rectum photos on Flickr

El puente del Ayuntamiento es un puente levadizo ubicado en la ciudad vizcaína de Bilbao (País Vasco, España), que salva la ría de Bilbao uniendo el distrito de Abando, con los terrenos pertenecientes a la extinta anteiglesia de Begoña, actuales distritos 2, 3 y 4 de la villa de Bilbao.

Desde principios del siglo XX, se proyectó un puente nuevo entre Sendeja y la calle de la Sierra (hoy Buenos Aires). Aproximadamente frente al costado derecho (según se mira) del Ayuntamiento. Luego, en los años veinte, se discutió hacerlo fijo o móvil, optándose por lo segundo e iniciándose la construcción en 1929. Se inauguró en 1934 y tuvo que ser reconstruido en 1940, después de su destrucción en 1937. Entonces se llamó Puente del General Mola, hasta que, en 1983, se le dio el nombre actual. El proyecto fue del ingeniero Ignacio Rotaeche. En la actualidad, al desaparecer el tráfico fluvial en el tramo, se ha convertido en un puente definitivamente fijo.

El puente levadizo situado a la altura de la casa consistorial bilbaína, la que toma su actual denominación, entre Sendeja y la calle de la Sierra (hoy Buenos Aires). Anteriormente se llamó puente de Begoña por ser el destinado a la comunicación con esa anteiglesia, está situado entre un tramo curvo y otro recto de la ría bilbaína. Las obras se iniciaron en octubre de 1933 y fue construido por las empresas Euskalduna y Babcock & Wilcox.

Se inauguró el 12 de diciembre de 1934 y fue volado por los republicanos durante el transcurso de la guerra civil española el 17 de junio de 1937. Se reconstruyó y reinauguró en 1941, bajo el nombre de "puente del General Mola" nombre que conservó hasta 1983 en el que se le dio oficialmente la denominación actual.

Tiene una luz de 40,6 m, lo mismo que la anchura de la ría en ese punto, y un gálibo (altura desde el tablero a la lámina de agua) en su centro en marea alta de 7 m. La longitud de su tablero es de 150 m y está en pendiente, la anchura es de 20 m (12 de calzada y dos aceras de 2 metros cada). En uno de los extremos se alza la caseta de mando y maniobras. Por debajo del mismo, además de la ría, pasaba el antiguo ferrocarril a Santurce, conocido como Bilbao-Portugalete y Triano (BPT). En 1969 se selló para impedir su apertura.

The City Council bridge is a drawbridge located in the Bizcaína city of Bilbao (Basque Country, Spain), which saves the Ria de Bilbao joining the Abendo district, with the land belonging to the extinct anti -cellers of Begoña, current districts 2, 3 and 4 of the Villa de Bilbao.

Since the early twentieth century, a new bridge was projected between Sendeja and La Sierra Street (today Buenos Aires). Approximately in front of the right side (as seen) of the City Council. Then, in the twenties, it was discussed to make it fixed or mobile, opting for the second and the construction in 1929. It was inaugurated in 1934 and had to be rebuilt in 1940, after its destruction in 1937. Then it was called Puente del General Mola, until, in 1983, the current name was given. The project was from the engineer Ignacio Rotaeche. At present, when river traffic disappears in the section, it has become a definitively fixed bridge.

The drawbridge located at the height of the Bilbao Consistorial House, which takes its current denomination, between Sendeja and La Sierra Street (today Buenos Aires). It was previously called the Begoña Puente for being destined to communicate with that anteiglesia, it is located between a curved section and another rectum of the Bilbao estuary. The works began in October 1933 and was built by Euskalduna and Babcock & Wilcox companies.

It was inaugurated on December 12, 1934 and was flown by the Republicans during the course of the Spanish Civil War on June 17, 1937. It was rebuilt and reopened in 1941, under the name of "Puente del General Mola" name that kept until 1983 in which the current denomination was officially given.

It has a light of 40.6 m, as well as the width of the estuary at that point, and a gálibo (height from the board to the water sheet) in its center in high tide of 7 m. The length of its board is 150 m and is on the slope, the width is 20 m (12 road and two sidewalks of 2 meters each). At one end, the control and maneuver booth rises. Below it, in addition to the estuary, the old railway to Santurce, known as Bilbao-Portugalete and Triano (BPT), passed. In 1969 he sealed to prevent his opening.

ènema by Fabio Omero

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still life

Cakcibo of Kota Damansara by Dato' Professor Dr. Jamaludin Mohaiadin

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The Tropical Rain Forest is depleting very fast particularly due to urvbanisation. The Kota Damansara Forest Reserve has been unexplored, so I took this opportunity to seek and photograph some insects and plants found in this area. Interestingly enough there are many beautiful species found here.

A dragonfly is a type of insect belonging to the order Odonata, the suborder Epiprocta or, in the strict sense, the infraorder Anisoptera. It is characterized by large multifaceted eyes, two pairs of strong transparent wings, and an elongated body. Dragonflies are similar to damselflies, but the adults can be differentiated by the fact that the wings of most dragonflies are held away from, and perpendicular to, the body when at rest. Even though dragonflies possess 6 legs like any other insect, they are not capable of walking.

Dragonflies are valuable predators that eat mosquitoes, and other small insects like flies, bees, ants, and butterflies. They are usually found around lakes, ponds, streams and wetlands because their larvae, known as "nymphs", are aquatic.

Female dragonflies lay eggs in or near water, often on floating or emergent plants. When laying eggs, some species will submerge themselves completely in order to lay their eggs on a good surface. The eggs then hatch into nymphs. Most of a dragonfly's life is spent in the naiad (that is, nymph) form, beneath the water's surface, using extendable jaws to catch other invertebrates or even vertebrates such as tadpoles and fish. They breathe through gills in their rectum, and can rapidly propel themselves by suddenly expelling water through the anus. Some nymphs even hunt on land, an aptitude which could easily have been more common in ancient times when terrestrial predators were clumsier.

The larval stage of large dragonflies may last as long as five years. In smaller species, this stage may last between two months and three years. When the larva is ready to metamorphose into an adult, it climbs up a reed or other emergent plant. Exposure to air causes the larva to begin breathing. The skin splits at a weak spot behind the head and the adult dragonfly crawls out of its old larval skin, pumps up its wings, and flies off to feed on midges and flies. In flight the adult dragonfly can propel itself in six directions; upward, downward, forward, back, and side to side. The adult stage of larger species of dragonfly can last as long as five or six months.

2013-09-08 Geranium rectum - BG Praha Troja by Petr Beránek

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Czech Republic - Geranium rectum - in Botanic Garden Praha Troja

espir by KING RECTUM

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Gaping Rectum by Ashley Bree Photography

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Unconventional Laboratory Technique by Surfactant

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AP and lateral radiographs of a patient with a large glass graduated cylinder inserted into the rectum and sigmoid colon.

I don't remember my chemistry professors teaching this use of the device.

Surgical-Shoot-658 by marion nilon

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colon surgeons of charleston always gives their best treatment by the help of latest technologies to their patients. We provide the advance surgical treatment of diseases of the intestines, colon, rectum and anus by colonoscopy, gastroenterology and colorectal surgery in Charleston SC.

colonsurgeonsofcharleston.com/

Rectum? Damn near killed em by Pam Pedersen

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This is for a swap. I still crack up every time I read it.

MRSA by mrsa

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ILLEGAL TROUBLE YOUNG RECTUMS TWEENZ TRIBE

Zombie Chick by moiht

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We had a Zombie photoshoot in the rectum of UB.

omg, how I wish i had more than one light for this shoot.

Strobist Info: 430EXII into AB Octabox camera right. triggered via syncs.

Insemination Step 1 by michelfarm

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Put your arm inside the cow through the rectum to manipulate the cervix.

afrika by SureToKrush

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MQ Arsch Bar Bar rectum MushroomBrain posing outside (yes it is not a Photoshopped thing it was there IRL) Museum Quartier Vienna/wien danny-hennesy-next-to-arsch-bar-mq-wien-austria-celeb-arse-24937_1415340106285_7003372_n by Danny Hennesy

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wish I was back in my city Vienna!!! yes insn´t it lovely every days in Vienna would be full of surprises you never knew what to expect, I loved that :)

Goody Morningly greetings! I am the Multimedia Artist Danny Hennesy more known on the interweb as MushroomBrain

28 Patella depressa. Shell length 27mm. Membrane over viscera, and epithelium of head, removed. Lleyn, Wales. September 2015. by Morddyn

1: red / purple-red odontophore.

2: anterior of radula distinctly visible as free of enclosing radular sac.

