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Recently the freedom tower was named the tallest building in the US. The reasoning stating the spire is an aesthetic continuation of the building. Take away the antennas on the Sears Tower and I'm quite sure it would be unrecognizable to many. The antennas are both aesthetic and functional. By their logic, if I designed a building only 50 stories high but with a mile high spire, I'd like to see them name it the tallest building in the world.
Taken on 24 November 2017 and uploaded 20 January 2025.
Listed as a "general cargo" ship on one site and as an oil/chemical tanker on another, I've opted for the latter as the ship has all the piping a tanker might carry...a scientific decision.
Also, I like its name: Baltic Wind is a good name for a ship, even if it (the ship) relies on oil to power it and is a long way from the Baltic...it's properly romantic.
The two wind turbines here belong to Tilbury Docks and provide, I believe, 1/8 of the Docks' power needs (I read that the turbines, which total 4, provide between them 1/4 of what is required, so by mathematical reasoning, etc.)...
Anyway, Baltic Wind was built in South Korea, though not by Hyundai, in 2009. It may no longer be Baltic Wind, either: it's another of these to have had many names - Sphere and Prosky before Baltic Wind, then Siren (?). This is the way of the world and money, oh well. It is now, as Siren, on its way from Zhuhai, China, to Yeosu Anchor, South Korea.
[DSC_3075g]
*** I've decided to update my characters bio pages. Stay tuned for updates.
Name: Crimson Cloak (The Cloak)
Secret Identity: Gage Garnet, One time reporter and writer, he has almost fully devoted his time to crime fighting in recent years nearly forsaking his true identity.
Age: late 30s.
Skills/Powers:
* Super human stamina
* Advanced strength from constant conditioning and exercise
* Advanced intellect, intelligence, and deductive reasoning skills
* Knowledge of various forms of martial arts and fighting styles
* No known “super powers”
Weapons:
***All of the Cloak’s weapons are provided by his friend and inventor William Watts, the owner of WattTech Industries and fellow superhero Captain Electron.
The Crimson Cloak wears a suit of flexible body armor. His red cape and cowl are both bullet proof and flame proof. He wears a set of goggles that help to magnify his night vision, aiding him in low light environments. His preferred weapon of choice is a high tech staff that detaches at the center to create two smaller batons for close quarter combat. The tip of each baton is slightly electrified to aid The Cloak in dispatching his foes in a non-lethal manner. The Cloak also has an optional "gun" that he can use to launch various non-lethal projectiles at his enemies.
The Cloak utilizes a variety of modified WattTech vehicles to get to the scene of a crime fast. The Crimson Cycle, Crimson Cruiser, and the C.R.U.I.S.Er. www.flickr.com/photos/10211834@N07/26971335111/in/datepos...
Background/Origin Story:
Gage Garnet has always been a man obsessed with doing what is right, no matter the costs to himself or to others. During his youth, he was obsessed with comics and yearned to be like those men on the colorful pages. He and his brother Jack would spend hours dressing up like superheroes imagining that they were saving the world. As Gage matured, he showed more of an interest in writing and moved to the big city to pursue his interests. While working for The City Tribune, Gage covered a series of stories involving the rise of real heroes in the city. Men and women who put on costumes to fight crime, it was like his dream come true and here he was on the front lines documenting their rise to power.
Tragically, in the midst of Gage’s rise to success as a reporter, his family home is robbed and his parents are tragically murdered by the robbers. His younger brother Jack manages to escape the violence and will grow up to join the NBPD.
Feeling helpless and responsible for the murder, Gage crafts his own costume and trains with the help of Gothic. He soon adopts his alter ego The Crimson Cloak, and decides to track down those responsible for the murder.
It isn’t long before Gage is covering the stories of his own exploits, articles that soon reach the attention of a fledgling group of masked heroes known as the League of Heroes. The Cloak is invited to join the League. For the next few years, Gage fights crime along side the virtuous members of the League of Heroes. Keeping the city safe.
As the League of Heroes grows stronger and more powerful, Cobalt Cyclone, Silver Sentry, and Viridia all decide that it would be best to remove their masks publicly to gain the trust of the citizens and to remove any doubt that could be cast upon them by a growing crowd of skeptics. The Crimson Cloak disagrees with this measure, as he does not want his career in vigilantism to hurt his brother’s reputation at his new job on the police force. The Cloak declares that he will step down from the team and leave his career as a superhero behind. Gothic, a fellow teammate and also a detractor of this measure, does not wish to have his identity revealed though he will make an even more public statement of protest.
The day arrives for the big reveal, the heroes are all assembled on the steps of City Hall, Cobalt Cyclone steps up to the microphone and addresses the crowd… and BOOM! A bomb explodes from underneath the podium killing the Cobalt Cyclone, severely injuring Silver Sentry, and sending the crowd into a panic. The Crimson Cloak swings into action, and begins investigating the crime. By following the clues he soon comes to the conclusion that The Skull, the most powerful crime boss in the city was behind the plot. Though he is in for an even bigger surprise when he discovers that The Skull is in fact his former friend and teammate Gothic.
In the wake of the bombing, the League of Heroes falls apart. Public support for masked heroes hits an all time low. The Crimson Cloak decides that he will be all that stands between the evil that plagues the city and the justice that he feels the citizens deserve. Becoming darker and more detached, The Crimson Cloak becomes obsessed with his self-imposed duty even at the expense of losing his own identity in the process.
When looking back to scenes like this it makes it difficult to understand reasoning behind cutting back Lothian's service 12. Leyland Titan 563 is fully laden in York Place Edinburgh with the gothic octagonal towers of St Pauls and St Georges church forming the background together with two dissimilar street lamps.
To our story. The 12 was used by an incredible number of pasengers, little wonder, as it passed through the most heavily populated areas. On top deck seats a man who I well recall boarded each morning along Leith Links. He had a guest house nearby and flats and property all over central Edinburgh. But he still went to work. Back then fares were calculated in 'stages' and here the bus approaches St Andrew Sq stage; The previous stage at Elm Row was 5p cheaper. To avoid the 5p he paid the fare to Elm Row, then sat on the nearside to watch for an inspector, on occasions when inspectors boarded I'd see him quickly alighting and 'running' onwards to St Andrew Sq. When I approached him he gave the old adage 'Look after the pennies and the pounds take care of themselves.' He would know as by that time he was a millionaire !
563 was a fine bus, new in 1955 and running for years from Tollcross garage before transfer to Marine in 1969, four years before this quiet scene in York Place. The nearside advert heralds the arrival of Whitbread in Edinburgh and perhaps the start of a move away from the fine traditional local breweries - much lamented by Edinburgh's drouthy beer drinkers !
One of several Mark Rothko pieces at the MOMA, NYC.
"The progression of a painter's work as it travels in time from point to point, will be toward clarity.. toward the elimination of all obstacles between the painter and the idea.. and the idea and the observer.. To achieve this clarity is inevitably to be understood."
- Mark Rothko (September 25, 1903–February 25, 1970), was a Latvian-born American painter. He is classified as an abstract expressionist.
Members of the Imperium's Department of Clandestine Operations and Intelligence approached the New Carradock Naval Yards with a unique project: They wanted a starfighter built with two variants. The first, a spec ops starfighter that could be used for transportation by their undercover operatives. The second, an identical-looking fighter that would be released to the general public.
Their reasoning? The COI's fighters would appear to be inconspicuous and look like any of the civilian-variant fighters, allowing them to blend in and move freely without fear of detection.
The naval yards jumped at the challenge, and arguably went above and beyond expectations, building the new LRF-100 Preybird Medium Starfighter.
The COI variant was given excellent stealth capabilities and a much longer FTL range, while the civilian Preybird was built as an affordable but surprisingly reliable fighter that, combined with an impressive modular design that allowed customers with deeper pockets to get an even better ship, made it very popular and got it sold well.
Ironically, the Imperial Navy later called and asked for their own military variant, with beefed up firepower and defenses, after seeing the civilian variant in action and wanting a newer medium starfighter in their arsenal.
As such, the Preybird became a common sight throughout the MSI, in use by military and non-military alike.
LDD file: github.com/Arikelliott/LDD-Models/raw/master/LRF-100%20Pr...
國立台灣文學館 - 推理文學在臺灣特展 / 書可以讀 - 也可以當飾品
National Museum of Taiwanese Literature - Reasoning literature in Taiwan special exhibition / Books can read - Can also be jewelry
Museo Nacional de la literatura taiwanesa - Razonamiento de la literatura en Taiwan exposición especial / Los libros pueden leer - También puede ser joyas
国立の台湾の文学館 - 推理の文学は台湾特に展にあります / 本は読むことができます - アクセサリになることができますも
Nationalmuseum der taiwanesischen Literatur - Begründung Literatur in Taiwan Sonderausstellung / Bücher können lesen - Kann auch Schmuck sein
Musée national de la littérature taiwanaise - Raisonnement de la littérature à Taiwan exposition spéciale / Les livres peuvent lire - Peut aussi être des bijoux
Tainan Taiwan / Tainan Taiwán / 台灣台南
管樂小集 2017/07/02 安平古堡 Fort Zeelandia performances 1080P
{ 霧子のタンゴ Kiriko's Tango 懷念的播音員 }
{View large size on fluidr / 觀看大圖}
{My Blog / 管樂小集精彩演出-觸動你的心}
{My Blog / Great Music The splendid performance touches your heart}
{My Blog / 管楽小集すばらしい公演-はあなたの心を心を打ちます}
{Mi blog / La gran música el funcionamiento espléndido toca su corazón}
{Mein Blog / Große Musik die herrliche Leistung berührt Ihr Herz}
{Mon blog / La grande musique l'exécution splendide touche votre coeur}
Melody 曲:JAPAN / Words 詞:Sheesen / Singing : Sheesen
{ 夢旅人 1990 Dream Traveler 1990 }
家住安南鹽溪邊
The family lives in nearby the Annan salt river
隔壁就是聽雨軒
The next door listens to the rain porch
一旦落日照大員
The sunset Shineing to the Taiwan at once
左岸青龍飛九天
The left bank white dragon flying in the sky
There has been a number of different bus pairings for the City Sightseeing Inverness fleet over the years that I know what was used, and in my opinion this particular pairing is likely the best one since 2016. D&E Coaches have Volvo B9TL Wright Eclipse Gemini 2 S90 YST (Originally LX60 DXH) and Dennis Trident Plaxton President S88 YST (Originally SK52 OHN, later XIL 1484) this year and they're seen here picking up passengers at Inverness Bus Station for the Red Route (Gemini) and Blue Route (President).
Perhaps you're wondering what the Sightseeing fleet has consisted of over the years? Here's what I know.
From 2011 (the first year of Sightseeing services) up to and including 2016, Jacobite Tours in collaboration with Stagecoach Highlands (Jacobite owned and operated the services, Stagecoach provided staff and vehicle maintenance as well as keeping the vehicles in their Inverness depot) had two 1989 Leyland Olympian engined Alexander RH buses registered 1983 NT (Originally Lothian G338 CSG - Number 338) and 2080 NT (Originally Lothian F358 WSC - Number 358). 1983 NT was fully open top while 2080 NT was part-open part-closed top. At one point early in its tenure 2080 NT was named "Bobby Bus" on a post on the City Sightseeing Inverness FB page but that was just for that post and not an official name.
In 2017 these were replaced by two 2004 Dennis Trident Alexander ALX400s, both partial open top. The custom reg plates were kept and re-used with LX53 JZM (Originally Stagecoach Number 17969) becoming 1983 NT and LX53 JZH (Originally Stagecoach Number 17965) becoming 2080 NT. One interesting thing was that they inherited the rather unusual "eyelashes" around the headlights that the Olympians that came before them had. I'd assume people involved in running the service would know the reasoning behind that, but it is not something you see every day.
2018 was set to continue in identical fashion with the same two ALX400s running the service, however 2080 NT unfortunately caught fire in around April/Early May time and very little of it was left after the fire was extinguished. That of course meant it had to be scrapped. I haven't been able to find much on what vehicles helped cover the service for the remainder of 2018, I know at one point Jacobite Tours NE55 BUS helped out but I don't know if it was the same for the rest of the year or not. Any info on this matter would be appreciated to fill in this gap in the history.
In 2019 1983 NT finally found itself with an official sidekick again, in the form of 2002 Trident President SK52 OHN which had just come up from Lothian Buses in Edinburgh. Interestingly it remained closed top when it came up here but nonetheless it served its slot in the tour throughout 2019 and looked very smart while doing so, as Plaxton Presidents tend to do.
2020 saw no City Sightseeing services due to a certain virus which shall remain nameless as let's be honest I don't need to name it for it to be obvious what one I'm on about...
Then came 2021. A year of big change for City Sightseeing. Operation of the tour was taken over by D&E Coaches under their new Tours division, and alongside updating the tour to now consist of 2 routes running hourly, there was a new vehicle on the scene. 2011 Volvo B9TL Gemini 2 LX60 DXH under its new reg S90 YST made its debut in 2021, alongside the remaining ALX400 which had also been re-registered to S99 YST. It was never guaranteed which one would serve which route, sometimes the Gemini would be on Red, sometimes the ALX would be. There was an occasional showing from D&E's B7TL ALX400 P17 YST, once due to a fault with one of the buses, the other due to weather conditions (Although oddly with the weather conditions time, it was the fully open top Gemini that was out rather than the partial open top ALX!). But what of SK52 OHN? Well, it unfortunately was sidelined, sat in the depot the entire year doing nothing and looking like it might not see service again...
