View allAll Photos Tagged redshift
Glenn A. Brock & Robert A. E. Fosbury
Institute of Advanced Study
University of Durham
This is a summary of a preliminary investigation of the fluorescence spectrum of the primarily calcium phosphate (apatite) biominerals derived from Early Cambrian fossils from the Flinders Ranges in South Australia. In addition to showing the nature of the fluorescence from these ~530 million year old shells, this composite image/plot seeks to illustrate the relationship between deep geological time and astronomical lookback time by showing how much the Universe has expanded since these early bilaterian animals inhabited the Earth's oceans.
The images on the left are scanning electron micrographs of isolated sclerites from two morphospecies of the enigmatic multi-sclerite bearing tommotiid genus Dailyatia (D. macroptera and D. ajax) which are extremely abundant in shallow water carbonates at this time. These scleites are approximately 530 Ma, dated by biostratigraphic correlation to the Cambrian Geological Timescale.
The plots on the right are spectra covering the visible and near infrared wavelengths from 400 - 800nm.
The dark blue spectrum (fossils) is an average of six samples (including phosphatoc brachipods) excited with a 404nm (violet) laser and examined with an Ocean Optics JAZ spectrometer. The lower, light blue plot — shown for comparison — is obtained from a cut blue apatite gemstone with the same illumination and spectrometer.
The thin green line is the spectrum of a galaxy at a redshift of 0.04 from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS, www.sdss.org/ ). Using the current cosmological parameters describing the geometry and age of the Universe, this redshift corresponds to a light travel time of 536 million years, meaning that the light from the galaxy image (seen in the upper-mid panel) and spectrum are approximately coeval with the time when these animals were alive on Earth.
The red spectrum (fossils_z) has been 'redshifted' by the factor (1 + z) to represent the effect of the fractional expansion of the Universe from the Early Cambrian to the present time.
The fluorescent emission features in the blue apatite gem and the fossils are due to lanthanide rare earth elements present in small amounts in these calcium phosphate structures. The fossil spectra show an additional broad-band fluorescent component that we have not yet identified.
Some year-end renders from Cinema4D. The tutorials from Maxon have been excellent this year, and using them here to show what the new Pyro and cloth can do.
Natural history of universe history // // // human history, world history --- Research Overview
Chronology of World History (Natural universe, the earth, the human world, life) // New geological new astronomical - chronological universe
Historical records and research according to the World, World History, the history of world civilization, chronicle world events, as well as natural history, earth history, history of the universe, geological history, biological history and the like.
World History books have a lot of authority, the United States, Britain, Russia, Europe, middle country have similar universal history masterpiece. Scroll a few million words, it is worth intensive reading. Shanfanjiujian this article, a brief description of some of the problems, as superficial academic exchanges.
Chronology of World History
About 300,400 million years ago: humans appeared on earth.
About 200,300 --1 million years ago: Palaeolithic humans. Chipped stone popular, has been the use of fire
Collection industry, descent and family matriarchal commune produced.
BC 3 - 1 million years ago: the primitive religion appears.
About 12,000 BC - 4000 BC: Stone Age humans. Invention and using a bow, fine stone widely used hunting industry.
From about 8000 BC - Former 2000: mankind has entered the Neolithic Age. Popular burnishing stone, there have been primitive agriculture and animal husbandry
. Matriarchal commune prosperity.
6000 BC: Asia Minor appeared linen and wool fabrics.
Circa 6000 - 1000 BC: ancient Mesopotamia, Asia Minor, Greece, Rome, Persia, India and other places were primitive and ancient religions
Teach prevalent.
BC 4000 - 3000 BC: Ancient Egypt, Southwest Asia, Southern Europe, Central Europe and China and other places have started to use copper ore.
3500 BC - 3100 years ago: in ancient Mesopotamia Uruk period. It appears pottery wheel pottery and ziggurat building, creating a cuneiform. Gouy
And national (Nome) is formed. It appeared hieroglyphics.
3500 BC - 3000 BC: Ancient Mesopotamia residents began to use wheeled transport. The ancient Egyptians used in agriculture plow, harrow
And fertilization.
3100 years ago: the rulers of ancient Egypt conquered Lower Egypt Menes, the initial formation of national unity. Egypt started the Early Dynastic Period.
3000 BC: Ancient Mesopotamia Sumerian city-state area appeared slavery.
3000 BC: Ancient Egyptian appear paddle and sail boats. The ancient Egyptians used bronze mirrors. Ancient Indians invented the stamp characters.
Before 2686 - before 2181: the Egyptian Old Kingdom. Complete national unity, large-scale construction of the pyramid.
Before the 27th century: the heroic epic of ancient Mesopotamia Sumerian era of the "Epic of Gilgamesh" is formed.
26th century BC: the famous ancient Egyptian Sphinx completed.
Europe appears knitting machine.
Chronology of World History "World History, World History." Long and complicated history of the world, some historical facts will inevitably have questions or inaccurate too, need to continue to identify and correct them later modified to restore the original appearance of history.
About 300,400 million years ago: humans appeared on earth.
About 200,300 --1 million years ago: Palaeolithic humans. Chipped stone popular, it has been the use of fire, late extensive use of bone, horn device. Hunting.
Collection industry, descent and family matriarchal commune produced.
About 170 million years ago: Yuanmou Yuanmou Chinese people living in this area, has been able to manufacture and use of stone tools.
{[(See World History, encyclopedias Stavros reason Oceanus: "Global History" McNeil "Rise of the West - the history of the human community" and "World History", as well as W · H.. McNeil's "World History" (1967), Stavrianos "global History" and so on.}
1
BC 3 - 1 million years ago: the primitive religion appears.
About 12,000 BC - 4000 BC: Stone Age humans. Invention and using a bow, fine stone widely used hunting industry.
From about 8000 BC - Former 2000: mankind has entered the Neolithic Age. Burnishing stone popular, there have been primitive agriculture and animal husbandry.
. Matriarchal commune prosperity.
6000 BC: Asia Minor appeared linen and wool fabrics.
Circa 6000 - 1000 BC: ancient Mesopotamia, Asia Minor, Greece, Rome, Persia, India and other places were primitive and ancient religions
Teach prevalent.
Circa 5000: Start with a cold forging method and processing of natural copper southwest Asia and Central Asia. Ancient Egypt has been used and other arms balance scale, the most known
Weighing early.
From about 5000 BC - Former 4000: In ancient Egypt, the sun and moon appear as regular calendar.
BC 4000 - 3000 BC: Ancient Egypt, Southwest Asia, Southern Europe, Central Europe and China and other places have started to use copper ore.
3760 years ago: the first year of the ancient Jewish calendar.
3500 BC - 3100 years ago: in ancient Mesopotamia Uruk period. It appears pottery wheel pottery and ziggurat building, creating a cuneiform. Gouy
And national (Nome) is formed. It appeared hieroglyphics.
3500 BC - 3000 BC: Ancient Mesopotamia residents began to use wheeled transport. The ancient Egyptians used in agriculture plow, harrow
And fertilization.
{5ooo BC before}
Before 2686 - before 2181: the Egyptian Old Kingdom. Complete national unity, large-scale construction of the pyramid.
26th century BC: the famous ancient Egyptian Sphinx completed.
2,500 years ago: the ancient Sumerian Medicine found that mineral water has healing properties, the ancient Sumerians used oil lamps, learn to bake bread and brew beer
liqueur. Europe appears knitting machine.
Circa 2500 - 1500 BC: Xiyaguya said period
Before the 25th century - before the 23 century: in Ancient Babylonians invention of pottery carved on the map.
Before 2378 - before 2371: the ancient Sumerian king of Lagash Urukagina reign,
Before 2371 - before 2154: the ancient Mesopotamian Akkadian Kingdom.
From about 2300 BC - Former 1750: Ancient Indian Harappa culture period.
Before 2181 - before 2040: First Intermediate Period of Ancient Egypt.