3: hyaline shield of radula resting on cartilage bolsters of odontophore.

4: rectum.

5: part of radula seen through translucent-white radular sac.

6: digestive gland.

7: intestine.

8: no gonads developed (late September).

SPECIES DESCRIPTION part A 1Pd flic.kr/p/BaSA3C

SPECIES DESCRIPTION part B 2Pd flic.kr/p/AfbFkR

Key id. features 3Pd flic.kr/p/Ay7bhf

OTHER SPECIES ALBUMS

www.flickr.com/photos/56388191@N08/collections/

Tarot by Christopher_Moltisanti

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Dog Bladder by National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI)

A genetic mutation that triggers bladder cancer in dogs is identical to a mutation that is implicated in multiple human cancers. Dogs could serve as in vivo models for developing therapies for many human cancers, including aggressive skin cancer and cancer of the colon, rectum, ovary and thyroid. Credit: Darryl Leja, NHGRI.

Female pelvic cavity by EUSKALANATO

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Organs of the female pelvic cavity.

02 Coryphella verrucosa rufibranchialis by Morddyn

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Adult with substantial, white, dorsal line on tail continuing as a broken line towards the hump (1) over the pericardium.

North-east Scotland, February 2020. © C. Rickard.

Full SPECIES DESCRIPTION BELOW

PDF available at www.researchgate.net/publication/361247558_Coryphella_ver...

Sets of OTHER SPECIES at: www.flickr.com/photos/56388191@N08/collections/

Coryphella verrucosa (M. Sars, 1829).

Including forms Coryphella verrucosa verrucosa (M. Sars, 1829) and Coryphella verrucosa rufibranchialis (G. Johnston, 1832).

Current taxonomy: World Register of Marine Species www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=139987

Synonyms: Eolidia verrucosa M. Sars, 1829; Eolis rufibranchialis G. Johnston, 1832; Coryphella rufibranchialis (G. Johnston, 1832); Coryphella rufibranchialis chocolata Balch, 1908: Coryphella pseudoverrucosa Martynov, Sanamyan & Korshunova, 2015; Flabellina verrucosa (M. Sars, 1829); Flabellina pseudoverrucosa (Martynov, Sanamyan & Korshunova, 2015).

GLOSSARY BELOW

Preface

The following description is primarily of Coryphella verrucosa rufibranchialis, the only form found in Britain except Shetland, where the Scandinavian form with radically different cerata, Coryphella verrucosa verrucosa, also occurs. The cerata of the two forms are described separately; other features are similar on both forms.

Description

The length, excluding appendages, may reach 25 mm, occasionally 35 mm. The body is translucent white, revealing white ovotestes when mature fig. 01 flic.kr/p/2nqKAan . The tail has an opaque white, substantial, dorsal line. On well grown adults the dorsal line may continue, often with breaks, as far the hump over the pericardium fig. 02 flic.kr/p/2nqLAnc , but often ( usually on Coryphella verrucosa verrucosa) the dorsum is obscured by cerata fig. 03 flic.kr/p/2nqLPHR . The dorsal line often does not extend the full length of the tail on young specimens fig. 04 flic.kr/p/2nqLPGt . On translucent, immature specimens, the rectum ending at the anus below the second group of cerata on the right, the pink jaw, the circum-oesophageal nerve ring bearing black internal eyes and the rhinophoral ganglia on nerve cords connected to the nerve ring may be discernible fig. 05 flic.kr/p/2nqKA2M .

The cerata on C. v, rufibranchialis are slender, almost linear, about as long as the width of the body, and held at varying angles, often across each other fig. 04 flic.kr/p/2nqLPGt . They are arranged in five to seven groups of diagonal rows on each side of the body fig. 01 flic.kr/p/2nqKAan & fig. 06 flic.kr/p/2nqEmdW , rising from a notal ridge which does not continue between ceratal groups fig. 12 flic.kr/p/2nqKGcQ . The digestive gland within the cerata can be various shades of red fig. 02 flic.kr/p/2nqLAnc or red-brown fig. 01 flic.kr/p/2nqKAan . A narrow, opaque white, subterminal pigment band encircles the translucent white tip containing cnidosacs fig. 01 flic.kr/p/2nqKAan & fig. 06 flic.kr/p/2nqEmdW , and there may be a translucent gap between the band and the digestive gland.

The cerata on C. v. verrucosa are stout and cylindrical with a slightly narrower base and an obtuse tip fig. 07 flic.kr/p/2nqN8kd . They are barely as long as half the width of the body and are held erect and packed densely together (Sars, 1829) fig. 03 flic.kr/p/2nqLPHR . They are attached along either side of the body, but it looks as if the whole back [apart from hump over pericardium] is occupied by them (Sars, 1829). They are so packed together that it is not possible to discern an arrangement of groups or lines (Sars, 1829). The digestive gland can be dark brown fig. 08 flic.kr/p/2nqEmco , rust-brown fig. 09 flic.kr/p/2nqLPCL or white fig. 03 flic.kr/p/2nqLPHR . The whole tip is covered by a substantial cap of opaque white, except for a small, translucent apex which, when viewed end on, can reveal the brown digestive gland fig. 09 flic.kr/p/2nqLPCL as the ‘brown spot’ recorded by Sars (1829).

The wrinkled translucent whitish rhinophores fig. 10 flic.kr/p/2nqKzXt are slightly yellowish fig. 04 flic.kr/p/2nqLPGt , sometimes pinkish, with an opaque white line along the distal third.

Translucent white oral tentacles arise from the upper surface of the head fig. 06 flic.kr/p/2nqEmdW . They have an opaque white line along the distal third fig. 04 flic.kr/p/2nqLPGt . The prominent outer parts of the mouth occupy most of the head ventrally fig. 11 flic.kr/p/2nqN8gL . The internal pink jaw can sometimes be discerned in the translucent head as a pink band in lateral view fig. 06 flic.kr/p/2nqEmdW and a forward pointing ‘V’ in dorsal view fig. 04 flic.kr/p/2nqLPGt .

The long, slender, translucent white foot is widest at the bilaminate anterior from whence it tapers gradually to a fine posterior point fig. 12 flic.kr/p/2nqKGcQ . It has propodial swellings which Thompson and Brown (1984) illustrate with a drawing and description of them as ‘propodial tentacles’ projecting ‘about half the width of the foot on either side’. This degree of extension has not been observed by I.F.S. and the greatest extension visible in images in this account is about 17% of body width in dorsal view fig. 04 flic.kr/p/2nqLPGt . The drawing in Alder and Hancock (1844-1854) shows propodial tentacles 30% of body width, the image in Sars (1829) shows barely any swelling and some photos show swellings that can hardly be described as tentacles fig. 11 flic.kr/p/2nqN8gL .

Key identification features

Of Eolis rufibranchialis Alder and Hancock (1844-1854) wrote “This beautiful species has been much misunderstood. - - we suspect that he [G. Johnston, 1832] has included more than one species under the - - name - - and the same course has been followed by other authors.” Over a century later, uncertainty remains, especially if other similar species or forms from Norway and America are included.

Coryphella verrucosa rufibranchialis

1) Cerata as long as the width of the body, and held at varying angles, often across each other fig. 04 flic.kr/p/2nqLPGt .

2) Cerata have a narrow, subterminal, opaque white ring fig. 01 flic.kr/p/2nqKAan & fig. 06 flic.kr/p/2nqEmdW .

3) Substantial white dorsal line on tail fig. 04 flic.kr/p/2nqLPGt , sometimes a broken, white dorsal line on dorsum fig. 02 flic.kr/p/2nqLAnc .

4) Propodial expansions sometimes form small propodial tentacles.

5) Recorded from Scandinavia, Britain, Bretagne and also Atlantic and Pacific coasts of North America, Bering Sea and Sea of Japan (Thompson and Brown 1984).

Coryphella verrucosa verrucosa

1) Cerata barely as long as half the width of the body, and held erect and packed densely together fig. 03 flic.kr/p/2nqLPHR & fig. 07 flic.kr/p/2nqN8kd .

2) Cerata have substantial cap of opaque white, except for a small, translucent apex fig. 09 flic.kr/p/2nqLPCL .

3) Continuous white dorsal line on tail. Dorsal body, apart from hump over pericardium, concealed by dense tubercles fig. 03 flic.kr/p/2nqLPHR & fig. 08 flic.kr/p/2nqEmco .

4) Small propodial expansions.

5) Confined to Scandinavia and Shetland.

Intermediate between C. v. rufibranchialis and C. v. verrucosa

Occasionally forms intermediate between C. v. verrucosa and C. v. rufibranchialis have been reported in Scandinavia where the two forms are sympatric. Some may have been individuals re-growing cerata after damage.