And so we come to 2022, this year. The Red Route starts up first and the Gemini 2 takes to the streets to serve it as expected. Fast forward to the end of May, up starts the Blue Route, but there's a problem. Both the ALX400 and President are listed as SORN. Another newer bus perhaps?? Well not exactly, initially taking to the blue route was a newly purchased white Enviro 200 MMC, YX22 OHC. Not much of a red livery sightseeing bus! But this was not a permanent fixture, as fast forward again to the second weekend of June, and a red bus is spotted...the President has returned! SK52 OHN against the odds comes back under its new reg S88 YST and has *almost* not missed a day of service since, with YX22 OHC only appearing once when S88 YST was oddly put on the Belladrum Shuttle Service one weekend, and SK71 CLN covering once for an unknown reason. ALX400 S99 YST remains SORN and its future unknown, but for now we rejoice that the President is here to stay, for now at least.
UPDATE NOVEMBER 2022: Sightseeing services have concluded for the year and all 3 sightseeing buses are now SORN for the winter. Time will tell who will return in 2023...
S90 YST was new to Go-Ahead London in January 2011 as LX60 DXH (Fleet Number WVL377). It was converted to fully open top in 2018 and used on the London City Tour. It joined the D&E Coaches fleet in 2021 when they acquired the City Sightseeing Inverness tour operation from Stagecoach Highlands/Jacobite Tours and was re-registered to its current reg of S90 YST.
S88 YST was new to Lothian Buses in November 2002 as SK52 OHN (Fleet Number 651). Its first livery was, rather obviously, the Harlequin livery, which it had from its first day until approximately the end of 2011. 2012 saw it get repainted into the Forth Bridges Bus & Boat Tour livery and a new registration of XIL 1484 while continuing with its original fleet number. It ran in this livery until 2017, at which point it was painted into the new 3 Bridges Tour livery, the design of which is based on the current Madder & White Fleet Of The Future corporate livery Lothian currently use. 2019 saw the bus transfer to Stagecoach Highlands (Inverness) to replace an ALX400 which had caught fire in 2018. With its original reg SK52 OHN re-applied, SK52 OHN received its City Sightseeing Inverness livery and ran one of the service slots throughout that year. It transferred to D&E Coaches in 2021 as part of their acquisition of the Sightseeing tour operations into their subsidiary D&E Tours, however SK52 OHN sat out that year with D&E's newly obtained Gemini 2 and the ALX400 that came from Stagecoach running instead. This year, with the ALX400 not returning, SK52 OHN made a triumphant return under its latest reg plate S88 YST.
If you've read this far comment S88YST :)
Date Taken: June 19th, 2022
Device Used: Nokia 3.1 Plus
Date Uploaded: August 25th, 2022
Upload Number: 006
Interested in seeing some bus videos? You'll find buses both real and virtual on my YouTube channel, as well as other cool bus-themed stuff too! - www.youtube.com/@ZZ9sTransport
© ZZ9's Transport Photography (ZZ9 Productions). All Rights Reserved. Modification, redistribution, reuploading and the like is prohibited without prior written permission from myself.
She is enchanting, isn’t she !!!! She was just staring at me sitting close to my feet in Corfu, this last summer. My son Nicholas was cuddling her ;…such a calm, lovely creature ; what was she….thinking? Just a stray , adorable cat, strolling around the tavern ….With such a great impact on my mind and soul !!
“….The great creativity of consciousness is your heritage. It does not belong to mankind alone, however. Each living being possesses it, and the living world consists of a spontaneous cooperation between the smallest and the highest, the greatest and the lowly, between the atoms and the molecules, and the conscious reasoning mind” (“The Nature of Personal Reality” :A Seth Book—Jane Roberts)
When they get to that age.... no point reasoning with them
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Albert Dekker stars as Alexander Thorkel, a mad scientist who pursues a fantastic experiment deep in the Peruvian jungle. He uses radioactivity to miniaturize living things, including humans, reasoning that if people were one-tenth their normal size, there would be ten times as much food to go around. When fellow scientists penetrate his jungle retreat, the paranoid Dr. Thorkel shrinks them down to size to protect his secret, even killing one of them to demonstrate his power.
“Dr. Cyclops” was directed by Ernest B. Schoedsack, who directed “King Kong” for producer Merian C. Cooper.
Movie trailer: www.youtube.com/watch?v=xlSqylxm3jo
SET 1 – West Point Wal-Mart
Besides the already-uncommon logo, something else about this store that makes it even more unique is the fact that it’s one of very few (well, comparatively, anyway) “green” Wal-Marts ever to have existed. By that, I’m referring to the fact that the color scheme of the façade – instead of Wal-Mart’s usual blue, red, and gray of the 90s and 2000s – was green, tan, and white.
It’s my understanding that this paint scheme was adopted as a way of making the stores look a little more upscale – presumably also tying in with the more architecturally interesting façade – and possibly also improving the image of the chain, trying to distance itself from its existing colors which by then had become all but synonymous with the discounter. For at least one other onetime green Walmart, yet another reasoning was given: the Oxford Wal-Mart originally opened as a green store so as to appease residents concerned about all the trees that had to be razed for the construction! (Here on Alt Hwy 45 in West Point, I doubt that reasoning would have worked as well, but who knows :P )
That Oxford store, by the way, is no longer green, and indeed most green Walmarts over the years have obviously since repainted to newer looks – the idea that the paint scheme was a way of making the stores more custom and upscale sadly dropped in favor of yet more cookie-cutter looking stores. It would seem to me that the green design died off with the old Wal-Mart logo, which makes it especially fitting that both of them are still surviving together here in West Point… probably until the bitter end (that is, whenever the store’s first remodel will ever take place).
(c) 2022 Retail Retell
These places are public so these photos are too, but just as I tell where they came from, I'd appreciate if you'd say who :)
sigh...I love it - but sometimes it makes me want to jump off a cliff! Internet was down for over a day at home (gasp!) and then after buying a new Monitor for work I was down for 1/2 a day getting the new graphics card installed so the resolution looked right. ARGH!
So, Happy late Bokeh Wednesday! and since I'm posting this so late, HBWH too!! ;-) Missed ya'll.....need to catch up...
Another random fact: Hubby is very private - and insisted I take all our boys photos off a public forum like flickr. This kills me. I understand his reasoning (too many freaks out there) but my favorite photography is photos of children, mine especially :( I guess I need to find a new "specialty", at least on flickr...... (me=bummed)
Photo taken in the West Norway Museum of Decorative Art park, Bergen, Norway.
Throughout history, no other flower has been mentioned more than the rose, and for good reasoning. The rose has been mentioned in music, mythological stories, as an icon in movies, transformed into perfumes, and been sought as the go-to flower of love. Roses grow wild from the mountains of Norway, to as far south as Mexico. Roses were in such high demand during the 17th century, that royalty considered roses or rose water as legal tender, and were often used as barter and for payments. Today, now raised agriculturally for profit, the rose is the most popular selling flower nationally, and possibly globally.
www.roseshire.com/blogs/outsidethebox/15331185-ill-trade-...
BAM BAM!
After being released from prison in Mexico, Bigelow decided to train as a professional wrestler, reasoning "there wasn't much else I was qualified for."
400 pounds and able to moonsault off the top turnbuckle.
Legit tough dude.
The Beast From The East invites you onto the mat. Full accommodations provided, including a chair, a table, a knuckle sandwich, and free air transportation out of the ring.
Just remember, if you play with fire... you're gonna get burned.
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A year of the shows and performers of the Bijou Planks Theater.
WWE Superstars
Bam Bam Bigelow
2022, Mattel
It feels lame saying I have a "dream" camera, but if there was such a thing this would be that camera. This will be the camera I always have with me and it will probably outlive me. A person I see as my photography mentor said something that I hadn't heard said about any other camera. She said that normally when buying a camera, buy the system that has the lenses you need or want; but with Leica just buy the camera and work up to the nicer lenses. Now having one, I totally agree with that reasoning. The camera is just built like no other and just feels incredible to use. This Voigtlander 35mm will suit me just fine as well.
"You should tell your sickness that you've had enough and you would appreciate if it would just move on.
It's time to break-up with your cold.
Maybe just reasoning with it might work if nothing else has. "it's not you it's me" or "we are moving too quickly" The cold may respond with things like "but how about all the fever and chills I have given you?" and then you can kindly let your cold know that those things are signs of infatuation, not love. and you should go your seperate ways, and if it is true love one day you might get sick again, but right now it's gotta let go.
But giving it miso soup is sending mixed messages."
i'm ready to move on.
miso, lemons, and white rice, you've done me right.
Bella Dahl Jeans Girl
Yet another blast from the past that I found as I populate my new back-up server. THIS ONE was from the Coolpix 850. I get a call from the then director of marketing of Nikon telling me she wants a picture for PhotoEast that they can blow up to 8 feet by 10 feet shot with the to be announced at the show Coolpix 850 and she wants me to shoot it. It is a Monday. I say "COOL".Then she says find me a very well endowed model, and I want her to be blond. I say "SURE!" (here reasoning was computer geeks and dweebs did not get out from behind the computer screen much) . She then tells me the camera will be at my studio late Friday afternoon, hand delivered from Japan. I say "OK...." She thinks some of the menus will be in English. Again "ok......." Then she's says I need camera ready art, scaled and on my desk Monday 9am EST or 6am PST. I say "........o......k......"
So I go into the office of Altamira Group, late, get yelled at for showing up late, (I was the Artist In Residence at Altamira Group, the developer of Genuine Fractals now known as Perfect Resize from onOne) I tell them the story of the morning, the the CLO (Chief Legal Officer) say "GREAT!!! My wife has just started this company called Bella Dahl Jeans, and I'm sure she will let you shoot the promo pictures (as a favor.... for no fee being the implied thought here) and your tardiness will be forgiven!
The camera a arrives at 7pm Friday, it hat most of the menus operational. The ones that had text were 50% Japanese and 50% Spanish. No English. Japanese I get, Spanish left me scratching my head. The prototype only shot jpeg or tif. Tiffs had a 7 second shutter lag time from pressing the trigger to the camera taking the shot and a 48 second write time to card before you could shoot again. The model I got through an agent friend of mine would strike a moldelly "pose" every time she thought we were taking a picture. For the first two hours I got pouty lips and half open eyes the only thing missing was someone saying "ooo la la." So to get the shot I wanted I would tell her I was going to take the shot, she'd hold her pouty lip half eye opened ooo la la pose tell her the shutter clicked (why she could not hear it was because it was an electronic shutter, the click sound she was hearing after I took "the picture" was the camera advancing the digital film) then she'd relax into these really cool poses which I then took the shot. I told her we had to wait a two minutes for the camera to process, so she would think I was not going to shoot her and she would strike another very beautiful natural pose while stealthily I'd snap another frame. This went on ALL day Saturday for 11 hours.
This image was lit using a thermonuclear device (the sun) as the point light source (no batteries harmed in the production of this image) a Westcott Scrim Jim 3'x6' diffuser and a Westcott Sunlight reflector (I built my "Hollywood" lighting career with just these two light modifiers).
I spend all night Saturday, till 1 am, then from 5 am on Sunday on computer technology so slow (am Mac Preforma 360) that the only way to speed it up was to physically push the computer. Al Gore had just barely invented the internet, AOL came on floppy disks with every Macworld magazine and the only way to send data was on a 2880 baud modem made by Global Village that hat a peer to peer transfer software. It took four hours to scale the file and nine, count them nine hours to transfer the file to New York. But I made the deadline.
Friend was testing out his new pipe and attempting to reason why he couldn't blow smoke rings. He'll get it eventually. :) Nikon D5000 Lens. 85mm 1.8 Lighting. Lamp and LED flashlight
Entropy, as expressed by the Second Law of Thermodynamics, is an all pervasive natural force, similar in importance to gravity or electro- magnetism. Its attributes involve the flow of what we call "time". It shows why time travel is impossible and why water only runs downhill. Entropy permeates all aspects of human existence. Entropy explains why it is easy to lose money and difficult to make money. Entropy is the force behind Murphy's Law: Anything that can go wrong, must go wrong. Is time-travel impossible? Why does water only run downhill? Why is it easy to lose money but difficult to acquire it? The answer to these and many other puzzling questions rests in the Second Law of Thermodynamics, in Entropy. The so-called Second Law relates closely to the term Entropy. An understanding of this fundamental law of nature and its ramification provides great insights in the way the world really works. Entropy, as expressed by the Second Law, is the ultimate Natural Law because it determines the flow of what we call "time". Thus, entropy deals with the very existence of the universe. The term entropy describes phenomena that have the most profound effect on all events in human existence, including our ability to achieve happiness by aligning ourselves with Objective Reality.
The Second Law holds a unique position in science because it has never evolved from a theory such as the Theory of Relativity or the Theory of Quantum Mechanics. The Second Law is empirical. There is no fully satisfactory theoretical proof for the Second Law, although there are some connections to Quantum Mechanics, Probability and Relativity. Once a Unified Field Theory, the Theory of Everything, is developed, it will and must account for Entropy. Many scientists, who claimed that this Law is paradoxical in nature, have tried to attack it. However, in all instances the alleged paradoxes were due to faulty reasoning. The Second Law has prevailed and has established itself as the most fundamental of all Natural Laws.
The profound nature of the Second Law manifests itself in every aspect of human existence. It covers questions pertaining to the obscure beginnings of the universe to the way we pour milk in our coffee. I remember my high school teacher posing the question: You have a cup of very hot coffee that you would like to drink as soon as possible, let us say, within 5 minutes. Should you first add the desired quantity of cold milk to the coffee and then let the coffee sit for 5 minutes? Alternatively, do you let the coffee sit for 5 minutes and then add the same quantity of milk?
The answer is not intuitive but it is simple, if we are familiar with the Second Law: The rate of heat exchange between the hot coffee and the ambient air depends on their temperature differential. The higher the temperature differential, the faster will be the rate of exchange. Within the 5-minute waiting period, heat transfers to the air at a higher rate if we do not add the cold milk initially to the coffee. If we add the milk at the beginning, instead of at the end of the 5 minutes, the energy transfer will slow down and the coffee will be markedly hotter at the end of 5 minutes.