Before 2017 - before 1595: the era of ancient Mesopotamia Ancient Babylon
Before 2000: - Aegean Mycenaean civilization appears. Ancient Egypt appear library, mummification.
Before 1900-- before 1600: the ancient Greek text appears linear, bronze widely used.
Walsh (William H.Walsh, 1913-1986), British philosopher>
Before 1792 - before 1750: Ancient Mesopotamia Ancient Babylon 6th generation reign of King Hammurabi, will be "Code of Hammurabi"
Before 1786 - before 1567: the Second Intermediate Period of ancient Egypt. Hyksos invasion of Egypt ruled over a hundred years.
Before the 18th century: ancient Babylon occurred farmers almanac, including irrigation, cultivation and harvesting, as the earliest known farmers almanac.
Before 1567 - before 1085: New Kingdom of ancient Egypt.
The ancient Babylonians created a well-developed mathematics and astronomy. Horses start for vehicle transport. UK Salisbury and Wiltshire areas built
Build Stonehenge. Ancient Egyptians used mercury.
About 14 centuries ago: Chinese Pan Geng moved to Yin from Om generate Oracle.
The first 14 - Former 12th century: the ancient Hittite Empire in West Asia.
The mid-14th century BC - 11th century ago: the ancient Xiyaguya said Empire.
About 13 centuries ago: Chinese Shang bronzes heyday. Late Shang Si Mu Wu Ding is the largest remaining bronze.
Former 11-- 9th century BC: the ancient Greek Homeric.
1000 BC - Former 600 years: The ancient Indian Vedic period. Aryan state formation, Brahmanism spread.
10th century - 612 years ago: the ancient Assyrian West New Empire. Iron appeared and widely used.
Top 10 - Top 5 Century: Ancient Indian earliest philosophical writings, Brahmanism classic "Upanishads" formation.
841 years ago
9 century ago: the ancient Greek Sparta state formation.
8th century: the ancient Greek epic "Iliad", "Odyssey" is formed, transfer to Homer. Pergamum invented parchment people in the Middle East.
Ancient Greek first Olympic Games held in Olympia.
BC 700 - 600 years ago: the ancient Phoenicians with suet and mountain ash into soap.
Before 8 - 6th century BC: the Roman monarchy era.
Before 626 BC - 539 years: the ancient Mesopotamia the Neo-Babylonian Kingdom.
Before 624 BC - 547 years: the ancient Greek philosopher Thales alive, the creation of Miletus school.
Before 610 BC - 546 years: the ancient Greek philosopher Anaximander alive.
About 7 centuries ago: the Babylonians found eclipses recurring Saros.
Before 604 BC - 561 years: the ancient Mesopotamia the Neo-Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar II reign, the construction of the Hanging Gardens, destroy the Jewish state.
594 years ago: the ancient Greek Athenian Solon implement political and economic reform, issued the "Code of Attica."
From about 580 BC - 500 years ago: the ancient Greek mathematician and philosopher Pythagoras was alive, the creation of the Pythagoreans.
About 563 years ago - 483 years ago: Sakyamuni, founder of Buddhism alive.
Before 558 BC - 330 years: the ancient Persian Empire and West Asia.
551 BC - 479 BC: Confucius alive, the creation of the Confucian school of thought, the first private school, presided over the compilation of ancient culture finishing. Existing "The Analects
"
.
About the first 500-- 449 years ago: Persian War.
Before 485 BC - 425 years: the ancient Greek historian Herodotus alive.
Before 469 BC - 399 years: the ancient Greek philosopher Socrates alive.
Before about 460 BC - 401 years: the ancient Greek historian Thucydides alive, author of "History of the Peloponnesian War."
About the first 460-- 370 years ago: the ancient Greek philosopher Democritus alive.
432 years ago: the ancient Greek Parthenon, built by the sculptor Phidias decorative design.
Former 431-- 404 years ago: the occurrence of the Peloponnesian War. World military history.
Before 427 BC - 348 years / 347 years ago: the ancient Greek philosopher Plato alive.
Before 334 BC - 324 years: the Macedonian king Alexander the Great led his army conquests of Persia, Central Asia and India, travel thousands of miles, the world's ancient history
The famous military expedition. .
Before 330 BC - 275 years: the ancient Greek mathematician Euclid alive, the "Geometry."
323 BC - 187 years ago: the ancient Indian kingdom of Magadha Mauryan period.
4th century BC - AD 3,4 century: the ancient Indian epic "Mahabharata" is formed.
Before 287 BC - 212 years: the ancient Greek mathematician and physicist Archimedes alive.
About 280 years ago: the ancient port city of Alexandria, Egypt built the Pharos lighthouse, one of the seven wonders of the ancient world.
About 269 years ago - 232 years ago: the ancient Indian kingdom of Magadha Mauryan king Ashoka reign of the Mauryan entered its peak phase.
7 years ago or four years ago: According to legend, the founder of the birth of Jesus Christ.
1st century: Greek sculptor Ndiaye Sandra Ross, Nuoduoluosi, 波利佐罗斯 three carved marble statue of "Laocoon."
1st century AD the Roman Empire began
395 years of Christianity
476 years of the Roman Empire split
Early 7th century Frankish kingdom established
622 years of the rise of Islam
676 Japanese Taika Reforms begin
8 mid-century Silla unified the Korean Peninsula most
In the early 9th century Arab empire become
843 formed the Kingdom of the English.
Charlie is not the 12th century division of the empire, France, Germany, and Italy produce prototype
Japan entered the 14-16 century during the reign of the Shogunate
1453 Renaissance in Europe
1453 Byzantine Empire
1492 Dias voyage along the southern coast of Africa
1497--1498, Columbus reached America / Columbus discovered the New World
1519-1522 Voyage Vasco da Gama India
1640 Magellan sailed round the world fleet
1688 English bourgeois revolution began
1760s British coup, the new bourgeoisie and the establishment of the rule of Guizhou
1775--1783 British industrial revolution began
July 4, 1776 North American War of Independence
North American Continental Congress issued a "Declaration of Independence", the United States declared independence
Power 1785 Watt improved the steam engine is made to start a textile machine used / technological revolution, industrial
1848--1849 European revolution
1861 Russian serfdom reform
1861 --1865 US Civil War
Japan's Meiji Restoration began in 1868
Finalize the unification of Italy in 1870
1871 completed the unification of Germany, the German Empire was established
1939.9 Second World War broke out
1
1943.12.1, the United States, Britain issued the Cairo Declaration <>
The United Nations established 1945.10
The former Soviet Union.
1993 establishing the European Union
World History events
Create ancient Egyptian civilization
Old Babylonian kingdom
"Code of Hammurabi" development
Trojan War
Solon
Darius Battle
Battle of Marathon
The birth of Ancient Greek Philosophy / human history, cultural heritage, European civilization
/
Olympic Games / World Sports Events
[Many major events in world history, important people, it is difficult to accurately include all of them. There are various versions of the General History of the World, it is difficult consensus.]
Rise and Fall of the Roman Empire
Establishment and spread of Christianity
"Justinian Code" handed down
Germanic peoples migration
Founding and demise of the Mayan civilization
Collisions of European civilization
The collapse of the Byzantine Empire
The rise of the Ottoman Empire
Hundred Years War
Renaissance
Shakespeare Drama Creation
Opening of new routes
The European Reformation
Copernicus presented heliocentric
Newton discovered gravity
English bourgeois revolution
Faraday invention motor
Enlightenment
Reform of Peter I / Russia
The first industrial revolution
American Revolutionary
The French Revolution
The rise and fall of Napoleon
Latin American War of Independence
1848 European Revolution
Darwin's Theory of Evolution
the Meiji Reform
The establishment of the first international
second industrial revolution
Telephone and radio technology invention
Wright brothers and the birth of the aircraft
Birth car
Krstic invention Train
World War I
Establishment of an international coalition
Einstein theory of relativity
Second World War
The former Soviet Union / the end of the Cold War.