Similar species

Coryphella gracilis (Alder and Hancock, 1844)

fig. 13 flic.kr/p/2nqKzV9 & fig. 14 flic.kr/p/2nqLPwi .

1) Cerata length about same as body width. Narrowed at base so sometimes elliptical, and less slender and flexible than cerata on C. v. rufibranchialis. Arise from a pronounced notal ridge containing the digestive gland.

2) Digestive gland in cerata rather granular, colour varies red to, often, brownish orange or green. Narrow subterminal opaque white ring on cerata.

3) Opaque white dorsal line on tail is sometimes fragmentary or missing. No line on rest of body. Matures at small size, so white ovotestes are visible when 8 mm long, at which size ovotestes are usually missing in juvenile C. verrucosa.

4) Distinct tapering propodial tentacles, length nearly as great as body width.

5) Scattered records around Britain and Ireland. Few or none in southern half of east coast England and north-east Irish Sea.

Coryphella browni Picton, 1980. fig. 15 flic.kr/p/2nqKG8M & fig. 16 flic.kr/p/2nqEm1B .

1) Cerata length up to twice the body width.

2) Broad white band on cerata distally, but no pigment on apex.

3) Interrupted white medial line, often reduced to a few dots or none, on tail. No line on rest of body.

4) Distinct tapering propodial tentacles, length about 25% of body width.

5) Scattered records around Britain and Ireland. Few or none in southern half of east coast England and north-east Irish Sea.

Carronella pellucida (Alder & Hancock, 1843). fig. 17 flic.kr/p/2nqKG62 & fig. 18 flic.kr/p/2nqKG5a .

1) Cerata length greater than width of body.

2) White pigment covers entire distal end of cerata.

3) Opaque white dorsal line on tail. No line on rest of body.

4) Long tapering propodial tentacles as long as, or longer than, width of body.

5) Scandinavia and Scotland; the few English records on NBN are probably misidentifications.

Other similar species

A similar, uncertain species, which occurs in Scotland, Scandinavia and possibly Iceland, feeds on the scyphistoma polyp phase of Aurelia aurita (Linnaeus, 1758)

fig. 19 flic.kr/p/2nqKG4y .

In Scandinavia the following similar species, some of which are poorly known, also need consideration: Berghia norvegica Odhner, 1939; Coryphella borealis Odhner, 1922 Coryphella nobilis A. E. Verrill, 1880 and Ziminella salmonacea (Couthouy, 1838). Some are illustrated at www.seawater.no/fauna/mollusca/norvegica.html . Some of these and other species need consideration in North America.

Habits and ecology

C. verrucosa lives on rocky substrate at LWS and sublittorally (C. v. verrucosa to 450 metres in Scandinavia) where strong currents favour its principle prey; Tubularia indivisa. Many other hydroid species are eaten, especially by juveniles. Like other nudibranchs, it is a simultaneous hermaphrodite. The spawn of both forms is a thin line arranged as a smooth spiral on flat rock fig. 09 flic.kr/p/2nqLPCL , or looped around hydroids. C. v. rufibranchialis breeds from April to June in Britain (Thompson & Brown, 1984). Veliger larvae drift for about ten days before metamorphosing.

Distribution and status

C. v. rufibranchialis, or species or forms resembling it, is recorded, often as C. verrucosa, from Scandinavia, Britain, Bretagne and also Atlantic and Pacific coasts of North America fig. 20 flic.kr/p/2nqN86L , Bering Sea and Sea of Japan (Thompson and Brown 1984). It is fairly frequent sublittorally in Britain and Ireland, and sometimes at LWS. C. v. verrucosa is confined to Shetland fig. 21 flic.kr/p/2nqN84G and Scandinavia, where it is frequent and sympatric with C. v. rufibranchialis.

Appendix, taxonomic history

Coryphella verrucosa (as Eolidia verrucosa) was first described and illustrated fig. 07 flic.kr/p/2nqN8kd by Sars (1829) from specimens in Norway, where it is still frequently found fig. 03 flic.kr/p/2nqLPHR .

Eolis rufibranchialis was first described by Johnston (1832) from a specimen in Berwick, England. He described the cerata as long, thus differing from the short stout cerata of Eolidia verrucosa Sars, 1829.

Alder and Hancock (1844-1854) described and illustrated Eolis rufibranchialis Johnston, 1832 more fully fig. 10 flic.kr/p/2nqKzXt .

Winckworth (1932) brought the two species together as Coryphella verrucosa (M. Sars, 1829) in Norway and subspecies Coryphella verrucosa rufibranchialis (Johnston, 1832).

Odhner (1939) did as Winckworth, using the names Coryphella verrucosa verrucosa and Coryphella verrucosa rufibranchialis for the forms, both of which occur in Norway. Odhner wrote “ Since Løyning (1922) has found, in living material, transitions between C. verrucosa M. Sars and C. rufibranchialis Johnston, and since I have observed the same in Trondheimsfjord, it is evident that the two forms cannot be upheld as distinct species. - - The older name is that of Sars and has to be accepted instead of the generally used one, quite as Winckworth (1932) has done: the two extreme forms are thus given the names Coryphella verrucosa verrucosa and Coryphella verrucosa rufibranchialis, as to the short or elongate form of the papillae [cerata].”

Thompson and Brown (1976) used the form names of Odhner, but they gave an image of Coryphella verrucosa rufibranchialis the label Coryphella verrucosa var. verrucosa, unaware that the latter is absent from Britain, except Shetland

Picton (1980) described a new species, Coryphella browni, which previously would probably have been identified as Coryphella verrucosa rufibranchialis.

Thompson and Brown (1984) omitted use of the variety category and combined both forms, along with other forms from Atlantic and Pacific coasts of North America, Arctic Russia and the Sea of Japan, under the species name Coryphella verrucosa (M. Sars, 1829). Their description is of, only, Coryphella verrucosa rufibranchialis, and they stated their disagreement with Odhner’s accurate description of the cerata of Coryphella verrucosa verrucosa, presumably, because they had not seen live specimens of it with its very different cerata.

None of the images of C. verrucosa from north-east America fig. 20 flic.kr/p/2nqN86L on iNaturalist (accessed May 2022) are of the C. v. verrucosa form. Some match the morphology of European C. v. rufibranchialis.

Eriksson et al. (2006) wrote, “The conspecificity of two forms of Flabellina verrucosa (M. Sars, 1829), one form with short and one with long cerata, was tested by sequencing the mitochondrial COI and the nuclear 5.8S-ITS2 genes. We could not establish any genetic differences between the two forms and conclude that they belong to the same species.” But, examination of other parts of the DNA sequence might show differences which correlate with the morphological differences (B. Picton, 2022. pers. comm., 1 June).

The sighting of intermediate forms and of mating between the two forms fig. 08 flic.kr/p/2nqEmco adds weight to regarding them as a single species, but such sightings are much rarer than would be expected if interbreeding were free and unhindered. Mating of different species of nudibranch with each other is occasionally observed and, as with them, it is unknown if mating of C. v. verrucosa with C. v. rufibranchialis produces viable offspring capable of reproduction.

World Register of Marine Species (accessed 26 May 2022) accepts as valid the names Coryphella verrucosa (M. Sars, 1829) and, as a subspecies, Coryphella verrucosa rufibranchialis (G. Johnston, 1832).

As the two forms are sympatric in Scandinavia and Shetland, yet retain their distinctness, there remains some uncertainty about their exact relationship. It would be a source for future interest if they were recorded separately.

Acknowledgements

For use of images I gratefully thank Billy Arthur, George Brown, Jeff Goddard, Asbjørn Hansen flic.kr/s/87eY , Nathan Jeffery, Tim Nicholson, Poul Rasmussen, Chris Rickard and Erling Svensen. I thank Simon Taylor for specimens. For valuable advice and help with literature I thank Bernard Picton and Miquel Pontes.