This revelation does not appear to be a momentous event. It was only intended to indicate the pervasiveness of the Second Law, especially in view of the fact that most people are seemingly ignorant of it. The point is, the Second Law is not intuitive. We have to acquire the relevant knowledge by a rational thought process in order to take advantage of it. The cup of coffee is not important but the principle behind the cup permeates all of our existence: In order to optimize the effectiveness of our actions it is helpful to understand the implications of Entropy.
Entropy describes the degradation of energy to perform work. What is energy? On the high school level, we simply defined energy as the capacity to do work. However, the real question is, What factor, precisely, is doing this work? Why does energy have the capacity to perform work? The HOWs in life are easy, the WHYs are the tough ones.
Energy is the raw material of the universe. At the time of the Big Bang, about 13.7 billion years ago, there was nothing but raw energy. There was no mass with a physical attribute. It was only much later in the nascent universe that this primal energy transformed itself into physical mass, stars, nebula and black holes. Stars, and particularly supernovas, are the factories of the elements, such as iron, from which human beings are formed.
As we know from Einstein's famous formula E = m c^2, mass and energy are freely convertible into each other. The Hydrogen Bomb demonstrates this conversion in a spectacular fashion. Most of the energy it generates is due to the conversion of matter into energy. Such conversion of matter into energy, and vice-versa, is also a less spectacular event in everyday phenomena although it is usually so minuscule as to escape our attention: When we exercise vigorously, we convert chemical energy into radiated heat energy. All this radiated energy that leaves our body has mass, just as light has energy and weight, although it will not register on our bathroom scale.
In cognizance of these basic facts, we can stipulate that energy is the basic raw material that makes up the universe and all that is contained within it, including human beings. The essence of the universe is the unity of energy, time and space.
Energy is essentially a heat phenomenon. Heat and work are mechanisms by which systems exchange energy with one another. The mechanical equivalent of heat is called a Joule. 4.2 joules are the equivalent of one calorie, the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one gram of water by one degree Celsius.
In order for energy to perform work, a difference must exist between energy at a high potential and energy at a more randomized, diluted, potential. The term entropy is a measure of the degree to which energy has lost the capacity to perform useful work. Entropy signifies the dilution, the randomization of energy. We may look at water in two lakes, connected by a canal. Unless the lakes are at a different level, unless they are at a different energy potential, there is plenty of water, but all this water has no potential energy and cannot perform any useful work because it cannot change levels. This ability or inability to perform useful work is an analogy to and is at the heart of the term entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics.
Let us back up a little: This whole subject of Thermodynamics sounds like a very complicated affair. Indeed, it is both very simple and extremely complex. There are three Laws of Thermodynamics, but we need to concern ourselves only with the first two laws because they are closely interwoven and can actually be expressed in one sentence: The total energy content of the universe is constant and the total entropy, the non-usable energy, is constantly increasing. There you have it: The combination of the first and second law of thermodynamics.
Very interesting, but what does it mean? It means that energy cannot be created or destroyed. It can be transformed into mass, chemical energy, heat energy, latent energy and work, but it cannot be created and it cannot disappear. Energy is also in a constant, inevitable and irreversible process of becoming increasingly randomized. Salt crystals may be dissolved in a beaker of water without losing its identity as salt. The salt became more randomized when it dissolved in the water. The Law of Entropy decrees that it cannot reconvert itself to the less randomized, crystalline version. The salt cannot reconstitute itself as crystals, unless we introduce external energy to evaporate the water.
The amount of energy in the universe was established at the time of the Big Bang. At that point, energy was extremely concentrated and ordered. Since then, the universe has expanded vastly and energy has become more diluted and randomized. It is inherent in the nature of the universe that this process must and will continue. If it were to stop, the universe would cease to exist.
This increasing randomization of energy, entropy, is part of the structure of the universe. The energy dilemma does not involve the amount of energy that is available; it involves the form in which the energy is available. The universe is involved in a constant process of converting one form of energy into another form and in doing so, it inevitably must convert part of the original energy into more randomized, less usable, heat energy. Potential energy is organized energy whereas heat represents randomized, disorganized energy. Heat energy is irretrievable energy. Although the energy contained in heat is not destroyed, it has become unavailable for producing work. All forms of energy are degraded incessantly and irreversibly to an inferior, lower-quality, more-randomized form of energy: Heat.
By the same principle, the solar energy that pours out of the furnace of the sun travels on and on until it eventually becomes scattered throughout the universe: It becomes so randomized that it becomes unusable for the performance of work. Therefore, we must stipulate that entropy, as a measure of the randomness of energy in the universe, is always increasing.
The question arises, what will happen when all the usable energy in the universe is converted into randomized heat energy and is no longer capable of performing such work as expanding the universe. We refer to this condition as the Heat Death of the Universe: Once all the energy in the universe is converted to and randomized as heat, then the universe will be in a state of energy equilibrium, everything will be of the same temperature and entropy will remain constant. This is where science gets more complicated and involves the microwave background radiation consisting of photons near, but not quite at, absolute Zero. Scientists have recently detected this microwave background radiation and have thus confirmed the connectivity between Thermodynamics and Quantum Mechanics.
Before we go on to some practical manifestations of entropy, we need to be aware of a very important characteristic of entropy: The Laws of Thermodynamics pertain only to a system that we refer to as a closed system: An entity that does not exchange energy, information or mass with anything outside the system. The universe in its totality is a closed system because no new energy is injected into it. Therefore, all laws of Thermodynamics apply to the universe. Earth is not a closed system because our sun constantly injects it with new energy. This infusion of energy into the non-closed system of the earth makes it possible to comply with the Second Law while achieving an increase in the complexity of life forms, as necessitated by the process of evolution.
The laws of thermodynamics are among the very few laws of nature that describe phenomena that are an integral part of the origin of the universe, of the Big Bang. The other laws in this category are gravity, relativity, nuclear binding forces and electromagnetism. Human beings need not concern themselves with the effects of relativity or quantum mechanics. However, the phenomena of thermodynamics constantly and profoundly affect all human beings.
If there are any laws that have truly universal applicability and that also affect ordinary human affairs, they are the Laws of Thermodynamics. The following statement contains the essence of Entropy: In any transformation of energy from one form to another, useful energy is lost irreversibly. The German physicist Clausius first used the term Entropy in 1865 to describe the nature of the Second Law of Thermodynamics. Even great physicists of that period, like James Maxwell, had trouble with a concept involving only negatives and dealing with the idea of measuring a state of disorder. Today we can condense the statement of Entropy by stating: Entropy in a closed system can never decrease. There are no exceptions to this statement.
The Second Law decrees that water can only flow downhill. Objects do not run uphill by themselves. If we wish to have water run uphill, we must supply outside energy to pump it up the hill.
A clock gradually runs down because the latent energy in its spring is used to run the clock and part of this energy is converted to irretrievable heat. Because the heat cannot be reconstituted into usable energy, this energy is lost irretrievably and the clock cannot rewind itself.
Even in the most complex energy transformations, there is a forward direction to the process because only an outside energy source can reverse a heat-process within a closed system. The burning of gasoline in a car creates mechanical energy and heat. However, no process in the universe will allow the exhaust gases to re-combine with the heat energy and reconstitute the original gasoline: The heat energy of the burning gasoline has achieved a higher and irreversible state of randomization: The entropy of the system, and the universe, is irreversibly increased, as required by the Second Law.
The close relationship of entropy to the statistical laws of probability becomes clear when we hold a stack of five coins in a hand and throw them on a flat surface. Instead of retaining their previous order and proximity, they scatter and increase their randomness. The fall of the coins generated and dissipated the tiniest little bit of heat and the lack of this heat prevented the coins from reforming in the same stack as before. Entropy always drives all transformation of energy in such a way as to increase irreversible randomness.
Ice must have a tendency to melt because H2O molecules in ice crystals are more orderly than in the form of water. Ice crystals tend to become randomized by changing from orderly ice crystals to a more disorderly state as a liquid.
Water must evaporate: A gaseous structure is more randomized than a liquid state.
Time can only flow in one direction: The arrow of time can only move from the dead past to the non-existing future. The Second Law is closely interwoven with the laws of probability. Therefore, the laws of entropy are statistical laws. If we apply statistical laws applicable to entropy to future events, they provide meaningful results; if we apply them to past events, they are meaningless. Therefore, time can flow only from the dead past toward the future, which does not yet exist. Time travel will always remain impossible: It is inherently impossible to move from one state of non-existence to other states of non-existence. The Second Law decrees that the universe would have to cease to exist in order to allow for time-travel.
The laws of thermodynamics are the descriptors of the universe and do not permit perpetual motion machines. We would only waste our time and money if we were to attempt building a machine that not only can run forever, but that could even produce excess energy while doing so.
Heat flows from a hot object to a cold object, never the other way around. When we drop a hot peace of metal in a container of cold water, the metal cools and the water heats up until their temperatures have equalized. During this process the entropy, the randomness of the system consisting of the water and the metal, increases and no further useful work can be performed because there is no longer a temperature differential between the water and the metal: The system has become randomized.
This manifestation of the Second Law can be stated quite simply: Heat energy will not flow from a cooler to a warmer body. It would be foolish to try to warm our hands on a block of ice although there is considerable heat in the ice. If we compare the heat of ice with the heat of liquid hydrogen, ice would appear to be very hot, indeed. It would be easy to build a machine that runs on the heat differential between the cold block of ice and the much colder liquid hydrogen. However, since the heat in the ice is at a much lower level than the heat in our body, heat cannot flow from the ice to our hands. We cannot warm our hands by immersing them in ice. We have always known this fact. Now we know why we cannot warm our hand by touching a block of ice.
Bridges and buildings will inevitably collapse, unless entropy is counteracted by the addition of new energy, such as money, energy, power or labor, to the system. If we do not paint the bridge, it will eventually, but inevitably, collapse.
Money is not energy but it represents energy. Therefore, money becomes randomized automatically, in compliance with the Second Law. As we only know too well, money has a distinct tendency to dissipate, to randomize. On the other hand, the creation of wealth requires an infusion of energy from a source outside the system, such as a competent strategy or the contribution of additional capital or labor.
We know empirically, that things do not organize themselves into artifacts that are more complex unless new energy is inserted from outside the system. This fact is obvious because a broken window will not repair itself. Without competent management, without the energy to organize and structure transactions, a business will fail, a victim of entropy.
Without new software, without the infusion of new energy from outside the computer system, a computer will never acquire new capabilities, but its hard-drive will fill up with defects and clutter due to the degeneration of the data it holds. A well known fact.
The Second Law of Thermodynamics is closely interwoven with the future of the universe and with all life on earth. Sometimes people say that the existence of life on earth violates or contradicts the Second Law. However, this is not the case; we know of nothing in the universe that violates the Second Law.
The definition of life revolves around three prerequisites: The organism must be able to replicate itself, the organism must be capable of energy conversion and the organism must be subject to evolution. The essence of evolution is an increase in complexity, as is obvious when we consider the evolution of living organisms over eons of time.
An increase in complexity entails an increase in the orderliness of the organizational character of the organism: Life represents a decrease of entropy, a decrease of randomness. Such a decrease in randomization can only come about as a result of an infusion of energy from the outside of the closed system, from the outside of the organism. Therefore, the ability to utilize energy by converting it to a usable form, is the essence of all things that we call alive or living. In the case of life on earth, the outside energy is derived from the sun. No sunlight, no life on earth.
This is the chain of life on earth: No energy, no evolution. -- No evolution, no life -- No energy, no life
The discussion of energy is significant, because nothing happens in the universe without energy. The whole universe is a cauldron of energy conversions. As far as human beings are concerned, we need to remember that the standard of living of a person or a nation is determined primarily by the availability of usable energy sources, such as oil or nuclear energy. Without sources of energy to turn our wheels and to compensate for entropy, humanity would revert to the primeval existence of hunters and gatherers.
Many people have trouble understanding the principle of entropy because it is a concept of negatives, because it is a measure of the disorder, of the randomness of a closed system. Every biochemical function requires a decrease in entropy, which can only be achieved by the infusion of energy into a life-sustaining system.
Many people erroneously believe that everything that we use up can be recycled and reused if we only develop the appropriate technology. However, the Second Law makes it inherently impossible to achieve complete reconstitution or recycling. In order to recycle a used product, we must insert additional energy in the collecting, transportation and reprocessing of used materials and this energy expenditure contributes to the overall entropy, the randomness, of the environment. Thus, discards can be recycled only by the expenditure of additional energy and at the expense of increasing the entropy of the universe as a whole. On a light note: Every time someone lights a cigarette, he increases the entropy of the universe and contributes to the energy death of the universe.
Why is this discussion of entropy and the Second Law so important to us, to ordinary human beings? After all, most of us are more concerned with living a happy life, than the heat death of the universe. The problem is that the Second Law has a tendency to interfere with our happiness because it has a pervasive, pernicious effect on our lives. It is imperative that we are aware of the impairments caused by entropy in order to counteract them effectively.
If we encounter a problem in life, it is most important to be fully cognizant of the precise nature and cause of the problem. In trying to resolve the problem, it would be counter-productive to invoke the help of imagined superior beings, instead of dealing with the problem in a realistic, purposeful manner. Unless we understand the nature of entropy, we cannot resolve the deleterious effects that make it difficult to achieve desired results. Therefore, a profound knowledge of the Second Law is extremely important to our quest for happiness.
"Murphy's Law" is well known. After allowing for many humorous embellishments and variations on the basic theme, Mr. Murphy’s proposition states: "Anything that can go wrong will go wrong." A corollary version claims: "Left to themselves, things tend to go from bad to worse".
We laugh about this aspect of life because we have all experienced the effect of Mr. Murphy's Law on many occasions. Rather than recognize Murphy's Law as a humorous version of a basic law of nature, we usually look upon it as a quirk of nature. Nothing could be further from the truth: When we look at the Second Law of Thermodynamics, we realize that Mr. Murphy's law is an inescapable consequence of the principle of Entropy.