The establishment of the United Nations
New Changes in the third technological revolution the international political and economic new pattern of new trends
Modern society / world economy and world politics / World Military / World Culture / World Religion / World Population, etc.
Globalization - new opportunities, new challenges, new world and evolution
Man on the moon / cosmic revolution, the revolutionary planet, the planet began to society
{{ "The Outline of History" (English) Hz with Joe Wells.
"The Outline of History: Biological and concise history of mankind" (English) Hz with Joe Wells.
"History of Western civilization," [US] · E · Robert Lerner waited. This is a very influential book in North America, three co-historian. The former Soviet Academy of Sciences Editor: World History
"World history of civilization," [US] Philip Lee Ralph waited. 4 co-historian.
"World history of civilization," the Weierdulan. An amazing work. }}
Appears cloning / modern biological technology
Create ancient Egyptian civilization
Old Babylonian kingdom
Trojan War
Solon
Darius Battle
Battle of Marathon
Establishment and spread of Christianity
"Justinian Code" handed down
Germanic peoples migration
Founding and demise of the Mayan civilization
The collapse of the Byzantine Empire
The rise of the Ottoman Empire
Hundred Years War
Renaissance
Opening of new routes
The European Reformation
Copernicus presented heliocentric
Newton discovered gravity
English bourgeois revolution
NYSE / capitalist development
Faraday invention motor
Reform of Peter I
The first industrial revolution
American Revolutionary
The French Revolution
The rise and fall of Napoleon
1848 European Revolution
Darwin's Theory of Evolution
Telephone and radio technology invention
{{Main part of world history events, individual controversial history of the world can be found in general history, world history and civilization classics Encyclopedia of network resources, the world's three encyclopedia}}.
Third technological revolution
After the Cold War new world-changing. Competitive countries in the world, the rapid development of modern science and technology productivity.
Genetic engineering, aerospace engineering, computer and information network engineering, materials engineering, energy engineering, mechatronics, biomedical engineering, agricultural engineering, intelligent robotics, marine technology, military engineering and technology applied to human society greatly.
Competition and conflict in various new challenges, new conflicts, civilization, religion, nationality, culture, etc. followed, the world order is facing change and innovation, a serious challenge to the consolidation and development of the turmoil in the world order - Transformation ago Row.
Humans - primates
Primates - physiological characteristics {evolutionary / biological human primate evolution, comparative study}
Primates primate skull
In primates inhabit trees common features, there are many differences. Including the holding force needed collarbone in the chest ribs, all angles to ensure freedom of movement of the shoulder, in front of the fingers, nails, touch sensitive finger (toe) end, the tendency smell degradation, the number of teeth is relatively degraded, complex visual system (visual sensitivity and color sense), and trunk disproportionate brain, the cerebral cortex expanded pairs of mammary gland, a common child, a longer gestation period and the like.
Usually highly social primates, and there is hierarchy. Pliocene period began monogamous primates, and form a stable patriarchal society.
Primate head has two eyes forward: This binocular can provide an accurate sense of distance. There are towering above the orbital brow.
There is a huge dome on primate skull - skull, which was unusual in its class. Skull protects the brain following the same difference. Human cranial cavity volume (space inside the skull) than non-human primates should be three times the largest cranial cavity, which show that humans have larger brains. The average human cranial volume is 1201 cubic centimeters, while gorillas are 469 cm3, 400 cm3 chimps, orangutans is 397 cubic centimeters. The primary direction of primate evolution is the brain, especially the neocortex. According to anthropologists and geneticists concluded that the evolution and mutation of the human brain in a few tens of thousand years after part of evolution, part may be degraded. to genetic variation, mutation, cells, enzymes, proteins and the like.
Primates generally have five toes on each forelimb (finger), the end of each toe has horny toenails. Hand, foot and toes very sensitive skin, constitute a well-developed sense of touch systems. Most primates are suitable for the thumb grip objects (opposable thumbs), which is characterized by iconic primates, but not unique. For example opossum there so fingers. For primates, such as finger nails is accompanied by short walk between the ancient trees of the product. Many methods thus developed upper limb walking out.
Primate of all ring-shaped neck sternum very obvious
Snout primates (lower jaw) showed shrinking trend. Technically speaking, the Old World and New World monkeys distinction lies in the structure of the nose, and the difference between the Old World monkeys and apes in the arrangement of the teeth. New World monkeys nostrils facing side, and old world monkeys are toward the lower nostril. Primates with a variety of teeth arranged manner. Hominid molar tip (the last tip) is in the early history of primates evolved, and this corresponds to the original lower molars tip (lower front tip) will disappear. Prosimians has its unique fixed upper lip, wet nose and lower front teeth inward.
Primate evolution and vision compared to most mammals was unusual. Primate ancestors developed trichromatic vision (can see three colors function), and nocturnal animals, warm-blooded animals and other mammals in the dinosaur ancestors of the period is lost in one third of the retinal cones.
Movement primates varied and useful arms, feet, jumping, arboreal, and walk on all fours on land, knuckles and other reptiles. Many of the original monkeys suborder animals vertical jumping and attached to trees, shrubs, including many monkeys, all indri. Humans are the only primates to fully upright.
Female migration system - born females leave the group. Male remained in the original population, while females and the collective is not closely linked.
Male exchange system - females remain in the original group and the males in adulthood Relocate. Allow polygamy society will fall into this category. Such social groups usually slightly larger, common in the ring-tailed lemurs, capuchin monkeys.
Monogamy - a male and a female stable structure, sometimes accompanied by heirs. Family care and social services (such as territorial defense) the work is divided into two sides. Parents will leave the territory after adult children. Such a society is more typical gibbon groups. However, where monogamy is not faithful representation of life.
Lonely type (for female) - together with the male will protect their territory, and which will include several female areas of activity. Such structures are found in apes.
Primates
Primate slower growth than other mammals. In addition to humans, primates cubs all rely on breastfeeding transfer of nutrients by the mother to protect, guide and support. Some species are also males, particularly his father, in charge of children's activities and safety. Other family members. encyclopedia site Wikipedia, Encyclopedia Britannica, Encyclopedia Americana and other information sites.]>
Primate mammals than the same size has a longer childhood (from weaning to sexual maturity). These are usually playing in knowledge gained. Later brought to maturity with the same size primate mammal compared to a longer life. And the average female life expectancy is longer than males.
Primate food source is very extensive. Most primates eat fruits, in order to absorb the digestible carbohydrates and fats for energy. However, other primates also need food, such as leaves or insects, for amino acids, vitamins and minerals (trace elements).
Baboon is the only major herbivorous primates. Tarsiers are the most carnivorous primates - eats insects, reptiles, and other animals. {Advanced intelligent life in the current scientific findings in humans with only other similar microbes in extreme environments - Extreme Life may find other planets or large in the universe, however, similar primate mammals in the visible Earth, the moon. Jupiter, Mars may not have even within the scope of these and other higher organisms. even if there had probably already extinct. As for whether within a larger universe, of course, can not all negative, however, there is the possibility, but not too much. extremophiles or other extreme life have then the possibility of a slightly larger universe in the development of change, extreme extreme biological life will produce and perish. everything is developing and changing universe, astrophysics, particle, expressing various forms of expression of life forms also is full of development and change.}.
Cosmic history summary table:
Temperature (K) Energy (eV) time (s) during physical Times
1032102810-44 Planck era
1028102410-35 grand unified era
10-35, -33 soaring inflation stage process
101310910-6 hadron era
101110710-2 lepton era .
10,101,061 neutrino neutrino decoupling decoupling
5 × 109 5 × 105 5 electron annihilation of electron-positron pairs
1,091,053 points nucleosynthesis era of light nuclides generated
400 million years of the formation of the first stars, reionization
Galaxies, large scale structure formation
2.725 3 × 10-4 137 billion years Modern
.