References and links

Alder, J. & Hancock, A. 1845-1855. A monograph of the British nudibranchiate mollusca. London, Ray Society. Family 3, plate 14. www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/131598#page/338/mode/1up

Balch, F. N. 1909. A spring collecting trip. Notes on New England nudibranchs II. The Nautilus. 23(3): 33-38., [Original description of Coryphella rufibranchialis var. chocolata Balch, 1909]

p 35-36 www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/5314618

page(s): 35-36, 38

Eriksson, R., Nuygren, A. & Sundberg, P. 2006. Genetic evidence of phenotypic polymorphism in the aeolid nudibranch Flabellina verrucosa (M. Sars, 1829) (Opisthobranchia: Nudibranchia). Organisms, Diversity and Evolution 6:1, 71-76

www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1439609205000772

iNaturalist, Observations of Coryphella verrucosa. (accessed 25 May 2022) www.inaturalist.org/observations?taxon_id=633193

Johnston, G. 1832. Illustrations in British zoology London Mag. nat. His. 5: 428-429.

www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/19519#page/464/mode/1up

Korshunova, T., Martynov, A., Bakken, T., Evertsen, J., Fletcher, K., Mudianta, W.I., Saito, H., Lundin, K., Schrödl, M. and Picton B. 2017. Polyphyly of the traditional family Flabellinidae affects a major group of Nudibranchia: aeolidacean taxonomic reassessment with descriptions of several new families, genera, and species (Mollusca, Gastropoda). ZooKeys 717: 1–139. doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.717.21885

Løyning, P. 1922. Nudibranch faunaen i Drøbaksundet I. Fam. Aeolididae, Skrifter utgrit av det Norske Vidensk. Akad. i Oslo

Odhner, N.H. 1922. Norwegian opisthobranchiate mollusca in the collection of the Zoologial Museum of Kristiana. Nyt. Mag. Naturv. 60: 1-47 [Coryphella rufibranchialis p30] www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/109307#page/38/mode/1up

Odhner, N.H. 1939. Opisthobranchiate Mollusca from the western and northern coasts of Norway. Det Kgl. Norske Videnskabers Selskabs Skrifter 1: 1-92.

Sars, M. 1829. Bidrag til söedyrenes naturhistorie. 1: 9-12 & Plate 2 figs. 1-4 Bergen.

gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN612886522?tify=

Thompson, T.E. & Brown, G.H. 1976. British opisthobranch molluscs. London, Academic Press.

Thompson, T.E. & Brown, G.H. 1984. Biology of opisthobranch molluscs 2. London, Ray Society.

Winckworth, R. 1932. The British marine mollusca. J. Conch. Lond. 19: 211-252.

Picton, B. E. (1980). A new species of Coryphella (Gastropoda: Opisthobranchia) from the British Isles. Irish Naturalists' Journal. 20: 15-19.

Thompson, T.E. & Brown, G.H. 1984. Biology of opisthobranch molluscs 2. London, Ray Society.

Glossary

cerata = (sing. ceras) lobes on dorsum of aeolids and some other seaslugs.

circum-oesophageal nerve ring = ganglia-bearing nerve cord which encircles the oesophagus.

cnidocytes = explosive stinging cells of Cnidaria. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cnidocyte

cnidosac = storage capsule at tips of cerata of Aeolidiidae, but not Dotidae, for ingested unexploded cnidocytes.

digestive gland = large organ in gastropods which acts like the liver and pancreas in mammals to absorb food.

distal = away from centre of body or from point of attachment.

ganglia = (sing. ganglion) knots on a nerve cord containing sensory cell bodies that conduct impulses to innervate organs of the body.

lamellae = small plates on rhinophores.

LWS = low water spring tide, and level it falls to; two periods of a few days each month when tide falls lowest.

notal = (adj.) of the back.

notal ridge = ridge on dorsal surface.

notum = (of seaslugs) the dorsal surface.

ovotestis = (pl. ovotestes) hermaphrodite organ serving as both ovary and testis.

pericardium = sac containing heart, sometimes visible as a raised mound behind rhinophores in aeolid sea slugs.

propodial tentacles = tentacular, lateral extensions on anterior of the foot.

propodium = anterior portion of gastropod foot. (adj. propodial).

rhinophores = chemo-receptor tentacles on top of head of nudibranch.

veliger = shelled larva of marine gastropod or bivalve mollusc which moves by action of cilia on a velum (bilobed flap). Stage may be passed in plankton or within liquid-filled egg-capsule.

Me at "Arschbar" at MQ Vienna/Wien posing at the art quarters in Vienna (probably taken by my then Wife amusing but ugly things in Austria by Danny Hennesy

16 1

photographer: probably my wife at the time???

Model: me and bar/artwork

Sadly I never got to to visit it when it was open ( no pun intended )

Peace and Noise!

/ MushroomBrain number two on the image

INDIA10786-Disimpaction 😷 by a Psychiatrist's view

14

Digital disimpaction is a procedure to remove trapped stool (poop) from your rectum. A provider uses a gloved finger to break up the stool and remove it, giving you quick relief from fecal impaction and severe constipation..

circa 1991

in

Rajasthan

Photography’s new conscience

linktr.ee/GlennLosack

glosack.wixsite.com/tbws

by Artfag One

12 8

With Australia's Shida.

by Artfag One

24 12

Rectum bound? by Jason Rodhouse

7 13

Stagecoach 37052 (YY63 YPT) appears to be having problems with its display, as I am convinced it said 'Rectum' as it approached! It is of course, operating route 8 from King`s Heath to Rectory Farm. 4th May 2016

CHER 87 BITCHES by mrsa

12

CHER 87 BITCHES MRSA YOUNG RECTUMS

rectum by Xuan Che

2 9

Tell me that you would be mine.

Leukerbad, Switzerland.

Scuba Tank by Artfag One

11

With Pasta Blunt, Young Rectums crew.

Cerdo con prolapso rectal | Pig with prolapsed rectum by Igualdad Animal | Animal Equality

Female reproductive system by rtcmedia

2

Image of the female reproductive system

Male reproductive system by rtcmedia

Image of the male reproductive system

mickey mouse bush (Ochna serrulata) by DOLCEVITALUX

14 12

Folkloric

- No reported folkloric use in the Philippines.

- Elsewhere, bark or root use for wound treatment; also, applied for pain relief.

- Zulu people of South Africa use the decoction of roots to treat children suffering from bone diseases or gangrenous inflammation of the rectum. (2)

source: stuart xchange

30 Patella depressa. Shell length 28mm. Mantle removed from viscera of male with gonads. Lleyn, Wales. September 2015. by Morddyn

1: long coiled intestine compacts faeces into firm strings that will not contaminate pallial gills.

2: digestive gland.

3: rectum.

4: course of radula between pair of purple-pink cartilage bolsters of odontophore; visible through translucent epithelium of head.

5: extra large muscle bundle in pedal-retractor muscle to pull down anterior of shell.

6: heart.

7: male gonads (testes).

8: opaque, pigmented chalky-white pallial tentacles.

9: translucent mantle-skirt.

10: black mantle covering pallial-groove.

SPECIES DESCRIPTION part A 1Pd flic.kr/p/BaSA3C

SPECIES DESCRIPTION part B 2Pd flic.kr/p/AfbFkR

Key id. features 3Pd flic.kr/p/Ay7bhf

OTHER SPECIES ALBUMS

www.flickr.com/photos/56388191@N08/collections/

This image is taken from United States Naval Medical Bulletin Vol. 16, Nos. 1-6, 1922 by Medical Heritage Library, Inc.

4

Go to the Book with image in the Internet Archive

Title: United States Naval Medical Bulletin Vol. 16, Nos. 1-6, 1922

Creator: U.S. Navy. Bureau of Medicine and Surgery

Publisher:

Sponsor:

Contributor:

Date: 1922-01

Language: eng

Table of Contents

Number 1

PREFACE v

NOTICE TO SERVICE CONTRIBUTORS vi

SPECIAL ARTICLES:

Mosquito eradication.

By Commander A. H. Allen, Medical Corps, U. S. N 1

Hospital morale.

By Colonel E. L. Munson, Medical Corps, U. S. A 8

The pathologist as an essential factor in clinical diagnosis.

By Lieutenant Commander J. Harper, Medical Corps, U. S. N 14

Tonsillectomy, a surgical procedure.

By Commander G. B. Trible, Medical Corps, U. S. N 17

Cholelithiasis.

By Lieutenant Commander W. A. Brums, Medical Corps, U. S. N.R. F 25

HISTORICAL :

With Anson to Juan Fernandez, Part I.

By Lieutenant Commander W. M. Kerr, Medical Corps, U. S. N 35

EDITORIAL:

U. S. Naval Medical Bulletin —On a correspondence course for Naval

Medical Officers —On The Danger Of Using Strong Solutions Of Phenol In The Ear 43

IN MEMORIAM:

Andrew Reginold Wentworth, 1859-1921 49

HONORS AND DISTINCTIONS 51

CLINICAL NOTES :

BRONCHO-PNEUMONIA AND BRONCHOSTENOSIS FOLLOWING APPENDECTOMY.

By Lieutenant Commander I. W. Jacobs, Medical Corps, U. S. N_ 57

Report of four surgical cases.