Unless we constantly insert new energy into a house by maintaining it, painting it, repairing it, the structure will eventually but inevitably be leveled to the ground. Its molecules will move from a lower level of randomization, from structure, to a higher level of randomization, towards unstructured debris.
Entropy is the reason why paint peels, why hot coffee turns cold. Furthermore, entropy is the reason why investments have a preordained inclination to go sour -- unless we enhance success by inserting into the investment system additional energy in the form of strategy, work, calculated risk or other forms of energy. Entropy ensures that sugar, which becomes more randomized when it is dissolved in water, will not reconstitute itself in the crystalline form -- unless we apply heat energy from outside the system and evaporate the water.
Wherever we look, whatever we do, we must be acutely aware of the immutable laws of thermodynamics, especially the easily overlooked Second Law: Entropy. This fundamental law of physics ranks with other fundamental manifestations of the universe such as gravity, time and electromagnetism.
Anything that can go wrong not only will go wrong, it must go wrong, as decreed by the Second Law of Thermodynamics
Dedicada a todos los amantes de estos felinos
"Mi gato nunca ríe o se lamenta. Siempre está razonando"
(Miguel de Unamuno)
"El mas pequeño gato es una obra maestra" (Leonardo da Vinci)
"My cat never laughs or regrets. Whenever this reasoning" (Miguel de Unamuno)
"The smallest cat is a masterpiece" (Leonardo da Vinci)
A beautifully produced brochure, resplendent in a presentation envelope, and issued by the County of London Electric Supply Company to commemorate the opening of their new power house (power station) on the banks of the River Thames at Creekmouth in Barling. This great event took place on 19 May 1925 and, one strongly suspects, was the one time Royalty set foot at Creekmouth! The brochure has a potted history of the company that has been incorporated in 1891 to serve parts of South West London and some inner parishes adjacent to the City of London itself. These two supply areas were the reasoning behind their first two power stations at City Road, Islington and in Wandsworth.
The UK's fledgling electricial supply industry was rather an unholy mess with not just a multiplicity of supply undertakings (private and municipal) but also a wide range of supply voltages and phases. Some consolidation took place and the County of London Company was typical of the larger players in that they extended their supply area serviving a multiplicity of administrative areas that did not develop undertakings of their own as well as becoming 'bulk' suppliers of power to 'independent' undertakings. By the early 1920s their supply area had grown to cover much of East London and South Essex as seen on the map.
The construction fo Barking "A" as it would become known was first mooted in post-WW1 years to firstly increase capacity and also to ensure more thermally efficient production of supply than their older and smaller stations could obtain. The riverside plant allowed easy delivery of the coal fuel by river and allowed for the necessary cooling water. The designers and consultants were Merz & McLellan, the bulk of the equipment supplied by Vickers of Barrow and the turbines were by C A Parsons.
Barking was also effectively the outcome of increased co-operation the company had with three other closely connected concerns - the City of London Electric Lighting Company; the South London Electric Supply Corporation Limited; and the South Metropolitan Electric Light and Power Company Limited. This cooperation was something increasingly demanded of the industry by increased legislation and in 1926 the Central Electricity Board was formed. The CEB not only instituted the National Grid, interconnection requiring a national standard of production, but also 'designated' efficient stations. City Road was not, and closed in 1929, Wandsworth was and Barking saw expansion with the construction of the "B" section stage that was commissioned in 1933 and reached full capacity in 1939. The Company was nationalised in 1948 and it fell to the state to construct what was Barking "C" in 1954. Barking "A" was decommissioned in 1969, "B" in 1976 and finally "C" in 1981. The whole site was then cleared.
The brochure has a number of colour plates and sketches by artist Norman Howard as well as photographs of the plant. It is spledidly printed and produced by one of the better printing houses of the day, the esteemed George W Jones, at "The Sign of the Dolphin" in Gough Square, Fleet Street. This illustration shows what the station would have looked like if all the originally intended phases had been constructed as originally intended. The site that would over time become home to three 'stations'.
Rapid strata formation in soft sand (field evidence).
Photo of strata formation in soft sand on a beach, created by tidal action of the sea.
Formed in a high tidal event. Stunning evidence which displays multiple strata/layers.
Why this is so important ....
It has long been assumed, ever since the 17th century, that layers/strata observed in sedimentary rocks were built up gradually, layer upon layer, over many years. It certainly seemed logical at the time, from just looking at rocks, that lower layers would always be older than the layers above them, i.e. that lower layers were always laid down first followed, in time, by successive layers on top.
This was assumed to be true and became known as the superposition principle.
It was also assumed that a layer comprising a different material from a previous layer, represented a change in environmental conditions/factors.
These changes in composition of layers or strata were considered to represent different, geological eras on a global scale, spanning millions of years. This formed the basis for the Geologic Column, which is used to date rocks and also fossils. The evolutionary, 'fossil record' was based on the vast ages and assumed geological eras of the Geologic Column.
There was also circular reasoning applied with the assumed age of 'index' fossils (based on evolutionary beliefs & preconceptions) used to date strata in the Geologic Column. Dating strata from the assumed age of (index) fossils (faunal succession) is known as Biostratigraphy.
We now know that, although these assumptions seemed logical, they are not supported by the evidence.
At the time, the mechanics of stratification were not properly known or studied.
An additional factor was that this assumed superposition and uniformitarian model became essential, with the wide acceptance of Darwinism, for the long ages required for progressive microbes-to-human evolution. There was no incentive to question or challenge the superposition, uniformitarian model, because the presumed, fossil 'record' had become dependant on it, and any change in the accepted model would present devastating implications for Darwinism.
This had the unfortunate effect of linking the study of geology so closely to Darwinism, that any study independent of Darwinian considerations was effectively stymied. This link of geology with Darwinian preconceptions is known as biostratigraphy.
Some other field evidence, in various situations, can be observed here: www.flickr.com/photos/101536517@N06/sets/72157635944904973/
and also in the links to stunning, experimental evidence, carried out by sedimentologists, given later.
_______________________________________________
GEOLOGIC PRINCIPLES (established by Nicholas Steno in the 17th Century):
What Nicolas Steno believed about strata formation is the basis of the principle of Superposition and the principle of Original Horizontality.
dictionary.sensagent.com/Law_of_superposition/en-en/
“Assuming that all rocks and minerals had once been fluid, Nicolas Steno reasoned that rock strata were formed when particles in a fluid such as water fell to the bottom. This process would leave horizontal layers. Thus Steno's principle of original horizontality states that rock layers form in the horizontal position, and any deviations from this horizontal position are due to the rocks being disturbed later.”)
BEDDING PLANES.
'Bedding plane' describes the surface in between each stratum which are formed during sediment deposition.
science.jrank.org/pages/6533/Strata.html
“Strata form during sediment deposition, that is, the laying down of sediment. Meanwhile, if a change in current speed or sediment grain size occurs or perhaps the sediment supply is cut off, a bedding plane forms. Bedding planes are surfaces that separate one stratum from another. Bedding planes can also form when the upper part of a sediment layer is eroded away before the next episode of deposition. Strata separated by a bedding plane may have different grain sizes, grain compositions, or colours. Sometimes these other traits are better indicators of stratification as bedding planes may be very subtle.”
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Several catastrophic events, flash floods, volcanic eruptions etc. have forced Darwinian, influenced geologists to admit to rapid stratification in some instances. However they claim it is a rare phenomenon, which they have known about for many years, and which does nothing to invalidate the Geologic Column, the fossil record, evolutionary timescale, or any of the old assumptions regarding strata formation, sedimentation and the superposition principle. They fail to face up to the fact that rapid stratification is not an extraordinary phenonemon, but rather the prevailing and normal mechanism of sedimentary deposition whenever and wherever there is moving, sediment-laden water. The experimental evidence demonstrates the mechanism and a mass of field evidence in normal (non-catastrophic) conditions shows it is a normal everyday occurrence.
It is clear from the experimental evidence that the usual process of stratification is - that strata are not formed by horizontal layers being laid on top of each other in succession, as was assumed. But by sediment being sorted in the flowing water and laid down diagonally in the direction of flow. See diagram:
www.flickr.com/photos/truth-in-science/39821536092/in/dat...
The field evidence (in the image) presented here - of rapid, simultaneous stratification refutes the Superposition Principle and the Principle of Lateral Continuity.
We now know, the Superposition Principle only applies on a rare occasion where sedimentary deposits are laid down in still water.
Superposition is required for the long evolutionary timescale, but the evidence shows it is not the general rule, as was once believed. Most sediment is laid down in moving water, where particle segregation is the general rule, resulting in the simultaneous deposition of strata/layers as shown in the photo.
See many other examples of rapid stratification (with geological features): www.flickr.com/photos/101536517@N06/sets/72157635944904973/
Rapid, simultaneous formation of layers/strata, through particle segregation in moving water, is so easily created it has even been described by sedimentologists (working on flume experiments) as a law ...
"Upon filling the tank with water and pouring in sediments, we immediately saw what was to become the rule: The sediments sorted themselves out in very clear layers. This became so common that by the end of two weeks, we jokingly referred to Andrew's law as "It's difficult not to make layers," and Clark's law as "It's easy to make layers." Later on, I proposed the "law" that liquefaction destroys layers, as much to my surprise as that was." Ian Juby, www.ianjuby.org/sedimentation/
The example in the photo is the result of normal, everyday tidal action formed in a single incident. Where the water current or movement is more turbulent, violent, or catastrophic, great depths (many metres) of stratified sediment can be laid down in a short time. Certainly not requiring the many millions of years assumed by evolutionists.
The composition of strata formed in any deposition event. is related to whatever materials are in the sediment mix, not to any particular timescale. Whatever is in the mix will be automatically sorted into strata/layers. It could be sand, or other material added from mud slides, erosion of chalk deposits, coastal erosion, volcanic ash etc. Any organic material (potential fossils), alive or dead, engulfed by, or swept into, a turbulent sediment mix, will also be sorted and buried within the rapidly, forming layers.
www.flickr.com/photos/truth-in-science/39821536092/in/alb...
See many other examples of rapid stratification with geological features: www.flickr.com/photos/101536517@N06/sets/72157635944904973/
Stratified, soft sand deposit. demonstrates the rapid, stratification principle.
Important, field evidence which supports the work of the eminent, sedimentologist Dr Guy Berthault MIAS - Member of the International Association of Sedimentologists.
(Dr Berthault's experiments (www.sedimentology.fr/)
And also the experimental work of Dr M.E. Clark (Professor Emeritus, U of Illinois @ Urbana), Andrew Rodenbeck and Dr. Henry Voss, (www.ianjuby.org/sedimentation/)
Other experimental work:
arxiv.org/pdf/cond-mat/9809432.pdf
www.nature.com/articles/386379a0
Location: Sandown, Isle of Wight. Photographed: 08/12/2017
This field evidence demonstrates that multiple strata in sedimentary deposits do not need millions of years to form and can be formed rapidly. This natural example confirms the principle demonstrated by the sedimentation experiments carried out by Dr Guy Berthault and other sedimentologists. It calls into question the standard, multi-million year dating of sedimentary rocks, and the dating of fossils by depth of burial or position in the strata.
Mulltiple strata/layers are evident in this example.
Dr Berthault's experiments (www.sedimentology.fr/) and other experiments (www.ianjuby.org/sedimentation/) and field studies of floods and volcanic action show that, rather than being formed by gradual, slow deposition of sucessive layers superimposed upon previous layers, with the strata or layers representing a particular timescale, particle segregation in moving water or airborne particles can form strata or layers very quickly, frequently, in a single event.
youtu.be/wFST2C32hMQ
youtu.be/SE8NtWvNBKI
And, most importantly, lower strata are not older than upper strata, they are the same age, having been created in the same sedimentary episode.
Such field studies confirm experiments which have shown that there is no longer any reason to conclude that strata/layers in sedimentary rocks relate to different geological eras and/or a multi-million year timescale. www.youtube.com/watch?v=5PVnBaqqQw8&feature=share&.... they also show that the relative position of fossils in rocks is not indicative of an order of evolutionary succession. Obviously, the uniformitarian principle, on which the geologic column is based, can no longer be considered valid. And the multi-million, year dating of sedimentary rocks and fossils needs to be reassessed. Rapid deposition of stratified sediments also explains the enigma of polystrate fossils, i.e. large fossils that intersect several strata. In some cases, tree trunk fossils are found which intersect the strata of sedimentary rock up to forty feet in depth. upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Lycopsi... They must have been buried in stratified sediment in a short time (certainly not millions, thousands, or even hundreds of years), or they would have rotted away. youtu.be/vnzHU9VsliQ
In fact, the vast majority of fossils are found in good, intact condition, which is testament to their rapid burial. You don't get good fossils from gradual burial, because they would be damaged or destroyed by decay, predation or erosion. The existence of so many fossils in sedimentary rock on a global scale is stunning evidence for the rapid depostion of sedimentary rock as the general rule. It is obvious that all rock containing good intact fossils was formed from sediment laid down in a very short time, not millions, or even thousands of years.
See set of photos of other examples of rapid stratification: www.flickr.com/photos/101536517@N06/sets/72157635944904973/
Carbon dating of coal should not be possible if it is millions of years old, yet significant amounts of Carbon 14 have been detected in coal and other fossil material, which indicates that it is less than 50,000 years old. www.ldolphin.org/sewell/c14dating.html
www.grisda.org/origins/51006.htm
Evolutionists confidently cite multi-million year ages for rocks and fossils, but what most people don't realise is that no one actually knows the age of sedimentary rocks or the fossils found within them. So how are evolutionists so sure of the ages they so confidently quote? The astonishing thing is they aren't. Sedimentary rocks cannot be dated by radiometric methods*, and fossils can only be dated to less than 50,000 years with Carbon 14 dating. The method evolutionists use is based entirely on assumptions. Unbelievably, fossils are dated by the assumed age of rocks, and rocks are dated by the assumed age of fossils, that's right ... it is known as circular reasoning.