A brief history of the Earth's geology: for reference only, can be found in the relevant research monograph, the World Encyclopedia, Encyclopedia Britannica, Encyclopedia Americana, Wikipedia, Wikipedia and other websites on behalf of strata, representatives of the International Geological years.
Archean (AR, Archean Eon): about 4.567 billion to 25 billion years ago
Eoarchean (Ar0, Eoarchean Era): about 4.567 billion to 36 billion years ago
Paleoarchean (Ar1, Paleoarchean Era): about 3.6 billion to 32 billion years ago
The Archean (Ar2, Mesoarchean Era): about 32 billion to 2.8 billion years ago
Neoarchean (Ar3, Neoarchean Era): about 28 billion to 2.5 billion years ago
Proterozoic (PT, Proterozoic Eon): about 25 billion to 543 million years ago
Paleoproterozoic (Pt1, Paleoproterozoic Era): about 2.5 billion to 18 billion years ago
Before Hutuo discipline: about 2.5 billion to 23 billion years ago
Hutuo Ji (Ht): about 23 billion to 1.8 billion years ago
Mesoproterozoic (Pt2, Mesoproterozoic Era): about 1.8 billion to 10 billion years ago
Great Wall century (Ch): about 1.8 billion to 14 billion years ago
Early Great Wall World (Ch1):
Late Great Wall World (Ch2):
Jixianian (Jx): about 1.4 billion to 10 billion years ago
Early Jixian World (Jx1):
Late Jixian World (Jx2):
Neoproterozoic (Pt3, Neoproterozoic Era): about 10 billion to 543 million years ago
Qingbaikou (Qb): from about 10 million to 800 million years ago / tonian (Tonian Period): about 10 billion to 850 million years ago
Early Qingbaikou World (Qb1):
Late Qingbaikou World (Qb2):
Nanhua (Nh): about 800 million to 6.8 billion years ago / Cryogenian (Cryogenian Period): about 850 million to 6.3 billion years ago
Early Nanhua World (Nh1):
Nanhua Night World (Nh2):
Sinian (Z): about 6.8 billion to 543 million years ago / Ediacaran [Ediacaran Period, also known as the Neoproterozoic record Ⅲ (Neoproterozoic)]: about 635 million ~ 542 million years ago
Early Sinian (Z1):
Late Sinian (Z2):
Phanerozoic (PH, Phanerozoic Eon): about 543 million years ago - the future
Paleozoic (Pz, Paleozoic Era): about 543 million to 2.5 billion years ago
Early Paleozoic: about 542 million ~ 416 million years ago
Cambrian (∈, Cambrian Period): about 543 million to 4.9 billion years ago
Early Cambrian
The Cambrian
Late Cambrian
Ordovician (O, Ordovician Period): about 4.9 billion to 438 million years ago (say about 488 300 000 - 443 700 000 years ago)
Early Ordovician (O1):
Middle Ordovician (O2):
Late Ordovician (O3):
Silurian (S, Silurian Period): about 438 million to 4.1 billion years ago
Early Silurian (S1):
Middle Silurian (S2):
Late Silurian (S3):
Top Silurian (S4):
Late Paleozoic: about 416 million ~ 251 million years ago
Devonian (D, Devonian Period): 4.1 billion to 354 million years ago
Early Devonian
Middle Devonian
Late Devonian
Carboniferous (C, Carboniferous Period): about 354 million to 2.95 million years ago
Early Carboniferous (C1):
Late Carboniferous (C2):
Permian (P, Permian Period): about 295 million to 2.5 billion years ago
Early Permian (P1):
Middle Permian (P2):
Late Permian (P3):
Mesozoic (Mz, Mesozoic Era): about 2.5 million to 65.95 million years ago
Triassic (T, Triassic Period): about 2.5 billion to 205 million years ago
Early Triassic (T1):
Middle Triassic (T2):
Late Triassic (T3): geochronology / stratigraphic division
Jurassic (J, Jurassic Period): about 205 million ~ 137 million years ago
Early Jurassic (J1):
Middle Jurassic (J2):
Late Jurassic (J3):
Cretaceous (K, Cretaceous Period): about 137 million years ago ~ 65,950,000
Early Cretaceous (K1):
Late Cretaceous (K2):
Cenozoic (Cz, Cenozoic Era): approximately 65.95 million years ago - the future
Paleogene (E, Paleogene Period): about 6,500 million to 23.3 million years ago
Paleocene (E1): approximately 65.95 million - 55.8 million years ago
Eocene (E2): about 55.8 million - 33.9 million years ago
Oligocene (E3): about 33.9 million - 23.3 million
Neogene (N, Neogene Period): about 23.3 million to 260 million years ago.
Miocene (N1): about 23.3 million to 530 million years ago
Pliocene (N2): about 530 million to 2.6 million years ago
Quaternary (Q): about 260 million years ago - the future
Pleistocene (Qp): about 2.6 million to 1.15 million years ago
Holocene (Qb): about 1.15 million years ago - 1808
Anthropocene (Anthropocene epoch): about 1808 - Future
In the study of evolutionary history or geological processes on Earth, and sometimes do not necessarily need to know the exact time of geological events, but only needs to know the order between them, the only method of determining the sequence of geological events called relative geological time
Geological age and is closely related to human evolution.
Geologic Time Scale: <> light-years, a great span .1 trillion trillion years in 1oo years equal to .1 trillion light years ----- hundred light years distance traveled. astronomical. Encyclopedia of network resources. Encyclopedia Britannica, Encyclopedia Americana, Encyclopedia of life, Wikipedia and other geological]. " .
Implicit Phanerozoic:
Archean (Ar): 45 million years ago, lasted for 2.1 billion years.
Proterozoic (Pt): 24 million years ago, lasted for 1.83 billion years.
Phanerozoic:
Paleozoic (Pz):
Cambrian (∈): 5.7 billion years ago, lasted for 70 trillion years.
Ordovician (O): 5 million years ago, lasted for 60 trillion years.
Silurian (S): 4.4 billion years ago, lasted for 40 trillion years.
Devonian (D): 4 billion years ago, lasted for 50 trillion years.
Carboniferous (C): 3.5 billion years ago, lasted for 65 trillion years.
Permian (P): 2.85 billion years ago, lasted for 55 trillion years.
Mesozoic (Mz):
Triassic (T): 2.3 billion years ago, lasted for 35 trillion years.
Jurassic (J): 1.95 billion years ago, lasted for 58 trillion years.
Cretaceous (K): 1.37 billion years ago, lasted for 70 trillion years.
Cenozoic (Kz):
Tertiary (R): 67 trillion years ago, lasted 64.5 trillion years.
Paleocene: 65 trillion years ago for 9 trillion years.
Eocene: 56 trillion years ago, for 21 trillion years.
Oligocene: 35 trillion years ago, for 12 trillion years.
Miocene: 23 trillion years ago, for 18 trillion years.
Pliocene: 5 trillion years ago, continued 3.4 trillion years.
Quaternary (Q): 2.5 trillion years ago for 2.5 trillion years.
Pleistocene: 1.6 trillion years ago, continued 1.59 trillion years.
Holocene: 10,000 years ago. All accounts, a variety of opinions, strengths reference reading is not conclusive.
Geological time scale (refer to reading)
Implicit Phanerozoic:
Ancient offerings: 4.5 billion (some say 4.6 billion) to 38 billion years ago, 700 million years duration.
Archean (Ar): 38 billion to 2.7 billion years ago for 11 million years.
Proterozoic (Pt):
Early: 2.7 billion to 18 billion years ago, 900 million years duration.
Interim:
Changcheng Period: 18 billion to 1.4 billion years ago, for 4 billion years.
Jixianian: 1.4 billion to 10 billion years ago, for 4 billion years.
Late:
Qingbaikou: 10 million to 800 million years ago, the last 2 million years.
Sinian (Z): 8 million to 570 million years ago, 230 million years duration.
Wende Generation: 610 million to 6 million years ago, for 1 million years.