By Lieutenant Commander J. J. A. McMullin, Medical Corps, U. S. N 58

Chronic cholecystitis.

By Lieutenant C. S. Norburn, Medical Corps, U. S. N 63

One hundred mastoid operations.

By Lieutenant J. W. Green, Medical Corps, U. S. N 89

PROGRESS IN MEDICAL SCIENCES :

General medicine. — Study of transfused blood.— Oral administration of

pituitary extract. —Causes and treatment of high blood pressure.—Pernicious

anemia. —Differential diagnosis between varicella and variola. — Predisposing

factor in diphtheria. —Chronic nephritis 71

Surgery. —First-aid work on shore with Royal Naval Division. — Surgery

of naval wounded in hospital yachts and small craft. —Non-surgical drainage of

the biliary tract S9 Tropical medicine. —Course of migration of ascaris larvae.

—Treatment of fluke diseases. —Laboratory observations on malaria. — Leprosy.

—Tuberculosis in Hongkong. —Feeding habits of stegomyia calopus. —Mononuclear

leucocyte count in malaria 97

Chemistry. —Experimental studies in diabetes. —Experimental studies in

diabetes. —Experiments on raw white of egg. —Antiscorbutic action of raw

potato. —Diet in hyperthyroidism. —Botulism. — Pituitary extract and histamine

in diabetes insipidus. —Protein in the cerebrospinal fluid. —Urine in pellagra.

—Acidosis in operative surgery. —Fats and Lipoids in blood after hemorrhage. —

Albumin, lymphocytic cells, and tubercle bacilli in sputum. — Nitrous oxide and

cholemia.— Lipoids in treatment of drug addiction disease.— Modification of

action of adrenaline by chloroform. — Anesthetic and convulsant effects of

gasoline vapors. —Absorption of local anesthetics through the genito-urlnary

organs. — Occult blood in the feces. —lTse of iodine for disinfecting the skin.

— Food value of various fats. —Chloride metabolism. —Urine hemolysis

coefficient. —Hemolytic substances in human urine. — Glucemia and glucosuria.

—Pharmacology of some benzyl esters.—Indican In water as an aid to hygienic

water analysis. —Relation of dextrose of blood to antipyrine. — Toxic effects

of chlorine antiseptics in

dogs. —Reaction to epiuephrin administered by rectum. — Renal

excretion. — Effect of water diuresis on the elimination of certain urinary

constituents 100

Eye, eak, nose, and throat. —Eye disease due to syphilis and trypanosomiasis

among negroes of Africa. —Lung abscess following tonsillectomy 111

NOTES AND COMMENTS:

Montaigne and medicine. —Venereal prophylaxis in Pacific Fleet. —

Benzyl benzoate. — Expedition of London School of Tropical Medicine to British

Guiana. —National board of medical examiners. — Papers by naval medical

officers. —Chaulmoogra oil in tuberculosis.—An operating room 100 years ago ,

133

NURSE CORPS :

Instruction at Oteen.

By Miss E. L. Hehir, Chief Nurse, U. S. N 121

Letter From Surgeon General To Director Of Department Of Nursing,

American Red Cross 122

DIGEST OF DECISIONS 125

BOOK NOTICES 131

QUERIES 139

PREVENTIVE MEDICINE STATISTICS, LETTERS, ORDERS, NEW LEGISLATION,

MOVEMENTS OF OFFICERS AND NURSES 141

Number 2

PREFACE v

NOTICE TO SERVICE CONTRIBUTORS vi

SPECIAL ARTICLES :

Size of the normal heart, a teleroentgen study.

By Commander H. W. Smith and Lieutenant Commander W. A. Bloedorn,

Medical Corps, U. S. N 218 Physical development of midshipmen.

By Lieutenant E. B. Taylor, Medical Corps, U. S. N 239

Some elements of leadership.

By E. L. Munson, Colonel, Medical Corps, U. S. A 251

HISTORICAL:

With Anson to Juan Fernandez, part II.

By Lieutenant Commander W. M. Kerr, Medical Corps, U. S. N 265

EDITORIAL :

On the making of abstracts —on the expression of visual acuity in

medical reports 280

SUGGESTED DEVICES :

A FORM " X " CARD.

By Captain A. Farenholt, Medical Corps, U. S. N 283

CLINICAL NOTES :

Results of refraction of seventy-six midshipmen.

By Lieutenant F. A. Hughes, Medical Corps, U. S. N 285

Recurrence in a case of hydatid disease.

By Lieutenant C. S. Norburn, Medical Corps, U. S. N 288

A DIAGNOSTIC SIGN DIFFERENTIATING BETWEEN ERUPTIONS CAUSED BY COWPOX

VACCINATION AND THOSE DUE TO SMALLPOX AND CHICKEN POX.

By Commander P. R. Stalnaker, Medical Corps, U. S. N 290

Report of three "hallux valgus" (bunion ) operations, using Mayo's

technique.

By Commander A. H. Robnett, Medical Corps, U. S. N 291

REPORTS :

The hospital standardization program of the American College of Surgeons.

By Commander R. C. Holcomb, Medical Corps, U. S. N 293

PROGRESS IN MEDICAL SCIENCES.

General Medicine. —Chronic myocarditis and its management. — Experiments

on the preservation of lemon juice and prevention of scurvy. —Scurvy : A system

of prevention for a polar expedition based on present-day knowledge. —Venous

puncture by means of steel needles.— Wassermann reaction 301

Surgery. —First aid work on shore with Royal Naval Division.— Hypertrophic

tuberculosis of the ileocecal region. —Importance of examination of patients by

the anesthetist previous to anesthesia. —Experimental and histological

investigation of rectal fistulas. —Treatment of fractures of the humerus by

suspension and traction. — Fractures of the head and neck of the radius 310

Tropical Medicine.—Oriental Sores. —Afebrile quartan malaria with

urticaria. —Three schistosomes in Natal which possibly attack man.—Cultivation

of trichomonas hominis. —Acute bacillnry dysentery. —Monilias of the

gastro-intestinal tract in relationship to sprue.—Hookworm infection in Brazil.

—Relapsing fever in Panama. —Treatment of kala-azar with some antimonial

preparations. —Human infection with Isospora hominis. —Etiology of gangosa and

its relation to papulocircinate yaws 324 Physiological Chemistry. —Ion

migration between cells and plasma. —Experimental rickets in rats. —Extraction

and concentration of vitamines. —Respiration and blood alkali during carbon

monoxide asphyxia. —Antiketogenesis. —The Effect of heat and oxidation upon

antiscorbutic vitamine.—Production of rickets by diets low in phosphorus and

fat-soluble A. vitamines. —Effect of muscular exercise upon certain common

blood constituents. — Comparative influence of green and dried plant tissue,

cabbage, orange juice, and cod liver oil on calcium assimilation. —Method for

the determination of sugar in normal urine. —Parathyroids and creatinine.

—Variations in the acid-base balance of the blood. — Thiocyanate content of the

saliva and urine in pellagra 329

Eye, ear, nose, and throat.—Use of scarlet red emulsion in atrophic

rhinitis (ozena). Accessory sinus blindness 329

NOTES AND COMMENTS:

Spiders in Medicine. —Meeting of the American Academy of Ophthalmology

and Oto-laryngology. —Meeting of the American Dietetic Association. —Japanese

medical world. —Some submarine notes. — School of Tropical Medicine at

Calcutta. —Army method of han dling syphilis. —Prophylactic vaccination for the

prevention of pneumonia 339

NURSE CORPS 351

DIGEST OF DECISIONS 353

BOOK NOTICES 355

QUERIES 361

NOTES ON PREVENTIVE MEDICINE, PREVENTIVE MEDICINE STATISTICS, LETTERS,

ORDERS, NEW LEGISLATION, MOVE MENTS OF OFFICERS AND NURSES 363

Number 3

PREFACE v

NOTICE TO SERVICE CONTRIBUTORS VI

SPECIAL ARTICLES :

Revaccination Against Smallpox And A Discussion Of Immunity Following

Cowpox Vaccination.

By Lieutenant E. Peterson, Medical Corps, U. S. N 411

Some elements of leadership.

By Colonel E. L. Munson, Medical Corps, U. S. N 433

Hyperthyroidism.

By Commander T. W. Reed, Medical Corps, U. S. N 454

HISTORICAL:

The history of anesthesia in America.

By Captain J. S. Taylor, Medical Corps, U. S. N 461

A history of blood transfusion.

By Lieutenant Commander W. M. Kerr, Medical Corps, U. S. N__ 465

EDITORIAL :

On education for our idle hours. On line of duty 477

SUGGESTED DEVICES :

The technique of making and staining frozen sections.