* Regarding the radiometric dating of igneous rocks, which is claimed to be relevant to the dating of sedimentary rocks, in an occasional instance there is an igneous intrusion associated with a sedimentary deposit -
Prof. Aubouin says in his Précis de Géologie: "Each radioactive element disintegrates in a characteristic and constant manner, which depends neither on the physical state (no variation with pressure or temperature or any other external constraint) nor on the chemical state (identical for an oxide or a phosphate)."
"Rocks form when magma crystallizes. Crystallisation depends on pressure and temperature, from which radioactivity is independent. So, there is no relationship between radioactivity and crystallisation.
Consequently, radioactivity doesn't date the formation of rocks. Moreover, daughter elements contained in rocks result mainly from radioactivity in magma where gravity separates the heavier parent element, from the lighter daughter element. Thus radiometric dating has no chronological signification." Dr. Guy Berthault www.sciencevsevolution.org/Berthault.htm
Radiometric dating based on unverifiable assumptions.
scienceagainstevolution.info/v8i8f.htm
Rapid strata formation and rapid erosion at Mount St Helens.
slideplayer.com/slide/5703217/18/images/28/Rapid+Strata+F...
Published papers
efficalis.com/sedimentology/paper
Visit the fossil museum:
www.flickr.com/photos/101536517@N06/sets/72157641367196613/
Just how good are peer reviews of scientific papers?
www.sciencemag.org/content/342/6154/60.full
www.examiner.com/article/want-to-publish-science-paper-ju...
The neo-Darwinian idea that the human genome consists entirely of an accumulation of billions of mutations is, quite obviously, completely bonkers. Nevertheless, it is compulsorily taught in schools and universities as 'science'.
www.flickr.com/photos/truth-in-science/35505679183
Dr James Tour - 'The Origin of Life' - Abiogenesis decisively refuted.
youtu.be/B1E4QMn2mxk
Darwinism. An interview with Dr Purdom. youtu.be/hG0MIyySsPQ
Rapid stratification refutes evolutionist timescale
evidenceoverignorance.wordpress.com/rapid-stratification-2/ evidenceoverignorance.wordpress.com/rapid-stratification-2/
Further reading:
Geology, the dreadful science.
malagabay.wordpress.com/2013/07/08/geology-the-dreadful-s...
malagabay.files.wordpress.com/2013/07/law-of-superpositio...
Polystrate fossils prove rapid stratification. kgov.com/list-of-the-kinds-of-polystrate-fossils List of polystrate fossils: kgov.com/list-of-the-kinds-of-polystrate-fossils
Rapid stratification refutes evolution timescale:
evidenceoverignorance.wordpress.com/rapid-stratification-2/
Soft tissue, including DNA, found in fossils claimed to be millions of years old. Peer-reviewed journal articles on surviving endogenous biological material including tissue and DNA. docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1eXtKzjWP2B1FMDVrsJ_992ITF...
Published paper:
www.scirp.org/(S(351jmbntvnsjt1aadkposzje))/reference/ReferencesPapers.aspx?ReferenceID=974471
Bijou Creek flood.
pubs.geoscienceworld.org/sepm/jsedres/article-abstract/37...
Greenland ice core dating.
answersingenesis.org/environmental-science/ice-age/do-gre...
The Chinese fossil faking industry.
www.scientificamerican.com/article/how-fake-fossils-perve...
Fake Chinese fossils
www.paleodirect.com/fake-chinese-fossils-fossil-forgery-f...
Photographer: Fred H. Politinsky
Subject: Science Fiction, Fantasy
Where all is but dream, reasoning and arguments are of no use, truth and knowledge nothing.
---- John Locke, An Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1690)
View my photography at www.flickr.com/photos/jackpot999 and at www.flickriver.com. (Click on "Users" and enter Bebop18.)
View my jazz photography on GOOGLE at NPR JAZZ PHOTOGRAPHY JAZZ POOL - FLICKRIVER. (Click on "Recent.")
Please do not publish this or any of my other images without my permission.
Birch Shieldbugs found in the Carlisle area of Cumbria in 2015: Overview
As numerous shots of Birch Shieldbug adults and final-instar nymphs were taken last year, my focus for 2015 was mainly on the earlier instars.
Nine batches of first-instar nymphs were found between 5 July and 11 September: eight in High Stand Plantation and one in Kingmoor North. All of these were located on the leaves of small, catkin-bearing birch trees. Interestingly, no eggs were found, which presumably means that either these are much harder to spot than the nymphs, or that the eggs hatch out relatively shortly after being laid (I base this inference on the fact that over the same period I found four batches of Bronze Shieldbug eggs, and this species is probably less common).
Despite the fact that the total number of first-instars found must have amounted to almost 200, it proved to be surprisingly difficult to keep track of the later instars. On one occasion I failed to find a single nymph on a 4m-high sapling which just a few days earlier had been home to about 40 hatchlings! Nevertheless, I did ultimately manage to achieve my objective and photograph the missing instars. The last adults of the year (two) were found on 4 December in Finglandrigg Wood, compared with 13 November last year at the same site.
The following length measurements were taken on a variety of nymphs, and are discussed further in the Note on Identification below.
First-instar: 1.4 mm (13 Sep)*
Second-instar: 1.4mm (12 Jul), 1.5mm (18 Sep)
Third-instar: 2.6mm, 2.6mm, 3.2mm, 3.3mm (24 Jul)
Fourth-instar: 4.7mm (30 Aug), 4.5mm (teneral, 7 Sep)
Fifth-instar: 7.4mm (23 Sep)
(*Estimated by photographing the leaf held against my measurement grid)
All Birch Shieldbug photos taken this year and submitted to Flickr are included in my Birch Shieldbug (Year 2015) album, where more detailed information can be found. All of the shots included in the montage - with the exception of Photo 9 - are taken from here. This particular photo was taken last year, and is included in my Shieldbugs of Cumbria album. (Once I'd knocked off all the nymphs I rather lost interest in this species, and didn't take any decent quality shots of any of this year's adults!) The contents of the montage are as follow:
Photo 1: Adult (overwintered), Finglandrigg Wood, 8 May
Photo 2 (A): First-instar nymphs, High Stand Plantation, 9 July
Photo 2 (B): First-instar nymphs, High Stand Plantation, 9 July
Photo 2 (C): First-instar nymphs, High Stand Plantation, 11 August
Photo 2 (D): First-instar nymphs, Kingmoor North, 11 September
Photo 3: Second-instar nymphs and tenerals, Kingmoor North, 18 September
Photo 4: Second-instar nymphs, High Stand Plantation, 12 July
Photo 5: Third-instar nymph, High Stand Plantation, 24 July
Photo 6: Fourth-instar nymph, Finglandrigg Wood, 30 August 15
Photo 7: Final-instar nymph, High Stand Plantation, 4 September
Photo 8: Final-instar nymph, Kingmoor North, 23 September
Photo 9: Adult, Glasson Moss, 23 August 2014
Note on identification: Although I saw my first early-instar nymphs on 5 July, it wasn't till mid-September that I felt I could identify all of the first three nymphal stages with any confidence! This was partly due to the fact that there seems to be some confusion elsewhere on exactly what constitutes a first-instar Birch Shieldbug nymph. In order to avoid any ambiguity, I've explained my reasoning below.
Working on the assumption that a first-instar nymph is the nymph that first appear when an egg hatches - even if it doesn't actually move - then clearly the four batches of nymphs show in Photo 2 are first-instars. The last one of these batches was monitored on a daily basis for a week (from 11 September) till the nymphs started to moult into the second nymphal stage, as shown in Photo 3. So despite the fact that these don't appear to be noticeably larger than the first-instars, it is my understanding they still constitute second-instar nymphs. The nymphs shown in Photo 4 were found to be essentially the same size as those of Photo 3, and so largely on that basis, they were also classified as second-instars.
The nymphs shown in Photos 7 and 8 are obviously final-instars, and it can be inferred from the degree of development of the wing buds that the one shown in Photo 6 is a fourth-instar. The nymph shown in Photo 5 was assumed to be a third-instar largely on the basis of its length measurement, as it neatly spanned the size gap between second and fourth-instars.
Brian Passed Feb. 20, 2016.
As the winds carry, reasoning slow, acceptance endearing, palpably low.
May there be a torch, Drums, a file, and an airbrush for Brian, wherever he is now... But most of all peace
St Andrew, Framingham Pigot, Norfolk
In 2006 I wrote: 'I know I go on about this, but it never ceases to impress me that you can be barely half a dozen miles from Norwich and still feel as if you are in the middle of nowhere. Take St Andrew, for instance; its minaret-like tower, peeping above distant trees as you negotiate the narrow lanes to the north and east of the town of Poringland, eventually resolves into this grand 19th century confection in the fields. There are a couple of cottages in view, but that's all.
Until the 19th century there was a ramshackle round-towered church here, but what you see today is all of a piece, the 1859 work of Robert Kerr. George Christie, who lived at the hall, paid for it. Christie is a good example of the kind of energetic, beneficent squire you occasionally got in East Anglia. He was the principal land owner and employer, and there was no doubt who was in charge in the parish. Paternalistic and earnest, he rebuilt all the cottages on his estates, as well as providing a lecture room and a schoolroom. Reasoning that a rundown church was not giving the right impression of the Kingdom of God to his workers, he had it demolished. In its place he commissioned one of the grandest and most ornate rural 19th century churches in East Anglia.
The nave and chancel are tall, with great ridge-backed roofs. The tower is offset on the north side, rather unusually, as if this was a church designed for some shoe-horned plot in Kentish Town, but came to earth in deepest rural Norfolk instead. Pleasingly, the main material is flint, with freestone details. The only exception is the tower, which is built of stone. It's the only thing about it that doesn't really work.
As I say, Framingham Pigot is on the outskirts of Poringland; but it has fortunately managed to escape being part of that most cold and unwelcoming of all Norfolk benefices, and you'll find it open or accessible. Because of this, you can step inside to an interior that is fully High Church, Tractarian in design, a relatively early example for East Anglia. This is enhanced by an excellent collection of windows, most of which appear to be by Hardman & Co.
Directly opposite the south doorway is what seems to be a split-level transept, but is actually the base of the tower. I assume that originally it was intended that the lower storey be a baptistery, and the upper storey an organ loft. However, neither are now in use for that purpose. On the ground floor is a delicious little Lady altar, and the organ now sits at the west end, blocking the main west doors. On either side of it there are college seats, as if Christie originally had even grander plans. Today they are inaccessible, and used for storage. High above the chancel arch is a stylised doom, with Christ seated in judgement, St Michael and two flanking angels. They won't be to everyone's taste, and you wouldn't want to see them everywhere, but I am glad that they exist here at least. Beyond, the chancel is similarly ornate, with a gorgeous painted roof and impressive heads in the corbels. In the sanctuary itself is a pillar piscina which appears to be old. Could it be the last remaining survival from the old church? I suppose that it is as likely that Kerr got it from elsewhere. But there is also a medieval brass inscription, another touchstone to the past.
In this part of Norfolk there are several grand Victorian rebuildings, but this one is the best. The grandness of the features is to scale, and you have to remind yourself that this is not huge. It is a smashing church, at once magnificent and intimate. You know that a wholly 19th century building that continues to feel alive, and which still offers something to modern worship, is a rare beast; this is one of them.'
Life through a childrens eyes. Every way of perception generates sensations. And how she responds to those sensations (which evolves as how she learns) results in feelings.
Talking about us, to change the way we feel about life's circumstances we have to go back to sensations, to feel them in their purest state, letting go of our learning processes, letting go of prejudice, letting go of the fear to fall.
Remake your life, living all sensations freely, without reasoning, without vices. You can feel what you want about any circumstance in life. Enjoy your life, wherever you are.
Another good-bye to my son as he left early this morning to return to the land of books and intellectual reasoning.
I miss him already.
Reasoning that the smoke-filled air of Yosemite might be cleaner at higher elevations, my I drove up to Tuolumne Meadows, where I found the smoke was just as thick from fires burning on the East side. Still, it was cooler. The landscape took on muted tones of warm light and by late afternoon, the air had cleared a bit.
A beautifully produced brochure, resplendent in a presentation envelope, and issued by the County of London Electric Supply Company to commemorate the opening of their new power house (power station) on the banks of the River Thames at Creekmouth in Barking. This great event took place on 19 May 1925 and, one strongly suspects, was the one time Royalty set foot at Creekmouth! The brochure has a potted history of the company that has been incorporated in 1891 to serve parts of South West London and some inner parishes adjacent to the City of London itself. These two supply areas were the reasoning behind their first two power stations at City Road, Islington and in Wandsworth.
The UK's fledgling electricial supply industry was rather an unholy mess with not just a multiplicity of supply undertakings (private and municipal) but also a wide range of supply voltages and phases. Some consolidation took place and the County of London Company was typical of the larger players in that they extended their supply area serviving a multiplicity of administrative areas that did not develop undertakings of their own as well as becoming 'bulk' suppliers of power to 'independent' undertakings. By the early 1920s their supply area had grown to cover much of East London and South Essex as seen on the map.
The construction fo Barking "A" as it would become known was first mooted in post-WW1 years to firstly increase capacity and also to ensure more thermally efficient production of supply than their older and smaller stations could obtain. The riverside plant allowed easy delivery of the coal fuel by river and allowed for the necessary cooling water. The designers and consultants were Merz & McLellan, the bulk of the equipment supplied by Vickers of Barrow and the turbines were by C A Parsons.
Barking was also effectively the outcome of increased co-operation the company had with three other closely connected concerns - the City of London Electric Lighting Company; the South London Electric Supply Corporation Limited; and the South Metropolitan Electric Light and Power Company Limited. This cooperation was something increasingly demanded of the industry by increased legislation and in 1926 the Central Electricity Board was formed. The CEB not only instituted the National Grid, interconnection requiring a national standard of production, but also 'designated' efficient stations. City Road was not, and closed in 1929, Wandsworth was and Barking saw expansion with the construction of the "B" section stage that was commissioned in 1933 and reached full capacity in 1939. The Company was nationalised in 1948 and it fell to the state to construct what was Barking "C" in 1954. Barking "A" was decommissioned in 1969, "B" in 1976 and finally "C" in 1981. The whole site was then cleared.
