes quittent leur base d'opérations principale pour la zone d'entraînement le 9 mai 2023, au début de l'Ex MAPLE RESOLVE. Les armes de combat et les véhicules de soutien partent en convoi, conformément à l'ordre de bataille.

Photo: Corporal / Caporal Michael Turner

Serbian soldiers of Rifle Platoon, 4th Army Brigade, perform movement drills during exercise Combined Resolve III at the Joint Multinational Readiness Center in Hohenfels, Germany, Oct. 25, 2014. Combined Resolve III is a multinational exercise, which includes more than 4,000 participants from NATO and partner nations, and is designed to provide a complex training scenario that focuses on multinational unified land operations and reinforces the U.S. commitment to NATO and Europe. (U.S. Army photo by Pvt. Courtney Hubbard)