Phanerozoic:
Paleozoic (Pz):
Early:
Cambrian (∈): 5.7 billion to 510 million years ago, for six million years. Anomalocaris.
Ordovician (O): 5.1 billion to 439 million years ago, continued 71 trillion years. Great Ordovician radiation (GOBE, occurred in Phanerozoic evolution of a major biological event). Orthoceras.
The first mass extinction: 438 million years ago
Silurian (S): 4.39 billion to 408 million years ago, continued 31 trillion years. Pterygotus.
Late:
Devonian (D): 4.08 million to 362.5 million years ago, continued 45.5 trillion years. Dunkleosteus.
The second mass extinction: 3.6 billion years ago
Carboniferous (C): 3.625 billion to 290 million years ago, continued 72.5 trillion years. Giant spiders.
Permian (P): 2.9 billion to 245 million years ago, for 45 trillion years. Dimetrodon.
The third mass extinction: 245 million years ago, the number of more than 70%, 97% of species. Trilobites extinct.
Mesozoic (Mz):
Triassic (T):
Early:
Yin Duan Order: 2.5 million to 245 million years ago, for 5 trillion years.
order: 2.45 billion to 242 million years ago, for 3 trillion years.
{{See [US] • James Preston with, geographical thought history,
[English] R.J. Johnston of geography and geographers}}
<>.
AD 2,050- year 2, 100-year {according to the development of modern science and technology, the modern world economy, politics, military, religion, culture, education, resources, environment, ecology, population and so many data, rely on electronic computing model, rough analysis of historical development trends in context, focusing on human society and the whole world history evolution and developments, events, etc., but also a variety of scientific and technological research Advances according to generally study the changes in the natural, historical process of the universe and significant nature, and the universe mutations, etc. the main macro situation, roughly evolution situation, not microscopic scene from the time data, the reference data are also large, and the rest can be used as supplementary information. Therefore, the time span is very inconsistent.}
[Humans into Mars and return safely to Earth. Moon base, Mars base began preliminary work.
Marine rapid technological breakthroughs, the development of the Polar breakthrough.
Slow growth in the world economy, changes in the world situation changes.
Human population growth, resources and environment has deteriorated.
Reform of the United Nations / United Nations Special Representative of the Army / Secretary-General of the United Nations / United Nations permanent and non-permanent / United Nations International Tribunal / United Nations presences
States intensified competition, war occasionally occur. Various conflict-prone world pattern of gradual change, the new industrial revolution, technological revolution gaining momentum.
AD 21oo - AD 22oo years
The new mode of production
Slow world economic growth, after the strong boost
Planet revolution, the development of increasingly powerful universe, moon base, Mars base gradually established.
Polar development, ocean development, utilization or modification desert, mountain use
Increasingly powerful technological development, extension of human life, to overcome incurable diseases
When the nuclear threat of nuclear terrorism is still enveloped the world in some areas and hot spots of conflict have occurred, the individual fighting frequently.
The industrial revolution, agricultural revolution substantial progress, national wrestling competition
Increasing integration of the world, the world changes ASDC preliminary molding
Resource crisis, population growth, conflicts, local wars and danger
Enhanced role of the UN and rights. Enlarge the role of regional organizations of the United Nations to further strengthen the role of
Major issues of peace and security, economic development and human rights.
AD 23oo - AD 25oo years
Accelerate the integration of all aspects of the world / world politics / world economy / World Military / World Religions / World Science and Technology / world culture. National competition and uneven development, different, may go hand in hand, it may lead, lead the world, can not be generalized.
New world, a new world order / US., Russia, India, Europe, Japan, Argentina and other developing countries, appearing in a multi-polar unipolar lead unipolar or multi-pole to keep in hand, like a track and field race , long-distance running, sprinting, sprint, as runner-up or tied, but eventually there will still be a leader in the leading pack, leading the world. this hegemony in the traditional sense is significantly different.
Revolution Universe
AD AD 2,500- 3,000 years {post-industrial era. Intelligent modern industry, modern agriculture, a big step forward.
The situation in the world tend to be stable, easing Human society initially entered the planet. Moon man, Mars and other interstellar humanity.
The new economic structure economy / Economy - wisdom, and increasing social economic productivity, production tools, mode of production, relations of production, production resources.
Increased competition in the world. There are occasional conflicts and war.
When changes occur naturally universe, the earth, the moon is obvious. Earth's natural disasters is more common.
Two pole exploitation.
Moon person / Mars / Earth
Year 3,000 AD 5,000 years {human society entered the era of artificial intelligence, alien immigrants transformation shape.
Mankind enters the moons of Jupiter and other planets. Human detectors flying the solar system.
5th, 2000 --- AD 8,000 years
Earth society will also be significant changes and transformation.
AD 8, 2000 - 12th, 2000 / symbol year from now 2, ooo years -1o, ooo years as a symbol of the Earth {the revolution, the revolutionary planet, the universe will completely change the world revolution}
Super wisdom of the ages, super intelligence community came into being.
AD 15, 000 - AD 20, 2000
Wisdom biological robots appear.
Universe and change the planet. Human activity detector probe into the Milky Way and other galaxies. Humanity into other celestial bodies.
Highly intelligent life is found, but a similar extreme microbes. Planet touch state social model.
[Change the planet, the solar system change. Planet Earth and human survival in severe challenges and risks intensify.
AD 30, 000 - AD 50, 000 years {.. Human beings live on Earth, the Moon and Mars and other celestial bodies, planets society is gradually forming} planet survival technology gradually develop and grow, including Earth, Moon, Mars and the solar system are all in change, the planet of the world. survival and development more difficult and dangerous.
Changes in the universe. Planets and social crisis facing the challenges of changing times Earth's humanity, the Earth revolution.
AD 100, 000 - AD ******* years / 1oo, ooo years as a sign of macroeconomic data are used to study them, which is more in line closer to the natural and human history of the real world and the evolution of evolution trajectory image jump. empt a conclusion, clearly contrary to the true face of historical development, misleading and distorted the history and natural history of the world history of the universe.
AD 15o, ooo years ---- 2oo, ooo years
AD 3oo, ooo years --1, ooo, ooo-year history {Annals, 1oo years as a major landmark in.
AD 1,5oo, ooo years --- 2, ooo, ooo years
New geological new astronomical - chronological universe
........... ********** ********* ----- Other omitted from the year 2ooo years ---- 2 ooo, ooo years, the time span has been great, too great astronomical, so far after the fact without connection, the length of the history of the human history of the universe has enough new geological new astronomy - universe chronology, abbreviation:.. new geological new astronomical - chronological universe / NNACU.
<Mutation nature of the universe, the Earth and endanger other planets. Planets and other parts of the universe, explosion.
Part of human destruction or extinction, celestial hazards, biological extinction inevitable dangers and disasters threaten mankind.
Humans to survive and continue to continue to survive in the planet and the universe. Planet survival techniques developed.
<Universe changes and natural hazards, diverse, compared to a variety of disasters to human society hundreds of millions of times stronger human society can survive, whether planet or perish disintegration, explosion, collapse, these are extremely important problems. so, problem solution natural history of the universe changes, or mutations, this is the key. even if mankind enters Mars, the moon, is also facing these life and death problems. (1) Natural Yu Zhou whether the overall collapse and collapse? (2) whether humans have enough wisdom and ability to escape this unscathed (3) the destruction of the universe is inevitable or necessarily has its chance, including (4) remains the most critical are:?.? the destruction of the universe as a whole or partial destruction, what will matter Ukraine has evolved into what? everything is emptiness. If this theory was established, the inevitable demise of mankind and the universe. In other words, human history will end naturally, will declare the demise of the universe. Should the universe there is no overall destruction and collapse, human life or other life will there are likely to survive. this is the article with particular emphasis on the two major propositions. scientific research and scientific reasoning is sometimes very important, but in the end still needs a lot of verifiable data and the like.