The brochure has a number of colour plates and sketches by artist Norman Howard as well as photographs of the plant. It is spledidly printed and produced by one of the better printing houses of the day, the esteemed George W Jones, at "The Sign of the Dolphin" in Gough Square, Fleet Street.
The Challenger crewmember remains are being transferred from 7 hearse vehicles to a MAC C-141 transport plane at the Kennedy Space Center's Shuttle Landing Facility for transport to Dover Air Force Base, Delaware. The STS-51L crew consisted of: Mission Specialist, Ellison S. Onizuka, Teacher in Space Participant Sharon Christa McAuliffe, Payload Specialist, Greg Jarvis and Mission Specialist, Judy Resnik. In the front row from left to right: Pilot Mike Smith, Commander, Dick Scobee and Mission Specialist, Ron McNair.
As we investigate the reasoning of the STS-107 breakup, we cannot ignore the horrible fate of the crew. Here is an account of the final moments of not only the Columbia, but the Challenger crew.
_______________________________
Was Columbia in reentry LOS at the time of breakup?
No. Both voice communication and data telemetry were still being received right up to the breakup of Columbia. Unlike previous manned programs - Mercury, Gemini and Apollo, as well as the Russian Soyuz vehicles - the Shuttle does not have a loss-of-signal phase during reentry. The reason is actually pretty simple.
First off, understand that the blackout period is caused by a sheath of ionized air, formed during the high-heating, high-deceleration phase of re-entry, through which radio waves cannot penetrate. This is what every manned flight from Mercury thru Apollo experienced, and provided much of the suspense and drama during the reentry phase of John Glenn's Friendship 7 Mercury flight. Even the Shuttle experienced the same effect during its early flights.
The communications loss due to the blackout period was resolved after the second Tracking Data and Relay Satellite (TDRS) was placed in orbit. The reason is that the ionization sheath is open at the trailing end behind the Shuttle, providing a hole through which communication with the shuttle can be maintained with the favorably positioned TDRS. This second TDRS also allows communication during the other portions of entry that did not exist prior to its placement in 1988 - a period roughly from the time of the de-orbit OMS burn to an altitude of 200,000 feet for a landing at Edwards Air Force Base, barring passes over ground sites.
So, with two functioning TDRS satellites in operation, communications with the Shuttle can be maintained throughout the entire reentry phase of the mission.
What happened to the crew when Columbia broke up?
Actually, it's better to speculate on the fate of the crew cabin, and then decide for yourself what probably happened to the crew.
Once the cabin tore loose from the rest of the fuselage and all electrical power was lost, the cabin was probably hammered, buffeted and braked by atmospheric drag as it continued its re-entry. The cabin would have been heated by the surrounding shock-induced plasma, and as G-forces built up the integrity of the heat-weakened aluminum infrastructure would have been compromised and the cabin would eventually collapse in on itself. Some fragmentation would have no doubt taken place, and pieces would have broken loose and fallen behind and below the cabin's path as they slowed down quicker in the atmospheric drag.
This speculation is based on some of the findings of the investigation into the loss of Challenger in 1986. As with Columbia, the initial impressions on the fate of the Challenger crew was that they had perished instantly when the shuttle came apart a minute after launch. However, when the crew cabin was found relatively intact a few months later did it become apparent that the cabin had in fact separated cleanly from the fuselage, continued on a parabolic arc to an altitude of ~65,000 feet, and then fell back to impact in the Atlantic Ocean with a force of 200 G’s. Even then, the cabin was still relatively intact despite hitting the surface of the ocean with that degree of force.
When the cabin broke loose from the rest of Challenger, it became separated from all electrical and life support resources. Save for a few seconds of air in the lines, very shortly after separation the crew would have been without any life support. Upon recovery it was found that the state of some life-support equipment indicated that at least some of the crew had survived the initial breakup were able to activate their safety equipment. Three of the four Personal Egress Air Packs (PEAP) located behind each seat on the Shuttle had in fact been activated. However, because the crew were not wearing any sort of pressure suits, the PEAPs would not have provided the required amount of breathable air necessary to retain consciousness at the altitudes the cabin reached. The team of coroners and medical specialists that performed the autopsies of the remains concluded that that the crew were soon all unconscious shortly after the cabin began its final arc of transit, and were most likely not killed until the impact with the ocean, two minutes after the External Tank exploded.
It should be noted that since the loss of Challenger, many of the contingency plans were revised extensively. As a result, Columbia’s crew were equipped with better survival gear, including pressure suits and personal parachutes. Assuming they were conscious of the emergency, the Columbia crew would have closed their visors when cabin pressure was lost, which would have automatically pressurized the suits. At that point, the only thing the crew would have needed to do would have been to wait until the cabin fell below 15,000', blow the escape hatch, extend the egress pole, slide out and away from the orbiter down the pole, and parachute to safety. This is how the procedure works in theory, and provided the cabin stayed relatively intact until 15,000'. Since this did not happen, it can be assumed that the cabin was compromised in such a way that the crew had no opportunity to attempt any sort of egress.
In Hemphill, searchers found what are believed to be human remains, and what appeared to be gauges and other Columbia components in a farmer's field on 2/10/03. Although no details were given on the human remains, over 100 pieces of debris ranging from gauges to switches and other components, many of which still had the wires attached to them. Remains that a hospital employee identified as charred torso, thigh bone and skull on a rural road near other unspecified debris in Hemphill, east of Nacogdoches. Remains identified as a charred human leg on a farm in Sabine County, about 50 miles (80 km) east of Nacogdoches.
"Elsewhere around Norwood, even grimmer discoveries were being made. Deputy Faron Howell was in charge of search teams that soon began stumbling across human remains.
"There was a hand, and a foot, then a leg from the knee down. One of my men found a human heart. The biggest piece was a torso, the upper bit with the chest ripped in half." A thigh bone and a skull, the flesh torn away, were also located."
The Unthinkable Fate of the Challenger Crew
The last words captured by the fight voice recorder in Challenger were not Commander Francis Scobee's haunting, "Go at throttle up." Three seconds later, Pilot Michael Smith uttered, "Uh oh," at the very moment that all electronic data from the spacecraft was lost.
The public has never heard the inflection of Smith's words, nor the ambient noise in the cabin that underscored them (you can read a transcript here). Despite the existence of evidence of what happened after Challenger's 73 seconds of flight, little of that reality is part of the public's consciousness, understanding, or recollection of the events of January 28, 1986. In part, this can be attributed to a justifiable desire to believe in a merciful outcome: that Christa McAuliffe and the shuttle astronauts all died instantly in what appeared from the ground to be an explosion. But like Smith's instinctive interjection, telltale signs exist that our worst nightmare about the Challenger disaster may have been true. It was very likely that the mid-air blast was not strong enough to kill the crew - and that at least some of the seven astronauts were terrifyingly aware of the impending fate.
More about Challenger
On July 28, 1986, Dr. Joseph P. Kerwin, director of Life Sciences at the Johnson Space Center, submitted his report on the cause of death of the Challenger astronauts. The crew module was found that March in 100 feet of water, about 18 miles from the launch site in a location coded "contact 67." While references to the crew were stricken from the report, details about the condition of the module provide many clues about the fate of the astronauts. Kerwin wrote that the cause of the crew's death was inconclusive, but that the force of the initial explosion was too weak to have caused death or even serious injury. This was a direct contradiction to NASA's standard line about the crew's fate, that they were vaporized in the explosion and suffered no further.
If the astronauts were not killed by the blast, then how long did they survive? Challenger as a whole was destroyed at 48,000 feet, but the crew module continued its flight upward for 25 more seconds (to 65,000 feet) before pitching straight down and falling into the Atlantic Ocean.
Evidence that at least some of the crew survived included the recovered personal egress air packs, or PEAPs, designed to provide oxygen to the crew in case they had to ditch the craft in a ground emergency. (NASA had no protocol for in-flight shuttle emergencies in 1986.) Each pack contained several minutes of breathing air, but the tanks had to be opened manually. Salvagers recovered four PEAPs; three of them had been opened. The one belonging to Michael Smith was mounted behind his seat, so it's likely another crewmember had leaned forward to activate it.
Kerwin and his experts theorized that the loss of cabin pressure inside the module could have knocked out the crew within a matter of seconds, but damage from the 200-mph impact made determining the rate of depressurization impossible. The air from the PEAPs would not be enough to keep the crew conscious during a rapid drop in pressure. But a rapid drop in pressure would likely have ripped up the middeck floor, which did not occur. A slow or gradual drop in pressure would keep the crew conscious much longer, and the impact at the bottom of that tumble was harsher on the crew's bodies than any car or plane crash would have been.
In either scenario, it is likely that some - if not all - of the crew were awake and coherent after the disintegration of Challenger, and were conscious long enough to feel the module pitch its nose straight down, to see the blue sky in the cockpit window rotate away in favor of the continent below, and to experience a weightless free fall toward the ocean that lasted a full two minutes and 55 seconds. It is a horrifying scenario so extreme that it's unlikely that even 25 more years will be enough to contemplate it objectively.
For now, many still choose to believe that the men and women aboard the Challenger didn't survive the explosion and were unaware that their loved ones on the ground were watching them descend in a plume of smoke to their deaths. Perhaps that belief holds some truth. Or perhaps, it simply serves to bring some peace to the earthbound souls left in the wake of the Challenger's loss.
Challenger was one of NASA's greatest successes - but also one of its darkest legacies.
It was initially built between 1975 and 1978 to be a test vehicle, but was later converted into a fully fledged spacecraft.
In its heyday, it completed nine milestone missions - from launching the first female astronaut into space to taking part in the first repair of a satellite by an astronaut.
But it was also the vehicle that very nearly ended the space program when a probe into the 1986 disaster found that the shuttle was doomed before it had even taken off.
Roger Boisjoly, a NASA contractor at rocket-builder Morton Thiokol Inc, warned in 1985 that seals on the booster rocket joints could fail in freezing temperatures.
'The result would be a catastrophe of the highest order — loss of human life,' he wrote in a memo.
On the eve of the ill-fated flight, Boisjoly and several colleagues reiterated their concerns and argued against launching because of predicted cold weather at the Kennedy Space Center.
But they were overruled by Morton Thiokol managers, who gave NASA the green light.
After the accident, Boisjoly testified to a presidential commission investigating the Challenger accident.
The group determined that hot gases leaked through a joint in one of the booster rockets shortly after blastoff that ended with the explosion of the shuttle's hydrogen fuel.
Boisjoly died in 2012 aged 73.
HOW CREW DIED ACCORDING TO NASA STUDY
(The following information appeared on the NASA Headquarters Website.)
On July 28, 1986 Rear Admiral Richard H. Truly, NASA's Associate Administrator for Space Flight and a former astronaut, released this report from Joseph P. Kerwin, biomedical specialist from the Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas, relating to the deaths of the astronauts in the Challenger accident. Dr. Kerwin had been commissioned to undertake this study soon after the accident on January 28, 1986. A copy of this report is available in the NASA Historical Reference Collection, History Office, NASA Headquarters, Washington, DC.]
****************************************************************
RADM Richard H. Truly
Associate Administrator for Space Flight
NASA Headquarters
Code M
Washington, DC 20546
Dear Admiral Truly:
The search for wreckage of the Challenger crew cabin has been completed. A team of engineers and scientists has analyzed the wreckage and all other available evidence in an attempt to determine the cause of death of the Challenger crew. This letter is to report to you on the results of this effort. The findings are inconclusive. The impact of the crew compartment with the ocean surface was so violent that evidence of damage occurring in the seconds which followed the explosion was masked. Our final conclusions are:
·the cause of death of the Challenger astronauts cannot be positively determined;
·the forces to which the crew were exposed during Orbiter breakup were probably not sufficient to cause death or serious injury; and
·the crew possibly, but not certainly, lost consciousness in the seconds following Orbiter breakup due to in-flight loss of crew module pressure.
Our inspection and analyses revealed certain facts which support the above conclusions, and these are related below: The forces on the Orbiter at breakup were probably too low to cause death or serious injury to the crew but were sufficient to separate the crew compartment from the forward fuselage, cargo bay, nose cone, and forward reaction control compartment. The forces applied to the Orbiter to cause such destruction clearly exceed its design limits. The data available to estimate the magnitude and direction of these forces included ground photographs and measurements from onboard accelerometers, which were lost two-tenths of a second after vehicle breakup.
Two independent assessments of these data produced very similar estimates. The largest acceleration pulse occurred as the Orbiter forward fuselage separated and was rapidly pushed away from the external tank. It then pitched nose-down and was decelerated rapidly by aerodynamic forces. There are uncertainties in our analysis; the actual breakup is not visible on photographs because the Orbiter was hidden by the gaseous cloud surrounding the external tank. The range of most probable maximum accelerations is from 12 to 20 G's in the vertical axis. These accelerations were quite brief. In two seconds, they were below four G's; in less than ten seconds, the crew compartment was essentially in free fall. Medical analysis indicates that these accelerations are survivable, and that the probability of major injury to crew members is low.
After vehicle breakup, the crew compartment continued its upward trajectory, peaking at an altitude of 65,000 feet approximately 25 seconds after breakup. It then descended striking the ocean surface about two minutes and forty-five seconds after breakup at a velocity of about 207 miles per hour. The forces imposed by this impact approximated 200 G's, far in excess of the structural limits of the crew compartment or crew survivability levels.