By Lieutenant Commander J. Harper, Medical Corps, U. S. N 481

CLINICAL NOTES :

Neurosyphilis.

By Lieutenant Commander H. Butts and Lieutenant W. M. Alberty, Medical

Corps, U. S. N 483

Treatment of surgical ulcers of stomach and duodenum.

By Lieutenant Commander J. J. A. McMullin, Medical Corps, U. S. N 497

Foreign body in the right lower bronchus.

By Lieutenant J. W. Green, Medical Corps, U. S. N 506

PROGRESS IN MEDICAL SCIENCES :

General medicine. —Treatment of gastric ulcer. —Meningococcus

infection. —Syphilis of the heart. — Standard of cure in gonorrhea. —

Provocative procedures in diagnosis of syphilis.—Intraspinal treatment of

neurosyphilis. —Dissemination of spirochseta pallida from the primary focus of

infection. —Abdominal syphilis.—Pulmonary syphilis.—Diagnosis and treatment of

early syphilis. —Reinfection and curability in syphilis. —Local and general

spirochetosis. —Use of arsphenamine in nonsyphilitic diseases.—Prophylaxis of

syphilis with arsphenamine 509

Surgery. —Epitheliomata of thymic origin.—Surgical treatment of

epithelioma of the Hp. —Light and heat treatment of epididymitis-- 521

Tropical medicine. — Recent progress in medical zoology. — Intravenous

injection of antimony tartrate in bilharzia disease.—Complexion of malaria

cases. —Standard treatment of malaria 524

Physiological chemistry. —Determination of the basal metabolism from

the carbon-dioxide elimination.—Supplementary values of proteins. — Studies in

the vitamine content. — Sampling bottle for Sins analysis. —Fat-soluble

vitamine. —Effect of hydrochloric acid ingestion upon composition of urine in

man 530

Eye, ear, nose, and throat.—Conditions predisposing to hemorrhage in

tonsil operations. —Statistical record of serious and fatal hemorrhage

following operation on the tonsil 540

NOTES AND COMMENTS:

Tenth revision of the United States Pharmacopoeia.— Vaccine in the

prevention of pneumonia. -—Three old books. —Removal of stains from wash goods.

—Health of the French Mediterranean fleet during the war. —Treatment of

poisoning due to the venom of a snake. —Annual health report of the German Navy

543

NURSE CORPS 561

DIGEST OF DECISIONS 567

BOOK NOTICES 569

QUERIES 572

PREVENTIVE MEDICINE, STATISTICS, LETTERS, ORDERS, NEW LEGISLATION,

MOVEMENTS OF OFFICERS AND NURSES 574

Number 4

PREFACE , v

NOTICE TO SERVICE CONTRIBUTORS VI

SPECIAL ARTICLES:

Medical aspects of gas warfare.

By Lieutenant G. H. Mankin, Medical Corps, U. S. N 641

The alcohol question in Sweden.

By Commander J. S. Taylor, Medical Corps, U. S. N 649

The social service worker and the ex-service man.

By Lieutenant J. T. Boone, Medical Corps, U. S. N 653

Review of the reorganization of the sanitary and public health work in

the Dominican Republic under the United States military government of Santo

Domingo.

By Commander R. Hayden, Medical Corps, U. S. N 657

Some lessons of the World War in medicine and surgery from the German

viewpoint.

By Commander W. S. Bainbridge, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R, F 672

HISTORICAL :

James Inderwick, Surgeon, United States Navy, 1818-1815.

By Captain F. L. Pleadwell, Medical Corps, U. S. N 699

EDITORIAL :

The three horsemen and the body louse 713

CLINICAL NOTES:

Note on the use of Mercurochrome-220 within the peritoneum.

By Lieutenant Commander Lucius W. Johnson, Medical Corps,

U. S. N 717

Ten-second sterilization.

By Lieutenant Commander H. E. Harvey, Dental Corps, U. S. N. 717

The use of Mercurochrome-220 in infected wounds.

By Lieutenant W. L. Martin, Medical Corps, U. S. N 718

Notes on motor points.

By Commander W. S. Bainbridge, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F__ 719

PROGRESS IN MEDICAL SCIENCES:

Tropical medicine. —Treatment of human trypanosomiasis with

tryparsamide. —Wassermann reaction in malaria. —Wassermann reaction in malarial

fevers. — Rat repression by sexual selection. — Case of tubercular leprosy

treated by intravenous injections of stibenyl. —Bismuth-emetine treatment for

amebic dysentery and amebiasis. —Malaria incidence on the Canal

Zone.—Experiment of leper segregation in the Philippines.— Detection of Lamblla

lntestlnalls by means of duodenal tube. —Balantidium coll and pernicious

anemia. —Tropical myositis. —Differential diagnosis of the common intestinal

amebae of man.—Contributions to the biology of the Danish culicidae. —Treatment

of sleeping sickness. —Bilharzia disease treated with tartar emetic.

—Iso-agglutination group percentages of Filipino bloods.—Public health in the

Dominican Republic , 721

Chemistry. —Metabolism of the man of the Tropics. —Disturbances in the

development of mammalian embryos caused by radium emanation. —Ammonia content

of the blood and its bearing on the mechanism of acid neutralization in the

animal organism 735

NOTES AND COMMENTS:

Dispersion of flies by flight.—International Association of the History

of Medicine. —Incineration of latrine contents. —Far Eastern Association of

Tropical Medicine. —Care of the sick and wounded of the North Russia

Expeditionary Force. —Manufacture of soft soap. —the upkeep of rats. —Erratum

739

NURSE CORPS 749

DIGEST OF DECISIONS 7B9

BOOK NOTICES 768

QUERIES 767

PREVENTIVE MEDICINE, STATISTICS, LETTERS, ORDERS, NEW LEGISLATION,

MOVEMENTS OF OFFICERS AND NURSES 769

Number 5

PREFACE V

NOTICE TO SERVICE CONTRIBUTORS vi

SPECIAL ARTICLES :

ON THE ENDOCRINE GLANDS.

By Surgeon Captain Masaharu Kojlma, Imperial Japanese Navy. 821

Aviation medicine in the United States Navy.

By Lieutenant J. F. Neuberger, Medical Corps, U. S. N 834

Pyelonephritis : A critical review of one hundred cases.

By Lieutenant Commander O. C. Foote, Medical Corps, U. S. N— 844

Recurrent hernia.

By Lieutenant Commander Lucius W. Johnson, Medical Corps, U. S. N 849

Meningococcus septicemia.

By Lieutenant Commander W. A. Bloedorn, Medical Corps, U. S. N 855

HISTORICAL:

Peter St. Medard, surgeon in the Navy of the United States.

By Lieutenant Commander W. M. Kerr, Medical Corps, U. S. N. 867

The study of medicine in Strasbourg.

By Captain J. S. Taylor, Medical Corps, U. S. N 874

EDITORIAL :

On the acquisition of useless knowledge. —ON the conservation of gauze

877

CLINICAL NOTES :

Report of a case of shark bite.

By Lieutenant Commander C. R. Baker and Lieutenant C. W. Rose, Medical

Corps, U. S. N 881

A practical treatment of acute ulcerative gingivitis.

By Lieutenant C. R. Wells, Dental Corps, U. S. N 885

REPORTS:

A report of the international standardization of sera 885

PROGRESS IN MEDICAL SCIENCES:

General Medicine. —Metabolism in pellagra. —-One thousand one hundred

goiters in one thousand seven hundred eighty-three persons. —Diphtheria carriers

and their treatment with mercurochrome.

—Method for determination of death by drowning. — Strain in

Spirochetes. —Hereditary blood qualities 889

Surgery. —Peri-arterial sympathetlcs. —Factors in bone repair.

—Operations on the gall bladder and bile ducts. —Operative procedures for

different kinds of goiter. —Varicose ulcers. —Cancer of the tongue 896

Tropical Medicine.—La maladie des oedemes a Java. —Dysentery.— Dysentery.

—Natural immunity of wild rats to plague.— Charcot-Leyden crystals in the

stools as an aid to the diagnosis of entamoebic

dysentery. —Glycosuria of malarial origin. —Dermatitis venenata

produced by an irritant present in stem sap of the mango. —Treatment of

trichuriasis with Leche de Higueron. — Malaria in Eastern Cuba. —Dhobie itch

produced by inoculating with a culture of Epidermophyton rubrtim. —Ueber eineu

Fall von Filaria loa 901

NOTES AND COMMENTS :

The immunization of adults with the diphtheria toxin-antitoxin mixture.