A. nothingness.
B. heat death of the universe theory: Heat Death Theory and cosmic contraction theory is opposed to, in this case, gravity is not strong, you can not go beyond the expansion of the universe appears therefore exponential expansion, heat evenly distributed in the universe is cold, dark TLC, the final will be an all-star by one end perish.
C. Vacuum metastability event: Event metastable vacuum exists in the universe is a basic unstable state, the universe we live in a stable edge to swing. Some scientists say the reasoning, the next few billion years, the universe will be at the edge of subversion, then at some point the bubble universe.
D. On the death of a black hole in the universe most substances are surrounded by a black hole, the galaxy is concerned, it contains a variety of stars in its center there is a supermassive black hole. When the stars fall into the black hole or the galaxy "event boundary", they will be disintegrated, in a finite universe, black holes will eventually engulf most of the material, the final residue of a dark universe.
E. cosmic cycle: the traditional view that the universe is eternal existence, in the big bang singularity theory of the universe starting model, the universe is cyclical, it will be permanently sustained expansion and contraction.
F. cosmic contraction theory: The most prominent theory of how the universe is the Big Bang theory of the beginning, at first only singularities all substances present in the form, which is an infinitely dense point, for some reason after the explosion, it is difficult to outward confidence speed expansion, culminating in today's universe. On the large contraction and the big bang theory contrary, gravity will eventually slow the universe's expansion, stagnation and contraction.
"Kepler's third law: T2 / R3 = K (= 4π2 / GM) {R: radius of the orbit, T: cycle, K: constant (nothing to do with the planet's mass, depending on the quality of the central object)}
The law of gravity: F = Gm1m2 / r2 (G = 6.67 × 10-11N • m2 / kg2, directions on their connection)
Gravity and gravitational acceleration celestial bodies: GMm / R2 = mg; g = GM / R2 {R: celestial body radius (m), M: celestial body mass (kg)}
4. satellites orbiting velocity, angular velocity, period: V = (GM / r) 1/2; ω = (GM / r3) 1/2; 1/2 {M T = 2π (r3 / GM): the central body mass }. "
1. Dark energy is too large, too little dark matter, cosmic expansion rate is too large, continue to accelerate the expansion and eventually unlimited expansion.
2 dark energy and gravity of various substances in the universe was flat, the universe will continue to slow down the expansion, the expansion rate will be closer to zero, but can never reach zero.
3 less dark energy, gravity dominates the expansion of the universe will continue to slow down, then stop the expansion, contraction steering, all matter in the universe ultimately shrink back into a point, and start all over.
In the first model (ie, closed universe), the expansion of the universe was sufficiently slowly that the gravitational difference between galaxies in the expansion slows down and eventually make it stop. Then start close to each galaxy, the universe began to shrink.
the first sort
In the second model (open space), the expansion of the universe was so fast that gravity make it slow although some never could make it stop. Nearby galaxies distance versus time. Distance to zero at the beginning of the last galaxies steady speed away from each other;
In the second type is always expanded model, additional space is curved, like a saddle. Therefore, in this case space is infinite.
Finally, there is a third class of solutions, expansion of the universe is just fast enough to avoid collapsing. Distance galaxies started from zero, always increases. However, although the speed of the galaxy apart will never become zero, this speed is getting slower.
In the third category Friedmann model just the critical rate of expansion, space is flat (it is unlimited).
Theoretical physicist noted, human or gradually decay into radiation, after its own collapse completely disappeared, or because the faster expansion of the universe to collapse.
According to Big Rip theory, dark energy will make the structure of the universe distorted, leading to the first galaxies tear, followed by a smaller black holes, planets and stars. Expansion of the universe is growing drag force, once it reaches more than galaxies gather
Another possible way to the end of the universe is called the "big contraction."
If the substance within the universe declining over time, there will be a large contraction, resulting gravitational forces become dominant. Gravitational contraction of the universe leads to the result that stars, galaxies and planets collide with each other, the universe collapse occurred. Theoretical physicist, said some areas within the universe has begun to collapse, the collapse of the universe will eventually devour its
According to Higgs theory, the phase change in ten billion of a second after the Big Bang occurred, resulting in changes in the structure of space-time.
Newtonian cosmology:
1 was observed at any point in the universe, the center of the universe were symmetrical
2 the same time measuring the universe points, density are equal
3 little universe in any other conduct particle measurements relations
About the structure of the universe are:
Gaitian said: day round as cover sheets, places such as chess game.
Ancient Greek and Roman doctrine of original universe
Water is the origin of the universe - Thales
The outermost layer of the universe is never extinguished Skyfire said - Pythagoras
Multilayer crystal ball says - Aristotle
Earth is the center - Ptolemy
Western medieval universe theory
After the Middle Ages, cosmology was included in the scholastic system, know the late Renaissance Copernicus based on astronomical observations long write "heavenly bodies" presented heliocentric. Bruno is further believed that the sun is not the center of the universe, the universe is infinite, there is no center.
The classic model of the universe
Newton's first classical mechanics and Euclidean geometry concepts to establish a system of absolute infinite universe.
Relativistic cosmological model
Einstein November 1915 published a general theory of relativity, space and time can not be pointed out substance alone, they established a limited boundless four-dimensional model of the universe.
Big Bang Theory Model
The expansion
20 years later, due to the cosmic microwave background radiation was confirmed, together with the further development of nuclear physics, the Big Bang model shine, to be recognized by the standard model of the universe.
String theory models of the universe
Gradually developed in the last century, superstring theory, at another point to establish a more esoteric string theory models of the universe, we proposed the concept model of the universe of 11 dimensions.
1, on a closed space model of the universe, we need to understand a closed space.
A closed space from any point of view, do not turn to it, all will return to the same place, the same as rotate about a point.
2, a closed space model of the universe
Closed space universe model rule is half closed space of all symmetric point directional movement at the same rate, the move does not coincide with any two points, and keep symmetry.
Now is the "big bang model of the universe" is called the standard model of the universe. In addition are non-standard cosmological model of the universe model.
Such as: steady state model of the universe, the universe cycle model, film universe, the mirror universe. . . and many more.
A theory, also known as the Big Bang cosmology. Compared with other models of the universe, it could indicate more observational facts. Its main point is that we think the universe had a period from hot to cold in the course of evolution.
Einstein field equations: R_uv-1/2 * R * g_uv = κ * T_uv
(Rμν- (1/2) gμνR = 8GπTμν / (c * c * c * c) -gμν)
Description: g_uv to metric, κ is a coefficient, can be slow to determine the Newtonian theory. "_" After the letter subscript "^" after the letter as superscript.
Meaning: matter energy space - momentum (T_uv) = distribution bends space (R_uv)
Form solution is: ds ^ 2 = Adt ^ 2 + Bdr ^ 2 + Cdθ ^ 2 + Ddφ ^ 2
Wherein A, B, C, D for the metric g_uv components.
Consider the energy - momentum tensor T_uv solution is more complex. The easiest is to make T_uv equal to 0,
2. The field equations contain the cosmological constant term:
R_uv-1/2 * R * g_uv + Λ * g_uv = κ * T_uv
Here Λ is the cosmological constant, which is the physical meaning of the universe vacuum field. Λ * g_uv the cosmological term.
If from
ds ^ 2 = Adt ^ 2 + Bdr ^ 2 + Cdθ ^ 2 + Ddφ ^ 2 [1]
Wherein A, B, C, D for the metric g_uv components.
Here ds is the expression of the degree of bending of space a short distance.
If understood in the physical sense, then, the universe items to the right-hand side, it is:
R_uv-1/2 * R * g_uv = κ * T_uv-Λ * g_uv
In 1929, American astronomer Hubble Hubble's law is proposed from the galaxy redshift galaxies and proportional,
In the expansion of the universe away from each other, he said.
State when the distribution of matter in the universe imbalance, the local structure of matter will continue to expand and contract changes, but the relative balance between the overall structure of the universe will not change.