The separation of the crew compartment deprived the crew of Orbiter-supplied oxygen, except for a few seconds supply in the lines. Each crew member's helmet was also connected to a personal egress air pack (PEAP) containing an emergency supply of breathing air (not oxygen) for ground egress emergencies, which must be manually activated to be available. Four PEAP's were recovered, and there is evidence that three had been activated. The nonactivated PEAP was identified as the Commander's, one of the others as the Pilot's, and the remaining ones could not be associated with any crew member. The evidence indicates that the PEAP's were not activated due to water impact.
It is possible, but not certain, that the crew lost consciousness due to an in-flight loss of crew module pressure. Data to support this is:
·The accident happened at 48,000 feet, and the crew cabin was at that altitude or higher for almost a minute. At that altitude, without an oxygen supply, loss of cabin pressure would have caused rapid loss of consciousness and it would not have been regained before water impact.
·PEAP activation could have been an instinctive response to unexpected loss of cabin pressure.
·If a leak developed in the crew compartment as a result of structural damage during or after breakup (even if the PEAP's had been activated), the breathing air available would not have prevented rapid loss of consciousness.
·The crew seats and restraint harnesses showed patterns of failure which demonstrates that all the seats were in place and occupied at water impact with all harnesses locked. This would likely be the case had rapid loss of consciousness occurred, but it does not constitute proof.
Much of our effort was expended attempting to determine whether a loss of cabin pressure occurred. We examined the wreckage carefully, including the crew module attach points to the fuselage, the crew seats, the pressure shell, the flight deck and middeck floors, and feedthroughs for electrical and plumbing connections. The windows were examined and fragments of glass analyzed chemically and microscopically. Some items of equipment stowed in lockers showed damage that might have occurred due to decompression; we experimentally decompressed similar items without conclusive results.
Impact damage to the windows was so extreme that the presence or absence of in-flight breakage could not be determined. The estimated breakup forces would not in themselves have broken the windows. A broken window due to flying debris remains a possibility; there was a piece of debris imbedded in the frame between two of the forward windows. We could not positively identify the origin of the debris or establish whether the event occurred in flight or at water impact. The same statement is true of the other crew compartment structure. Impact damage was so severe that no positive evidence for or against in-flight pressure loss could be found.
Finally, the skilled and dedicated efforts of the team from the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, and their expert consultants, could not determine whether in-flight lack of oxygen occurred, nor could they determine the cause of death.
/signed/
Joseph P. Kerwin
"Exactly what happened..."
In February 2001 a visitor to my "Icarus Rising" site asked if I could tell her "exactly what happened" in the Challenger disaster. After chuckling for a moment over the fact that whole books have been written on that topic, I sat down and typed out for her the following summary of events, which is based upon my examination of print and video records of the disaster.
The extreme cold of the night before had chilled the rubber insulating O-rings in the right solid rocket booster's aft field joint (the joint near the SRB's lower supporting strut that attached it to the external fuel tank) well below their specified operating temperature. Because no shuttle had ever been launched in such cold weather, engineers at Morton Thiokol (the company that manufactures the boosters) had no data to say just what would happen in such conditions, although their examination of retrieved boosters from previous launches had led them to conclude that lower launch temperatures directly affected the O-rings' ability to seal the joints properly upon SRB ignition. This sealing failure was called "blow-by" and was indicated by evidence of hot gases from the firing of the SRBs having eroded the O-rings during flight. The lower the temperature, the greater the blow-by. In fact, one SRB used on a 1983 Challenger launch had actually sustained a complete O-ring failure resulting in hot gases escaping from the joint, but the moment of failure had occurred after the SRBs had separated from the external tank. If it had happened half a minute or so earlier, we would today be talking about the 1983 Challenger disaster. Nevertheless, Morton Thiokol engineers could not categorically say that the seal would fail if the shuttle were launched in sub-freezing temperatures, only that it might, and so their "no-go" recommendation was overruled by Morton Thiokol managers, who in turn gave the "go" to NASA managers. In fairness to those who approved the launch, evidence of "blow-by" had been observed during launches when the air temperature was as high as 73 degrees, and they argued that "blow-by" appeared to happen no matter what the temperature was (of course, this should have been taken as evidence that the entire O-ring and joint configuration needed to be redesigned anyway).
When the SRBs were ignited at liftoff on January 28, both the primary and the secondary O-rings at the right SRB's aft field joint failed as engineers had feared they would. Evidence of this failure took the form of high-speed video images that showed seven discrete puffs of dark black smoke emanating from the area of the right SRB's aft field joint during the first two seconds after liftoff. However, the leak apparently sealed itself after that, probably plugged by debris from burned fuel and the failed O-ring seals.
This temporary plug appeared to stay in place for the next 56 seconds until the shuttle entered the zone of maximum dynamic pressure, called Max Q, during which shuttles ordinarily experience increased atmospheric stress as they climb toward orbit (later data showed that the stress Challenger endured that day was greater than on any previous launch but still within design specifications). At 58 seconds after launch, however, long-range video showed a flicker appearing in the area of the right SRB's aft field joint and quickly expanding to a continuous plume of flame; the stress of going through Max Q coupled with the throttling up of the shuttle's main engines apparently had broken the debris plug at the joint, allowing a 6,000 degree flame to escape through the side of the booster. The slip stream caused by the shuttle's nearly 1,500 mile-per-hour speed deflected the plume toward the SRB's lower supporting strut and the external fuel tank. The increasing loss of chamber pressure in the right SRB due to the leak caused the shuttle's guidance system to compensate for the loss of thrust on the right side by swiveling the shuttle's engines and the SRBs' nozzles in an attempt to keep Challenger on course. At 66 seconds after liftoff, data showed a significant loss of fuel pressure from the external tank to the main engines, indicating a growing hydrogen fuel leak, which fed the growing flame from the right SRB's failed joint. By this time the SRB's supporting strut had been severely weakened by exposure to the flame, as had the surface of the external tank. At 70 seconds after liftoff, long-range video showed a circumferential leak of hydrogen gas about a third of the way up on the external tank, indicating that the hydrogen innertank had failed. A bright, sustained glow also appeared between the external tank and the underside of the shuttle. At 72 seconds, data showed extreme movement of the right SRB relative to the left booster and the shuttle, indicating that the lower supporting strut had broken away completely.
At this point several simultaneous events occurred that resulted in the destruction of the shuttle. Probably at the same time that the SRB supporting strut failed, the lower third of the external tank fell away, releasing the hydrogen innertank's remaining load of liquid hydrogen. This release propelled the upper part of the hydrogen innertank upward into the liquid oxygen tank above it. At about the same moment, the right SRB pivoted around its remaining upper strut, its nose cone smashing into the top of the external tank. This resulted in the release of all of the remaining liquid hydrogen and oxygen fuel, which vaporized instantly in the thin atmosphere nine miles up. This sudden fuel vaporization produced what appeared to be a fireball or fiery explosion but was really a combination of reflected sunlight, radiance from the brightness of the SRBs' exhaust nozzles and some local burning of gases within the expanding vapor cloud. Because of the right SRB's pivoting around its upper attachment, its motion suddenly pointed Challenger to the left, with the result that the shuttle was no longer pointed in the same direction that it was flying. The resulting aerodynamic stress from this "broadside" effect at nearly 2,000 miles per hour was more than the shuttle was built to withstand, and the forward part of the shuttle broke away from the payload bay. The nose of the shuttle became separated from the crew cabin, the steering rockets in the nose releasing their fuel in an explosive burn. The rest of the shuttle, its forward end suddenly opened like a tube to the supersonic wind, blew apart from the inside out. All of this happened within the space of a second or so. Contrary to initial speculation, there was no actual explosion (in spite of Tom Brokaw's citing of scientists at the time who likened the force of the "explosion" to that of "a small nuclear blast"); what we saw was the dramatic vaporization of Challenger's liquid fuel in the thin atmosphere as the shuttle broke up under severe aerodynamic stress. Challenger was not blasted to pieces by an explosion; it was blown apart by aerodynamics.
The crew cabin's momentum after the breakup quickly carried it upward to an altitude of around twelve miles before aerodynamics and gravity slowed its ascent and the cabin began the long fall to the ocean. What happened to the crew after the breakup and during the fall will never be fully answered. When the cabin broke away from the rest of the shuttle, it lost all its electrical power and oxygen supplies. If the cabin depressurized due to the breakup, then the crew would have quickly begun losing consciousness due to lack of oxygen. The fact that three out of four recovered PEAPs (Personal Egress Air Packs) had been activated and partially used indicates that at least some of the crew survived the breakup long enough to take some action to try to stay alive. Their having turned on the PEAPs does not prove that the cabin lost pressure but does show that at least some of the crew, all of whom were wearing air-tight flight helmets, believed that pressure had been lost or was being lost (otherwise, the packs wouldn't have been activated). If the cabin indeed lost pressure after the breakup, then the crew in all likelihood lost consciousness, although the short time between breakup and the cabin's impact with the ocean means that, barring cardiac arrest, they were alive but unconscious when the cabin hit the water. If, on the other hand, the cabin maintained its pressure, then they were likely alive and awake until the end. A third possibility is that the cabin depressurized at the altitude of shuttle breakup but repressurized as it fell into the denser atmosphere near sea level, which raises the nightmarish possibility that the astronauts passed out after the breakup only to regain consciousness in time to see the ocean's surface racing toward them at 200 miles per hour. Regardless of whether they were conscious or unconscious during the fall, any astronauts still alive died instantly upon impact with the ocean's surface. Damage to the cabin from its hitting the ocean's surface made it impossible to determine what damage, if any, had happened to the cabin during the breakup, which is why it's impossible to say just what happened to the crew during the fall. (The alleged "transcript" of the crew's fall to the ocean that has been published in tabloid magazines and on some Internet sites is only a hoax.)
We were heading along the South Eastern freeway today.
I suddenly noticed this giant Fish in the sky heading towards the Monarto Zoological Park. I pointed it out to my wife. She said she would get some photos of it with the phone camera while I was driving along.
The cloud remained this shape for quite a while after.
I thought the best shot she got was this one.
My reasoning was that I thought it was an uncanny juxtaposition of objects and places.
Only basic editing of exposure / contrast, no photoshopping of shape.
If you say San Giovanni in Turin 'll respond immediately "fireworks " and " Bonfire ." On June 24, is in fact the expected date on which the town of Savoy , everything stops , take to the streets and they party . Continuing , perhaps unconsciously , a tradition thousands of years. The feast of St. John shall be the same reasoning as the pagan ritual of the summer solstice , a step that brings the Earth from the predominance of the lunar to the solar calendar, the shortest night of the year. The rite served to exorcise the fear of change, to cross what was considered a night full of energy : the hills and the mountains were lit fires to hunt demons and witches and prevent disease. And ' typical Piedmontese the belief that the bonfires of Saint John would serve to preserve the fruits of the earth, to ensure good harvests, protect against thunder , hail and livestock diseases . Among the most curious rites of St. John 's to burn the old grass in bonfires and collect new ones to know the future ( as the saying goes , "Saint John does not want to deceive "); to buy garlic for ensure a good year , to collect a branch of fern at midnight and keep it at home to increase their earnings . The night of June 23 is also the right time to harvest the nuts still immature and prepare the " walnut " . St. John is the patron saint of Turin almost since time immemorial : as early as 602 , at the time of the Duke Agilulfo , existed in the city a church dedicated to him. Turin , since the Middle Ages , stopped in honor of the patron for two days at that time citizens and peasants of the surrounding countryside flocked to watch the traditional running of the bulls in the Borgo Dora . The bonfire was lit by the youngest son of the prince and the central square lit up the night of June 23. The only time Christians were really the procession from the Cathedral to the Town Hall with the relics of the saint and the blessing that put an end to the games and competitions of the festival ( XV- XVI century ) . The tradition was interrupted in mid-nineteenth century and resumed in 1971 on the initiative of Associassion PIEMONTEISA : today the feast is channeled in the most harmless rituals , with historical parades in costume, offering of candles in the Cathedral by the couple , the gift of Charity ( blessed bread seasoned with pepper and saffron offered to civil authorities , military and religious ) and the traditional large bonfire omen.
WEEK 26 – Oxford Millennium Kroger, Revisited (I)
(2/5) Consequently, the stour you’ll be seeing over the next several weeks has been compiled from multiple different visits to the Oxford Kroger, spanning three years as a matter of fact (2017-2019). Case in point, the image you see here is more or less the exact same as the previous shot – with the exception of one major element. Can you see what it is?
If you noticed that the main Kroger logo on the storefront suddenly looks a bit slimmer, you’ve hit the nail on its head! Kroger Delta Division a few years back went on a spree where it replaced the storefront signage on a number of its older stores that still had bulkier Kroger logos. I’m not sure of the exact reasoning behind this move; perhaps the new signs feature more environmentally-friendly lights (such as LED vs. neon), or perhaps it was indeed simply for cosmetic purposes, to help the logo shed a few pounds. Whatever the case, you can see the before and after in these two pics from the Oxford store. (cont.)
Kroger // 2013 University Avenue, Oxford, MS 38655
(c) 2020 Retail Retell
These places are public so these photos are too, but just as I tell where they came from, I'd appreciate if you'd say who :)
This is the third edition book in J. Michael Augustyniak's "Barbie Exclusives" series. I got this one significantly later than the first two, which is why it is pictured separately. While there are of course similarities between this edition and its two predecessors, I definitely feel that this one is worth having in a Barbie identification book collection. My main reasoning for purchasing this edition was its inclusion of Barbie exclusives through 2004. It seems that interest in writing Barbie books died down sometime in the mid 90s, meaning that there just aren't many ones out there that cover the late 90s and onward dolls. This is a travesty for those of us collectors, like myself, who enjoy the newer generations of Barbies. Since it's such a rare treat to find any information about this era of dolls, especially in book form, I was dead set on adding this book to my collection someday. It is harder to find online than the first two editions for some reason (maybe it was less produced, or simply because it is newer). But even so, I still was able to find a good deal on this book--$14 (which included shipping). I also saw sold listings on eBay that ended with even cheaper prices (like in the $10 range), which is awesome considering this book retailed for about $30 and is hardcover.