— Smallpox in the colony of Bahamas. — Meeting of Royal Society of Tropical

Medicine and Hygiene. —Curative effects of chaulmoogra oil derivatives on

leprosy. — Virulence of tubercle bacilli under changing environment. —Malaria

in Bulgaria. — Methods of drainage. — Use of white lead in paints. —A method of

preventive inoculation for smallpox. — Paper on hospital ship ventilation. —

Papers by medical officers of the Navy 907

NURSE CORPS 919

DIGEST OF DECISIONS 923

BOOK NOTICES 929

QUERIES 935

PREVENTIVE MEDICINE, STATISTICS, LETTERS, ORDERS, NEW LEGISLATION,

MOVEMENTS OF OFFICERS AND NURSES 937

Number 6

PREFACE v

NOTICE TO SERVICE CONTRIBUTORS vi

SPECIAL ARTICLES :

Hydrogen-ion concentration.

By Lieutenant Commander C. W. O. Bunker. Medical Corps, U. S. N 973

Aviation medicine in the United States Navy.

By Lieutenant J. F. Neuberger, Medical Corps, U. S. N 083

Developments in the diagnosis and treatment of syphilis.

By Lieutenant L. W. Shaffer, Medical Corps, U. S. N 1011

HISTORICAL:

The old anatomical school at Padua.

By Lieutenant Commander W. M. Kerr, Medical Corps, U. S. N- 1015

EDITORIAL:

On carbon monoxide asphyxia. —On the habit of reading 1029

SUGGESTED DEVICES :

The method of preparing colloidal gold solution used at the U. S. Naval

Medical School.

By Lieutenant J. Harper, Medical Corps, U. S. N., and Chief Pharmacist

C. Schaffer. Medical Corps, U. S. N 1037

PROGRESS IN MEDICAL SCIENCES:

General Medicine. —Prognostic significance of persistent high blood

pressure. — Standardization of the Wassermann reaction. —Modern conceptions of

the treatment of syphilis. —Treatment of neurosyphilis. —Treatment of visceral

syphilis. —New technique for staining Treponema pallida. —Method of

demonstration of spirochteta pallida in the tissues 1041

Surgery. —Postoperative pulmonary complications 1051

Tropical Medicine. —Activities of infective hookworm larvae in the

soil. —Use of carbon letrachlorid for removal of hookworms — Hemotoxins from

parasitic worms. — Specific treatment of malaria. —Malaria epidemic in Naras in

1918. —Dysentery. — Une nouvelle maladie a bacilles acido-resistants qui n'est

ni la tuberculose, ni la lepre. —Malaria epidemic caused by M. Sinensis. —

Vesical bilharziasis, indigenous to Portugal. —An exceptional tropical

ulceration 1053

Physiological Chemistry. —Action of antispasmodic drugs on the

bronchus. —Methanol on trial.— Nature of beriberi and related diseases. —Ethyl

alcohol, caffeine, and nicotine on the behavior of rats in a maze. —Biliary

obstruction required to produce Jaundice.—Transfused blood.— Anthelmintics and

hookworm treat ment.—Chemotherapy. —Influence of morphine in experimental

septicemia.— Fumigation with formaldehyde. —Lesions in bones of rats suffering

from uncomplicated berberi 1062

Eye, ear, nose, and throat. —Nose, throat, and ear requirements of

airmen. —Septicemia and death following streptococcus tonsillitis.— Gangosa.—

Iritis caused by focal infection.— Episcleritis.. 1065

NOTES AND COMMENTS :

Toxic effects of picric acid. —Chemical warfare. — Destruction of the

dirigible ZR-2.—Outbreaks of plague in South Africa. —Relation of species of

rat fleas to the spread of plague. —Diary of William

Clift. —Medicine in art. —Therapeutic index of silver arsphenamin.

—Antiscorbutic vitamins contained in dehydrated fruits. — Hookworm survey.

—Treatment of amoebic dysentery 1071

REPORTS :

Report of the health of the Royal Air Force for the year 1920. 1083

NURSE CORPS 1095

DIGEST OF DECISIONS 1099

BOOK NOTICES 1103

QUERIES 1111

PREVENTIVE MEDICINE STATISTICS, LETTERS, ORDERS 1115

INDEX i

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Leucochloridium paradoxum by Žygimantas Obelevičius

5 1

Leucochloridium paradoxum, the green-banded broodsac, is a parasitic flatworm that uses gastropods as an intermediate host. It is typically found in land snails of the genus Succinea that live in Europe and North America where it infects the host’s eyes making them appear as caterpillars that other birds prey on. Various birds consume these infected gastropods, becoming the definitive host for L. paradoxum to mature and release eggs in the rectum that are later found in the feces of the bird host.

Issoudun (Indre). by Daniel Jolivet

3

Issoudun (Indre).

Musée de l'Hospice Saint-Roch.

Clystères du XIXe siècle (argent et étain).

Le "Répertoire générale des sciences médicales du XIXe siècle" donne la définition du clystère:

" On donne le nom de lavemens ou de clystères aux injections de liquides ou de vapeurs qui se font par l'anus. Les liquides sont portés dans le rectum au moyen de différentes espèces de seringues , ou à l'aide d'autres instrumens connus sous le nom de clysoir, de clysopompe, etc..." Le nom de "clystère" a depuis glissé du traitement à l'outil permettant ce traitement.

Alphonse Allais dans "Le railleur puni" nous décrit l'utilisation du clystère :

"Le lendemain, c’était le premier jour de l’an.

La boutique de M. Hume-Mabrize était à peine ouverte qu’un garçon de l’auberge du Roi-Maure vint demander un lavement émollient pour un client qui se tordait dans les plus pénibles coliques.

– Bien, répondit l’apothicaire ; aussitôt préparé, Athanase ira l’administrer lui-même.

En ce temps, vous savez, le grand Éguisier n’avait pas accompli sa géniale invention et, presque toujours, les lavements étaient administrés par les apothicaires eux-mêmes ou par leurs garçons.

Comme une invention modifie les mœurs !

Hume-Mabrize prépara, avec son soin ordinaire, un bon liquide émollient, sédatif et mucilagineux, l’introduisit bouillant dans le cylindre d’étain que vous savez, et voilà mon Athanase parti pour accomplir sa mission.

La clef du voyageur était sur la porte. Athanase entra.

Sans mot dire, le voyageur découvrit la partie intéressée.

Athanase, avec une attention et une précision professionnelles, fit son devoir.

Doucement, sans précipitation, le piston s’enfonça dans le cylindre, poussant devant lui le bon liquide, tel un docile troupeau, doux et tiède.

Là... ça y est !

Il n’y avait plus qu’à se retirer et à s’en aller.

Mais, tout à coup, comme un volcan, comme une explosion, il se produisit un phénomène inattendu.

Projeté violemment dehors, le bon liquide venait de sortir, comme déshonoré d’avoir été amené en tel endroit.

Le visage d’Athanase était là, tout près, à bout portant. Il n’en perdit pas une goutte.

Alors le voyageur tourna son autre face vers le jeune apothicaire et lui demanda sur le ton de la politesse empressée :

– Voulez-vous une brosse ?

Au XVIIe siècle, le lavement était déjà largement pratiqué. C'est une des préoccupations importantes d'Argan dans le "Malade imaginaire" :

Argan

Allons, il faut en passer par là. Ote-moi ceci, coquine, ôte-moi ceci. (Argan se lève de sa chaise.) Mon lavement d'aujourd'hui a-t-il bien opéré?

Toinette

Votre lavement?

Argan

Oui. Ai-je bien fait de la bile?

Toinette

Ma foi! je ne me mêle point de ces affaires-là; c'est à monsieur Fleurant à y mettre le nez, puisqu'il en a le profit.

Les anciens égyptiens connaissaient le lavement et en attribuaient l'invention à l'ibis, oiseau sacré :

« L'ibis nous a montré l'usage des clystères, lequel se sentant aggravé d'humeur, estant au rivage de mer, remplit son bec et son col d'eau marine, puis se seringue par la partie par laquelle il jette ses excréments, et peu de temps après se vuide et se purge. » Telle est l'origine du clystère, ainsi qu'elle nous est rapportée par Ambroise Paré, d'après Pline.

short-edition.com/fr/classique/alphonse-allais/le-railleu...

Voir : Quelques pensées sur le clystère : Divagazioni sul clistere e sul suo inventore , in Minerva medica, 1933. In: Revue d'histoire de la pharmacie, 22ᵉ année, n°85, 1934.