In 1994, the Carnegie Institute of Friedman et al., With an estimated age of the universe when calculating the rate of expansion of the universe approach, the calculated values obtained the age of 80 to 12 billion a year. However, according to the analysis of stellar spectra, the oldest stars in the universe age of 140 to 160 million years.
Wonderful spiral is the nature of the most common and most basic form of exercise substances. This spiral shape phenomenon for the understanding of the universe has an important role in enlightening, to a large spiral galaxy, small DNA molecules are produced in such a spiral line. Nature does not recognize straight form nature all the basic structure of matter are annular shape of the curve of movement. From atoms and molecules to planets, galaxies until galaxies, superclusters, without exception, no doubt, the vastness of the universe is a big whirlpool. Therefore, the establishment of a "spiral movement patterns of the universe model"
Origin of the universe
About whether the universe and how to initiate the debate throughout the history of the entire record. Basically there are two schools of thought. Many early traditions, as well as Judaism, Christianity and Islam that the universe is fairly recent creation of the past.
Two schools of thought believe that the universe is fundamentally unchanged over time. Because human life - the whole of recorded history is so short, the universe was never significantly changed during this period. In the framework of a stable and unchanging universe, and if it has existed forever or is limited in the long past birth problems.
Wormhole eruption, he said that: in a time and space to open the door of the origin of the universe we now live. In many parallel universe, there is a very ordinary parallel universe, in this universe, the largest mass of a black hole is constantly engulfed other celestial bodies in the universe, its quality is increasing, large enough to destroy all of its gravitational physical form when the energy released completely after the eruption stopped wormhole, time and space the door is closed. And emitted by high-energy particles, after a long evolution, the formation of the universe we are now living; the eruption of the wormhole into a parallel universe that previously an ordinary objects, which is why we can not find the center of the universe the reason.
According to the Big Bang theory, many scientists for decades has consistently supported our universe was born about 140 million years ago. Accordance with the interpretation of this theory, the universe formed in a very small volume and density of great explosive substances 140 million years ago, ejected material particles and energy, it is also since then began after the explosion had time and space mass and energy. Before the big bang happened, neither matter nor energy, of course, no life.
Solar System
The solar system is a system of celestial bodies bound by the gravitational force of the sun's composition, its maximum range can be extended to about 1 light-years away. The main members of the solar system are: solar (star), the eight planets (including Earth), and countless asteroids, many satellite
Astronomers object by analyzing light atomic absorption or release of an object is measured or far away from close to the earth, the light in a unique color or frequency of occurrence. When the object away from the Earth, these frequencies will move on the red spectrum.
Standard Big Bang model shows that the universe erupted from a singularity of infinite density. But I do not know what triggered this outbreak.
Simultaneously.
For most cosmologists, the most reasonable explanation of consistency, in the universe shortly after, some unknown form of energy so that the young universe expanded more than the speed of light. In this model, the universe is a three-dimensional film
Chaos in the celestial explosion, the birth of the Universe, at a certain time or never newborn newborn state, between its internal explosive remnants of interaction, while forming planet has gradually formed galaxies, in which galaxies are in the formation process gradually formed a multi-N Milky Way, the galaxy in which there is a there is a solar system, the solar system has eight planets, one of which is the Earth we humans live now. Earth is not life long ago, when the Earth's relatively far from the sun, in the Ice Age. When getting closer as the planet from the sun, in the solar system most suitable for life in the initiation position, and constitute the material elements of the earth in line with the initiation of life, we received after joining from foreign matter in the universe, the earth began appeared in the primordial seas, pristine ocean began to Earth this hotbed after a long time gave birth to the primitive life, initially the growth of plants, plant evolution to a certain extent, there has been a simple primitive life, primitive life began the evolution of life, which including the gradual evolution of the formation of prehistoric humans. Prehistoric modern humans than many larger head, looks also differ a lot, IQ is not high, can only be regarded as an animal. At that time the Earth has a primitive atmosphere, creating a long evolution of the planet's largest living things -
<Summary of the above, the relevant causes of the Universe, the model - the structure, the initial state of the universe and the universe final outcome, so a variety of cosmological theories and hypotheses, research and forecasting all kinds, have their own achievements, strengths and weaknesses to the decision to choose, locate one, it is difficult. achievements Natural scientific exploration, research is needed to support a variety of research and theory theory, not in the case failed to confirm, then under the broken language, non-judgment, especially cosmology, astronomy and probing depth study would be distant and long process. various theories and doctrines must be analyzed and gain the most valuable scientific certainty. after all, is an advanced human wisdom of primates, in front of the great deep natural universe, it is still very small childish. even then successful scientific discovery, scientific theorem, it is not absolutely perfect, especially humans triumphantly landed on the moon, Mars, Jupiter, etc. after that, there will be more great brilliant discoveries and achievements on Earth - some of the human race on Earth Research will be rewritten or remodeling. this is the correct understanding of their humanity, understand nature, meeting new milestone in the universe. for example, gravity come from, why stars spiral spin structure, the particles are present when the universe was formed it, universe, whether single or multi-dimensional universe whether the same state, different state, the initial state of the God particle of how the state of the big Bang before the universe, the destruction of the universe is matter thoroughly mound did it, human life or other advanced life in the planet and viability of the universe, and so forth. The critical issue is not resolved, other theories and doctrines, it is difficult to justify. Even the greatest scientist is difficult to make their theories impeccable. The final outcome of the universe, or whether the continuation of the collapse, and whether humans can survive the extinction or destruction, the key point is that the universe is still two major problems: 1. The explosion destroyed the universe collapse disposable destruction or periodic repeat? 2. Distribution of the universe with the state, different state of the universe at the beginning and final states, as well as the planet and human synchronous, asynchronous. ? Whole or in part, the evolution of the evolution of this is the essence of the problem, this is the universe - life theory by far the most important issue. Maybe not solve the big problem, it is difficult to achieve a breakthrough progress. Hypothesis no matter how powerful is also inseparable from experimental simulation studies must, otherwise, it will become airborne hug Court. Natural Sciences stressed empirical observation observation verification testing, the loss of these fans will astray. Heliocentric - geocentric debate lasted for hundreds of years, the theory of evolution is carried out hundreds of years of debate, it is proof. Around at 10:00 on June 30th, 1860, the President of the Conference of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, please Wilberforce Bishop stage presentation. He said: "God and the Church is not against science, but can not tolerate blasphemy, insulting human pseudo-science, Mr. Darwin's theory of evolution is the pseudo-science, it is the lack of conclusive scientific proof powerful, entirely hypothetical style, not registered humble hypothesis to support the entire thesis, therefore, religious insight, and the scientific community will not support this absurd theory, "he stressed:." boundaries between human beings and things in the world is clear, a only radish efforts no matter how impossible the evolution of adult "suddenly, Huxley Wilberforce hand pointing to the audience and asks:"! here even Mr. Huxley says he is a descendant of apes, then I would like to ask this gentleman:? ape ancestors that one of your grandfather, your grandmother or that side of it, "Wilberforce rostrum in the midst of applause and laughter, and many people cheered his speech. Next, people set their sights Huxley, at this time, Huxley even smiling sitting next to the President of the Royal Society Brody said softly:. "God has handed him my hand."
Please Henslow announced Huxley took the floor, Huxley said slowly: "If I have to choose my ancestors in the following two: one side is the ape, one side is an influential figure, and this figure but confusion in serious scientific discussions in black and white, sensational, then I will not hesitate to do what I choose simian ancestors!. "revisit the issues, over a hundred years. modern science does not refute the theory of evolution came when criticism sound, visible, for scientific discovery and understanding of the theory has always been controversy throughout human society. for a modern human evolution, scientists made a number of new research and discovery, also made a number of evolutionary hypothesis, but I believe that the theory of evolution is essentially established , though not perfect, is basically in line with the facts, the author has worked on a lot of comparative animal anatomy animal study human anatomy, but also include genes, cells and other biological engineering research experiments, such as the theory of evolution is not established, where and how humans to? provability basis and where is it? intelligent design Tenable? creationism. extraterrestrial theory, scientists have turned into a religionist. "
.