The major difference between this book and the other two in its set is the fact that it does not cover collector Barbies, unless they were a store exclusive of sorts. If you note that the first two books are called "Barbie Exclusives and More"...that "and more" part indicating the inclusion of collector dolls. I don't personally mind though, as I have Augustyniak's "Collector's Encyclopedia of Barbie Doll Collector's Editions" book, which covers up until the 2008 dolls. So if you are looking for information on collector dolls, I'd recommend that book. Other than that, it seems that this edition features all the same dolls as the previous ones, but four additional years of Barbie (from 2001 to 2004). Of course, like with all of Augustyniak's books, you have to keep in mind that he always liked to go by release date, not box date. So these dolls are mostly dated 2003 and older. I'd say that all the photographs of the older dolls are in the other books as well--the spreads can look nearly identical. This was something I found frustrating when I purchased my other two "Barbie Exclusives" books. I admit I felt a little lied to as it was advertised as being "necessary" to own all three books, when all the information seems to be in each one. But sometimes it's easy to overlook a photograph in one book, but it stands out in another, so I don't mind so much. Although I do feel it would have been more practical had Augustyniak simply released the newer years by themselves, and maybe then each doll spread could have been more detailed.
Not every doll in this book has a head shot. I understand this though as there are so many years and variations packed into this one edition. However, if Augustyniak only did this book on 2001 to 2004 dolls, he could have fit more facial closeups in this book. Many of these dolls are very tricky to find photos of online, so having the hard copy reference of their faces would have been really handy. But I don't think that this fact takes away from the book at all. If I had owned this book much sooner, I would have been able to identify so many more of my dolls/outfits with ease. This would have aided me too when I was assisting other people in the identification of their dolls. Scrolling through countless eBay listings and hunting for decent doll websites is much less convenient and pleasurable than using a good old fashioned book. I also would like to note that ALL the ethnic variations of these exclusive dolls are also pictured in the book, which is fabulous. In some of Augustyniak's other works, he not only does not picture ethnic variations, but he doesn't even mention them. This can make doll identification more confusing, since you have to rely on guess work. So I very much appreciate all the beautiful photos of these ethnic variations (it would have made my life a lot easier several years ago when identifying my 2001 AA Seasons's Sparkle doll).
This book does not just cover Barbie herself. You can find a plethora of information on Kelly, Ken, Skipper, and all of the other characters from Barbie's franchise here. There are also pages upon pages dedicated to exclusive fashion packs, playsets, and other Barbie related merchandise (like teddy bears and what not). It's not just the vintage exclusive fashions and playsets either--I was so delighted to find several pages devoted to the elusive 2000s fashion gift set exclusives. These in particular are so very difficult to find pictures of online. Sadly, it does not seem that Augustyniak took the time to include stock numbers for all of these newer fashions, like he did for the older ones. But hey, a picture is all you really need to roughly identify a clothing article.
One of the other aspects of this book I particularly enjoy is the fact that Augustyniak was generous with comparison photos. By this I mean he oftentimes included a photo of the original release of the doll, and placed it next to the re-release version. This is very useful when it comes to those simplified KB Toys repackaged dolls, like Pajama Fun, Happenin' Hair, Hollywood Nails, etc. By having the original doll shown, you can blatantly see what was omitted from the later versions, and also the slight modifications that may or may not have been made to the dolls. I'm sure that these kinds of cheap re-release dolls would be confusing to identify for those collectors who did not purchase dolls in this time frame (for me I knew of their existence already as I shopped mostly at KB Toys as a kid). Every doll from a line is pictured somewhere in this book, even if they do not have a facial close-up as I mentioned earlier. Everything is organized by store as well, and in chronological order, which makes it fairly easy to navigate through this book.
All in all, I am already obsessed with this "Barbie Exclusives Third Edition" book. Within the first twenty minutes of owning it, I was able to identify an outfit that otherwise would have remained a mystery. It was pleasurable flipping through this thick book. Despite the fact that many of these photos were recycled from the previous editions, I still loved seeing them again. And there were dolls that I never paid any mind to in the previous books, that caught my eye in this one. The quality of the photographs is clear and crisp, making this book ideal for doll identification. Since this book spans so many decades of Barbie, and includes countless variations of dollies, it is a massively valuable resource for doll identification. I can honestly say that this is probably my favorite "Barbie Exclusives" book in my collection, and knowing how much information was packed into it now, I'd be willing to pay double the price for it!
di·lem·ma (n)
A situation with unsatisfactory choices: a situation in which somebody must choose one of two or more unsatisfactory alternatives.
An argument leading to undesirable choice: in logic, a form of reasoning that, though valid, leads to two undesirable alternatives.
===============
Created in Fractal Explorer 2.02.
Cachoeira "Véu da Noiva", Bonito - PE, Brasil.
_____________________________________
"A confiança é ato de fé, e esta dispensa raciocínio."
[Carlos Drummond de Andrade]
"Trust is an act of faith, and this waiver reasoning."
[Carlos Drummond de Andrade]
The beauty of curves has been fascinating me daily. I am not about making images look unrealistic, but more lively and beautiful. I want to have images I enjoy looking at and appreciating.
Now, as far as the reasoning for the powerlines being in the picture... For the last two years, I have been intrigued by how much of man's creation is in the way of being able to view God's wonderful creation.
Do you think the powerlines add to the photo or take away from the beauty of the cloud formation?
This post has been a long time coming and its not really an easy one to write but at the same time I feel like its for positive reasoning.
We've been making wigs now for a long time. Its our only form of income and its something that I have always wanted to do, if not for other people, at least, for myself but when you turn a hobby into a business it becomes very hard to stay passionate about what you are doing. How do you stay motivated to work when what you are doing no longer inspires you?
As my skill-set has grown and my inspiration has come from new sources, I've found myself longing to make things of a more realistic nature. Experiment with hairlines and materials, textures and designs but I've found myself limited by the style of our models. While they are perfect for our bright, fun soy wigs (And we will continue to offer those) Its no fun being restricted to those alone. Due to lack of funds as a wigmaker, we can't easily fork out for different sculpts to compliment what we already have, so I have thought long and hard about this, for months actually and always get scared of making the changes needed to reach the goals I have set for myself.
After seeing my family recently and knowing how badly I want to return to England, I've decided its time to shake things up. An overhaul of our MNF started a few months ago and hopefully they'll be returning home soon but our SDs are the biggest problem. I feel like the time has come to go down a new path, or at least, branch out into new directions. Change is always a scary thing for me, but if moving countries twice and building up the wig shop has taught me anything, it's that change is often needed to grow and thrive.
I don't want to be a one-trick-pony and we have so many plans for future wig ideas and pre-mades that can't work with the current lineup. Letting go is always hard but I feel like being stuck in a rut is much harder when so much depends on what we create.
These guys are up as a feeler for now. Some have some condition issues I'm willing to discuss via FM.
F60 Elf Rin (with culur face up)
F60 Soony (Elf Juri) with ear (gauges) mod by Angeltoast
Littlefee Halloween Day (Faceplate) with culur face up
F60 Celine with Maiya face up (though this has a few scratches and is imperfect)
There may be others that will be added to this list but for now please do contact me if you are interested in any of them.
They are currently head only but I do have Fdoll bodies (with delf girl hands) for cheap (a little on the junky side) that are available with the heads or separately.
LTF body is not for sale as I'm just changing to a different sculpt with a little more forehead c;
Most of my characters have been reshelled into smaller (more portable) shells but I will be looking at more realistic sculpts.
On that note
I am looking for the following heads and will consider trades (Don't have the money to buy them outright until some of these sell though)
LR Aleksander (NS)
Supia Eunice (NS)
Switch heads - Various, especially Yiho (NS)
Dollshe Saint head (Oriental) (i think?)
SDF Summer 13/10 (NS)
I'm sick and I'm tired of reasoning
just want to break out shake off this skin
I can't escape myself
All my problems lume larger than life
I can swallow another slice
Seems like my shadow marks every strike
can't learn to live with what's trapped inside
I can't escape myself
So many feelings end up in here
left so alone I'm with oh, an atmoshere
I'm sick and I'm tired of reasoning
just want to break out shake off this skin
I can't escape myslef
國立台灣文學館 - 推理文學在臺灣特展 / 時間與空間交錯 - 線索推理找出真相
National Museum of Taiwanese Literature - Reasoning literature in Taiwan special exhibition / Time and space staggered - Cue reasoning to find out the truth
Museo Nacional de la literatura taiwanesa - Razonamiento de la literatura en Taiwan exposición especial / El tiempo y el espacio se tambalearon - Cue razonamiento para averiguar la verdad
国立の台湾の文学館 - 推理の文学は台湾特に展にあります / 時間と空間がずらされて - 真実を見つけるためのキューの推論
Nationalmuseum der taiwanesischen Literatur - Begründung Literatur in Taiwan Sonderausstellung / Zeit und Raum gestaffelt - Cue Argumentation, um die Wahrheit herauszufinden
Musée national de la littérature taiwanaise - Raisonnement de la littérature à Taiwan exposition spéciale / Le temps et l'espace décalés - Cue raisonnement pour découvrir la vérité
Tainan Taiwan / Tainan Taiwán / 台灣台南
管樂小集 2017/09/08 台南文化中心 Tainan Cultural Center Star Plaza performances 1080P
{View large size on fluidr/觀看大圖}
{My Blog / 管樂小集精彩演出-觸動你的心}
{My Blog / Great Music The splendid performance touches your heart}
{My Blog / 管楽小集すばらしい公演-はあなたの心を心を打ちます}
{Mi blog / La gran música el funcionamiento espléndido toca su corazón}
{Mein Blog / Große Musik die herrliche Leistung berührt Ihr Herz}
{Mon blog / La grande musique l'exécution splendide touche votre coeur}
Melody 曲:JAPAN / Words 詞:Sheesen / Singing : Sheesen
{ 夢旅人 1990 Dream Traveler 1990 }
家住安南鹽溪邊
The family lives in nearby the Annan salt river
隔壁就是聽雨軒
The next door listens to the rain porch
一旦落日照大員
The sunset Shineing to the Taiwan at once
左岸青龍飛九天
The left bank white dragon flying in the sky
In the early fog
before the birdsong
I walked through the mist
that clung to my hair
and wrapped around the
folds of my jacket
what was this disparity
this presence of fog
denial of sun
I considered it for a season
a temporary season
of reasoning
that led me to a stream
flowing slow through the dawn
in the early fog
before the birdsong
KDS
Do you wish to envisage the soul? Regard a body rendered soulless. If it were the body of a savant, where are the sciences? They fled with the soul, to which they pertained. The rhetoric, the philosophy, the mathematics, the theology, the jurisprudence, that forceful reasoning, that finely deductive discourse, those vibrant sentences, those sublime thoughts, those admired human and divine writings – they were all of the soul. If it were the body of an artisan, what breathed life into the boards and the marble? Who wrought the iron and who smelted the bronze? The soul! If it were the body of a warrior… ordering the armies, raising the battlements, the engines and machinery of war, the valor, the audacity, the determination, the honor, the victories, the falling on a sword or the taking of life – who did all that? The soul! If it were the body of a prince… the majesty, the dominium, the sovereignty, the moderation in prosperity, the serenity in adversity, the vigilance, the prudence, the justice, all the other political virtues with which the world is ruled – what is their source? The soul! If it were the body of a saint… the humility, the patience, the temperance, the charity, the zeal, the lofty contemplation of matters divine – this is the soul! Even beauty, which seems to be the very essence of the body, and which so delights and captivates the human senses, that grace, that proportion, those subtle colors, that air, that elegance, that vivacity – what is all that, if not the soul? Otherwise, regard the body bereft of the soul. That which you loved and admired was not the body – it was the soul! That which we did not see has departed, while we are left with the invisible! The soul has carried off all that was beauty, all that was of science, of art, of valor, of majesty, of virtue… simply because, while we may not perceive the soul, all these are the soul.
From THE SERMONS , Father Antonio Vieira, 1655.
translation by Anthony Waugh
Portuguese Version here: / Versão em Português:
www.flickr.com/photos/jucafii/316696126/
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I wanna thank and dedicate this pic to my friend Ana Maria Santeiro, that sent me the translation of this touching Sermon. Thank you, Ana!
Gostaria muito de agradecer e dedicar esta foto à amiga Ana Maria Santeiro, que me mandou a tradução deste lindo Sermão. Obrigado, Ana!
Dedicated to my Mom
My Mom, Frances, Had a stroke this past September.She is now living back home, but confined to a wheelchair. She can still talk and has most of her cognitive reasoning.
She is truly an amazing lady. After my dad passed away, leaving her with 5 kids, 3 under the age of 18. Mom was able to get back on her feet quick and a year after my fathers death, she bought a house and got us out of a tenement.
Only months after she beame a homeowner, my brother broke his neck in a swimming accident. Well, mom brought him home after many months of being hospitalized. The accident had left him a quadrapalegic.
She took care of him until the day of her stroke at the age of 84.
Anyway, My mom always had a fantastic Garden and the peonies were among the first to be cut and become a centerpiece on the kitchen table. Today I am caring for all of them and when I cut her peonies the other day....I just had to have them forever.
I got her back in the studio recently. The concept is obviously just to mirror the suit of cards on face. But, the reasoning behind picking these two cards is pretty straight forward if you've had the chance to get to know this young lady. She's a proud member of the Delta Sigma Theta sorority and her number on her pledge line was(is) "6". We chose the queen because it's a pretty definitive face card and diamonds because what woman doesn't like those. Lol! She's still holding it down for Classique Couture by B. Pureese. :) The concept was different, yet a lot of fun.
Model: Tera'B, follow her Twitter @Tb_crimsonblaze
MUA: The ever phenomenal, Jasmine Krishaun
© 2014. All Rights Reserved. Use of this image is prohibited without the expressed written permission of Armand Johnson.
P.S. I'M ON INSTAGRAM NOW!