Surgical-Shoot-573 by marion nilon

3

colon surgeons of charleston always gives their best treatment by the help of latest technologies to their patients. We provide the advance surgical treatment of diseases of the intestines, colon, rectum and anus by colonoscopy, gastroenterology and colorectal surgery in Charleston SC.

colonsurgeonsofcharleston.com/

Potentilla-recta_4 by Amadej Trnkoczy

4

Potentilla recta L., syn.: Fragaria recta (L.) Crantz, Pentaphyllum rectum (L.) Nieuwl., Potentilla hirta subsp. recta (L.) Briq., Potentilla fallacina Wołoszczak, Potentilla pseudopallida Siegfr.

Family: Rosaceae

EN: Sulphur cinquefoil, Rough-fruited cinquefoil, DE: Hohe Fingerkraut, Hoch-Fingerkraut

Slo.: pokončni petoprstnik

Dat.: May 20 2007

Lat.: 45.00586 Long.: 13.81330 (WGS84)

Code: Bot_0189/2007_DSC8041

Habitat: grassland partly overgrown with bushes, close to a local road; flat terrain, skeletal, calcareous ground; full sun, dry place; elevation 125 m (410 feet); average precipitations 800 - 900 mm/year, average temperature 12-13 deg C, Sub-Mediterranean phytogeographical region.

Substratum: soil.

Place: Next to the old road from village Bale to town Pula, at the turn toward village Gajana; Istria, Croatia EC.

Comment: (relates to the album Potentilla recta):

Genus Potentilla is huge. There are about 500 species described, about 70 grow in Europe and almost 30 of them in Slovenia. They all have characteristic palmate leaves and flowers with five petals (some exceptions exist). Usually, there is little problem with their identification. Sulphur cinquefoil (Potentilla recta) is the tallest of all of them in my country, which means even less problems with determination. It can grow up to 70-80 cm. The species is native to much of Europe, Asia, and parts of North America, and it can be found in other parts of the world as an introduced species. There exist places where it is considered invasive. It is traditionally used in medicine because of its antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects.

Ref.

(1) D. Aeschimann, K. Lauber, D.M. Moser, J.P. Theurillat, Flora Alpina, Vol. 1,, Haupt (2004), p 768.

(2) A. Martinči et all., Mala Flora Slovenije (Flora of Slovenia - Key) (in Slovenian), Tehnična Založba Slovenije (2007), p 255.

(3) wiki.bugwood.org/Potentilla_recta (accessed March 11. 2021)

(4) M.A. Fischer, W. Adler, K. Oswald, Exkursionsflora für Österreich, Liechtenstein und Südtirol, LO Landesmuseen, Linz, Austria (2005), p 481.

SNOOZE YOUNG RECTUMS by KING RECTUM

8

2SHEA YR IT by noparking1er

5 1

the elephant graveyard scene

Louisa Aldrich-Blake, Tavistock Square (1) by Patrick

7 2

Dr. Dame Louisa Aldrich-Blake DBE (1865 – 1925)

The statue is dedicated to the woman who became Britain’s first female surgeon. She took The University of London’s higher degrees in Medicine and Surgery for women in 1893. She became Senior Surgeon with the Elizabeth Garrett Anderson Hospital in 1910.

She was the first to perform cervix and rectum cancer operations, she had written in 1903 her paper explaining her methods, it was published in the British Medical Journal.

She also left England in 1915 to work as a surgeon for the Anglo-French Red Cross.

She was made a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire in the 1925 New Year’s Honours but alas she died at the end of the same year.

Her statue is in Tavistock Square, Bloomsbury, WC1H 9LD and was the work of Arthur George Walker RA. Whose notable works in London include Statues of William Morris and Roger Payne (exterior of the Victoria & Albert Museum). Also in Waterloo Place is a statue of Florence Nightingale.

rectum requiem for donut darlin by hellfarm

Issoudun (Indre). by Daniel Jolivet

3

Issoudun (Indre).

Musée de l'Hospice Saint-Roch.

Clystères du XIXe siècle (argent et étain).

Le "Répertoire générale des sciences médicales du XIXe siècle" donne la définition du clystère:

" On donne le nom de lavemens ou de clystères aux injections de liquides ou de vapeurs qui se font par l'anus. Les liquides sont portés dans le rectum au moyen de différentes espèces de seringues , ou à l'aide d'autres instrumens connus sous le nom de clysoir, de clysopompe, etc..." Le nom de "clystère" a depuis glissé du traitement à l'outil permettant ce traitement.

Alphonse Allais dans "Le railleur puni" nous décrit l'utilisation du clystère :

"Le lendemain, c’était le premier jour de l’an.

La boutique de M. Hume-Mabrize était à peine ouverte qu’un garçon de l’auberge du Roi-Maure vint demander un lavement émollient pour un client qui se tordait dans les plus pénibles coliques.

– Bien, répondit l’apothicaire ; aussitôt préparé, Athanase ira l’administrer lui-même.

En ce temps, vous savez, le grand Éguisier n’avait pas accompli sa géniale invention et, presque toujours, les lavements étaient administrés par les apothicaires eux-mêmes ou par leurs garçons.

Comme une invention modifie les mœurs !

Hume-Mabrize prépara, avec son soin ordinaire, un bon liquide émollient, sédatif et mucilagineux, l’introduisit bouillant dans le cylindre d’étain que vous savez, et voilà mon Athanase parti pour accomplir sa mission.

La clef du voyageur était sur la porte. Athanase entra.

Sans mot dire, le voyageur découvrit la partie intéressée.

Athanase, avec une attention et une précision professionnelles, fit son devoir.

Doucement, sans précipitation, le piston s’enfonça dans le cylindre, poussant devant lui le bon liquide, tel un docile troupeau, doux et tiède.

Là... ça y est !

Il n’y avait plus qu’à se retirer et à s’en aller.

Mais, tout à coup, comme un volcan, comme une explosion, il se produisit un phénomène inattendu.

Projeté violemment dehors, le bon liquide venait de sortir, comme déshonoré d’avoir été amené en tel endroit.

Le visage d’Athanase était là, tout près, à bout portant. Il n’en perdit pas une goutte.

Alors le voyageur tourna son autre face vers le jeune apothicaire et lui demanda sur le ton de la politesse empressée :

– Voulez-vous une brosse ?

Au XVIIe siècle, le lavement était déjà largement pratiqué. C'est une des préoccupations importantes d'Argan dans le "Malade imaginaire" :

Argan

Allons, il faut en passer par là. Ote-moi ceci, coquine, ôte-moi ceci. (Argan se lève de sa chaise.) Mon lavement d'aujourd'hui a-t-il bien opéré?

Toinette

Votre lavement?

Argan

Oui. Ai-je bien fait de la bile?

Toinette

Ma foi! je ne me mêle point de ces affaires-là; c'est à monsieur Fleurant à y mettre le nez, puisqu'il en a le profit.

Les anciens égyptiens connaissaient le lavement et en attribuaient l'invention à l'ibis, oiseau sacré :

« L'ibis nous a montré l'usage des clystères, lequel se sentant aggravé d'humeur, estant au rivage de mer, remplit son bec et son col d'eau marine, puis se seringue par la partie par laquelle il jette ses excréments, et peu de temps après se vuide et se purge. » Telle est l'origine du clystère, ainsi qu'elle nous est rapportée par Ambroise Paré, d'après Pline.

short-edition.com/fr/classique/alphonse-allais/le-railleu...

Voir : Quelques pensées sur le clystère : Divagazioni sul clistere e sul suo inventore , in Minerva medica, 1933. In: Revue d'histoire de la pharmacie, 22ᵉ année, n°85, 1934.

Shigella infection of cultured liver cells by Strathclyde Alumni

7

The image shows two cultured human liver cells infected with Shigella, the causative agent of Bacillary Dysentery. The bacterium is able to polymerise host cell actin ( fibre like proteins that contribute to cell structure and motility ) to move around in the cell. Moving bacterium shown in blue with an actin tail in red. Occasionally, the bacterium punches through the cell membrane to form protrusions and it is by this route that it will spread to adjacent cells. The large blue elliptical discs are the nuclei of the human cells, the small blue rod shaped structures are the bacteria.

Shigella causes bacillary dysentery by invading gut epithelium. Actin-based intracellular motility is one of the primary virulence properties, which aids the dissemination of the bacteria in the large intestine and rectum. Figure shows polymerised actin tail at one pole of a moving bacterium in the cell. Actin polymerisation is also the basis for the bacteria to form protrusions which allow Shigella spread from cell-to-cell.

by Artfag One

10 6

rectum-prostate-exam by Super Josh

6 1

CDR457840 digital rectal exam

Tags rectum

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