Combining history, teams face reality, we should adhere to the facts speak for scientific spirit, both to rational thinking, but also scientific proof to verify the facts, the truth can only verify in practice and the fact that inside, and not the opposite. Natural History history of the universe yet thus, the history of development of human society, the human history of the world should be even more so. rooted and noted, with facts to prove the practice of human society. simple inference inference prediction is important, but more important still is the fact that more iron, iron the chain of evidence, iron
Scientific tests to verify data and so on. Only the latter have completely invincible overriding powerful destructive force.
For example, human studies of the moon, Mars, Jupiter, various inferences inference Hypothesis academic endless variety of research experiments, also a lot of simulation, although there are quite significant scientific value, but only humans can personally board the Mars moon of Jupiter's moons, after and use scientific and technological means to obtain direct and indirect information data, etc., in order to obtain real results. huge intelligent robot power, but not absolute, and replace all of humanity itself practice and research. Therefore, only humans entirely social practice, in order to create the history of mankind. Should AI and completely separate human beings, that means the total collapse or collapse of the biological human world. Without the human organism, even more full of intelligent robots on Mars, which human society this is pointless and world history is not a simple science ethics, people - serious ethical problem machine or the like, but very naive absurd another example, intelligent robot wars world chess master, and indeed the man-machine war, intelligent robots. indeed extraordinary, Supreme Cou, however, no human presence, the great intelligent robot naturally lost his powerful meaning.
Taking the theme of world history, of course, is the existence of human society is the basis and premise, mainly to discuss the life of the world, taking into account the natural history of the universe's history, the purpose is to combine the two study analysis, it is necessary to prioritize, we can not categorically separated , complement each other bears. Thus, the entire history of the more clear image clearer. Today, many scientists and the world that the future outcome of the universe and human destruction is difficult to avoid and escape. in fact, this need not panicky, first of all, these from the modern human society is still very far away so-called "doomsday" "global explosion", etc., is not groundless, alarmist, is not optimistic; however, as the book, at least in the tens of millions of years later according to new research possible Earth, moon, Mars, Venus, Mercury, Jupiter's age can still maintain tens of millions of years. momentary or short-term changes will not disappear, so that the survival of mankind can continue tens of hundreds of thousands in millions of years. after thousands of years millions of years, should the survival of mankind, the planet had evolved into people, the Galaxy, Pegasus people, the universe of people. unless the entire universe collapse once and for all destroyed, otherwise, the universe of human offspring entirely possible to continue to continue t
Station de métro Saint-Laurent, Montréal
9 AOÛT 2012 - 17 OCTOBRE 2012
RED SHIFT. Un compte-à-rebours pour rhabiller le temps.
Rouge, la couleur du Quartier des spectacles est rouge.
Willis Mary Van Schaark, aka Lily St-Cyr, jeune fille du Minnesota, s'installe à Montréal en 1944, à l'âge de 27 ans, pour poursuivre une prometteuse carrière
d'effeuilleuse. Défiant l'édit légal qui empêche qu'une danseuse termine sa prestation plus lestement vêtue qu'au début de son spectacle, elle se présente sur scène dans un bain mousseux, pour se lancer dans un lancinant numéro de striptease à l'envers. Jusqu'en 1951, elle perfome devant des salles combles au Gayety, haut lieu du Red Light, sur le site de l'actuel TNM.
Le striptease à l'envers de la danseuse au nom de lys, esprit tutélaire d'une réalité recouverte par le mouvement de l'histoire, me rappelle aux mystères du temps, et à l'incandescence momentanée de nos désirs dans le tissu de la ville. Le Red Light n'est plus qu'un nom flottant dans l'indifférence de l'histoire, l'écho d'anciennes photographies, auquel nous rattache le rougeoiement des crépuscules, le piqué des marquises. Pour ma part, je vois dans le geste subversif de la danseuse une parenté avec ce que les astrophysiciens nomment red shift ou décalage au rouge. Un signal infrarouge, rendu visible par de puissants radio-téléscopes, indique que l'univers poursuit son expansion. Si ce rougeoiement infra-lumineux en vient à changer, nous saurons alors que le big crunch, hypothétique mouvement déflationniste qui mettrait fin à toutes choses, est enclenché, et que nous nous évanouirons sous la vague ultime du vide. La réalité du Red Light a été absorbée par l'expansion du Quartier des spectacles. Red Shift propose un compte-à-rebours poétique qui invite à disloquer l'histoire et à passer derrière le décor de l'actuelle Montréalité pour aller à la rencontre de Lily et rhabiller le temps.
BOSS measures the three-dimensional clustering of galaxies at various redshifts, revealing their precise distance, the age of the universe at that redshift, and how fast the universe has expanded. The measurement uses a "standard ruler" based on the regular variations of the temperature of the cosmic microwave background (CMB), which reveal variations in the density of matter in the early universe that gave rise to the later clustering of galaxies and large-scale structure of the universe today. newscenter.lbl.gov/news-releases/2012/03/30/boss-first-re...
Cheshire East Council Grant Supports the Big Day Out
On Saturday 2nd August, Dorfold Park - the home of the Nantwich Show hosted The Big Day Out.
The event, supported by a £900 grant from Cheshire East Council, was co-ordinated by local community radio station RedShift Radio, and held under the cover of two huge marquees remaining from the Nantwich Show, with the primary aim of commemorating the centenary of the outbreak of the First World War.
Liz Southall, founding director of RedShift Radio said “We’re here today at the first ever South Cheshire Big Day Out, which has been a big community celebration. We’ve been marking the centenary of the First World War and showing our appreciation to the men who went off to war for king and country 100 years ago. The event has attracted hundreds of people, and with over 60 activities, exhibitors, charities and businesses supporting us, everyone has had a great day.
We’re grateful to Cheshire East Council for their help in funding this event; we’ve used some of the funding to purchase copies of a book entitled Where the fallen live forever, written by local authors Mark Potts and Tony Marks. The book examines the war memorials of Crewe and Nantwich, and remembers so many of the men who went out and lost their lives for us 100 years ago. Each of our Royal British Legion guests here today will receive a copy of the book.
Cheshire East Mayor, Councillor Wesley Fitzgerald said “My wife and I are delighted to support this event commemorating the outbreak of the First World War. We are grateful to the Nantwich Agricultural Society who have kindly arranged for these splendid marquees to stay here for us following the Nantwich Show. Today, we also recognise the British Legion for all the work they have done for the people who have been affected by war, not just the First World War, but also all the other confrontations since.
I have been particularly impressed with the interesting display in the World War One History Zone, which reminds us of what happened, and what people gave in that dreadful war. The timeline display is a wonderful illustration of what has gone on in the past 100 years. This event has also provided a showcase for a number of important charities and organisations to celebrate and communicate the fantastic work they have been doing.
I’d like to thank a number of organisations which have helped this programme; RedShift Radio, Wulvern, St Mary’s Church, Little Tigers Magazine, and many more, including Cheshire East Council, and it gives me great pleasure to present this cheque from Cheshire East Council in support of the event.”
Pamela Cairns from Wulvern Housing said “It’s been a fantastic day, it’s been so good for Wulvern to be involved in this community event commemorating the 100 years of Crewe and Nantwich’s contribution to the First World War.” and Jenny O’Brien from St Mary’s Church, Nantwich added “I just think it is really important that events like this happen that bring all aspects of the community together and Cheshire East have been fantastic with their support.”
Cheque photo (L to R)
Mrs Joan Fitzgerald, Mayor Councillor Wesley Fitzgerald, Liz Southall – Redshift Radio, Pamela Cairns – Wulvern Housing, Dany Whittaker – Little Tigers Magazine and Terry O’Brien – St Mary’s Church.
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